S.P. Gupta & Ors. Etc. Etc. v. Union of India & Ors. Etc. Etc.

BHAGWATI J. These writ petitions filed in different High C Courts and transferred to this Court under Article l 39A of the Constitution raise issues of great constitutional importance affecting the independence of the judiciary and they have been argued at great length before us. The arguments have occupied as many as thirty five days and they have ranged over a large number of issues comprising every imaginable aspect of the judicial institution.- Volu­ minous written submissions have been filed before us which reflect the enormous industry and vast erudition of the learned counsel appearing for the parties and a large number of authorities, Indian as well as foreign, have been brought to our attention. We must acknowledge with gratitude our indebtedness to the learned counsel for the great assistance they have rendered to us in the delicate and difficult task of adjudicating upon highly sensitive issues arising in '- these writ petitions. We find, and this is not unusual in cases of this kind, that a considerable amount of passion has been injected into the arguments on both sides and some times passion may appear to lend strength to an argument, but, sitting as Judges, we have to be careful to see that passion does not blind us to logic and predile­ tions pervert proper interpretation of the constitutional provisions. We have to examine the arguments objectively and dispassionately without being swayed by populist approach or sentimental appeal. It is very easy for the human mind to find justification for a conclu- sion which accords with the dictates of emotion. Reason is a rea iy enough advocate for the decision one, consciously or unconsciously, desires to reach. I will recall the brilliant fling of Shri Arobindo in his poem "Savitri". "An inconclusive play is Reason's toil. Each strong idea can use her as its tool; Accepting every brief she pleads her case, Open to every thought she c&nuot know," 0 500 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 S.C.R. We have therefore to rid our mind of any pre-conceived notions or ideas and interpret the Constitution as it is and not as we think it ought to be. We can always find some reason for bending the lan­ guage of the Constitution to our will, if we want, but that would be rewriting the Constitution in the guise of interpretation. We must also remember that the Constitution is an organic instrument intended to endure and its provisions must be interpreted having regard to the constitutional objectives and goals and not in the light of how a particular Government may b~ acting at a given point of time. Judicial response to the problem of constitutional interpretation must not suffer from the fault of emotionalism or sentimentalism which is likely to cloud the vision when Judges are confronted with issues of momentous importance. We must cons­ stantly bear in mind the famous words of Holmes J. in Northern Security Company v. United States(1) where that great illustrious Judge said : "Great cases like hard cases make bad law. For great cases are called great, not by reason of their real impor­ tance in shaping the law of the future, but because of some accicent of immediate over-whelming interest which appeals to the feelings and distorts the judgment. These immediate interests exercise a kind of hydraulic pressure which makes what previously was clear seem doubtful, and before which even well settled principles of law will bend." With these prefatory words we may now proceed to state the facts of these writ petitions. We propose to take up these writ petitions in a slightly different order than that given in the cause title. The first writ petition is that filed by Iqbal Chagla and others in the High Court of Bombay. The petitioners in this writ petition are advocates practising in the the High Court of Bombay and they have challenged a circular letter dated 18th March, 1981, addressed by Shri Shiv Shankar, the Law Minister of the Government of India, to the Governor of Punjab and the Chief Ministers of the other States. Since the circular letter has formed the subject matter of heated controversy between the parties and its constitutional vali­ dity has been assailed on behalf of the petitioners, it would be (I) 193 us 197, .... , ... S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 501 desirable to reproduce it in extenso in the words of the author ~ himself: "D.O. No. 66/10/81-Jus. t My dear Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs, 'India, New Delhi-110001. March 18, 1981 It has repeatedly been suggested to Government over the years by several bodies and forums including the States Reotganisa­ tion Commission, the Law Commission and various Bar Associations that to further national integration and to combat narrow parochil tendencies bred by caste, kinship and other local links and affili­ ations, one third of the Judges of a High Court should as far as possible be from outside the State in which that High Court is situated. Somehow, no start could be made in the past in this direction. The feeling is strong, growing and justified that some effective steps should be taken very early in this direction. -~ 2. In this context, I would request you to :- --~- 3. (a) obtain from all the Additional Judges working in the High Court of your State their consent to be appointed as permanent Judges in any other High Court in the country. They could, in addi­ tion, be requested to name three High Courts, in order of preference, to which they would prefer to be appointed as permanent Judges; and (b) obtain from persons who have already been or may in the future be proposed by you for initial appointment their consent to be appointed to any other High Court in the country along with a similar preference for three High Courts. While obtaining the consent and the preference of the persons mentioned in paragraph 2 above, it may be made clear to them that the furnishing of the consent or the indication of a preference does not imply any commitment on the part of the GoverQment either iq 502 To SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 s.c.R. regard to their appointment or in regard to accom­ modation in accordance with the preferences given. 4. I would be grateful if action is initiated very early by you and the written consent and preferences of all Additional Judges as well as of persons recom­ mended by you for initial appointment are sent to me within a fortnight of the receipt of this letter. 5. I am also sending a copy of this letter to the Chief Justice of your High Court. With regards, I. Governor of Punjab Yours sincerely, Sd/ ·(P. Shivshankar) 2. Chief Ministers (by name) (Except North-Eastern States.)" It appears that a copy of the Circular letter was sent by the Law Minister to the Chief Justice of each High Court and the Chief Minister of each State also forwarded a copy of the circular letter to each Chief Justice of the High Court of his State. We do not know what the Chief Justices of the various High Courts did on receipt of a copy of the circular Jetter from the Law Minister and from the Chief Ministers of their respective States, but presumably each Chief Justice sent a copy of the circular letter to the Additional Judges in his court with a request to do the needful in view of what was stated in the circular letter. The Chief Justice of Bombay High Court in any event addressed such a communication to each of the additional Judges in his Court. We do not know what was the response of the additional Judges in Bombay to the circular letter but the record shows that out of a total number of Additional Judges in the Country quite a few Additional Judges gave their consent to be appointed outside their High Court. The petitioners and other advocates practising on the original as well as appellate side of the High Court of Bombay however took the view that the circular letter was a dire~t attack on \he independence of the judiciary which is a basic feature of the .... t S.P. GUPTA v. tJNION (Bhagwati, 1.) 5o3 Constitution and hence the Advocates Association of Western India which represents advocates practising on the appellate side, the Bombay Bar Association which represents advocJtes practising on the original side and the Managing Commitee of the Bombay Incor­ porated Law Society which represents So!icifors practising in the High Court of Bombay, passed resolutions condemning the circular letter as subversive of judicial independence and asking the Government of India to withdraw the circular letter. Since the circular letter was not withdrawn by the Law Minister, the petitioners filed the present writ petition in the High Court of Bombay challenging the constitutional validity of the circular letter aod seeking a declaration that if consent has been given by any Additional Judge or by any person whose name has been or is to be submitted for appointment as a Judge consequent on or arising from the circular letter, it should be held to be null and void. There were several grounds on which the constitutional validity of the circular letter was challenged but it is not necessary to set them out at the present stage because we shall have occasion to refer to them in detail when we deal with the rival argu 11ents of the parties. The petitioners impleaded the Law Minister as respondent No. 1, the Union of India as respondent No. 2 and ten Additional Judges of the Bombay High Court as respondents Nos. 3 to 12. The writ petition was filed on 20th April 1981 and immediately after filing it, the petitioners applied to the learned single Judge sitting on the ori­ ginal side of the Bombay High Court for admission of the writ peti­ tion and interim relief. The admission of the writ petition as also the grant of interim relief were opposed on behalf of respondent Nos. 1 and 2 but the learned single Judge admitted the writ petition and issued a rule and granted interim relief in terms of prayer (e) of the writ petition. The effect of granting the interim relief was that res­ pondents Nos. 1 and 2 were restrained from further implementing the circular letter and acting in any manner upon the consent, if any obtained from any person following on or arising from the circular - letter. Respondents Nos. 1 and 2 thereupon preferred an appeal to a Division Bench of the Bombay High Court under clause ( 15) of the Letters Patent but the appeal was dismissed by the Division Bench on 24th April, 1981. The Division Bench fixed the hearing of the writ petition before the learned single Judge hearing writ peti­ tions on 25th June 1981 and also gave directions for filing of affida­ vits by the parties. Respondent Nos. 1 and 2 being aggrieved by the order made by the Division Bench dismissing their appeal made an application to this Court on 8th May 1981 for taking up their 8 504 SlJPllilME COlJRt REPORTS [1982] 2 s.c.R. special leave petition directed against the order of the Division Bench on the same day, but this Court refused to take up the special leave petition for hearing on that day and directed that it may come up for hearing in due course. Respondents Nos. l and 2 in the meanwhile filed Transfer Petition No. 24 of 1981 for transfer of the writ petition from the Bombay High Court to this Court under Article I 39A of the Constitution and ultimately by an order dated 9th June 1981, the vacation Judge directed that the writ petition be withdrawn from the Bombay High Court to this Court and he also gave direc­ tions for filing of affidavits and written briefs. That is how the present writ petition filed by Iqbal Chagla and others has come up for hearing before this Bench of seven Judges constituted by the Hon'ble the Chief Justice of India. The second writ petition is that filed by V.M Tarkunde in the High Court of Delhi. The petitioner in this writ petition is a senior advocate practising in the Supreme Court and he has not only challenged the constitutional validity of the circular letter issued by the Law Minister but also assailed the practice followed by the Central Government in appointing Additional Judges in various High Courts. The grounds on which the constitutional validity of the circular Jetter is challenged are the same as those taken in the first petition filed by Iqbal Chagla and others, but, so far as the complaint in respect of appointment of additional Judges is concerned, this writ petition covers new ground not treaded by the first writ petition. What made it necessary to include this complaint in the writ petition was the fact that three Additional Judges of Delhi High Court, namely, O.N. Vohra. S.N. Kumar and S.B. Wad who had originally been appointed as Additional Judges for a period of two years with effect from 7th March, 1979, and whose term was expiring on the mid-night of 6th March 1981 were further appointed as Additional Judges for a period of three months only from 7th March 1981 and these short-term appointments were, according to the petitioner, unjustified by the terms of Article 224 and were in any event subversive of the independence of the judicary. The petitioner therefore claimed in the writ petition, in addition to the declaration that the circular letter was unconstitutional and void, a writ of mandamus directing the Central Government to convert the posts of Additional Judges into permanent Judges in the various High Courts commensurate with the regular business and the arrears in those High Courts and in particular to convert 12 posts of Addi­ tional Judges in the Delhi High Court into permanent posts having .... - ·---:>- _,.. S.1'. GUPtA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 505 regard to the regular business and the large arrears in that High Court. The petitioner also questioned the 'validity of short-term appointments of O.N. Vohra, S.N. Kumar and S.B. Wad and claimed that since there was an existing vacancy in a permanent post, O.N. Vohra should be appointed as a permanent J~dge to fill that vacancy and so far as S.N. Kumar and S.B. Wad were concern­ ed, they should be appointed for the full term of two years. It appears that the Union of India was the only respondent impleaded in the writ petition as originally filed, but subsequently the Law Minister as also the Joint Secretary, Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs were added as respondents Nos. 2 and 3 to the writ petition. The High Court of Delhi by its order dated 23rd April 1981 admitted the writ petition and issued rule upon it. How­ ever, since the questions arising in the writ petition were questions of great constitutional importance and the first writ petition had already been filed in the Bombay High Court and other writ petition to which we shall presently refer had also been presented in the High Court of Allahabad raising substantially the same questions, an application was made to this Court on 24th April 1981 for transfer of the writ petition to this Court and by an order dated 1st May 1981 this Court transferred the writ petition to itself from the Delhi High Court. Meanwhile, the further term of O.N. Vohra, S.N. Kumar and S.B. Wad was about to expire on 6th June 1981 and no decision appeared to have been taken till then for continuing these three Additional Judges for a further term and the petitioner apprehended that if these three Additional Judges were not continued as Addi­ tional Judges on the expiration of their term on 6th June 1981, the writ petition might become infructuous. The petitioner therefore, presented an application to this Court on 4th May 1981 for an order directing that the writ petition be heard and disposed of before 6th June 1981 and that in any event, the respondents should maintain status quo by extending the period of appointment of Additional Judges in the various High Courts till the the disposal of the writ petition. Immediately on filing this application the petititioner requested the Court to fix an early date of hearing of the writ peti­ tion so that it could be disposed of before 6th June, 1981, but since the Court was closing for the summer vacation frcm 9th May 1981, it was not possible to fix the hearing of the writ petition until the reopening of the court after the summer vacation. The petitioner thereupon prayed for an interim order that on the expiration of their term on 6th June, 1981, the Additional Judges should be continued and their term extended until the final disposal of the writ petition. But, obvi0usly this was not a prayer which could be granted by the -G Court because it is for the President and not for the Court to appoint Additional Judges and once tire term of an Additional Judge has come to an end by efflux of time, it is not competent for the court to reappoint him for a further term. Since, however, an allegation was made in the application that the appointments of Additional Judges for a further term were being made at the last minute and three Additional Judges of the Bombay High Court at Nagpur were not informed about the extension of their term until the evening of the last day on which their original term was due to expire, this Court made an order dated 8th May 1981 directing that, since the hearing of the writ · petition would not be taking place until the reopening of the court after the summer vacation, the Union of India should "decide not less than ten days before 6th June, 1981 whether any of the three Additional Judges should be reappointed for a fur­ ther term as Additional Judges or they should be appointed as perma­ nent Judges or otherwise." So far as the circular letter was concerned though no prayer for interim relief was made in the written applica­ tion, this Court, on an oral application made on behalf of the petitioner, directed that any Additional Judge who does not wish to respond to the circular letter may do so until the disposal of the writ petition and he shall not be refused extension nor shall he be refused permanent appointment, as the case may be, on the ground that he has not sent any reply to the circular letter or has not indi­ cated his preference as asked for in the circular Jetter. Now, accord­ ing to this order, the Central Government was bound to take its decision in regard to the continuance or otherwise of O.N. Vohra, S.N. Kumar and S.B. Wad on orbef'ore 27th May,1981 but since no such decision was communicated to the three Additional Judges, the petitioner, presuming that such decision must not have been reached by the Central Goverment, preferred an application to this Court on 1st June, 1981 for directing the Central Govern rnent, to communi­ cate its decision regarding the continuance or otherwise of the three Additional Judges. Before this application came up for hearing, the petitioner came to know that a decision had been taken by the Central Government in regard to O.N. Vohra, S.N. Kumar and S.B. Wad and \\bile S. B. Wad continued as and Additional Judge for a period of one year from 7th June, 1981, O.N. Vohra and S.N. Kumar were not continued for a further term. The petitioner thereupon preferred another application to this Court on 4th. June, .1981 and in this application the petitioner pointed out that there were still large arrears of work in the Delhi High Court and therefore there was no lawful and bona fide reason for the non- - s.