S. Shanmugam Pillai and Ors. v. K. Shanmugam Pillai and Ors.

Hegde, J.-This is a plaintiffs' appeal by certificate. The plaintiffs sued for possession of the properties described in Sch. I and IV of the plaint as reversioners of one V. Rm. Shanmugam Pillai who admittedly was the last male holder of those properties as wel! as several other properties. They also claimed past and futu~e mesne profits in respect of those properties. Properties .detailed in Sch. I were said to have been endowed for a charil'J by name Annadhana Chatram Charity. The plaintiffs claimed possession of those properties as "Huqdars". They claimed pos­ sesion of Sch. IV properties as reversioners. The trial court decreed the plaintiffs' claim in part. It gave a decree in favour A of the plaintiffs in respect of plaint Sch. I properties but disJltls.,ed their claim regarding Plaint-Sch. IV properties.; Both the parties appealed against the judgment and decree of the trial court. The High CQllrt allowed the appeal of the defendants and dismissed that of the plaintiffs. In the result the entire suit was dismissed. In order to examine the various contentions advanced at the hearing, it is necessary to state in brief various events that took place prior to the institution of the suit. One Ramalingam Pillai was the owner of a substantial· part of the suit properties. I-Jc had a brother by name Kuppan Pillai. Ramalingam Pill~i's wifr pre-deceased him. He had no children. Ramalingam Pillai and Kuppan Pillai had married sisters. Ramalingam Pillai in 1898 but Kuppan Pillai had pre-dece~sed him. He had.died in 1894, leaving behind him his two daughters Palani Achi Ammal and Pichai Anunal. Kuppan Pillai's wife had also pre­ deceased Ramalingam Pillai. Ramalingam Pillai had brought up hi5 blfother's daughters Palani Achi Aroma! and Pichai Ammal as his foster· daughters. Before '1lis death, Ramalingam Pillai had gut married Palani Achi Aroma! to V. Rm. Shanmugham Pillai, his maternal uncle's son by his first wife. The said Shanmugarn Pillai was associated with Ramalingam Pillai in his business. On September 29, 1898 Ramalingam Pillai executed a settlement deed l Ex. A-2) settling his properties principally on Palani Achi Ammal, Pichai Ammal and Shanmugam Pillai. Under that deed. he gave some properties to his deceased wife's sister's son, Subra­ mania Pillai. Subramania Pillai was the son of Chitravada­ v,rn1mal, sister of the wives of Rarnalingarn Pillai and Kuppan Pillai. Under Ex. A-2 Plaint-Sch. I properties except item No. 4. were set apart for charities which Ramalingam Pillai was carry- in.g on. Under that document Shanmugam Pillai was declared "Huqdars" of the aforementioned Annadhana charity. The Huqdarship was to be hereditary in the family of Shanmugam Pillai. Ramalingam died very soon after eA:ecutii;ig E:::. A-2. After the death of Ramalingam Pillai, Shanmugam Pillai took as his second wife Pichai Aroma!, the sister of his first wi.fe Palani Aclli Aroma!. While managing the Annadhana Charities, Shan­ mugam Pillai acquired item No. 4 of Sch. I. and treated that pro­ perty as that of the Charity. Shanmugam Pillai had no issue!. He had executed a will on December 19, 1926. It was a regi~­ tered will. That will be revoked on December 29, 1926. He died on December 31, 1926. After bis death, his widows put forward another will said to have been executed by him on December 30, 1926 under which substantial biequests were made. H to Shanmugam Pillai know;11 as Vendor Shanmugam Pillai, the step brother of V. Rm. Shanmugaoi Pillai as well as to his step sisters Irnlammai and her hasband Subramania Pillai. I! 0 s. s. PJLLAl \'. K. s. PILLAI (lle1<de, J.) 5 ·; .i On September 29, 1898, the widows of V. Rm. Shaumuo-am Pillai and Vendor Shanmugar Pillai, his sister Irulammai andli.cr husband Subramania Pillai entered into a registered agreement styled as "agreement of peaceful settlement". This document is marlr.cd as Ex. B-2. To that document Vendor Shanmugam Pillai's sons, the present plaintiffs 1 and 2 were also parties. .