Jagadguru Gurushiddaswami v. Dakshina Maharashtra Digambar Jain Sabha

1963 Jagadguru M J Th . l . d. t d . t Gurushiddaswami UKHERJEA .- is appea is irec e agams a v. judgment and decree of a Division Bench of the Dakshina Bombay High Court dated October 19, 1949, affirm- Maharashtra ing, in appeal, those of the Civil Judge, Hubli, passed Digambar Jain in Special Suit No. 21 of 1924. Sabha. The facts of the case lie within a short compass and Mukherjea J. the whole controversy, so far as this appeal is con- cerned, centres round the short point as to whether or not the plaintiff's suit is barred by limitation. Both the courts below have decided this point against the plaintiff and he has come up on appeal before us. To appreciate the contentions that have been can­ vassed before us, a brief resume of the material facts will be necessary. The plaintiff appellant is the spiri­ tual head or Mathadhipati of a Lingayet 1Vlath known as 11furusavirmath situated within Hubli Taluka in the district of Dharwar. On November 13, 1887, Gurusidhwaswami, who was the then head of this religious institution, granted a permanent lease of a tract of land belonging to the Math and forming part of R. S. No. 34, in favour of one Pradhanappa and the rent agreed to be paia by the lessee was Rs. 50 per annum for the first six years and thereafter at the rate of Rs. 25 annually. On June 19, 1892, Pradhanappa sold a portion of the leasehold property, which is des­ cribed in Schedule l(b) to the plaint, to a person named Bharamappa. In 1897 Gurusidhwaswami died and was succeeded by his disciple Gangadhar Swami who did not repudiate the permanent lease granted by his predecessor and went on accepting rents from the lessee in the same way as before. In April, 1905, another part of the land, which is described in Sche­ dule l(a) to the plaint, was put up for sale in execu­ tion of a decree against Pradhanappa's heirs and it was purchased by one Kadayya, and Kadayya in his turn sold the same to Bharamappa who had already purchased Schedule l(b) plot by private purchase. On April 8, 1910, Bharamappa 238 SUPREME COUP.T REPORTS [1954] 1s53 made a gift of the entire premises consisting of J d plots 1 (a) and 1 (b) to the Dakshina Maharashtra aga guru n· b J . 0 bh . d b d " 1 Gurushidfia 8 wami igam ar ain ~:ia a, a reg1stere o y, .i:or t ie pur- v. pose of building a school upon it for the education of Dakshina Jain students. On August 31, 1920, Gangadhar Mahara•htra Swami died and for some time after his death the Digmnbm· Jain affairs of the Math were in the hands of a committee of Sabha. O N b 2 management. n ovem er 5, 1925, the present Mukh,,jrn .T. plaintiff Gurusidhwaswami became the head of the Math. On August 27, 1932, the plaintiff instituted a suit, being Suit No. 80 of 1932, agaiilst the heirs and successors of Bharamappa for recovery of possession of the land comprised in the· permanent lease on the allegation that there being no legal necessity for grant­ ing . the lease, the alienation was not binding on the Math and became void on the death of the lastMahant. The Jain Sabha was impleaded as defendant No. 23 in the suit, but under a wrong name. The suit was dis­ missed by the trial judge but on appeal by the plaintiff to the High Court of Bombay, the trial court's judg­ ment was reversed and the plaintiff's claitn for khas possession was allowed in respect of the suit land against all the defendants with the exception of defend­ ant No. 23 who was dismissed from the suit on the ground of misdescription. The judgment of the High Court is dated the 26th of November, 1942. On 3rd December, 1943, the plaintiff appellant commenced the present suit against the respondent Jain Sabha claim­ ing khas possession of the land gifted in its favour by Bharamappa, alleging that as the original permanent lease was not binding on the Math for not being sup­ ported by legal necessity, the defendant could not acquire any title by grant from the successor of the lessee. The defendant Sabha resisted the suit and the two material questions round which the controversy centred · were: (1) whether the original permanent lease was supported by legal necessity, .and even if it was not, (2) whether the plaintiff's suit was barred by limitation under article 134-B of the Indian Limitation Act? The trial judge decided the first point in favour pf the plaintiff, but on tl:le question of limitation the / ) S:O.R. SUPRE~1:E OOUR'f REPORTS 239 decision was adverse to him. The result was that the 1953 · plaintiff's suit was dismissed. Thereupon the plaintiff 1 ad . • " ag fl"'" took an appeal to the High Court of Bombay and the Gurushiddaswami learned Judges, who heard the appeal; concurred in the v. decision of the court below and dismissed the appeal Dakshina and the suit. It is the propriety of this decision that Maharashtra has been challenged before us in this appeal. Diga;!~~ain Both the courts below have held that a suit of this de::rnription is governed by article 134-B of the Limita- Mukhcrjca J. tion Act and.the period of limitation is 12 years com- puted from the date when the previous Mahant died. The plaintiff's predecessor admittedly died in 1920 and the suit was brought more than 12 years after that and hence it was time-barred. To get round the plea of limitation, the learned Attorney-General, who appeared in support of the appeal, has put forward a two-fold contention. It is argued in the first place that the decree for ejectment, which was passed in favour of the plaintiff and against the heirs of Bharamappa in the earlier suit of 1932, was binding on the present defendant on the principle that a decree against a lessee binds the sub-lessee as well. The defendant, therefore, was not com­ petent to resist the plaintiff's claim for possession which was already allowed in the previous suit. The other ground urged is, that limitation is saved in this case by virtue of the provision of section 10 of the Indian Limitation Act. So far as the first groui1d is concerned, it may be stated at the outset that even if the appellant's con­ tention is right, the present suit would be barred under section 47 of the Civil Procedure Code and the proper remedy of the plaintiff would be to apply for execution of the decree