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 501 continuance of O.N. Vohra and S.N. Kumar and not grauting fresh appointments to them was mala fide and unconstitutional and prayed that in the circumstances, an interim order should be made by the Court directing that O.N. V.:ihra and S.N. Kumar shall continue to function as Judges of the Delhi High Court. Both these applications came up for hearing before the learned vacation Judge and by an order dated 6th June, 1981, the learned vacation Judge declined to grant interim relief that O.N. Vohra and S.N. Kumar shall continue as additional Judges but directed that notice be issued to show cause why status quo in respect of these two Judges should not be maintained and continued till the pen­ dency of the writ petition. It appears that no order was thereafter made on the notice, since the writ petition itself was directed to be heard at an early date and in the meanwhile, O.N. Vohra and S.N. Kumar, were impleaded as respondent Nos. 4 and 5, to the writ petitition. O.N. Vohra did not appear at the hearing of the writ petition but S.N. Kumar appeared through counsel, filed a counter-affidavit and claimed that the . decision of the Central Government not to appoint him for a further term was vitiated since it was reached without full and effective consultation with the Chief Justice of India and in any event it was based on irrele­ vant considerations and that on a proper construction of Article 224 read with Article 217, he must be deemed to have been appoin­ ted as a permanent Judge and in any event, be was entitled to be appointed as an additional Judge for a further term. The Union of India also filed an affidavit in answer to the writ petition and a furiher affidavit in reply to the counter-affidavit of S.N. Kumar. The writ petition was thereafter placed for hearing before this Bench of seven Judges along with the writ petition filed by Iqbal Chagla and others. The third writ petition is that filed by J.L. Katra and others in the High Court of Delhi. The petitioners in this writ petition are advocates practising in the Delhi High Court and they have prayed for the issue of a writ in the nature of mandamus directing the Cenral Government to make an assessment of the number of permanent and additional Judges required by the Delhi High Court having regard to its current business and the accumulated arrears to create such number of posts of permanent and additional Judge; as may be necessary and to make appointments to these posts. The other reliefs asked for in this writ petition are substantially the same as the reliefs prayed for in the writ petition filed by V.M. Tarkunde. This writ petition was also like the other writ 508 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 s.c.R. A petitions withdrawn and transferred to )tself by this Court. Since the issues arising in this writ petition are identical with the issues arising in the other two writ petitions, it was heard by this Bench of seven Judges along with those writ petitions. The fourth writ petition is that filed by S.P. Gupta in the High Court of Allahabad. The petitioner in that writ petition is an advocate practising in the Allahabad High Court and he has filed this writ petition for substantially the same reliefs as the writ petitions of Iqbal Cbagla and V.M. Tarkunde, with only this diffe­ rence that the reliefs claimed by him relate to the appointments of additional Judges in the High Court of Allahabad. The petitioner has inter alia prayed for a declaration that the three additional Judges of the Allahabad High Court, namely, Mr. Justice Murlidhar, Mr. Justice A.N. Verma and Mr. Justice N.N. Mittal must be deemed to have been appointed permanent Judges under the warrants already issued to them and that the circular letter of the Law Minis­ ter must be held to be void. This writ petition was also heard along D with the other writ petitions by this Bench of seven Judges. Since these four writ petitions to which we have just referred raise the same issues in regard to the circular letter issued by the Law Minister and the scope and ambit of the power of the Central Government in regard to appointment or non-appointment of addi­ tional Judges, it would be convenient to deal with them in a group and we shall hereafter for the sake of convenience refer to them as the first group of writ petitions. The fifth writ petition is that filed by Miss Lily Thomas, an advocate practising in the Supreme Court. This writ petition has challenged the transfer of Mr. Justice M.M. Ismail, Cflief Ju~tice of the High of Madras as the Chief Justice of Kerala High Court. What occasioned the filing of this writ petition was an Order dated 19th January 1981 made by the President trasferring Mr. Justice M,M, Ismail, Chife Justice of the Madras High Court as Chief Justice of the Kerala High Court with effect from the date he assumed charge of his office. This order recited that it was made by the President in exercise of the powers conferred under clause (i} of Article 222 and after consultation with the Chief Justice of India. Simultaneously with the making of this Order, another order of the same date was issued by the President whereby the President in exercise of the powers conferred by clame (i} of Article 222 after consultation with the Chief Justice transferred Mr. Justice K .B.N. Singh, Chief Justice of the High Court of Patna as Chief Justice of - - x S.1'. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 509 the High Court of Madras with effect from the date he assumed charge of his office. It was the first Order of transfer of Mr. Justice M.M. Ismail as Chief Justice of the Kerala High Court frnt was challenged by the petitioner in this writ petition. There were several grounds on which the transfer was challenged and they were inter alia that the power of transfer conferred under clause ( 1) of Article 222 was confined only to transfer of a High Court Judge and did not cover transfer of the Chief Justice of a High Court; even if the Chief Justice of a High Court could be transferred in exercise of the power conferred under clause ( 1) of Article 222, such transfer could be effected only with consent of the Judge sought to be transferred and in any event, even if consent was not necessary, such transfer could be effected only in public interest and after full and effective consultation with the Chief Justice of India and in the case of transfer of Chief Justice M.M. Ismail, none of these condi­ tions was satisfied, since the transfer was not effected with his consent and it was neither in public interest nor after full and effec­ tive consultation with the Chief Justice of India. This writ petition was filed by the petitioner under Article 32 of the Constitution and therefore when it came up for admission before a berich of this Court, the Bench asked the petitioner as to how it was main­ tainable under Article 32. The Bench was inclined to throw out the petition summarily on the ground that it did not lie under Article 32, but the Attorney General of India appearing on behalf of the Union of India submitted that since the writ petition raised important questions of law, it may be entertained by the Coart, because in any event, even if this writ petition was rejected on the ground that it was not maintainable under Article 32, a new writ petition for the same reliefs could always be filed under Article 226 and then it could be brought to this Court either by way of transfer under Article 139A or by way of an appeal under Article 136. The Bench therefore decided to admit this petition and issued rule nisi. After this writ petition was admitted, there were several interlocutory proceedings taken out by the petitioner, but it is not necessary to refer to them since most of them were rejected. The Union of India filed a counter-affidavit in reply to this writ petition contesting the various grounds urged on behalf of the petitioner. Chief Justice M.M. Ismail who was impleaded as respondent No. 2 in this writ petition, also filed an affidavit but the stand he took was that he had decided not to challenge the legality or validity of the Order of the President transferring him as Chief J utice of the Kerala High Court and he did not want anyone to litigate for or agai11st .510 SUPREME cotJR.t REPORTS f 1982} 2 s.c.il. him .. s~nce Chief Justice M.M. Ismail, who was the person to whom leg~l m1ury was caused by the Order of transfer, did not claim any r:hef a~d made it clear that he did not want anyone to litigate for him, this writ petition could not be maintained by the petitioner and it was liable to be dismissed, but since tl1e petitioner who was appearing in person, wanted to make a few submissions in regard to the scope and ambit of the power of transfer, we heard her for some time. We may point out that whilst this writ petition was pending, Chief Justice M.M. Ismail resigned his office as Chief Justice of the Madras High Court ·and therefore, all the more, nothing survives in this writ petition. The sixth writ petition is that filed by A. Rajappa, an advocate practising in the High Court of Madras. This writ petition was originally filed in the High Court of Madras under Article 226 of the Constitution and in this writ petition the petitioner challenged the constitutional validity of the Orders of transfer passed by the Presi­ dent on 19th January 1981 transferring Mr. Justice M.M. Ismail, Chief Justice of Madras High Court as the Chief Justice of Kerala High Court and Mr. Justice K.B. Singh, Chief Justice of Patna High Court as the Chief J~stice of Madras High Court. The principal grounds on which these two Orders of transfer were assailed as un­ constitutional and void were substantially the same as those urged in the fifth writ petition filed by Miss Lily Thomas, with only two additional grounds, namely, that the transfers having been effected without prior consultation with the Governors of the States to which the two Chief Justices were transfened, were violative of clause (!) of Article 217 and so far as the transfer of Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh as Chief Justice of Madras High Court was con­ cerned, it was not in public interest, since Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh did not know the Tamil language. This writ petition was withdrawn and transferred to itself by this Court since it raised substantially the same issues as the fifth writ petition filed by Miss Lily Thomas which was pending in this Court. The Union of India opposed this writ petition by filing a counter-affidavit where it contended that the transfers of both the Chief Justices were effected in public interest and after consultation with the Chief Justice of India who is the only authority required to be consulted whilst exer­ cising the power of transfer under Article 222, clause (1) and the procedure prescribed by Article 217 clause (I) had no application in the case of transfer of a Judge or Chief Justice from one High Court to another. This writ petition was also referred to a Bench -r - ,. ... S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 511 of seven Judes along with the fifth writ petition and that is how both these writ petitions have come up for hearing before us. The seventh writ petition is tha_t filed by P. Subramanian, an advocate practising in the Madras High Court. This writ petition was originally filed in the Madras High Court under Article 226 and along with the other writ petitions it was transferred to this Court for hearing and final disposal. The averments and prayers made in this writ petition are substantially the same as those in the sixth writ petition filed by A. Rajappa and so also are the statements made in the couner-affidavit filed on behalf of the Union of India. This writ petition does not therefore need any separate or independent consideration . The eighth writ petition is that filed by D.N. Pandey and Thakur Ramapati Sinha, two advocates practising in the High Court of Patna. This writ petition was originally filed in the High Court of Patna under Article 226 and it challenged the constitutional validity of the Orders transferring Chief Justice M.M. Ismail to the Kerala High Court and Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh to the Madras High Court. The averments and prayers made in this writ petition are substantially the same as those made in the fifth, sixth and seventh writ petitions filed respectively by Miss Lily Thomas, A. Rajappa and P. Subramanian and it is therefore not necessary to repeat them. Suffice it to state that this writ petition was also transferred to this Court along with the other writ petitions under Article 139A. Whilst this writ petition was pending, Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh, who was originally impleaded as respondent No. 3 in the writ peti­ tion, applied for being transposed, as petitioner No. 3 and since the original petitioners had no objection to Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh joining them as co-petitioner, this Court made an Order on 17th September, 1981 transposing Chief Justice K.B.N. "Singh as peti­ tioner No. 3. Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh thereafter filed an affida­ vit setting out in extenso what transpired between him and the Chief Justice of India in regard to the proposal for his transfer and · detailing the various grounds on which he contended that the order transferring him as Chief Justice of the Madras High Court was unconstitutional and void. Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh contended inter alia that the order transferring him as Chief Justice of the Madras High Court was passed by the President by way of punishment and it was based on irrelevant and insufficient grounds a11d was not in public interest and in any event, it wa,s not precedeq 512 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 s.c.ll by full and effective consultation with the Chief Justice of India. The avcrments made by Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh in his affidavit were disputed by the Union of India in an affidavit sworn by K.C. Kankan, Deputy Secretary, Depatment of Justice, Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs and the Chief Justice of India also filed a counter-affidavit in reply to the affidavit of Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh. The counter-affidavit of the Chief Justice of India prompted two affidavits in rejoinder, one by Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh and the other by petitioners Nos. I and 2. We shall have occasion to refer to these various affidavits when we deal with the rival argu· ments advanced on behalf of the parties. These last four writ petitions challenging the constitutional validity of Orders of transfer of Chief Justice M.M. Ismail and Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh raised identical issues and we would therefore dispose them of together in one group. They may for the sake of convenience be referred as the second group of writ petitions. Wemayalsoatthisstagerefer to S.L.P. No.1509 of 1981, filed by Ripudaman Prasad Sinha in this Court. This petition for special leave is directed against an order passed by the High Court of Patna rejecting the writ petition of the petitioner challenging the constitutional validity of the Order of transfer of Chief Justice K.B. N. Singh, on the ground that the petitioner had not been able to produce the documents on which he wanted to place reliance. This is hardly a ground on which the writ petition should have been rejected by the High Court in limine and we would have therefore, ordinarily granted special leave to appeal against the decision of the High court, but in view of the fact that the issues sought to be raised by the petitioner have already been agitated in the other writ petitions, it is not necessary to grant special leave and hence we do not propose to make any order on the special leave petition. Locus Standi When these writ petitions reached hearing before us, a preli­ minary objection was raised by Mr. Mridul, appearing on. behalf of the Law Minister, challenging the locus standi of the petitioners in Iqbal Chagla's writ petition. He urged that the petitioners in that H writ petition had not suffered any legal injury as a result of the issuance of the Circular by the Law Minister or the making of short term appointments by the Central Government and they had there- - ... S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 513 fore no locus standi to maintain the writ petition assailing the cons­ titutional validity of the Circular or short term appointments. The legal injury, if at all, was caused to the Additional Judges whose consent was sought to be obtained under the Circular or who were appointed for short terms and they alone were therefore entitled to impugn the constitutionality of the Circular and the short term appointments and not the petitioners. The basic postulate of the argu­ ment was that it is only a person who has suffered legal injury who can maintain a writ petition for redress and no third party can be permitted to have access to the Court for the purpose or seeking redress for the person injured. The same preliminary objection was urged by Mr. Mridul against the writ petition of S. P. Gupta and the contention was that the petitioner in that writ petition not having suffered any legal injury had no locus standi to maintion the writ petition. So far as the writ petition of V.M. Tarkunde is concerned Mr. Mridul said that he would have had the same preliminary objection against the locus standi of the petitioner to maintain that writ petition because the petitioner had suffered no legal injury, but since S.N. Kumar had appeared, albeit as a respondent, and claimed relief against the decision of the Central Goverment not to appoint him for a further term and sought redress of the legal injury said to have been caused to him as a result of such decision, the lack of locus standi on the part of the petitioner was made good and the writ petition was maintainable. Mr. Mridul asserted that if S.N. Kumar had not appeared and sought relief against the decision of the Central Government discontinuing him as an Additional Judge, the writ petition would have been liable to be rejected at the threshold on the ground that the petitioner had no locus stand! to maintain the writ petition. This preliminary objection urged by Mr. Mridul raised a very interesting question of law relating to locus standi, or as the Americans call it 'Standing', in the area of public law. This, question is of immense importance in a country like India, where access to justice being restricted by social and economic constrain ts; it is necessary to democratise judicial remedies, remove technical barriers against easy accessibility to justice and promote public interest litigation so that the large masses of people belonging to the deprived and exploited sections of humanity may be able to realise and enjoy the socio-economic rights granted to them and these rights may become meaningful for them instead of remaining mere empty hopes. Tb.I' tra<litiona,1 rule in re~ard to loc;qs sta,ndi js that judicia,I 514 SUPREME COURT REPORTS f 1982] 2 S.C.R redress is available only to a person who has sufferred a legal injury by reason of violation of his legal right or legaly protected interest by the impugned action of the State or a public autbority or any other person or who is likely to suffer a legal injury by reason of threatened violation of his legal right or legally protected interest by any such action. The basis of entitlement to judicial redress is personal injury to property, body, mind oc reputation arising from violation, actual or threatened, of the legal right or legally protected interest of the person seeking such redress. This is a rule of ancient vintage and it arose during an era when private law dominated the legal scene and public law had not yet been born. The leading case in which this rule was enunciated and which marks the starting point of almost every discussion on locus standi is Ex-parte Sidebotham( 1). There the Court was concerned with the question whether the appel­ lant could be said to be a 'person aggrieved' so as to be entitled to maintain the appeal. The Court in a unanimous view held that the appellant was not entitled to maintain the appeal because he was not a 'person aggrieved' by the decision of the lower court. James LJ. gave a definition of 'person aggrieved' which, though given in the context of the right to appeal against a decision of a lower court, has been applied widely in determing the standing of a person to seek judicial redress, with the result that it has stultified the growth of the law in regard to judicial remedies. The learned Lord Justice said that a 'person aggrieved' must be a man "who bas suffered a legal grievance, a man against whom a decision has been pronounced which has wrongfully deprived him of something or wrongfully refused him something or wrongfully affected his title to some· thing." This definition was approved by Lord Esher M. R. in In Re Reed Baveri and Comp.111y(2) and the learned Master of the Rolls made it clear that when James L. J. said that a person aggrieved must be a man against whom a decision has been pronounced which bas wrongfully refused him of something, he obviously meant that the person aggrieved must be a man who has been refused something which he had a right to demand. There have been numer­ ous subsequent decisions of the English Courts where this definition has been applied for the purpose of determining whether the person seeking judicial redress had locus standi to maintain the action. It will be seen that, according to this rule, it is only a person who bas suffered a specific legal injury by reason of actual or threatened violation of his legal right or legally protected interest who can (!) 