-\ t that time, they were minors. They were represented by their father Vendor Shanmugam Pillai. Ex. A-2 primarily affinrn; die alleged will said to have been executed by V. Rm. Shanmugam Pillai on December 30, 1926. As per the agreement entered intcJ under Ex. B-2, Vendor Shanmugam Pillai obtained possession of various items or properties left behind biY V. Rm. ShanmugJm Pillai. In his turn he admitted that the widows of V. Rm. Shan­ mugam Pillai were the absolute owners of the properties said tu have been bequeathed to them under the alleged will dated December 30, 1926. Ex. B-2 purports to be a family arrang~­ mcnt. In that deed Vendor Shanmugam Pillai acknowledged the right of the widows to manage the charities and pass on that right to others. Shortly after the execution of Ex. B-2, the senior widow Palani Achi Ammal filed a suit for partition of the properties mention~d in Ex. B-2. That suit was decreed. Thereafter on July 20, 1931. the senior wic!o.w settled the properties that she got as her share under the partition decree Ex. B-3 on Kanthimathimatha Pillai. his wife Pichai Ammal and their minor daughters as per the regis­ tered settlement deed Ex. B-3. This Pichai Ammal is the daughicr of S;.ibramania Pillai son of the original settlor's wife's sister Chitravadamal. The two widows Palani Achi Ammal and Pichai Ammal had brought up Pichai Ammal daughter of Subramani:1 Pillai as their foster daughter and had got her married to the aforesaid Kanthimathinatha Pillai. The settlement proceeds on the basis that Palani Achi Ammal is absolutely entitled to the properties settled. Thereafter the junior widow Picha! Amm:il settled the properties that she got under the partition de.:ree in favour of Palani Pillai, the 4th defendant in the suit, as per tl!l' registered settlement deed Ex. B-4 dated December 20, 19r. Palani Pillai is the son of Kanthimathinatha Pillai. He is referred to in the setlement deed as the seci;nd son of the foster daug;Her of the widows, Picha! Ammal. After the execution of Ex. B-2, Sankaralingam Pillai, bro<hc:· 0£ Vendor Shanmugam Pillai who was not a party to Ex. B-2 filed a suit for declaration that the alleged will dated December 30. J 926 is a forged document. The suit was riccreed. The trial court held the will put forward to be a forgery. Palani Achi Ammal and Pichai Ammal were def~ndants in that suit. The defendants appealed against the decision of the trial court. When 614 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1973) l S.C.R. the matter was pending in appeal in the High Court Sankara­ lingam Pillai died. Thereafter the third plaintiff who was his adopted son was brought on record as the legal. representative of Sankaralingam Pillai. He was represented by his guardian Meenakshi Ammal. That appeal was dismissed. The High Court came to the conclusion that on the evidence on record, it was not satisfied about the genuineness of the will. The present third plaintiff became major in 1938. Even after obtaining a decree in his favour in the will suit, the third plaintiff entered into an agreement with the two widows on October 27, 1938 (Ex. B-5). Under this deed he took substantial pfoperties and acknowledged the absolute right of the widows as regards the other properties detailed therein. It may be noted that b'y the time Ex. B 5 came to be executed alienations in favour of Defendants 1 to 4 had already taken place. Under Ex. B-5, the third plaintiff also acknowledged the right of those defendants who were also parties to that deed, to the properties settled on them. Further under that document the third plaintiff acknowledged the right of the two widows and defendants 1 to 4 to manage the properties set apart for charities. We have earlier mentioned that at the time Ex. B-2 was executed, plaintiffs i to 2 were minors. As seen earlier, the father of the plaintiffs had secured for himself and for his sons several items of properties µnder that agreement. The first plain­ tiff became ma.ior on January 10, 1931. Thereafter he, on hb own behalf and as the guardian of his minor brother joined hi; aunt, Irulammal in partitioning the properties jointly obtained by them under Ex. B-2. Ex. B-10 dated October 11, 1931 is u settlement deed executed by the first plaintiff for himself and a> the guardian of his brother, the second plaintiff settling some of . the properties obtained under Ex. B-2 on their sister. The second plaintiff after becoming a major' jcined with the first plaintiff in conveying an item of property secured under Ex. B-2 in favour of one Sublbiah Konar (Ex. B-11). Palintiffs 1 and 2 effected various alienations under Ex. B-12, B-15 and B-16 to B-42 of the pmperties obtained by them under Ex. B-2. All these transac­ tions proceeded on the basis that the arrangement entered into under B-2 as was valid one. Those tran~actions show that plain­ tiffs 1 and 2 ratified the arrangement mllde under Ex. B-2. The third plaintiff in his turn alienated several items of the property obtained by him under Ex. B-5. On October 16, 1939, he sold some portions of that property under Ex. B-34 for Rs. 4,000/-. Again under Ex. B-36, he sold some other items on July 13, 1953 for a