in the previous suit. This difficulty, however, is not insuperable, as under section 47 of the Civil Procedure Code the court is empowered to treat a suit as an execution proceeding, when there is no question of limitation or jurisdiction standing in the way of the plaintiff. In our opinion, however, the contention as put forward by the learned Attor· ney-General cannot succeed. It may be. assumed \ • ' < I 1953 as a proposition of law that a sub-lessee would be bound by a decree for possession obtained by the lessor ~ Jahgadddguru . against the lessee, no matter whether the sub-lease r:turus i aswami . . v. was created before or after the smt, provided the evic- Dakshina tion is based on a ground whieh determines the sub­ Maharashtra lease also('). But there seem to be two insuperable Digambar Jain difficulties in the way of applying that principle to the Sabha. facts of the present case. In the first place, the suit Mukherjea,J. of 1932 was not by a landlord or ex-landlord against his tenant for evicting him from the leasehold premises basing his claim on the ground of deter­ mination of tenancy. Tjie Mahant, who created the permanent lease in 1887, might not have been able to derogate from his grant and the lease might be taken to be valid so long as the alienating Mahant lived. As soon as he died, it was open to his successor to repudi- ate the lease and recover possession of the property on the ground that the alienation was not binding on the endowment. In the present case the immediate succes- sor of the alienating Mahant consented to the lessee's continuing in possession of the property and thereby he might be treated as creating an interest in the lessee cmpmensurate with the period of his lifetime or the tenure of his office. After his death, however, his successor did not accept any rent from the lessee or ?therwise treated the lease as subsisting and in 1932 he br9ught the suit for recovery of possession of the property against the successors of the original lessee on the footing that they did not acquire any title by the grant which, being unsupported by legal necessity, was not binding on the Math. This was not a suit by a landlord against his tenant; it was a suit by the holder or manager of the Math to recover possession of Math property which was improperly alienated by his predecessor on the ground that the defendant be- came a trespasser as soon as the previous Mahant died and the plaintiff was entitled to recover possession on proof of his title. · Quite apart from this, the other difficulty is equally formidable for it does not appear to us that the ) (I) Vide Sailendrq v. Bijan, 49 C.W.N, 133; Yuaufl v, Jyotish Olurndra, ;.--, I.L.R. 59 Cal. 739. i .l S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 241 defendant Jain Sabha was at all a sub-lessee under 1903 Bharamappa or his heirs. We have gone carefully J d • aga guru through the document executed by Bharamappa m Gzemshiddasu'""" favour of the Jain Sabha. Both in form and v. in substance it is a deed of gift and not a sub-lea.se. Dakshina The gift, it seems, was made for a specific purpose, Mahara"iltra namely, for construction of a school building upon the Diyainbar Jain Sabha. site which was to be used for the education of the boys and girls of the Jain community, and it was for this Mukher}ea J. reason that the deed provided that on the contingency of the school being removed from the site or its ceasing to exist, the land would revert to the donor. The attaching of a condition like that to a deed of gift could not, in our opinion, convert it into a sub-lease. It is clear, therefore, that the suit of 1932 was not a suit for eviction instituted by a lessor against his lessee, nor could the present defendant be regarded as a sub-lessee under the defendants in the earlier suit. It may be unfortunate that by reason of a pure misdescription, the earlier suit was dismissed against the Jain Sabha, but that is altogether irrelevant for our present purpose . In our opinion, the first contention of the Attorney- General must fail. As regards the other ground raised by the' Attorney­ General, we are of opinion that the point is without any substance, and section 10 of the Indian Limitation Act is of no assistance to the plaintiff in the present case. In order that a suit may have the benefit of section 10, it must be a suit against a person in whom the property has become vested in trust for any specific purpose, or against his legal representatives or assigns, not being assigns for valuable consideration. It may be taken that the word "assign" is sufficiently wide to cover a lessee as well; but the difficulty is, that as the lease was for valuable consideration, the case would come within the terms of the exception laid down in section 10 and consequently the defendant would not be precluded by reason of the fact that the property was to his knowledge a trust property, from relying on the provisions of the statute which limit the time within which such suits must be brought. The ' 242 SUPREME COURT RE:Pokrs [1954 J 1_9:5~ Attorney-General contended mther strenuously'.that .Jagadgurn ~he transfer here was not forvalmtble consideration Gun,,hiddaswami nmsrnuclt tts the rent reserved for l1 large tract of land v. which had immense potential vttlue was Rs. 50 only Da/,,,h;.,w for the first six ymtrs and then again it wtts to be i·cduo- MahamshtM eel to Hs. 25 which would continue all through. \\Te i, Diga1nbar Jain d · t · t h ] · " 1 bl · ' Sabha. es1re o pom out t at t 1c cxprcss10n va ua c cons1- • dcration" has a well known connotation in law and it Jtukl"'jcaJ. is not synonymous with "adequate consideration". It may be that judged by the standard of modern times, the rent reserved was small, but as has been found by both the courts below the consideration was not in any sense illusory having regttrcl to the state of affairs prevailing at the time when the transaction took phtce. This is a concurrent finding of fact which binds us in this appeal. The result is that, in our opinion, both the contentions raised by the learned Attorney-General fail and this appeal must stand dismissed with costs. Appeal dismissed. Agent for the a.ppellant: Bajindcr Narain. l Agent for the respondent: Naunit Lal.