Silla Chandra Sekharam v. Ramchandra Sahu

The case, in a way, is concluded by the decision of this Court in Kalyanpur Lime Works Ltd. v. State of Bihat·('). In that case the Government agreed to let the lease of the hills to Kalyanpur Lime Works Ltd., but the lease could not be executed as the forfeiture of the lease of a previous lessee was held invalid by the Court. When the lease of the previous lessee expired, Kalyanpur Works Ltd., wanted the execution of the lease for a period during which the lease to it would have continued if it had been granted in 1934. This Court held that the case fell within s. 18(a) of the Act. It said at p. 972: "We agree with the High Court that section 18(a) of the Specific Relief Act applies to the case. That section lays down that where a person contracts to sell or let certain property having only im­ perfect title thereto, if the vendor or lessor has subsequently to the sale or lease acquired any interest in the property, the purchaser or lessee may compel him to make good the contract out of such interest. There can be no doubt whatever . that when the Government entered into the con­ tract to grant leases to the Lime Co. in 1934, it had an imperfect title, inasmuch as it could not grant a fresh lease to anyone during the exist­ ence of the previous lease in favour of Kuchwar Co. No doubt the Government thought it had the right to forfeit those leases and did in fact order forfeiture but it having been found subsequently that the forfeiture was legally invalid, rights of the previous lessees were restored. As already pointed out above this is not the case of absence of title but is one of imperfect title and hence falls within the meaning of section I 8. After the 31st March, 1948, when the leases in favour of Kuchwar Co. expired, the impediment in the way of the Government to grant leases of tbe property stood removed, and the Lime Company's right to get the leases revived in its favour. This right (') [1954] S.C.R. 958. 7 S.C.R. SUPRE:\IJ~ COURT REPOHTS . 861 of the plaintiff was resisted by the Government who. on the other hand, granted the leases to defendant No. 2. 1904 ,')'ilia Chandra Bckliarnrn v. The High Court of Patna rightly took the view that flamcliandm &hu section 18(a) was applicable to the facts of this llaqhubar Dm,at J. case and although defendant No. 1 was not in a · · ' position to grant a lease from the time it agreed to do, the impediment being now removed and a suit for specific performa nee not being barred. the Lime Company was entitled to sue for that relief. We have already held in agreement with the view of the High Court that section 18 is attracted to the facts of this case, and the con- tract of which specific performance can be dec- reed in favour of the plaintiff is the one embodied in Exhibits 22 and 22(a)." It is urged for the respondent that in that case it was not contended before this Court that s. l 8(a) could not apply to the facts of the case as no lease in favour of Kalyanpur Lime Works Ltd. had been executed and that therefore the question now before us was not discussed. It is also urged that the Patna High Court had not actually applied the pro­ visions of s. 18(a) to the facts of the case but had decreed the specific performance of the contract 'on the basis of the general principle that the purchaser in a contract to sell entered into in the circumstances of the case, was entitled to sue for specific performance against such interest as the vendor might afterwards acquire in the property and support was found in what was said in Art. 994 in Fry's 'Specific Performance', 5th Edition. In these circumstances, we would like to consider the question directly before us .. Sections 12 to 20 of Chapter II of the Act deal with con­ tracts which may be specifically enforced. Section 18(a) deals with the rights of the purchaser or lessee in cases where the vendor has imperfect title to the property which he has con­ tracted to sell or let. Apparently this must deal with the rights of the would be purchaser or lessee, and not of those who have already got the sale or lease of the property in pursuance of the contract to sell or let. If the person who contracted to sell or let has completed the sale or the lease transaction, nothing is left for the vendee or the lessee to seek by way of specific performance of the contract. This is when he himself acts according to the contract. If he does not act according to the contract, the person who has agreed to purchase or take on lease the property will have to seek enforcement of the contract through Court and then it may be that the Court might not enforce the contract. The Court will not, in view of the provisions of ss. 14 to 17 be able to 19G4 Sillrr r:f/f/11dr11. i~:id.:llarcii1i v. Rumrlutndra S11iat 862 SUPHEME COUHT HEl'ORTS [19641 enforce the contract even with respect to the property over which the person contracting to sell or let had perfect title, except in certain special circumstances, dealt with in ss. 14, 15 and 16. Rag/,uJm,. Day«l, J. Section 14 deals with cases where the part of the con- tract which could not be performed bears only a small pro­ portion to the whole in value and admits of compensation in money. Section 16 deals, with the specific performance of a part of a contract wJien that stands on a separate and inde­ pendent footing from another part of the same contract which cannot or ought not to be specifically performed. Cases coming under these two sections are not expected to give rise to circumstances In which provisions