sum of Rs. 25,000/-. He also effected certain exchanges under Ex. B-34 and B-35. All these transactions proceeded on the basis that the arrangement made under Ex. B-5 was a valid tr: , r, I> 1 '· .F lJ s. s. PILLAI v. K. s. PILLAI (Hegde, J.) 515 one. Having set out the course of events, we shall JJOw examine whether it is open to the plaintiffs to 'challenge the alienations effected in favour oi D-1 to D-4. We shall first take up the question whether the alienation of the Plaint-Sch. IV properties by PalaJJi Achi Ammal and Pichai Ammal is open to challenge. There is now no dispute that these two widows had only widows' estate in the properties left by their husband. The impugned alienations were not effected to meet any JJeccssity of the estate of the deceased last male holder. Hence prima facie, the impugned alienations are not binding on the reversioners. But it is now well settled that an alienaticm by a Hindu widow is only voidable and not void. The reversioners may or may not choose to avoid the same,-see Ramgouda Anna­ gouda and ors. v. Bhausaheb and ors.(1) and T. V. R. Subbu Chetty'~ Family Charities v. M. Raghava Mudaliar and ors('). Both the trial court as well as the appellate court have come to the conclusion that the plaintiffs are not entitled to avoid the alienations in question either on the ground of estoppet or elec­ tion. So far as the third· plaintiff is concerned, he is clearly estopped from challenging those alienations made. As seen earlier even after the High Court came to the conclusion that the will put forward by the widows is not proved to be genuine, he entered into an agreement with those widows under which he obtained some properties as absolute owner. In hls turn he acknowledged the right oi the widows to the remaining properties iJlcluding those that had been alienated in favour of defendants 1 to 4. As seen earlier by the time Ex. :S-5. came to be execute\! on October 27, 1938, the alienations in favour of defendants 1 to 4 had taken place. D-1 to D-4 were parties to Ex.-B-5. It is clear from Ex. B-5 that the, third plaintiff was aware of those alienations. In Ex. B-5, he accepted the validity of those alienations. In other words with full knowledge of facts the third plaintiff represented to the widows a5 well as to defendants 1 to 4-that he accepts the validity of the alienations in favour of defendants 1 to 4. By doing so he secured immediate advantage of getting possession of fairly extensive properties which he would not have otherwise got till the death of the two widows. Hence he is clearly estopoed from contesting the validity of the alienations in favour of defend­ ants 1 to 4. The claim of the third plaintiff may be examined from another angle. It is seen from the record that within about a month of the decision of the High Court in the litigation relating to the will, the guardian of the third plaintiff entered into a compromise (I) 54 I.A. 396. (2) [1961] 3 S.C.R. 624. with the two widows possibly with a view to avoid further litig~­ tion. Evidenrly in pursuance of that agreement Ex. B-5 cam~ to be executed after the third plaintiff became a major. Hem:e Ex. B-5 can be considered as a family settlement. That is not ail. As seen earlier after. he Lecame a major, on the strength ot Ex. B-5, he alienated several ite1ns o~-property obtained by him under that document. We shall presently examine the relevant decisiolli but at present it is sufficient to say that the third plain­ tiff is precluded from challenging the validity of the alienation made in favour of defendants l to 4. Let us now examine whether plaintiffs 1 and 2 can challenge tho alienations made in favour of defendants 1 to 4. The trial court ha' come to the conclusion that they are estopped from challenging the validity of the alienations in favour of defendant' 1 to 4 in respect of the properties mentioned in Plaint-Sch. IV. The High Court has affirmed that decision on the ground that after they became majors they had elected to stand by Ex. B-2. Hence they cannot challenge the alienations in question. \\'. c have earlier seen that very soon after the death of V. Rm. Shan­ mugam Pillai, the father of the plaintiffs, Vendor Shanmug1m Pillai on his own behalf and as the guardian of plaintiffs J and 2 entered into an agreement with the wido\''S of v: Rm. Shanmu­ mugam Pillai (Ex. B-2). Under that agreement he secured immediate possession oJ' considerable properties for himself and his minor sons, plaintiffs 1 and 2. Under Ex. B-2, Vendor ."han­ mugam Pillai by implication, admitted the genuineness of the alleged wi11 of V. Rm. Shanmugam Pillai