14 Chancery Division 458. (2) 19 Q.B.D. 174, ... .... S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 515 bring an action for judicial redress. Now obviously where an appli- .- cant has a legal right or a leg~lly protected interest, the violation of which would result in legal injury to him, there must be a corres­ ponding duty owed by the other party to the applicant. This rule in regard to locus standi thus postulates a right-duty pattern which is commonly to be found in private law litigation. But, narrow and rigid though this rule may be, there are a few exceptions to it which have been evolved by the courts over the years. i In the first place a rate payer of a local authority is accorded standing to challenge an illegal action of the local authority. Thus, · L e payer can question the action of the municipality in granting a cinema licence to a person, vide : K.R. Shenoy v. Udipi Municipality(1). Similarly, the right of a rate payer to challenge misuse of funds by a municipality has also been recog­ nised by the courts vide : Vaidarajan v. Salem Municipality(2). The reason for this liberalisation of the rule in the case of a tax payer of a municipality is that his interest in the application of the money of the municipality is direct and immediate and he has a close relation­ ship with the municipality. The courts in India have, in taking this view, followed the decisions of the English courts. Secondly, if a ;i person is entitled to participate in the proceedings relating to the decison making process culminating in the impugned decision, he would have locus standi to maintain an action challenging the impug­ ned decision. vide : Queen v. Bowman( 3) where it was held that any memher of the public had a right to be heard in opposition to an application for a licence and having such right, the applicant was entitled to ask for mandamus directing the licensing Justices to hear and determine the applkation for licence according to law. Thirdly, the statute itself may expressly recognise the locus standi of an applicant, even though no legal right or legally protected interest of the applicant has been violated resulting in legal injury to him. For example, in J.M. Desai v. Roshan Kumar(4) this Court noticed that the Bombay Cinematograph Act, 19 I 8 and the Bombay Cinema Rules, 1945 made under that Act, recognised a special interest of persons residing, or concerned with any institution such as a school, temple, mosque etc. located within a distance of 200 yards of the site on which the cinema house is proposed to be constructed and held (I) AIR 1974 SC 2177. (2) AIR 1973 Mad. 55. (3) [1898) Q.B.D. 633. (4) [1976) 3 SCR 58, E· 516 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982] 2 S.C.R. that as the petitioner, a rival cinema owner, did not fall within the category of such persons having a special interest in the locality, he had no locus standi to maintain the petition for a writ of certiorari to quash the No Objection Certificate granted by the District Magistrate to respondents Nos. I and 2. It is obvious from the observations made at page 72 of the Report that if the petitioner bad been a person falling within this category of persons having a special interest in the locality, he would have been held entitled to maintain the petition. There is also another decision of this Court illustra­ ting the situation where a statute expressly gives locus standi to persons to complain against a public wrong and that is the decision in Rat/am Municipality v. Vardhi Chand(1). The statutory provision which came up for consideration in this case was section 133 of the Code of Criminal Procedure which empowers a magistrate on receiv­ ing the report of a police officer or other information to make an order for remedying a public nuisance. What happend in this case was that the Ratlam Municipality failed to carry out its statutory duty of constructing a drain pipe to carry the filth etc. on a parti­ cular road. The local residents decided to invoke section 133 of the Code of Criminal Procedure against the Municipality. The magistrate made an order requiring the Municipality to construct drain pipes and this order was confirmed in appeal by this Court. The Municipality pleaded lack of funds but this was not accepted as a valid defence. However, to have a viable scheme keeping in view the financial position of the Municipality, this Court examined the three schemes submited to it and directed the Municipality to imple­ ment one Of them. The standing of the local residents to move the magistrate was recognised since section 133 of the Code of Criminal Procedure expressly conferred such right on t!lem. There is also another exception which has been carved out of this strict rule of standing which requires that the applicant for judicial redress must have suffered a legal wrong or injury in order to entitle him to maintain an action for such redress. It is clear that, having regard to this rule, no one can ordinarily seek judicial redress for legal injury suffered by another person; it is only such other person who must bring action for judicial redress. It is on this principle that the Supreme Court of the United States held in United States v. Raines(2) that a litigant may only assert his own constitu­ tional rights or immunities and save in exceptional cases, no person (l) AIR 1980 SC 1622. (2_) 362 U.S, 17; 4 L. Ed. 2d 524. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 517 can claim standing to v_indicate the constitutional rights of a third party. But it must now be regarded as well settled law where a person who has suffered a legal wrong or a legal injury or whose legal right or legally protected interest is violated, is unable to approar;h the court on account of some disability or it is not practica­ ble for him to move the court for some other sufficient reasons, such as his socially or economically disadvantaged position, some other person can invoke assistance of the Court for the purpose of provid: ing judicial redress to the person wronged or injured, so that the legal wrong or injury caused to such person does not go unredressed and justice is done to him. Take for example, the case of a minor to whom a legal wrong has been done or a legal injury caused. He obviously cannot on his own approach the court because of his disability aris­ ing from minority. The law therefore provides that any other person actin,1? as his next fri:nd may bring an action in his name for judicial redress. Vide : Order XXXII of the Code of Civil Procedure. So also where a person is detained and is therefore not in a position to move the Court for securing his release, any other person may file an application for a writ of habeas corpus challenging the legality of his detention. Of course, this court has ruled in a number of cases that a prisoner is entitled to address a communication directly to the court complaining against his detention and seeking release and if he addresses any such communication to the court, the Superinten­ dent of the prison is bound to forward it to the court and, in fact, there have been numerous instances where this Court has acted on such communication received from a prisoner and treating it as an application for a writ of habeas corpus, called upon the detaining authority to justify the legality of such detention and on the failure of the detaining authority to do so, released the prisoner. But since a person detained would ordinar!ly be unable to communicate with the outside world, the Jaw presumes that he will not be able to approach the court and hence permits any other person to move the court for judicial redress by filing an application for writ of habeas corpus. Similarly, where a transaction is entered into by the Board of Directors of a company which is illegal or ultra vires the company, but the majority of the share-holders are in favour of it and hence it is not possible for the company t_o sue for setting aside the transaction, any share-holder may file an action impugning the transaction. Here it is the company which suffers a legal wrong or a legal injury by reason of the illegal or ultra vires transaction impu­ gned in the action, but an individual shareholder is permitted to sue for redressing such legal wrong or injury to the company, because 518 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982) 2 S.C.R. otherwise the company being under the control of the majority share­ holders would be without judicial redress. Vide : Atwood v. Merry Wether(1). The •Judicial Committee of the Privy Council also affirmed this exception to the strict rule of standing in Duryappah v. Fernando(2). There what happened was that the Jaffna Municipal Council was dissolved by the Minister of Local Government without giving it an opportunity to be heard. The order of dissolution was therefore voidable at the instance of the Council, but the Council did not complain. The appellant was a mayor at the time of the dissolution and he petitioned for a writ in the nature of certio­ rari to quash the order of dissolution. Lord Upjohn speaking on behalf of the Judicial Committee denied standing to the appellant in the following words : "The appellant was no doubt mayor at the time of its dissolution but that does not give him any right to com­ plain independently of the council. He must show that he is representing the council or suing on its behalf or that by reason of certain circumstances, such, for example, as that the council could not use its seal because it is in the posses­ sion of the Municipal Commissioner, or for other reasons it has been impracticable for the members of the council to meet to pass the necessary resolutions, the council cannot be be the plaintiff." The Judicial Committee thus clearly laid down that for a legal wrong or legal injury caused to the council, it is only the council which can sue but if a member of the council can show that for some suffi­ cient reasons it is not possible for the council to take action for challenging the order of dissolution, he can file an application for a writ to assert the right of the council and to redress the fogal wrong or injury done,to the council. We find that in the United States of America also this exception has been recognised and the strict rule of standing has been liberalised in the interest of justice. In B2rrows v . .Tackso11(3), the defendant was sued for breach of a restrictive cove­ nant binding the defendant not to sell his property to non-cancacians and claiming damages. The defendant raised the plea that the judgment of the court allowing damages for breach of the covenant would constitute denial of the equal protection clause to non-canca- (l) [1867] 5 Equity 464, ( 2) [ 1967] 2 Appeal Cases 337. (3) 346 US 249 : Law pd. 1586, -~- - S.Jl. GUPtA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 519 cians, because a prospective seller of restricted land would either refuse to sell to non-cancacians or else would require non-canca­ cians to pay a higher price to meet the damages which the seller may have to pay. The argument put forward in answer to this plea was that the defendant was not entitled to plead in defence the constitutional rights of non-cancacians. But the Supreme Court of the ·United States negatived this argument observing: "We are faced with a unique situation in which it is an action of the state court which might result in a denial of cons­ titutional rights and in which it would be difficult if not impossible for the persons whose rights are asserted to present their grievance before any court". Even in our own country we have recognised. this departure from the strict rule of locus standi in cases where there has been a violation of the constitutional or legal rights of person who by reason of their socially or eeonomically disadvantaged position are unable to approach the court for judicial redress. We have in such cases permitted a member of the public to move the court for enforcement of the constitutional or legal rights of such persons and judicial redress for the legal wrong or legal injury caused to them. Take for example, the decision of this Court in Sunil IJatra v. Delhi Administration,( 1) where this Court accepted the habeas corpus petition of a prisoner complainit1g of brutal by a head warden on another prisoner. Jt may be incidentally rnentioried-and this is a point of some importance in the area of judicial remedies­ that in this case the Court broadened the scope of habeas corpus by making it available to a prisoner, not only for seeking his liberty, but also for the enforcement of a constitutional right to which he was lawfully entitled even in confinement. Similarly, in Dr. Upendra Baxi v. State of U.P.(2) when it was found that the inmates of the Protective Home at Agra were living in inhuman and degrading con­ ditions in blatant violation of Article 21 of the Constitution and by reason of their socially and economically disadvantaged position, they were not in a position to move the court for judicial redress, two law professors of the Delhi University addressed a letter to this Court seeking enforcement of the constitutional right of the inmates under Article 21 by improvement of the living conditions in the Protective Horne, so that the inmates can live with human dignity in the Protective Home. This Court treated the letter as a writ petition and permitted the two law professors to maintain an action for an appropriate writ for the purpose of enforcing the cons- ll) AIR 1980 SC 1579. (1) (1981] 3Scale1137, titutional right of the inmates of the Protective Home providing judicial redress to them. This Court has also entertained a letter addressed by a journalist claiming relief against demolition of hut­ ments of pavement dwellers by the Municipal Corporation of Bombay and this letter has been treated as a writ petition by a Bench presided over by thr Chief Justice of India and interim relief has been granted to the pavement dwellers. It may therefore now be taken as well established that where a legal wrong or a legal injury is caused to a person or to a determi­ nate class of persons by reason of violation of any constitutional or legal right or any burden is imposed in contravention of any cons­ titutional or legal provision or without authority of Jaw or any such legal wrong or legal injury or illegal burden is threatened and such person or determinate class of persons is by reason of poverty, help­ lessness or disability or socially or economically disadvantaged position, unable to approach the court for relief, any member of public can maintain an application for an appropriate direction, order or writ in the High Court under Article 226 and in case of breach of any fundamental right of such person or determinate class of persons, in this Court under Article 32 seeking judicial redress for the legal wrong or injury caused to such person or determinate class of persons. Where the weaker sections of the community are concerned, such as under-trial prisoners languishing in jails without a trial, inmates of the Protective Home in Agra or Harijan workers engaged in road construction in the Ajmer district, who are !iv i ng in poverty and destitution, who are barely king out a miserable existence with their sweet and toil, who are helpless victims of an exploitative society and who do not have easy access to justice, this Court will not insist on a regular writ petition to be filed by the public spirited individual espousing their cause and seeking relief for them. This Court wilJ readily respond even to a letter addressed by such individual acting pro bona publico. It is true that there are rules made by this Court pres­ cribing the procedure for moving this Court for relief under Article 32 and they require various formalities to be gone through by a person seeking to approach this Court. But it must not be forgotten that procedure is but a handmaiden of justice and the cause of justice can never be allowed to be thwarted by any pro­ cedural technicalities. The Court would therefore unhesitatingly and with out the slightest qualms of conscience cast aside the technical rules of procedure in the exercise of its dispensing power and treat the letter of the public minded individual as a writ peti- + + S.i>, GUPTA v. UNiON (Bhagwati, 1.) 