of sub-cl. (a) of s. 18 .:an be applied. Section 15 deals with the specific perform­ ance of a contract where the part unperformed is large. The Court has discretion in such circumstances to direct the party in default to perform specifically so much part of the con­ tract as it could perform provided that the plaintiff re­ linquishes all claims to further performance, and all right to compensation either for the deficiency, or for the loss or damage sustained by him through the default of the defen­ dant. When a Court has dealt with a case under s. 15, no question can however arise for action under s. 18(a). It fol­ lows, from the consideration of both the sets of circum­ stances, viz .. when the person contracting to sell or let him self performs his part of the contract and when he is made to perform the contract wholly or partially by Court, the occasion to apply for specific performance of the contract with respect to the property over which the person contract­ ing to sell or let had originally imperfect title, does not arise. This points to the conclusion that this clause cannot therefore be restricted in its application to cases where actual sale or lease of property had taken place. If clause (a) of s. 18 was to apply after the completion of the sale or lease and on the vendor or lessor acquiring interest in the property in which he had imperfect title to start with. there would be considerable overlapping between the provisions of cl. (a) of s. 18 and s. 43 of. the. Transfer of Property Act. Section 43 of the Transfer of Property Act comes into piay when a p·~rson fraudulently or erroneously represents that he is authorised to transfer certain immoveable property and professes to transfer such property for consideration, while cl. (a) of s. 18 would come into play when the person with imperfect title has sold or leased the property. There is some sort of representation whenever a person sells or leases property. the representation being implicit and to the - '-. .-,.-:i-, ' ...... ~-. .,,. ',\_ ', -( _-,·4·. _..,_ ·-- ', ,-\,I / _,_ - ~ -. - .. 7 s.c.R., -, ·suPRE:IIE coufiT REPo.tt·rs 863 .,_,. ' : • '-. ~ 4 - ---,._-- -_ .----:-. - 'effect that he is competent to sell or let the property. Thus 1964 there is over-lapping of the· provisions of the two sections. . Silla Ohawlra The actual right of the tran~fer~e under s. 43 and cl. (a) S'kharam v. of s. 18 is however expressed in different language. In cases Ramchawlra Sahu where s. 43 operates, the transferee, at his option, cari have - the transfer operate on any interest which the transferor may R09huhar Dayal, 1• acquire in . the property at any time during which the con- tract for transfer subsists. The illustration to the section indi- cates that the transferee can require the transferor to deliver the property acquired _to him._ The purchaser or lessee on the other hand, acting under cl. (a) of s. 18, can compel the seller or the lessor to make good the contract out of such interest. The difference between the two provisions is this that in the case of the operation of s. 43, no recourse to Court is necessary. The transfer operates on_ the property transferred and the transferee can call upon the transferor to deliver the property to him. The purchaser i:fr the lessor having the right mentioned in cl. (a) of s. 18 has to go to l Court to compel the vendor or lessor to perform the con­ ' · tract out of the interest subsequently acquired by him. The purchaser or lessee goes to the Court to enforce the contract and the contract in cl. (a) of s. 18 must refer to the contract to sell or let and not to the contract of sale or lease, which, as indicated earlier, if voluntary, would have covered the entire property contracted to be sold or leased, and if en­ forced through Court no occasion for the operation· of' clause (a) of s. 18 would arise. The exp~ession in cl._ (a) of s. 18 should preferably be construed in a way so that there will be no overlapping bet­ ween the provisions of this clause and of s. 43 of the Trans­ fer of Property Act, as ordinarily the legislature does not intend to make duplicate provisions for similar situations. The use of the words 'vendor or lessor' in cl. (a) are no definite pointers to the conclusion that the expression 'subsequently. to the sale -or 1ease' be given the meaning 'subsequently to the actual sale or lease'. The sections preceding s. 18 deal with specific per­ formance of contracts in general and . therefore use the ex­ pression 'party to a contract'. Section 18 deals with the cases of contracts to sell or let and therefore appropriately uses the simple word 'vendor' or 'lessor' with respect to the party contracting to sell or let and 'purchaser' or 'lessee' with res­ pect to the party agreeing to purchase or take the property on lease. There is no incongruity in using such expressions so Jong as one knows to whom those expressions refer. In fact the word 'purchaser' or .'lessee' can be appropriately applied to persons agreeing to purchase or take the property ' • on lease. --~ - ': • ' ~ • I : . SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1964}. 