which was ultimately found to be not genuine by the High Court as seen earlier. But for the agreement under Ex. B-2 Vendor Shannrngam Pillai would not have got any portion of the properties left by V. Rm. Shanmu­ gam Pillai during the life time of the widows of V. Rm. Shanmu­ gam Pillai. It was said that at the time when Ex. B-2 was entered into V. Rrn.Shanmugam Pillai might not have been aware of tlte fact that the will put forward by the widows was not a genuine one. Our attention was iavited to the finding of the trial court that Ex. B-2, was a part of a scheme on the part of the widows of V. Rm. Shanmugarn Pillai and Vendor Shanmugam Pillai. to defeat the claims of Sankarlingam Pillai, the father of the third plaintiff. It is true that the plaintiffs who were minors on the dale of Ex. B-2 would not have been bound by the agreement contained th~rdn if they had not chosen tG stand by it. It was open to them on attaining majority either to sL1nd by the agreement or renounce the same. By the time they attained mJjority, the will case had been decided by the High Court. It is reasonable to assume that they were aware ot the fact that the High Court had come to the conclmion that the will put forward was not genuine. Therefore F' 0 s. s. l'ILLAL I'. K. s. PJLLA[ (Hegde, J.) 577 it y;as open to them to denounce the agreement under Ex. B-2. But they did not choose to do so. On the other hand they not only continued to enjoy the properties that they and their fath~r got under Ex. B-2 but also went on allienating various items ,,r those properties, see Ex. B-9, B-10, B-11, B-12, B-15 and B-16 to B-4l. From these transactions, it is clear that plaintiff> 1 and 2 ratified the agreement entered into under Ex. B-2. It i» alsu reasonable to hold that after becoming majors instead of r<!llounc­ ing the benefit obtained UJJder Ex. B-2, they elected to stand by th11t agreement and retained the benefit obtained under that docu­ ment. Ex. B-2 and B-5 read together may also be considered !Ii con­ >tituting a family arrangement. The plaintiffs and the widoW» 'of V. Rm. Shanmugam Pillai are near relations. There were sever~! diiputes between the parties. The parties must have thought it wiie that instead of spending their money and energy in courts, ti' settle their disputes amicably. The father of plaintiffs 1 and ~ and later on the plaintiffs were only presumptive reversionen, ,,, also was the third plaintiff. None of them had any vested right in the suit properties till the death of the widows. Hence first the father of plaintiffs 1 and 2 and later on the plaintiffs must have thought that a biird in hand is worth more than two in the bush. If in the ;~terest of the family properties or. family pf>ace the cloie relations had settled their disputes amicably, this court will be reluctant to disturb the same. The courts generally Jean in fa'Jour oi family arrangements. Equitable principles such as estoppel, election, family settle­ ment etc. are not mere technical rules of evidence. They have an important purpose to serve in the administration of justice. The ultimate aim of the Jaw is to secure justice. In recent tiln~ '·' order to render justice between the parties, courts have been liberally relying on those principles. We would hesitate to narrow down their scope. Now Jet us proceed to cc,1sider the decided cases re:td to l1' at the hearing ,of the appeal. In Fat~h Singh v. Thakur Rukmini Ramanji Maharaj( 1), a Full Bench of the Allahabad High Court held that a reversion"r to the estate of ~ de~eased separated Hindu, who has exprmly assented to an ahenalion of pro~rty forming p~;rt of the estate. made by the widow in posses>ion, canno\ on succeeding to the Oitate after the widow's death repudimc his action <ind ;u0 for p06Session of the property alienated by the widow. Th0 ratio of that decision clearly applies to the claim made by the th.;rd olain- tiff in this case. · · (I) !LR XLV All 339. 