521 ' tion and act upon it. Today a vast revolution is taking place in the judicial process; the theatre of the law is fast changing and the problems of the poor are coming to the forefront. The Court has to innovate new methods and devise new strategies for the purpose of providing access to justice to large masses of people who are denied their basic human rights and to whom freedom and liberty have no meaning. The only way in which this can be done is by entertaining writ petitions and even letters from ;>ublic spirited individuals seeking judicial redress for the benefit of persons who have suffered a legal wrong or a legal injury or whose constitutional or legal right has been violated but who by reason of their poverty or socially or economically disavantaged position are unable to approach the court for relief. It is in this spirit that the court has been entertaining letters for judicial redress and treating them as writ petitions and we hope and trust that the High Courts of the country will also adopt this pro-active, goal-oriented approach. But we must hasten to make it clear that the individual who moves the court for judicial redress in cases of this kind must be acting bona fide with a view to vindicating the cause of justice and if he is acting for personal gain or private profit or out of political motivation or other oblique consideration, the court should not allow itself to be activised at the instance of such person and must reject his application at the threshhold, whether it be in the form of a letter addressed to the court or even in the form of a regular writ petition filed in court. We may also point out that as a matter of prudence and not as a rule of law, the court may confine this strategic exercise of jurisdic­ tion to cases where legal wrong or legal injury is caused to a deter­ minate class or group of persons or the constitutional or legal right of such determinate class or group of persons is violated and as far as possible, not entertain cases of individual wrong or injury at the instance of a third party, where there is an effective legal aid orga­ nisation .which can take care of such cases. The types of cases which we have dealt with so far for the purpose of considering the question of locus standi are those where there is a specific legal injury either to the applicant or to some other person or persons for whose benefit the action is brought, arising from violation of some constitutional or legal right or legally protected interest. What is complained of in these cases is a specific legal injury suffered by a person or a determinate class or group of persons. But there may be cases where the State or a public authority may act in violation of a constitutional or statutory obligation or fail to carry out such obligation, resulting in injury 8 StJPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 s.c.il. to public inte1 est or what may conveniently be termed as public "' injury as distinguished from private injury. Who would have standing to complain against such act or omission of the State or public authority ? Can any member of the public sue for judicial redress? Or is the standing limited only to a certain class of persons ? Or there is no one who can complain and the public injury must go unredres>ed. To answer these questions it is first of all necessary to understand what is the true purpose of the judicial )r function. This is what Prof. Thio states in his book on "Locus Standi and Judicial Review"; '·Is the judicial function primarily aimed at preserving legal order by confining tbe legislative and executive organs of government within their powers in the interest of the public (Jurisdiction de droit objectif) or is it mainly directed towards the protection of private individuals by preventing iliegal encroachments on their individual rights (jurisdiction de droit subjectif) ? The first contention rests on the theory that courts are the final arbiters of what is legal and illegal ......... Requirements of locus standi are therefore unnecessary in this case since they merely impede the purpose of the function as conceived here. On the other hand, where the prime aim of the judicial process is to protect individuals rights, its concern with the regularity of law and administration is limited to the extent that indi­ vidual rights are infringed." We would regard the first proposition as correctly setting out the nature and purpose of the judicial function, as it is essential to the maintenance of the rule of law that every organ of the State must act within the limits of its power and carry out the duty imposed upon it by the Constitution or the law. If the State or any public authority acts beyond the scope of its power and thereby causes a * specific legal injury to a person or to a determinate class or group t~_... of persons, it would be a case of private injury actionable in the manner discussed in the preceding paragraphs. So also if the duty is owed by the State or any public authority to a person or to a determinate clase or group of persons, it would give rise to a corres­ ponding right in such person or determinate class or group of per- sons and they would be entitled to maintain an action for judicial redress. But if no specific legal injury is caused to a person or to a determinate class or group of persons by the act or omission of the -.,- .. ""· $.P. GUPtA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 523 State or any public authority and the injury is caused only to public interest, the question arises as to who can maintain an action for vindicating the rule of Jaw and setting aside the unlawful action or enforcing the performance of the public duty. If no one can main­ tain an action for redress of such public wrong or public injury, it would be disasterous for the rule of law, for it would be open to the State or a public authority to act with impunity beyond the scope of its power or in breach of a public duty owed by it. The courts cannot countenance such a situation where the observance of the Jaw is left to the sweet will of the authority bound by it, without any redress if the law is contravened. The view has therefore been taken by the courts in many decisions that whenever there is a public wrong or public injury caused by an act or omission of the State or a public authority which is contrary to the Constitution or the law, any member of the public acting bona fide and having sufficient interest can maintain an action for redressal of such public wrong or public injury. The strict rule of standing which insists that only a person who ·has suffered a specific legal injury can main­ tain an action for judicial redress is relaxed and a broad rule is evolved which gives standing to any member of the public who is not a mere busy-body or a middlesome interloper but who has sufficient interest in the proceeding. There can be no doubt that the risk of legal action against the State or a public authority by any citizen will induce the State or such public authority to act with greater responsibility and care thereby improving the administration of justice. Lord Diplock rightly said in Rex v. Inland Revenue Commissioners.(1) "It would, in my view, be a grave lacuna in our system of public law if a pressure group, like the federation, or even a single public-spirited taxpayer, were prevented by out-dated technical rules of locus standi from bringing the matter to the attention of the court to vindicate the rule of Jaw and get the unlawful conduct stopped It is not, in my view, a sufficient answer to say that judicial review of the actions of officers or departments of central government is unnecessary because they are accountable to Parliament for the way in which they carry out their ~unctions. They are accountable to Parliament for what they do so far as regards efficiency and policy, and of that Parliament is the (1) [1981] 2 WLR 722 at 740: 524 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 s.c.R. only judge; they are responsible to a court of justice for the lawfulness of what they do, and of that the court is the only judge.'' This broadening of the rule of locus standi has been largely res­ ponsible for the· development of public law, because it is only the availability of judicial remedy for enforcement which invests Jaw meaning and purpose or else the law would remain merely a paper parchment, a teasing illusion and a promise of unreality. It is only by liberalising the rule of locus standi that it is possible to effecti­ vely police the corridors of power and prevent violations of law. It was pointed out by Schwartz and H.W.R. Wade in their book on "legal Control of Government" at page 354 : "Restrictive rules about standing are in general inimical to a healthy system of administrative law. If a plaintiff with a good case is turned away, merely because he is not sufficiently affected personally, that means that some government agency is left free to violate the law, and that is contrary to the public interest. Litigants are unlikely to expend their time and money unless they have some real interest at stake. In the rare cases where they wish to sue merely out of public spirit, why should they be discour­ aged?" It is also necessary to point out that if no one can have standing to maintain an action for judicial redress in respect of a public wrong or public injury, not only will the cause of legality suffer but the people not having any judicial remedy to redress such public wrong or public injury may turn to the street and in that process, the rule of law will be seriously impaired. It is absolutely essential that the rule of law must wean the peolple away from the lawless street and win therr for the court of law. There is also another reason why the rule of locus standi needs to be liberalised. Today we find that law is being increasingly used as a device of organised social action for the purpose of bringing about socio-economic change. The task of national reconstruction upon which we are engaged has brought about enormous increase in developmental activities and law is being utilised for the purpose of development, social and economic. It is creating more and more a new category of rights in favour of large sections of people and· imposing a new category of duties on the State and the public offi- ... _.. ->-, s.i>. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, i.) sis cials with a view to reaching social justice to the common man. Indi­ vidual rights and duties are giving place to meta-individual, collective, social rights and duties of classes or groups of persons. This is not to say that individual rights have ceased to have a vital place in our society but it is recognised that these rights are practically meaning­ less in today's setting unless acompanied by the social rights necessary to make them effective and really accessible to all. The new social and economic rights which are sought to be created in pursuance of the Directive Principles of State Policy essentially require active intervention of the State and other public authorities. Amongst these social and economic rights are freedom from indigency, ignorance and discrimination as well as the right to a healthy environment, to sccial security and to protection from financial, commercial, corporate or even governmental oppression. More and more fre­ quently th~ conferment of these socio-economic rights and imposition of publie duties on the State and other authorities for taking positive action generates situations in which, single human action can be beneficial or prejudicial to a large number of people, thus making entirely inadequate the traditional scheme of litigation as merely a two-party affair. For example, the discharge of effluent in a lake or river may harm all who want to enjoy its clean water; emission of noxious gas may cause injury to large numbers of people who inhale it alongwitb the air; defective or unhealthy packaging may cause damage to all consumers of goods and so also illegal raising of rail­ way or bus fares may affect the entire public which wants to use the railway or bus as a means of transport. In cases of this kind it would not be possible to say that any specific legal injury is caused to an individual or to a determinate class or group of individuals. What results in such cases is public injury and it is one of the characteris­ tics of public injury that the act or acts complained of cannot necessarily be shown to affect the rights of determinate or identifia­ ble class or group of persons : public injury is an injury to an indeterminate class of persons. In these cases the duty which is breached giving rise to the injury is owed by the State or a public authority not to any specific or determinate class or group of per­ sons, but to the general public. In other words, the duty is one which is not correlative to any individual rights. Now if breach of such pub­ lic duty were allowed to go unredressed because there is no one who bas received a specific legal injury or who was entitled to participate in the proceedings pertaining to the decision relating to such public duty, the failure to perform such public duty would go unchecked and it would promote disrespect for the rule of law. It would also open the door for corruption and inefficiency because there would be 526 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982] 2 s.c.11.. A no check on exercise of public power except what may be provided by the political machinery, which at best would be able to exercise only a limited control and at worst, might become a participant in misuse or abuse of power. It would also make the new social collective rights and interests created for the benefit of the deprived sections of the community meaningless and ineffectual. Now, as pointed out by Cappelletti in Vol III of his classic work on "Access to Justice" at page 520, "The traditional doctrine of standing (legitimatio ad causam) attributes the right to sue either to the private individual who 'holds' the right which is in need of judicial protection or in case of public rights, to the State itself, which sues in courts through its organs." The principle underlying the traditional rule of standing is that only the holder of the right can sue and it is therefore, held in many jurisdictions that since the State representing the public is the holder of the public rights, it alone can sue for redress of public injury or vindication of public interest. It is on this principle that in the United Kingdom, the Attorney· General is entrusted with the function of enforc-ing due observance of the law. The Attorney-General represents the public interest in its entirety and as pointed out by S.A. de Smith in "Judi­ cial Review of Administrative Action" (Third edition) at page 403: "the general public has an interest in seeing that the law is obeyed and for this purpose, the Attorney-General represents the public." There is, therefore, a machinary in the United Kingdom for judicial redress for public injury and protection of social, collective, what Cappelletti calls 'diffuse' rights and interests. We have no such machinary here. We have undoubtedly an Attorney-General as also Advocates General in the States, but they do not represent the public interest generally. They do so in a very limited field; see sections 91 and 92 of the Civil Procedure Code. But, even if we had a provision empowering the Attorney General or the Advocate General to take action for vindicating public interest, I doubt very much whether it would be effective. The Attorney General or the Advocate General would be too dependent upon the political branches of Government to act as an advocate against abuses whieh are frequently generated or at least tolerated by political and admi­ nistrative bodies. Be that as it may, the fact remains that we have no such institution in our country and we have therefore to liberalise the rule of standing in order to provide judicial redress for public injury arising from breach of public dnty or from other viola­ tion of the Constitution or the law. If public duties are to be enforced and social collective 'diffused' rights and interests are to be ... ...... ... S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 527 protected, we have to utilise the initiative and zeal of public minded persons and organisations by allowing them to move the court and act for a general or group interest. even though, they may not be directly injured in their own rights. It is for this reason that in public interest litigation-litigation undertaken for the purpose of redressing public injury, enforcing public duty, protecting social, collective, 'diffused' rights and interests or vindicating public interest, any citizen who is acting bona fide and who bas sufficie11:t interest has to be accorded standing. What is sufficient interest to give standing to a member of the public would have to be determined by the court in each individual case. It is not possible for the Court to Jay down any hard and fast rule or any straight jacket formula for the purpose of defining or delimiting 'sufficient interest'. It has necessarily to be left to the discretion of the Court. The reason is that in a modern complex society which is seeking to bring about transformation of its social and economic structure and trying to reach social justice to the vulnerable sections of the people by creating new social, collective 'diffuse' rights and interests and imposing new public duties on the State and other public authorities, infinite number of situations are bound to arise which cannot be imprisoned in a rigid mould or a procrustean formula. The Judge who has the correct social pres­ pective and who is on the same wave-length as the Constitution will be able to decide, without any difficulty and in consonance with the constitutional objectives, whether a member of the public moving the court in a particular case has sufficient interest to initiate the action. It is interesting to note that the concept of public interest litigation had its origin in the United States and over the years, it has passed through various vicissitudes in the country of its origin. We do not propose to enumerate or examine various decisions given by the Supreme Court of the United States from time to time in regard to standing in public interest litigation, for no useful pur­ pose would be served by such exercise. Suffice it to state that in that country, the strict requirement of legal interest has been watered down. Justice Douglas said i11 D:lla Processing Service v. Camp(') that. "the legal interest test goes to the merits. The question of' standing is different." Similarly Justice Brannan, citing Flast observed that "the question is whether the person whose standing is challenged is a proper party to request an adjudication of a particular (!) 397 U,S. 150; (2d) 25 Law Ed. 184, ff 0 528 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982) 2 S.C.R. issue and not ... whether the plaint if)' had a legally protected interest which the defendant's action invaded'' (Italics supplied). This view also found expression in Office of Communication of the United Church of Christ v. FCC(1) where the standing of television viewers was upheld with the following observations: Since the concept of standing is "one designed to assure that only one with a genuine and legitimate interest can participate in a proceeding, we can see no reason to exclude those with such an obvious and acute concern as the listening audience." Vi de article on "Evolving Trends in Locus Standi. Models For Decision-Making" by D.Y. Chandrachud. But of late, there has been a slight regression in this dynamic approach. See United States v. Richardson.(2) Warth v. Seldin,( 3) where the Supreme Court of United States seems to have recoiled a little against expansion of its judicial power. So far as the United Kingdom is concerned, there have been remarkable developments in this area in recent times largely due to the dynamic activism of Lord Denning. The McWhirter case and the three well known Blarkburn cases clearly establish that any member of the public having sufficient interest can maintain an action for enforcing a public duty against a statutory or public authority. We need not make a detailed reference to all these cases but it will be sufficient if we refer to the Mc Whirler case and one of the three Blackburn cases. The Mc Whirler case is reported in Attorney Genernl v. Independent Broadrasting Authority.( 4) This was an action by Mc W'hirter for injuction against the Broadcasting Authority which wasthreatening to show a film which did not comply with the statutory requirements and the showing of which would therefore be illegal. Lord Denning considered the qu :st ion whether McWhirter had locus standi to bring the action when leave to bring a relator action was refused by the Attorney General, and answering this question in the affirmative, he said : "We live in an age when Parliament has placed statu­ tory duties on government departments and public autho­ rities for the benefit of the public-but has provided no remedy for the breach of them. If a government depart­ ment or a public authority transgresses the law laid down (I) U.S. App. D.C. 328. (2) 418 U.S. 166. 0) 422 U.S. 490. (4) [1973) 1 All En~land Reports 689. .. x S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) by Parliament, or threatens to transgress it, can a member of the public come to the court and draw the matter to its attention, .... .I am of the opinion that, in the last resort, if the Attorney General refuses leave in a proper case or improperly or unreasonably delays in giving leave, or his machinery works too slowly, then a member of the public who has sufficient interest, can himself apply to the court itself." 