1964 in thiS connection reference may also be made to the. Silla--o;:;;ndra provisions of cl. (d) of s. 18 which uses the words 'vendor Sekharam · or lessor' and provides that where the vendor or lessor sues. Ram<h ,":d, s 1 for specific performance of the contract and the suit is dis­ ~ • "' missed on the ground of his imperfect title. the defendant. Raghubar Dayal, J, has a right to a return of his deposit ...... and to a lien for· such deposit, ...... on the interest of the vendor or lessor in the property agreed to be sold or let. It is clear that the words vendor or lessor in this clause refer to the person con­ tracting to sell or let the property and who did not perform his part of the contract. Section 25 of the Act also uses the expression 'vendor or lessor' who has not actually sold or leased the property. It provides inter alia that a contract for the sale or letting of property cannot be specifically enforced in favour of the vendor or lessor who comes within the provisions of els. (a} to (c) of the section. The provisions of s.c 27 A also use the expression 'lessor and lessee' in connection with provisions relating to the contract to let when actually no lease is exe­ cuted. There may be another reason for using the expression 'sale or lease' in cl. (a) of s. 18. Section 13 and illustration (a) read: "13. Notwithstanding anything contained in section 56 of the Indian Contract Act, a contract is not wholly impossible of performance because a por­ tion of its subject matter, existing at its date. has ceased to exist at the time of the perform­ ance. Illustrations (al A, contracts to sell a house to B, for a lakh of rupees. The day after the· contract is made, the house is destroyed by a cyclone. B, may be com­ pelled to perform his part of the contract by paying the purchase-money. · • • • • • In Pollock & Mulla's 'Specific Relief Act', 8th edition. under s. 13. is a note: "Illustration (a) assumes that a contract for the sale of a house does, of itself, transfer the beneficial -·· interest in the house to the purchaser, and make him owner in equity in the English phrase. This was also the law here before the Transfer of Property Act. 1882, came .into force. By s. 54 of that Act it is provided that a contract for the sale of immoveable property does not, of itself, ~ I 7 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 865 create any interest in or charge on such property. iilal By s. 55(5) it is enacted that the risk of destruc- Silla Chandra lion is borne by the purchaser only from the date Sekliaram when the ownership appears to pass on execu- R , ndv. Sah · amc11u ra • tton of a proper conveyance by the vendor [see _ s. 55(l)(d)]. It would, therefore, seem that the Raghubar Dayal, J. illustration cannot now be applied where the Transfer of Property Act is in force." It may be that just as illustration (a) to s. 13 continues in the Act, the expression 'sale or lease' continued in cl. (a) of s. 18 as at the time cl. (a) of s. 18 was originally enacted -some sort of beneficial interest had passed 'to the person agreeing to purchase the property by the mere agreement to sell, arrived at between the parties. It has also been urged for the respondent that cl. (a) of -s. 18 of the Act applies only when the person contracting to sell or let lias imperfect title to the property and not when he is not entitled to the property as is the case in this suit, ,as Ramchandra had no title to half the house. We do not consider it necessary to decide this question as we are of opinion that it cannot be said that Ramchandra had no interest in half the house. He had interest in the entire house and so had his mother, though in case of actual partition the interest of each would have been fixed at half. If Ram­ chandra was not competent to pass title with respect to the entire house during the life time of his mother, he can be said to have imperfect title to it. We are therefore of opinion that on the death of the mother, Ramchandra obtained title to and interest in the portion of the house which on a private partition subsequent to the contract to sell had taken place between Ramchandra and his mother and that therefore he has to make good his contract out of the property he acquired subsequent to the contract to sell. It has been submitted for the respondent that it need not be taken for granted that Ramchandra g!Jt title to the property which belonged to his mother as it might be that the mother had executed some will. No such allegation appears to have been made before the High Court where it was urged that Ramchandra had acquired title to that por­ tion of the house. It was in view of this allegation that the appellant did not argue the appeal on the basis of the ground that had been taken in the memorandum of appeal, the ground being that Ramchandra had agreed to sell for Ieasons of legal necessity. We therefore do not consider any forr~ in this contention. L P(D)JSCI-28 1964 We hold that the High Court was wrong in not applying Silla Olurn<lra the provisions of cl. (a) of s. 18 of the Act to the facts of Srklu.,·aa• the case. We therefore allow the appeal, set aside the orders Ramc1,.,~;·a Sahu of the Courts below and decree the plaintiff's suit and order -- that on payment of Rs. 6,000/- minus Rs. 300/- paid to the llagluhar Dayal, J.respondent at the time of the execution of the agreement for sale :ind such other costs to which the appellant be entitled within a month from the date of the costs being taxed, the respondent will be directed to execute the sale deed of the entire house covered by the agreement in favour of the appel­ lant. The appellant will get his costs of the trial Court, as decreed by that Court, and of the appeal in this Court, the parties bearing their own costs of the appeal in the High Court. In case the appellant fails to deposit the amount afore­ said within the time allowed, his suit will stand dismissed with costs throughout. Appeal allowed • 1