578 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1973] l S.C.R. In Jagarlapudi Seetharamayya v. Sarva Chandrayya and A ors., ( 1) Andhra Pradesh High Court was called upon to consider a claim somewhat similar to that made by plaintiffs 1 and 2. Therein the court ruied that during the life time of the widow a presumptive reversioner has only a spec successionis in the estate of the iast mate hower and he cannot, therefore, purport to convey the said interest or otherwise deal with it. His rights B in the property wJuld be crystallised only after succession opens. But after succession opens or even during the widow's life time he may elect to stand by the tra~action ~ntered into b\Y the widow or otherwise ratify it, in whlch case v·wcrula be precluded frOJ}l~ guestioning the transaction. Prod!eding . .further the court•eriu­ merated the three classes of estoppels that may arise for considera- c tion in dealing with reversioner's challenge to a widow's aliena­ tion. They are : (1) that which is embodied in s. 115 of the Evidence Act, (2) election in the strict sense of the term whereby the person electing takes a benefit under the transaction and ( 3) ratification, i.e., agreeing to abide by the transaction. A presump- tive reversioner coming under any one of the aforesaid categories is precluded from questioning the transaction, when succession D opens and when he becomes the actual reversioner. But if the presumptive reversioner is a minor at the time he has taken a benefit under the transaction, the principle of estoppel will be co.,­ lrolled by ·another rule governing the law of minors. A minor obviously cannot be ron,pelled to take the benefit of a transac- tion which will have the effect of depriving him of his legal rights E when the succession opens. But a minor can certainly after att?.'..1- ing majority ratify the transaction entered into on his behalf by his guardian. If he so ratifies the transaction entered into by his guardian and accepts the benefit thereunder, there cannot be any difference in the application of the principle of election. The effect would be the same. It is as if he was a major at the time the F transaction was affected ahd the benefit was conferred or. him. What he could not do at the time of the transaction must be deemed to have been done by him by his act of ratification. It may be that on attaining majority he has the option to disown the transaction and disgorge the benefit or to accept it and adopt it as his own. Whether after attaining majr1rity the quandum minor accepted the benefit or disowned it, is a question to be· decided or. G the facts. of each case. In the course of the judgment Subha Rao C.J. (as he then was) dealing with the ·case of persons who were minors at the time the transaction was entered. into observed : "The mere act of succession to the father may . not H amount to ratification as the son's enjoyment is consistent (I) [1954] 2, M.L.J. p. 162. s. s. PILLAI v. K. s. PILLAI (Hegde, J.) 519 with his right of inheritance to the father. But he can either expressly or by necessary implication ratify the transaction entered into by the father. But if the origi­ nal transaction conferring the benefit was in favour ot the minor, different considerations would arise. His en­ joyment of the benefit after attaining majority may in itself be. a sufficient act of ratification." In support of the con(ention that the plaintiffs are not estopped which expression includes not only the estoppel proper but also "election'' Mr. M. C. Chagla, learned Counsel for the appellants relied on the deeision of a Division Bench of the .Madras Hir,h Court.in Makineni Virayya and ors. v. Madamanchi Bapayya( )'. On the facts of that case, the learned judge came to the co.nclusion that the plaintiffs-reversioners in that case were not estopped from claiming the suit property on the death of the widow. But in the course of his judgment, after examining several decisions Patan­ jali Sastri J. (as he then was) speaking for the Court observed : "These decisions will be found on examination to pro­ ceed on the principle that an allienation by a Hindu widow without justifying necessity is not void but only voidable at the instance of the reversionary heir who may either affirm or avoid it, but will bi: precluded from questioning it if he does something which amounts to an affirmation of the transaction. Such election to hold the sale good, as it has sometimes been expr,essed, may, it has been held, take place even before the death of the. widow while the reversionary heir was only a presump­ tive reversioner." In our opinion this decision instead of helping the plaintiffs definitely supports the contentions of the defendants. It was urged on behalf of the plaintiffs that it was not pe1mis­ sible for the father of ·the plaintiffs I and 2 as well as the third plaintiff to transfer their contingent interest as remote reversion­ ers; hence we must hold that the transactions entered into under Exs. B-2 to B-5 were wholly void. This contention can best be answered by quoting a passage from the decision cf the Judicial Committee in Ramgouda Anna1?ouda's case( 2 ). Therein repelling a similar contention the Judicial Committee observed : "It was argued that Annagouda's contingent interest as