529 Lord Denning held that McWhirter had sufficient interest to bring the action since he had a television set for which he had paid licence fee and his susceptibility would be offended like that of many others watching television if the film was shown in breach of the statutory requirements. It may be noticed that in this case the duty which was sought to be enforced again the Broadcasting Authority was one which the Broadcasting Authority owed to the general public and not to any specific individual or clas~ or group of individuals. The same principle was applied by Lord Denning in Rex v. Greater London Council,(1) to accord standing to Blackburn to maintain an action for an order of prohibition preventing the Greater London Council from allowing, contrary to law, the exhibition of porno­ graphic films. Here again the duty owed by the Greater London Council was to the general public and not to any specific or deter­ minate class or group of persons and there was no one who could claim that a specific legal injury was caused to him by the exhibi­ tion of pornographic films But even so Lord Denning held that Blackburn was entitled to maintain an action because he had sufficient interest; he was a citizen of London, his wife was a rate payer and he had children who might be harmed by the exhibition of pornographic films. The learned Master of the Rolls emphasized that if Blackburn had no sufficient interest, no other citizen had, and in that event nc one would be able to bring an action for enforc!ng the law and the transgression of the law would continue unabated. The principle on which the learned Master of the Rolls proceeded was formulated by l.im in these words: "I regard it as a matter of high consitutional principle, that if there is good ground for supposing that a govern­ ment department or a public authority is transgressing the law, or is about to transgress it, in a way which offends or injures thousands of his Majesty's subjects, then any- \1) J:lx·P;irte Blackburn p976] 3 All England Reports 184, 8 0 530 SUPREME COUR'1 REPORTS [1982] 2 S.C.R. one of those offended or injured can draw it to the atten­ tion of the courts of law and seek to have the law enforced, and the courts in their discretion can grant whatever remedy is appropriate'' The House of Lords, of course, in Gouriet v. U.P. W (1) took the view that the Attorney General alone can sue for enforcing the obser­ vance of the law and if he refuses to give his consent to a relator action, such refusal was not reviewable by the courts and without such consent, a member of the public could not maintain his action. We do not think it necessary to examine this decision because it has no binding effect upon us. But we may point out this decision has been severely criticised by jurists in England and elsewhere. It is clearly erroneous ar.d shows the high water mark of abdication of judicial power which is likely to stultify the development of public law in the United Kindgom. There is however one distinguishing feature which we must point out, namely, that the action in that case was a relator action and not an application for a writ We would therefore, hold that any member of the public having sufficient interest can maintain an action for judicial redress for public injury arising from breach of public duty or from violation of some provision of the Constitution or the law and seek enforcement of such public duty and observance of such constitutional or legal provision. This is absolutely essential for maintaining the rule of law, furthering the cause of justice and accelerating the pace of realisa­ tion of the constitutional objectives. "Law", as pointed out by Justice Krishana Iyer in Fertilizer Corporation Kamgar Union v. Union of Jndia(2) "is a social auditor and this audit function can be put into action when someone with real public interest ignites the jurisdiction. A fear is sometime expressed that if we 1<eep the door wide open for any memb :r of the public to enter the portals of the Court to enforce public duty or to vindicate public interest, the Court will be flooded with litigation But this fear is totally unfounded and the argument based upon it is answered completely by the Australian Law Reforms Commission in the following words: (ll [ t 978] Appeal Cases 482. H (I) AIR 1981 SC 344. - > S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 531 "The idle and whimsical plaintiff, a dilettante who litigates for a lark, is a spectre which haunts the legal litera- 1ure, not the court room. (Prof: K.E. Scott ; "Standing in the Supreme Court : A Functional Analysis" (I 973) 86) A major expressed reason for limiting standing rights is fear of a spate of actions brought by busy bodies which will unduly extend the resources of the courts. No argu­ ment is easier put, none more difficult to rebut. Even if the fear be justified it does not follow that present restridons should remain. If proper claims exist it may be necessary to provide resources for their determination. However, the issue must be considered . . . . . . Over recent years successive decisions of the United States Supreme Cour. have liberalised standing so as to afford a hearing to any person with a real interest in the relevant controversy. Surveying the result in 197 3 D Professor Scott commented : (Op Cit. 673) When the floodgates of litigation are opened to some new class of controversy by a decision it is notable how rarely one can discern the flood that the dissenters fuared. E Professor Scott went on to point 0ut that the libera­ lised standing rules had caused no significant increase in the number of actions brought, arguing that parties will not litigate at considerable personal cost unless they have a real interest in a matter." F We wholly endorse these remarks of the Australian Law Reforms Commission. We may add, with Justice Krishan Iyer; "In a society where freedoms suffer from atrophy, and activisim is essen· tial for participative public justice, some risks hav: to be taken and more opportunities opened for the public minded citizen to rely on the legal process and not be repelled from it by narrow pedantry now surrounding locus standi." It is also interesting to note that in India, as in other Commonwealth countries, the strict rule of standing does not apply to a writ of quo warranto or a rate payer's action against a municipality, but there is no evidence that this has 532 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ J 982] 2 S.C.R. A Jet loose the flood gates of litigation in these areas. The time, money and other inconveniences involved in litigating a case act as sufficient deterrrnts for most of us to take recourse to legal action, vide article of Dr. S.N. Jain on "Standing and Public Interest Litigation." But we must be careful to see that the member of the public, who approaches the court in cases of this kind is acting bonafide and not for personal gain or private prout or political motivation or other oblique consideration. The Court must not allow its process to be abused by politicians and others to delay legitimate administrative action or to gain a political objective. Andre Rabie has warned that "political pressure groups who could not ltchieve their aims through the administrative process" and we might add, through the political process, "may try to use the courts to further their aims." These are some of the dangers in public interest litigation which the court has to be careful to avoid. It is also necessary for the court to bear in mind that there is a vital distinction between locus standi and justiciability and it is not every default on the part of the State or a public authority that is justi· ciable. The court must take care to see that it does not over-step the limits of its judicial function and trespass into areas which arc reserved to the Executive and the Legislature by the Constitution. It is a fascinating exercise for the Court to deal with public interest litigation because it is a new jurisprudence which the court is evolving, a jurisprudence which demands judicial statesmanship and high creative ability. The frontiers of public law are expanding far and wide and new concepts and doctrines which will change the complexion of the Jaw and which were so far as embedded in the worn b of the future, are beginning to be born. Before we part with this general discussion in regard to locus ~tandi, there is one point we would like to emphasise and it is, that cases may arise where there is undoubtedly public injury by the act m on:ission of the State or a public authority but such act or omis­ sion also causes a specific legal injury to an individual or to a specific class or group of individuals. In such cases, a member of the public having sufficient interest can certainly maintain an action challenging the legality of such act or omission, but if the person or specific class or group of persons who are primarily injured as a result of such act or omission, do not wish to claim any relief and accept such act or omission willingly and without protest, the member s.P. GUPTA I'. UNION (Bhagwati. J.) 533 of the public who complains of a secondary public injury cannot A maintain the action, for the effect of entertaining the action at the instance of such member of the public would be to foist a relief on the person or specific class or group of persons primarily injured, which they do not want. If we apply these principles to determine the question of locus standi in the writ petition of Iqbal Chagla & Ors. in which alone this question has been sharply raised, it will be obvious that the petitioners had clearly and indisputably locus standi to maintain ·their writ petition. The petitioners are lawyers practising in the High Court of Bombay. The first petitioner is a member of the Bombay Bar Association, petitioners Nos. 2 and 3 are members of the Advocates Association of Western India and petitioner No. 4 is the President of the Incorporated Law Society. There can be no doubt that the petitioners have a vital interest in the independence of the judiciary and if any unconstitutional or illegal action is taken by the State or any public authority which has the effect of impairing the independence of the judiciary, the petitioners would certaintly be interested in challenging the constitutionality or legality of such action. The profession of lawyers is an essential and integral part of the judicial system and lawyers may figuratively be described as priests in the temple of justice. They assist the court in dispensing justice and it can hardly be disputed that without their help, it would be well nigh impossible for the Court to administer justice. They are really and truly officers of the Court in which they daily sit and practise. They have, therefore, a special interest in preserving the integrity and independence of judicial system and if the integrity or independence of thr judiciary is threatened by any act of the State or any public authority, they would naturally be concerned about it, because they are equal partners with the Juc'ges in the administration of justice. lqbal Chagla and others cannot be regarded as mere bystanders or meddlesome interlopers in filing the writ petition. The complaint of the petitioners in the writ petition was that the circular letter issued by the Law Minister constituted a serious threat to the independence of the judiciary and it was unconstitutional and void and if this complaint be true, and for the purpase of determining the standing of the petitioners to file the writ petition, we must assume this complaint to be correct, the petitioners already had locus standi ot maintain the writ petition. The circular letter, on the averments made in the writ petition, did not cause any specific iegal injury to an individual or to a deteilninate class or group of individuals, but it caused p1.1btiq injury by prejudicially affecting the independence of the judiciary. The petitioners being lawyers had sufficient interest to challenge the constitutionality of the circular letter and they were, therefore entitled to file the writ petition as a public interest litigation. They had clearly a concern deeper than -~that of a busybody and they cannot be told off at the gates. We may point out that this was precisely the principle applied by this Conrt to uphold the standing of the Fertiliser Corporation Kamgar Union to challege the sale <fa part of the undertaking by the Fertilser Corporation of India in Fertilizer Corporation Kamgar Union v. Uni01i-of India (supra). Justice Krishna Iyer pointed out f at if a citizen "belongs to an organisation which has special interest in the . subjeci matter, if he has some concern deeper than that of a busy­ body, he cannot be told off at the gates, although whether the issue raised by him is justiciable may still remain to be considered." We must therefore, hold that Iqbal Chagla and Others had locus standi to maintain their writ petition. What we have said ·in relation to the writ petition of Iqbal Chagla and others must apply equally in relation to the writ petitions of S.P. Gupta arid J.C. Kalra. and others/ Safar as the writ petition of V.M. Tarkunde is concerned, Mr. Mridul, learned advocate appearing on behalf of the Law Minister, did not contest the maintainability of that writ petition since S.N. Kumar to whom, according to the averments made in the writ petition; a specific legal injury was caused, appeared in the writ petition, and· claimed relief against the ·decision of the Central Government to discontinue him as an additional Judge. We must therefore, 'reject the preliminary. objection raised by Mr. Mridul challenging the locus standi of the petitioners _in the first group of writ petitions. Concept of Independence of the Judiciary ' -~~. Having disposed of the preliminary objection in regard to lo~us standi of the petitioners, we may now proceed to consider the "_ questions which arise for determination in these writ petitions. The -questions are of great constitutional significance affecting th ' prioci- 'C pie of independence of the judiciary \vhich is a basic feature of the .Constitution and we would therefor: prefer to begin the discussion by making a few prefatory remarks highlighting what the true func­ . tion of the judiciary should be in a country like India which is march­ •....__ ing along the road to social justice with the banner of democracy H and the rule of law, for the principle of independence of the judiciary is not an abstract conceptio.1 but it is a living faith which must derive its inspiration from the constitutional charter and its nourish-. . . : . . -·~ ' s 1 .P. GUPTA v. iJNiON (Bi1agwati, J.) 535 ment and sustenance from the constitutional values. It is necessary for every Judge to remember constantly and continually that our Constitution is not a non·aligned national charter. It is a document of social revoluion which casts an obligation on every instrumentality including the judiciary, which is a separate but equal branch or the State, to transform the sta111s quo ante into a new human order in which justice, social, economic and political will inform all institu: lions of national life and there will be equality of status and oppor­ tunity for all. The judiciary has therefore a socio·economic destination and a creative function. It bas, to use the words of Glanville Austin; to become an arm of the socio-economic revolu­ tion and perform an active role calculated to bring social justice within the reach of the common man. It cannot remain content to act merely as an umpire but it must be functionally involved in the goal of socio-economic justice. The British concept cf justicing, which to quote Justice Krishna Iyer, is still· ' 0 bugged by the heirs of our colonial legal culture · and shared by many . on the Bench" is that "the business or a Judge is to hold his tongue until the last p~ssibtd moment and to try to be as wise as he is paid to look" and in the same strain are the words quoted by professor Gordon Reid from a memorandum to the Victorian Government by Irvin, C.J. in 1923 . where the judicial function was idealised in the following words: I ·-"The duty of His Majesty's Judges is to hear and determine issues of fact and of law arising between the king --and the subject or between a subject and a subject present· ed in a form enabling judgment to be passed upon them, \llld when passed, to be enforced by a process of Jaw. 1here begins and ends the function of the judiciary." Now this.: approach to the judicial function .may bealright for a stable and static society but not for a society pulsating with urges of gendCr justice, worker· justice,· minorities justice, dalit jllstice and . ( equal justice between chronic unequals. Where the contest is between those who are socially or economically unequal, the judicial process may prove disastero~s from the point of view of social justice, if the Judge adopts a merely passive or negative role and does not adopt a positive and creative approach. The judiciary cannot remain a mere bystander or spectator but it must become an active participant in the judicial process ready to use law in the service of social justice through a pro-active goal oriented-approach. But this cannot be 536 SUPREME COURT REPORtS [1982J 2 s.C.R. achieved unless we have judicial cadres who share the fighting faith of the Constitution and who are imbued with the constitutional values. The necessity of a judiciary which is in tune with social philosophy of the Constitution has nowhere been better emphasized than in the words of Justice Krishna Iyer which we quote : "Appointment of· Judges is a serious process where judicial expertise, legal learning, life's experience and high integrity are components, but above all are two indispensa­ bles-social philosophy in active unison with the socialistic Articles of the Constitution, and second, but equally impor­ tant, built-in resistance to pushes and pressures by class interests, private prejudices government threats and blandishments, party loyalties and colltrary economic and political ideologies projecting into pronouncements." Justice Krishna Iyer goes on to say in his inimitable style : "Justice Cardozo approvingly quoted President Theo­ dore Roosevelt's stress on the social philosophy of the Judges which shapes the course of a nation and, therefore, the choice of Judges for the higher Courts which makes and declares the law of the land, must be in tune with the social philosophy of the Constitution. Not mastery of the law alone, but social vision and creative craftsmanship arc important inputs in successful justicing." What is necessary is to have Judges who are prepared to fashion new tools, forge new methods, innovate new strategies and evolve a new jurisprudence, who are judicial statesmen with a social vision and a creative faculty and who have, above all, a deep sense of commit­ ment to the Constitution with an activist approach and obligation for accountability, not to any party in power nor to the opposition nor to the classes which are vociferous but to the half hungry , millions of India who are continually denied their basic human rights. We need Judges who are alive to the socio-economic realities of Indian life, who are anxious to wipe every tear from every eye, "ho have faith in the constitutional values and who are ready to use law as an instrument for achieving the constitutional objectives. This has to be the broad blue-print of the appointment project for the higher echelons of judicial service. It is only if appointments of Judges are made with these considerations weighing predominently 1' s.i>. GUPTA V. UNlON (Bizagwati, J.) 531 with the appointing authority that we can have a truly independent judiciary committed only to the Constitution and to the people of India. The concept of independence of the judiciary is a noble concept which inspires the constitutional sche;ne and constitutes the foundation on which rests the eJifice