a r.emote reversioner could not be validly sold by him, as it was ~ mere spec succession is, and an agreement to sell such mterest would also qe void in law. It is not necessary to consider that question because he did not 0) [1946] I, M.L.J. 276. (2) 541.A. 396: 580 SUPREME COURT REPOl\TS [1973] 1 'l.CR. in fact either sell or agree to sell his reversionary interest. Jt is settled law that an alienation bv a widow in execs~ of her powers is not altogether void but only voidable by the reversioners, who may either singly or as a body be precluded from exercisinll: their right to avoid it either by express ratification or by acts which treat it as valid or binding." It is true that a widow cannot enlarge her own estate by entering- into a contract. Dut as observed by this Court in Krishna Beh«rilal v. Guiab Chand( 1): "It is well settled that a Hindu widow cannot enlarge her estate l>y entering into· a compromise with third parties to the prejudice of the ultimate reversioner. But the same will not be true if the compromise is entered into with persons who ultimately become the rever­ sioners." As ob.~erved by this Court in T. V. R. Subbu Chetty's Familv Charit~s· Case (supra), that if a person having full knowledge of hii right as a possible reversioner enters into a transaction which settks his claim as well as the claim of the opponents at the· relevant time, he cannot be permitted to go back on that agrocment when reversion actually falls open. The application of the tests laid down in the above decisions Jeadll to the firm conclusion that the plaintiffs are precluded from queitioning th" alienations of the various items of property covered by Sch. IV of the plaint. Now turning to the plea of family arrangement, as observctl by this Court in Sahu Madho Das and ors. v. Pandit Mukand Ram and another('), the courts lean strongly in favour of family a~ungeme:1ts that bring about harmony in a family and do justice to it11 various members and avoid, in anticipation, future disputes which might ruin them all. As ol$erved in that case the familv arr~ngement can as a matter or law be inferred from a long course of dealings between the parties. In Maturi Pullaiah and anr. v. Maturi l-/arasimhan and or-s. (3 1 thh Court held that although conflict of legal claims in presmti or in future is generally a condition for tb.e validity of family 'nangements, it is not necessarily so. Even bona-fide dispute> prCient or possible, which may not involve legal claims would be sW!icicnt. Members of a joint Hindu family may, to maintain peace or to bring about harmony in the family, enter into such a <1i (1971] S.C.C. 837. (JJ [1955] 2, S.C. R. 22, (2) A.LR. 1966 S.C 1816. [) 0 3. s. PILLAI v. K. s. PILLAI (Hegde, I.) 58] family arrangement. If such an agreement is entered into bona :ftde and the terms thereto are fair in the. circumstances of a parti­ cular case, the courts would moro readily give assent to such an agreement th?n to avoid it. In Krishna Behari/al' s case (supra), this Court observed : "The dispute between the parties was in respect of a cer­ tain property which was originally owned by their common ancestor namely Chhedilal. To consider a settlement as a family arrangement, it .is not necessary that the parties to the compromise shou!Q all belong to one family. As observed by tliis Court in Ram Charan Das v. Girjanandini Devi and ors. [1965] 3, S:C.R. 841, the word· "family" in the context of a family arrange­ ment is not to be nnderstood in a narrow sense of being a group of persons who are recognised in law as having a right of succession or having a claim to a share in the property in dispute. If the dispute which is settled is one between near relations then the settlement of such a dispute can be considered as a family arrangement­ see Ramcharan Das's case (supra)." Judged by the tests laid down in these decisions, we ca11 rea~onably come to the conclusion that Ex. B-2 and B-5 read together brought about a family settlement. This leaves us with the dispute relating to properties set out in Sch. I of the plaint. So far as the properties set out in Sch. I of the paint are con­ cerned, the High Court and the trial court have reached dificrent conclusions. The trial court held that under E1( .A-2, Rama­ Jingam Pillai had made a complete dedication of those propertie~ for charities and the management of the charities had been left to V. Rm. Shanmugam Pillai an(fafter him to his successors. On the basis of those conclusions that Court held that the alienation of those properties is. invalid and not binding, on the plaintiffs. The High Court felt unable to come to any firm conclusion on the evidence on record, as to whether the dedication made under Ex. A-2 by Ramalingam Pillai was complete or partial. Further it came to the conclusion that the plaintiffs are precluded from questioning the management of those properties by defendants 1 to 4 in view of the various transactions between the partie5 re­ ferred to earlier. It may be noted that the parties are .:greed that charities mentioned in Ex. A-2 have to be conducted in accordance with the directions given in Ex. A-2. The only question is who should conduct them. Tho further controversy between the partie5 is whether the dedication made under Ex. A-2 is partial or complete. 582 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19'73] l S.C.R. We agree with the High Court that the evidence on record is not satisfactory enough to reach a firm conclusion as to the nature of the dedication. Plaintiffs have failed to adduce acceptable .evidence as regards the income of the properties set apart for charitie.s. That being so, even if we accept the estimate made by the trial court regarding the expenses to be incurred for conduct­ ing those charities, we have no basis to find out the extent of the surplus that is likely to be left in the hands of the persons who manage those charities. Under these circumstances it is nbt pos­ sible to come to the conclusion that under Ex. A-2, Ramalingam Pillai had created a trust in respect of those properties for conduct­ ing the charities mentioned in Ex. A-2. As observed by this Court in Menakuru Daisaratharami Reddi and anr. v. Duddukuru Subba Rao and ors.(1)_that dedication of a property to religious or charitable purposes may be either com­ plete or partial. If the dedication is complete a trust in favour of a charity is created. Ii the dedication is partial, a trust in favour of a charity is not created but a charge in favour of the charity is attached to, and follows,. the property which retains its original private and secular character. Whether or not a dedication is complete would naturally be a question of fact to be determined in each case on the terms of the relevant document if the dedica­ tion in question was made under a document. In such a case it .is always a matter of ascer•aining the true intention of the parties, it is obvious <hat such an intention must be gathered on a fair and reasonable construction of the document considered as a whole. If the income of the property. is substantially intended to be used for the purpose of a charity and only an insignificant and minor portion of it is allowed to be qsed for the maintenance of the worshipper or the manager, it may be possible to take the view that dedication is complete. If, on the other hand, for the main­ tenance of charity a minor portion of the income is exnected or required to bie used arid a substantial surplus is left in the hands of the manager or worshipper for his own private purp0ses, it would be difficult to accept the theory of complete dedication. Ex. A-2, after setting out the various charities to be conducted concludes by saying that "If, after conducting the said charities properly, there be any surnlus, the same shall be utilised bv the said Shanmugam Pillai and his heirs for family expenses. Thev should aho look after the same carefully and properly." This shows that the entire income of the properties set apart for chari­ ties was not thought to be necessary for conducting the charities. It was for the plaintiffs to establish that the dedication was com­ plete and cosequently there was a resulting tru~t. As th~y have (I) AIR 1957 S.C. 797. s. s. PILLAI v. K. s. PILLAI (Hedge, J.) 583 failed to establish the same, for the purpose of this case, we have to proceed on the basis that the dedication was only partial and the properties retained the character of private properties. There­ fore the widows cf V. Rm. Shanmugam Pillai had a beneficial interest in those properties-see Kalipada Chakraborti and anr. v. Pa/am' Bala Devi and ors(1). As seen earlier they had alienated their interest in those properties. For the reasons already men­ 'tioned, the plaintiffs ate precluded from questioning the validity of those alienations. It is not open now to them to contend that the alienations in questior, are invalid. It is not necessary for us to decide in this case whether their succe•sors can challenge those alie1,1ations. Suffice it to say that the plaintiffs are precluded from challenging those alienations. In the result this appeal fails and the same is dismissed with costs. K.B.N. Appeal dimissed. (I) [1953] S.C.R. 503:° __ _