of our democratic polity. If there is one principle which runs through the entire fabric of the Constitution, it is the principle of the rule of law and under the Constitution, it is the judiciary whicl1 is entrusted with the task of keeping every organ of the State within the limits of the law and thereby making the rule of law meaningful and effective. It is to aid the judiciary in this task that the power of judicial review has been conferred upon the judiciary and it is by exericising this power which constitutes one of the most potent weapons in armory of the law. that the judiciary seeks to protect the citizen against violation of his constitutional or legal rights or misuse or abuse of power by the State or its officers. The judiciary stands between the citizen and the State as a bu! wark against executive excesses and misuse or abuse of power by the executive and therefore it is absolutely essential that the Judiciary must be free from executive pressure or influence and this has been secured by the Constitution-makers by making elaborate provisions in the Constitution to which detailed reference has been made in the judgments in Sankalchand Sheth' s case (supra). But it is necessary to remi11d ourselves that the concept of independence of the judiciary is not limited only to independence from executive pressure or influence but it is a much wider concept which takes within its sweep independence from many other pressures and prejudices. It has many dimensions, namely, fearlessness of the power centres, economic or political, and freedom from prejudices acquired and nourished by the class to which the Judges belong. If we may again quote the eloquent Words of Justice Krishna Iyer: "Independence of the Judiciary is not genufiexion; nor is it opposition to every proposition of Government. It is neither Judiciary made to opposition measure nor Govern­ ment's pleasure. The tycoon, the communalist, the parochialist, the faddist, the extremist and radical reactionary lying coiled up and sub-consciously shaping judicial mentatio11s are menaces to judicial independence when they are at variance with Parts HI and IV of the Paranwunt Parchment." H Judges should be of stern stuff and tough fibre, unbending before power, economic or political, and they must uphold the core principle of the rule of law which says "Be you ever so high, the law is above you." This is the principle of independence of the judiciary which is vital for the establishment of real participatory democracy, maintenance of the rule of law as a dynamic concept and delivery of social justice to the vulnerable sections of the community. It is this principle of independence of the judiciary which we must keep in mind while interpreting the relevant provisions of the Constitution. Can mandamus issue for fixation of strength of Judges in a High Court: Article 216. We may first examine the true meaning and import of Article 216 which provides for the constitution of High Courts. This Arti­ cle when originaIIy enacted in the Constitution consisted of the main provision and a proviso but the proviso was deleted by Section 11 of the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956 with the result that since !st November, 1956 when the Amending Act came into force, this Article consists of only one clause which reads as under : "Every High Court shaII consist of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as the President may from time to time deem it necessary to appoint." This Article confers power on the President to appoint such number of Judges in a High Court as he may deem nec11ssary. The Union of India has placed before us figures showing that as on 18th March, l 981, the aggregate sanctioned strength of permanent and additional Judges was 308 and 97 respectively while the aggregate actual strength was only 277 and 43 respectively. The figures given by the Union of India also show the large arrears pending in the different High Courts and it is clear from these figures that the total number of pending main cases has been steadly rising from 6,13,799 on 31st December 1978 to 6,78,951 on 31st December, 1980. The average rate of disposals per Judge per year fixed at one of the Chief Justices' Conference was 650 but the figures produced by the Union of India show that the average rate of disposals of main cases per Judge per year during the years 1978-79 and 1980 was higher namely, 860. It is obvious that even on the basis of the average rate of disposals per Judge per year being taken at the higher figure of 860 , if no judicial reform is brought about and the present system continues as it is without any change, many more Judges would be required than the total sanctioned strength of permanent and addi- ... .. s.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 539 ,> · tional Judges in order to dispose of the pending cases which include - \, l not only main cases but also interlocutory and miscellaneous cases which do take the time of the Court. It was therefore contended on behalf of the petitioners that the President has failed to discharge his constitutional duty under Article 216 by not appointing the requisite number of Judges necessary for the purpose of disposing of the pending cases. The argument was that the President was under a constitutional obligation to apply his mind to the question as to how many Judges were necessary to be appointed in each High Court for the purpose of disposing of the cases pending in that High Court, but the President had failed to apply his mind to this question and not taken the necessary steps for the purpose of appointing the requisite number of Judges in each High Court. The petitioners therefore sought a writ of mandamus against the Union of India requiring the Union of India to re-fix the strength of Judges in each High Court having regard to the number of pending cases in that High Court and on the basis of the average rate of disposals per judge per year. We do not think we can issue such a writ of manda­ mus against the Union of India for fixing a particular strength of judges in each High Court. The fixation of the strength of judges in each High Court is a purely executive function which is entrusted by Article 216 to the President, that is, the Government of India and it is entirely for the Government of India to decide in the exercise of its judgment as to what shall be the strength of judges in each High Court. How many judges are necessary to be appointed in a particular High Court is left to the discretion of the Government of India and there are no judicially manageable standards for the pur­ pose of controlling or guiding the discretion of the Union of India in that respect. It is not possible for this court to lay down any standards or norms on the basis of which it can require the Union of India to appoint a certain number of Judges in a particular High Court. The fixation of the number of judges necessary to be appointed in a particular High Court does not depend upon the application of a mathematical formula dividing the number of pend­ ing cases by the average rate of disposal per judge per year. It is a singularly complex problem and merely increasing the number of judges in a High Court would not necessarily solve the problem of disposal of pending cases. Sometimes when the number of judges in a High Court is increased, the law of diminishing returns begins to operate and the disposals of cases do not increase commensu­ rately with the addition to the number of jud~es. Some times it is difficult to recruit competent judges and no useful purpose is served { 540 SUPREME COURT REPORtS ( 1982] 2 s.c.R. by appointing mediocre judges who ultimately would not be able to make any impact so far as the arrears of pending cases are con­ cerned and who would dilute the quality of justice administered in the High Court. Then there are also problems of finding court rooms for the new judges who might be appointed because at most places the High Court buildings are heavily congested and there is hardly any space which can be spared. There may also be many other constraints operating with the Government of India which may dissuade it from taking a decision to increase the number of judges in a High Court. The Government of India may legitimately feel that increasing the number of judges in a particular High Court may not solve the problem of arrears of pending cases but that some other strategies may have to be adopted for that purpose, such as the setting up of administrative tribunals or reducing the number of appeals etc. There would therefore be many policy considerations which would influence the Government of India in taking a decision as to what number of judges are necessary to be appointed in a parti- cular High Court. It would not be possible to lay down any judicially manageable standards with reference to which the Government of India could be directed to appoint a particular number of judges in a High Court. What should be the number of Judges necessary to be appointed in a particular High Court must essentially remain a matter within the discretion of the Government of India and if the Government of India does not appoint sufficient number of judges, the appeal must be to the legislature and not to the Court. All that the Court can do is to express the hope that the Government of India will periodically review the strength of judges in each High Court and appoint as many judges as are found necessary for the purpose of disposing of arrears of pending cases. F The Power of Appointment of Judges: Article 217. The next question that arises for consideration is as to where is the power to appoint Judges of the High Courts and the Supreme Court located ? Who has the final voice in the appointment of Judges of High Courts and the Supreme Court? The power of appointment of Judges of the Supreme Court is to be found in clause (2) of Article 124 and this clause provides that every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President after consultation with such of the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts in the States as I he President may deem necessary for the purpose, provided that in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of India shall always be consulted. It is obvious on a plain reading of clause (2) of .. - s.i>. GUPTA v. UN10N (Bhagwati, J.) 541 Article 124 that it is the President, which in effect and substance means the Central Government, which is empowered by the Cons­ titution to appoint Judges of the Supreme Court. So also Article 217, clause(!) vests the power of appointment of Judges of High Courts in the Central Government, but such power is exercisable only "after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State and the Chief Justice of the High Court." It is clear on a plain reading of these two Articles that the Chief Justice of India, the Chief Justice of the High Court and such other Judges of the High Courts and of the Supreme Court as the Central Government may deem it necessary to consult, are merely consti­ tutional functionaries having a consultative role and the power of appointment resides solely and exclusively in the Central Govern­ ment. Jt is not an unfettered power in the sense that the Central Government cannot act arbitrarily without consulting the constitu­ tional functionaries specified in the two Articles but it can act only after consulting them and the consultation must be full and effective consultation. The question immediately arises what constitut~s 'consultation' within the meaning of clause (2) of Article 124 and clause (I) of Article 217. Fortunately, this question is no longer res integra and it stands concluded by the decision of this Court in Sankalchand Seth's case (supra). It is true that the question in Sanka/chand Seth's rase (supra) related to the scope and meaning of 'consultation' in clause (I) of Article 222, but it was common ground between the parties that 'consultation' for the purpose of clause (2) of Article 124 and clause (I) of Article 217 has the same meaning and content as 'consultation' in clause (I) of Article 222. Chandracbud, J., as he then was in his judgment in Sanka/chand Seth's case (supra) quoted with approval the following passage from the judgment given by Justice Subba Rao, when he was a Judge of the Madras High Court in R. Pushpam v. State of Modras( 1) "the word 'consult' implies a conference of two or more person or an impact of two or more minds in respect of a topic in order to enable them to evolve a correct or atleast a satisfactory solution" and added. "In order that the two minds may be able to confer and produce a mutual impact, it is essential that each must have for its considera­ tion full and identical facts which can at once constitute both the source and foundation of the final decision." Krishna Iyer, J. speaking on behalf of himself and Fazal Ali, J, also pointed out that (1) AI.R. 1953 Mad. 392. 0 "all the materials in the possession of one who consults must be unreservedly placed before the consultee" and further "a reasonable opportunity for getting information, taking other steps and getting prepared for tendering effective and meaningful advice must be given to him'' and "the cosultant in turn must take the matter seriously since ,he subject is of grave importance." The learned Judge proceeded to add : "Therefore, it follows that the President must communicate to the Chief Justice all the material he has and the course he proposes. The Chief Justice, in turn, must collect necessary information through responsible channels or directly, acquaint himself with the requisite data, deliberate on the informa­ tion he possesses and proceed in the interests of the administration of justice to give the President such counsel of action as he thinks will further the public interest. especially the cause of the justice system." These observations apply with equal force to determine the scope and meaning of 'consultation' within the meaning of clause (2) of Article 124 and clause(!) of Article 217. Each of the constitutional functionaries required to be consulted under these two articles must have for his consideration full and identical facts bearing upon appointment or non-appointment of the person concerned as a Judge aad the opinion of each of them taken on identical material must be considered by the Central Government before it takes a decision whether or not to appoint the person concerned as a Judge. But, while giving the fullest meaning and effect to 'consultation', it must be borne in mind that it is only consultation which is provided by way of fetter upon the power of appointment vested in the Central Government and consultation cannot be equated with concurrence. We agree with what Krishna Iyer, J. said in Sankalchand Sheth' s case (supra) that "consultation is different from consentaneity. They may discuss but may disagree; they may confer but may not concur." It would therefore be open to the Central Government to over-ride the opinion given by the constitutional functionaries required to be consulted and to arrive at its own decision in regard to the appoint­ ment of a Judge in the High Court or the Supreme Court, so Jong as such decision is based on relevant considerations and is not otherwise mala fide. Even if the opinion given by all the constitutional func­ tionaries consulted by it is identical, the Central Government is not bound to act in accordance with such opinion, though being a unanimous opinion of all the three constitutional functionaries, it would have great weight and if an appointment is made by the Central Government in defiance of such unanimous opinion, it may prima facie be vulnerable to attack on the ground that it is mala fide or based on irrelevant grounds. The same position would obtain if ".· s.~. GUPTA V. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 543 an appointment is made by the Central Government contrary tc the unanimous opinion of the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India. But we do not think that ordinarily the Central Government would make an appoint­ ment of a Judge in a High Court if all the three constitu­ tional functionaries have expressed an opinion against it. We may, 1· however, make it clear that on a proper interpretation of clause (2) of Article 124 and clause (I) of Article 217, it is open to the Central Government to take its own decision in regard to appointment or non-appointment of a Judge in a High Court or the Supreme Court after taking into account and giving due weight to the opinions expressed by the constitutional functionaries required to be consulted under these two Articles and the only ground on which such decision can be assailed is that it is mala fide or passed on irrelevant consi­ derations. Where there is a difference of opinion amongst the constitutional functionaries who are consulted, it is for the Central Government to decide whose opinion should be accepted and whether appointment should be made or not. It was contended on behalf of the petitioners that where there is difference of opinion amongst the constitutional functionaries required to be consulted, the opinion of the Chief Justice of India should have primacy, since he is the head of the Indian Judiciary and pater familieas of the judicial fraternity. We find ourselves unable to accept this contention. It is difficult to see on what principle can primacy be given to the opinion of one constitutional functionary, when clause (I) of Article 217 places all the three constitutional functionaries on the same pedestal so far as the process of consultation is concerned and does not make any distinction between one copstitutional functionary and another. Each of the three constitutional functionaries occupies a high constitutional office and clause ( l) cf Article 217 ;xovides that the appointment of a High Court Judge shall be made after consulation with all the three constitutional functionaries without assigning superiority to the opinion of one over that of another. It is true that the Chief Justice of India is the head of the Indian Judiciary and may be figuratively described as pater famil.leas of the brotherhood of Judges but the Chief Justice of a High Court is also an equally important cons:itutional functionary and it is not possible to say tlrnt so far as the consultative process is concerned, he is in any way less important tban the Chief Justice of India. In fact, urider the constitutional scheme, the Chief Justice of a High Court is not subject to the administrative superintendence of the Cl1ief Justice of India nor is he under the control or supervision of the Chief Justice of India. It is only the power of hearing appeals a ;ainst the decision :or the Chief Justice of a Hi~h Court that is possessed by the Cqief Jqstii,:i; 544 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 s.c.R. of India and there, his superiority over the Cnief Justice of High Court ends. If we look at the raison d'etre of the provision for consultation enacted in clause (I} of Article 217, it will be obvious that the opinion given by the Chief Justice of the High Court must have atleast equal weight as the opinion of the Chief Justice of India, because ordinarily the Chief Justice of the High Court would be in a better position to know about the competence, character and integrity of the person recommended for appointment as a Judge in the High Court. The opinion of the Governor of the State, which means the State Government would also be entitled to equal weight, not in regard to the technical competence of the person recommended and his knowledge and perception of law on which the Chief Justice of the High Court would be the proper person to express an opinion, but in regard to the character and integrity of such person, his antecedents and his social philosophy and value-system. So also the opinion of the Chief Justice of India would be valuable because he would not be affected by caste, communal or other parochial consi­ derations and standing outside the turmoil of local passions and prejudices, he would be able to look objectively at the problem of appointment. There is therefore, a valid and intelligible purpose for which the opinion of each of the three constitutional functionaries is invited before the Central Government can take a decision whether or not to appoint a particular person as a J u<lge in a High Court. The opinion of each of the three constitutional functionaries is entitled to equal weight and it is not possible to say that the opinion of the Chief Justice of India must have primacy over the opinions of the other two constitutional functionarjes. If primacy were to be given to the opinion of the Chief Justice of India, it would, in effect and substance, amount to concurrence, because giving primacy would mean that his opinion must prevail over that of the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Governor of the State, which means that the Central Government must accept his opinion. But as we pointed out earlier, it is only consultation and not cocurrence of the Chief Justice of India that is provided in clause (1) of Article 217. When, in the course of debates in the Constituent Assembly, an amendment was moved that the appointment of a Judge of a High Court or the Supreme Court should be made with the concurrence of the Chief Justice of India, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar made the following comment which is very significant : "With regard to the question of the concurrence of the chief Justi9e, it ~eem$ to me th11t those advocate that pro- + - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, .i.) 545 position seem to rely implicitly both on the impartiality of the Chief Justice and soundness of his judgment. I person­ ally feel no doubt that the Chief Justice is very eminent person. But after all, the Chief Justice is a man with all the failings, all the sentiments and all the prejudices which we as common people have; and I think, to allow the Chief Justice practically a veto upon the appointment of judges is really to transfer the authority to the Chief Justice which we are not prepared to vest in the President or the Government of the day. I therefore, think that that is also a dangerous proposition." It is therefore, clear that where there is difference of opinion amongst the constitutional functionaries in regard to appointment of a Judge in a High Court, the opinion of none of the c,mstitutional functiona­ ries is entitled to primacy but after considering the opinion of each of the constitutional functionaries and giving it due weight, the Central D Government is entitled to come to its own decision as to which opinion it should accept in deciding whether or not to appoint the • I particular person as a Judge. So also where a Judge of the Supreme Court is to be appointed, the Chief Justice of India is required to be consulted, but again it is not concurrence but only consultation and the Central Government is not bound to act in accordance with the opinion of the Chief Justice of India though it is entitled to great weight as the opinion of the head of the Indian Judiciary. The ultimate power of appointment rests with the Central Government and that is in accord with the constitutional practice prevailing in all democratic countries. Even in the United Kingdom, a country from which we have inherited our system of administration of the Justice and to which many of our anglophiles turn with reverence for inspiration and guidance, the appointment of High Court Judges is made by or on the advice of the Lord Chancellor, who is a member of the Cabinet while appointments to the· Court of appeal and the House of Lords and to the office' of Lord Chief Justice, Master of the Rolls and President of the Family Division are made on the advice of the Prime Minister after consultation with t!1e Lord Chancellor. Thus the appointment of a Judge belonging to the higher echelons of judicial service is wholly in the hands of the Executive. So also in the common-wealth countries like Canada, Australia and New Zealand, the appointment of High Court and Supreme Court Judges is made by the Executive. This is, of course, pot an ideal system of appointm~nt of J ud~es, but the re!!SOQ why 546 SUPRBMB COURT RBPORTS ( 1982) 2 S.C.R. the power of appointment of Judges is left to the Executive appears to be that the Executive is responsible to the Legislature and through the Legislature, it is accountable to the people who are consumers of justice. The power of appointment ~f Judges is not entrusted to the Chief Justice of India or to the Chief Justice of a High Court because they do not have any accountRbility to the people and even .if any wrong or improper appointment is made, they are not liable to account to anyone for such appointment. The appointment of a Judge of a High Court or the Supreme Court does not depend merely upon the professional or functional suitability of the person concerned in terms of experience or knowledge of law though this requirement is certainly important and vital and ignoring it might result in impairment of the efficiency of administration of justice, but also on several other considerations such as honesty, integrity and general pattern of behaviour which would ensure dispassionate and objective adjudication with an open mind, free and fearless approach to matters in issue, social acceptability of the person con­ cerned to the high judicial office in terms of current norms and ethos of the society, commitment to democracy and the rule of law, faith in the constitutional objectives indicating his approach towards the Preamble and the Directive Principles of State Policy, sympathy or absence thereof with the constitutional goals and the needs of an acti­ vist judicial system. These various considerations, apart from profes­ sional and functional suitability, have to be taken into account while appointing a judge of a High Court or the Supreme Court and it is presumably on this account that the power of appointment is entrusted to the Executive. But, as pointed out above, there is a fetter placed upon the power of appointment by the requirement of consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court, the Governor of the State and the Chief Justice of India in case of appointment of a High Court Judge and with the Chief Justice of India in case of appointment of a Supreme Court Judge. However, at this stage, it is necessary to point out that so far as appointment of a Supreme Court Judge is concerned, it is not cousultation with the Chief Justice of India alone that is provided in clause (2) of Article 124. Undoubtedly, consultation with the Chief Justice of India is a mandatory requirement but in addition "such of the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts" as the Central Government may deem necessary are also required to be consulted. One argument advanced on behalf of the petitioners was that w!ien clause (2) of Article 124 µs(!s (he expression "after consql- .. .... )- S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 547 tation with such of the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts in the States as the President may deem necessary for the purpose", it does not impose a mandatory obligation on the Central Government to consult one or more of the Judges of the Supreme Court or the High Courts but it leaves it to the discretion of the Central Government whether or not to consult one or more of the Judges of the Supreme Court or the High Courts before making appointment of a Judge of the Supreme Court. The petitioners contended that the Central GovernP.Jent may, if it thinks fit, consult one or more of the Judges of the Supreme and of the High Courts or it may not consult any and where it does not, the Chief Justice of India will be the only constitutional functionary required to be consulted and in such a case the Central Government must accept the opinion of the Chief Justice of India as binding upon it. We do not think this argument is well founded. In the first place it is not justified by the plain language of clause (2) of Article 124. This clause clearly provides for consultation as a mandatory exercise and the only matter which is left to the discretion of the Central Govern­ ment is the choice of the Judge of the Supreme Court and the High Courts who may be consulted. The words "as the President may deem necessary" qualify only the preceding words ''such of the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts in the States." Which of the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts should be consulted is left to the discretion of the Central Govern­ ment but consultation there must be with one or more of the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts. The Central Government must consult at least one Judge out of the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts before exercising the power of appointment conferred by clause (2) of Article 124. This requirement is prescribed obviously because the Constitution makers did not think it desirable that one person alone, however high and eminent he may be, should have a predominent voice in the appoint­ ment of a Judge of the Supreme Court. But it seems that this requirement is not complied with in making appointments on the Supreme Court Bench presumably under a misconception that it is not a mandatory but only an optional provision. The result is that the Chief Justice of India alone is consulted in the matter of appoint­ ment of a Supreme Court Judge and largely as a result of a healthy practice followed through the years, the recommendation of the Chief Justice of India is ordinarily accepted by the Central Govern­ ment, the consequence being that in a highly important matter like the appointment of a Supreme Court Judge, it i$ t4e decision of the 8 ff 548 SUPREME COURT REPORT (1982) 2 S.C.R. Chief Justice of India which is ordinarily, for all practical purposes final. But, as it happens, there are no criteria laid down or evolved to guide the Chief Justice in this respect nor is there any consultation with wider interests. This is, to our mind, not a very satisfactory mode of appointment, because wisdom and experience demand that no power should be vested in a single individual however high and great he may be and howsoever honest and well meaning. We are all human beings with our own likes and dislikes, our own predelic­ tions and prejudices and our mind is not so comprehensive as to be able to take in all aspects of a question at one time and more over sometimes, the information on which we base our judgments may be incorrect or inadequate and our judgment may also sometimes be imperceptibly influenced by extraneous or irrelevant considerations. It may also be noticed that it is not difficult to find reasons to justify what our bias or predeliction or inclination impels us to do. It is for this reason that we think it is unwise to entrust power in any signi­ ficant or sensitive area to a single individual, howsoever high or important may be the office which he is occupying. There must be checks and controls in the exercise of every power, particularly when it is a power to make important and crucial appointments and it must be exercisable by plurality of hands rather than be vested in a single individual. That is perhaps the reason why the Constitution makers introduced the requirement in clause (2) of Article 124 that one or more Judges out of the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts should be consulted in making appointment of a Supreme Court Judge. But even with this provision, we do not think that the safeguard is adequate because it is left to the Central Government to select any one or more of the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts for the purpose of consultation. we· would rather suggest that there must be a collegium to make recom­ mendation to the President in regard to appointment of a Supreme Court or High Court Judge. The recommending authority should be more broad-based and there should be consultation with wider interests. If the collegium is composed of persons who are expected to have knowledge of the persons who may be fit for appointment on the Bench and of qualities required for appoint­ ment and this last requirement is absolutely essential-it would go a long way towards securing the right kind of Judges, who would be truly independent in the sense we have indicated above and who would invest the judicial process with significance and meaning for the deprived and exploited sections of humanity. We may point out that even countries like Australia and New Zealand have veered ro!ln~ to the view that t~ere s~oµld be a Judicial Commission for S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 549 appointment of the higher judiciary. As recently as July 1977 the Chief Justice of Australia publicly stated that the time had come for such a commission to be appointed in Australia. So also in New Zealand, the Royal Commission on the Courts chaired by Mr. Justice Beattle, who has dow become the Governor General of New Zealand, recommended that a Judicial Commission should consider all judicial appointments including appointments of High Court Judges. This is a matter which may well receive serious atten­ tion of the Government of India. The position of an Additional Judge : Article 224. We then turn to consider what is the position of an additional Judge under the Constitution. This question is of the greatest importance because as against a total sanctioned strength of 308 permanent Judges, there is a total sactioned strength of as many as 97 additional Judges, which means that the total sanctioned strength 8 of additional Judges is almost one third the total sanctioned D strength of permanent Judges. There are a large number of additio- nal Judges in various High Courts whose tenure is short and preca- rious and their fate should therefore naturally be a matter of serious concern for this Court. The power to appoint an additional Judge in a High Court is to be found in clause (I) of Article 224 which reads as follows : E "If by reason of any temporary increase in the busi­ ness of a High Court or by reason of arrears of work therein, it appears to the President that the number of the Judges of that Court should be for the time being increased, the President may appoint duly qualified perso::s to be additional Judges of the Court for such period not exceed­ ing two years as he may specify." Clause (2) of Article 224 provides for appointment of an acting Judge during the period when any Judge of a High Court other than the Chief Justice is, by reason of absence or for any other reason, unable to perform the duties of his office or is appointed temporarily as Chief Justice. It is obvious that the tenure of an acting Judge is by its very nature limited because he is appointed to act as a Judge only during the period when the permanent Judge in whose place he is acting is unable to perform the duties of his office and be would therefore cease to be a Judge as soon as the perma­ nent Judge resumes his duties. We are not concerned in these writ F . petitions with the case of an acting Judge and we need not there­ fore dwell any further on this clause Clause (3) of Article 224 provides inter alia that no person appointed as an additional Judge shall hold office after attaining the age of 62 years. Therefore even if an additional Judge has been appointed for a period of two years he would cease to be a Judge if he attains the age of 62 years prior to the expiration of his term of two years. It is clear from the provisions of clause (I) of Article 224 that the maximum period for which an additional Judge can be appointed by the President is two years. This provision for appointment of a Judge for a period not exceeding two years seems to be peculiar to this country. There is no such practice of appointing a Judge for a short term either in the United Kingdom or in the United States of America. Even in India, there are no Judges either in the Supreme Court or in the subordinate judiciary whose tenure is so short. It is rather an unusual provision and in order to understand its true scope and effect, it is necessary to trace briefly its historical evolu­ tion. There was no provison in the High Courts Act or the Charter Act, 1861 for appointment of an additional Judge with a restricted tenure in a High Court. It was for the first time in the Government of India Act, 19 I 5 that a provision was enacted for appointment of additional Judges Sub-section (2) of section I 0 I provided that each High Court shall consist of the Chief Justice and as many other Judges as His Majesty may think fit to appoint and clause (i) of the provision to that sub-section authorised the Governer General in Council to appoint persons to act as additional Judges of any High Court for such period not exeeding two years as may be required. The additional Judges were to have all the powers of a Judge of the High C·iurt appointed by His Majesty. The Government of India Act 1915 was replaced by the Government of India Act, 1935 and section 220 of that Act provided that every High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as His Majesty may from time to time deem it nece>sary to appoint and there was a proviso to this section which said that the Judges so appointed together with any additional Judges appointed by the Governor General shall at no time exceed in number such maximum number as the Governor­ General may by order fix in relatio11 to that Court. Section 222 sub-section (3) provided for appointment of additional Judges in t~\lS\l terms ; .. .. S.P. GUP"i'A v. iJNiON (Biiagwati, J.) 551 "Section 222 (3)-If by reason of any temporary in­ crease in the business of any High Court or by reason of arrears of work in any such Court it appears to the Governor-General that the number of the Judges of the Court should be for the the time being increased, the Governor-General (in his discretion) may, subject to the foregoing provisions of this chapter with respect to the maximum number of Judges, appoint persons duly qualified for appointment as Judges to the additional Judges of the Court for such period not exceeding two years as he may specify." The system of appointment of additional Judges was therefore in vogue when the Constituent Assembly met to frame the Constitution. Article 199 of the Draft Constitution was al most in the same terms as sub-section 3 of Section 22: of the Government oflndia Act, 1935. There was also Article 198 in the Draft Constitution which in clause (!) provided for appointment of an acting Chief Justice and in clause (2) for appointment of an acting Judge. The provision for appointment of an acting Judge made in clause (2) of Article 198 was that when the office of any Judge of a High Court is vacant or when any such Judge is appointed to act temporarily as a Chief Justice or is unable to perform the duties of his office by reason of absence or otherwise, the President may appoint a person duly qualified for appointment as a Judge to act as a Judge of that Court. The acting Judge contemplated by this clause of Article 198 was therefore clearly a temporary Judge. Now when Artitcles 198 and 199 in the Draft Constitution came to be considered in the Consti­ tuent Assembly, a number of representations were received suggesting that both these articles should be deleted from the Constitution. It was felt by many that the practice of appointing acting or addi­ tional Judges was pernicious and it should be done away with Tej Bahadu r Sapru expressed his firm opposition to this practice of appointing acting or additional Judges in the course of his speech in the Constituent Assembly. He said, decrying this practice in no uncertain terms : "Additional Judges, under the old Constitution were appointed by the Governor-General for a period not exceeding two years. I do not know whether that condition has been reproduced in the proposed Constitution. This prohibition, however, does not apply to acting judges or B. D. 552 sui>trnME COURT REPORTS [19si] i s.c.R. temporary judges. I think the rule in future should be that any barrister or advocate, who accepts a seat on the Bench shall be prohibited from resuming practice anywhere on retirement. I would not, however, apply this to temporary judges taken from the services who hold a seat on the Bench for a few months, but I would add that the practice of appointing additional and temporary judges should be definitely given up. When I said at the Round Table Con­ ference that there were acting additional and temporary judges in India, some of the English lawyers not accustomed to Indian Law felt rather surprised. I am also of the opinion that temporary or acting judges do greater harm than permanent judges when after their seat on the Bench for a short period they revert to the Bar. A seat on the Bench gives them a pre-eminence over their colleagues and embar­ rasses subordinate judges who were at one time under their control and thus instead of their helping justice they act as a hindrance to free justice. I have a very strong feeling in this matter and have during my long experience seen the evil effects of unchecked resumption of practice by barristers and advocates." There were also many others who expressed the same view. The Drafting Committee agreed with this view and expressed the opinion that "it would be better to delete Articles I 98 and I 99 relating to the appointment of temporary and additional Judges, than to retain those articles without the ban on practice by persons who hold office as additional or temporary judges." The Drafting Committee took the view that "it was possible to discontinue the system of appoint­ ment of temporary and additional judges in the High Courts altogether by increasing, if necessary, the total number of permanent judges of such Courts. The Constituent Assembly adopted the recommendation of the Drafting Committee to delete Articles 198(2) and 199 of the Draft Constitution providing for appointment of acting and additional Judges in High Courts, with the result that when the Constitution came to be enacted, there was no provison in the Consti­ tution for appointment of acting or additional Judges. It is clear from the discussions which took place in the Constituent Assembly that the Constitution makers realised that an acting or additional Judge would have to go back to the Bar on the expiration of his term of office and his tenure was of a strictly limited ) s.:P. GUPTA v. UNION (Biwgwati, J.) 5s3 duration. The Constitution makers did not oppose the practice of appointing acting or additional Judge an on the ground that on the expiration of his term of office, an acting or additional Judge would have to go back to the Bar, but their anxiety was that after going back to the Bar he would resume his practice and this might lead to abuses and it was this undesirable consequence which they wanted to prevent and that is why they deleted Articles 198(2) and 199 with a view to abolishing the practice of appointing acting or additional Judges. The underlying postulate of Articles 198 (2) and 199 was that an acting or additional Judge would come back to the Bar on the expiration of his term and start practice and this was intended to be stopped, but since it was not possible to debar an acting or addi­ tional Judge from practising after he came back on the expiration of term, it was decided that the institution of acting and additional Judges should be done away with. There was no assumption by the Constitution makers that an acting or addititional Judge would necessarily be made permanent and he would not have to go back to the Bar. On the contrary, going back to the Bar was clearly con­ templated and hence Articles 198 (2) and 199 were deleted. The Constitution makers also thought that it would be possible to discontinue the system of appointing acting and additional Judges altogether without any detriment to early disposal of cases, if the total number of permanent Judges was sufficiently increased. But within six years of the coming into force of the Constitu­ tion it was found that the arrears in the High Courts were increasing and it was becoming difficult to bring them under control. There was Article 224 in the Constitution which provided that the Chief Justice of a High Court may at any time with the previous consent of the President request any retired Judge to sit and act as a Judge of the High Court. But this provision fur recalling retired Judges to function on the Bench of a High Court for short periods was found to be neither adequate nor satisfactory and it was of no assistance in reducing the arrears of cases which were mounting-up from year to year. Parliament in its constituent capacity, therefore, decided to introduce two provisions: one for appointment of additional Judges to clear off the arrears and the other for the apponitment of acting Judges in temporary vacancies and with that end in view, enacted the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956. This amending Act substituted the existing Article 224 by a new Article 224 which reads as follows : II ff 8 554 SUPREME cotJR.'r REPORTS [i98~) 2 s.c.tt "Appointment of additional and acting Judges : (I) If by reason of any temporary increase in the business of a High Court or by reason of arrears of work therein, it appears tu the President that the number of the judges of that Court should be for the time being increased, the President may appoint duly qualified persons to be additional judges of the Court for such period not exceeding two years as he may specify. (2) When any judge of a High Court other than the Chief Justice is by reason of absence or for any other reason unable to perform the duties of his office or is appointed to act temporarily as Chief Justice, the President may appoint a duly qualified person to act as a Judge of that Court until the permament judge has resumed his office. (3) No person appointed as an additional or acting judge of a High Court shall hold office after attaining the age of sixty-two years." The existing Article 224 was added as new Article 224A after the new Article 224. Clause (1) of Article 217 was also simultaneou.sly amended with a view to making provision in regard to an acting or additional Judge. We have already set out the amended clause(!) of Article 217 in an earlier part of the Judgment and we need not, therefore, reproduce it here once again. The first question which arises for determination under Article 224 clause (!) is as to when can an additional Judge be appointed by the President. This article confers power on the President to appoint an additional Judge. If by reason of any temporary increase in the business of a High Court or by reason of arrears of work therein, it appears to the President that the number of the judges of that Court should be for the time being increased and in that event, he can appoint an additional Judge for such period not exceeding two years as he may specify. It must appear to the President that either by reason of temporary increase in the business of the High Court or by reason of accumulation arrears of work in the High Court, it is necessary to increase the number of the Judges of that Court for the time being. The power to appoint an additional Judge cannot , S.i>. GUPTA v. UNION (Bl1agwati, i.) 555 therefore be exercised by the President unless there is either temporary increase in the business of the High Court or there is accumulation of arrears of work in the High Court and even when one of these two conditiom exists, it is necessary that the President must be further satisfied that it i > necessary to make a temporary increase in the number of Judges of that High Court. The words "for the time being'' clearly indicate that the increase in the number of judges which the President may make by appointing additional Judges whould be temporary with a view to dealing with the temporary increase in the business of the High Court or the arrears of work in the High Court. Article 224 clause (I) did not contemplate that the increase in the number of Judges should be for an indefinite duration. The object clearly was that an additional Judge should be appointed for a short period in order to dispose of the temporary increase in the business of the High Court and/or to clear off the arrears of pending cases. There is sufficient indication in clause (I) of Article 224 that the appoinments of additional Judges were intended to be of short duration and Parliament expected that sufficient number of additional Judges would be appointed so as to dispose of the temporary increase in the work or the arrears of pending cases within a period of two years or thereabouts. That is why clause (1) of Article 224 provided that additional Judges may be appointed for a period not exceeding two years. The underlying idea was that there should be an adequate strength of permanent Judges in each High Court to deal with its normal institutions and so far as the temporary increase in the work or the arrears of pend­ ing cases were concerned, additional Judges appointed for a period not exceeding two years should assist in disposing of such work. This was the reason why the Law Commission in its Fourteenth Report stated in paragraphs 54 and 57 of Chapter 6 in Vol. I : ''54. The large increase in the volume of annual institutions which has been referred to earlier must now, we think, be taken as a permanent feature. This position accor· dingly necessitates a thorough revision of existing ideas regarding the number of judges required for each High Court. The strength of the High Courts has been increased from time to time. In doing this, however, the post-Consti­ tutional developments which have thrown a much heavier burden on the High Courts have, in our view, not been adequately taken into account. To expect the existing number of judges in the various High Courts to deal 556 sui>itEt.te couat REPoitrs (1982) 2 s.c.t. efficiently with the vastly increased volume of work is, in our opinion, to ask them to attempt the impossible. As pointed out to us by a senior counsel, if there is a conges­ tion on the roads due to an increase in traffic, the remedy is not to blame the traffic but to widen the roads. The first essential therefore, is to see that the strength of every High Court is maintained at a level so as to be adequate to dispose of what may be called its normal insti­ tutions. The normal strength of a High Court must be fixed on the basis of the average annual institutions of all types of proceedings in a particular High Court during the last three years. This is essential in order to prevent what may be termed the current file of the Court falling into arrears and adding to the pile of old cases. The problem of clearing tlie arrears can be satisfactorily dealt with only after the normal strength of each court has been brought upto the level required to cope with its normal institutions. We suggest that the required strength of the High Court of each State should be fixed in consultation with the Chief Justice of that State and the Chief Justice of India and the strength so fixed should be reviewed at an interval of two or three years. Such a review will be necessary not only by reason of changing conditions E but because the implementation of our recommendations made elsewhere will lead to a quicker disposal of work in the subordinate courts which, in its turn, will result in an increase in the work of the High Courts. 57. We are of the view that the provisions of article F 224 of the Constitution should be availed of and additional judges be appointed for the specific purpose of dealing with these arrears. The number of such additional judges required for each High Court for the purpose of dealing with the arrears will have to be fixed in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the Chief Justice of the State G High Court after taking into consideration the arrears in the particular court, their nature and the average disposal of that Court. The number of additional judges to be fixed for this purpose should be such as to enable the arrears to be cleared within a period of two years. The additional judges H so appointed should, in our view be utilised as far as possi­ ble exclusively for the purpose of disposing of arrears and not be diverted to the disposal of current work. Pari passu S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Biragwati, J.) 551 with the disposal of the arrears, the permanent strength of the High Court will have to be brought up to and maintain­ ed at the required level, care being taken to see that their normal disposal keeks pace with the new institutions and that they are not allowed to develop into arrears. The appointment of additional Judges for the exclusive purpose of dealing with the arrears is, in our view, called for in a large number of High Courts." The sentence underlined by us in paragraphs 57 clearly shows that according to the Law Commission also the intendment of clause (I) of Article 224 was that sufficient number of additional Judges would be appointed "so as to enable the arrears to be cleared off within a period of two years." The same note was struck by P.N. Sapru when he said in the course of the Debates in Rajya Sabha during the discussion of the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Bill: It is necessary to have additional Judges for the disposal of arrears. These arrears, I hope, represent a temporary situation ................. . Once these arrears have been cleared off, it will be possible for us to fix or to determine the permanent strength of our Courts with some degree of assurance." It would thus seem that on a true interpreta­ tion of clause (I) of Article 224 it was never intended that additional Judges should go on being appointed and reappointed term after term. Now it is obvious that if additional Judges were appointed according to the true intendment of clause (I) of Article 224, they would be temporary Judges appointed for a short duration to clear off the arrears and once the arrears are cleared off, which was expec­ ted by Parliament to be achieved within not more than two years they would, on the expiration of their term, go back to the Bar or to the District Judicial service. Their tenure being for a short period limited by the time expected to be taken in clearing off the arrears- such time, in any event, being hopefully not more than two years-they would know that, on the expiration of their term, they would have to go back. They would have no right to be appointed or even to be considered for appointment as permanent Judges, because when they accepted appointment as additional Judges under clause (I} of Article 224, they would have known that they were appointed only as temporary Judges for a short period in order to clear off the arrears. But what happened in practice was that the true intendment and purpose of clause (I) of article 224 was never carried into effect. 558 SUPREME cotJR.r REPORTS [I 982.J 2 s.c.i. The Government did not increase the strength of permanent Judges , in different High Courts adequately so as to be able to cope with the normal institutions. Though the Law Commission had recom· mended in its Fourteenth Report that the normal strength of a High Court must be fixed on the basis of average annual institution of all types of proceed in gs in the High Court during the last three years, this recommendation was not heeded with the result that even the current institutions in many of the High Courts could not be dis po· sed of by the inadequate number of permanent Judges and they started adding to the existing arrears. Of course, it was not only the Government which was responsible for not increasing adequately the strength of permanent Judges but the Chief Justices of many High Courts were also remiss in looking after the interests of their High Courts, in as much they too did not ask the Government for increase in the strength of permanant Judges. Wherever the fault may lie and it is not necessary for the purpose of these writ petitions to fix the blame, the consequence was that the arrears in the High Courts started growing menacingly from year to year. The requisite number of additional Judges was also not appointed by the Government though clause (l) of Article 224 clearly contemplated that sufficient number of additional Judges would be appointed in order to clear off the arrears within a period of about two years. The old arrears therefore continued to exist and new arrears were added out of the current file of cases which remained undisposed of by the existing strength of Judges. The strength of additional Judges was not fixed realistically and a much lesser number of additional Judges than required for the purpose of clearing off the arrears within a period of about two years were appointed in the different High Courts from time to time with the result that the arrears continued to increase and the need for additional Judges continued to subsist. The un­ fortunate consequence was that the additional Judgeship became a gateway for entering the cadre of permanent Judges. Whenever a person was appointed as a Judge in a High Court, he would be first appointed an additional Judge and only when a vacancy occurred in the post of a permanent Judge, he would be confirmed as a Permanent Judge in that vacancy in accordance with the senio­ rity amongst the additional Judges. The practice therefore grew up of a person being first appointed as an additional Judge and then being confirmed as a permanent Judge in the same High Court. The Union of India at the instance of the petitioners filed before us a statement showing that in almost all cases barring a negligible few, every person was appointed first as an - > - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 559 additional Judge in the High Co.urt and then confirmed as a perma­ nent Judge in the same High Court as soon as a vacancy in the post of a permanent Judge became available to him. The entire object and purpose of the introduction of clause (I) of Article 224 was perverted and additional Judges were appointed under this Article not as temporary Judges for a short period who would go back on the expiration of their term as soon as the arrears are cleared off, but as Judges whose tenure, though limited to a period not exceed­ ing two years at the time of each appointment as an additional Judge, would be renewed from time to time until a berth was found for them in the cadre of permanent Judges. By and large, every person entered the High Court judiciary as an additional Judge in the clear expectation that as soon as a vacancy in the post of a permanent Judge became available to him in the High Court he would be confirmed as a permanent Judge and if no such vacancy became available to him until the expiration of his term of office, he would be reappointed as an additional Judge for a further term in the same High Court. Therefore, far from being aware that on the expiration of their term, they would have to go back because they were appointed only as temporary Judges for a short period in order to clear off the arrears-which would have been the position if clause (I) of Article 224 had been implemented according to its true intendment and purpose-the additional Judges entered the High Court judiciary with a legitimate expectation that they would not have to go back on the expiration of their term but they would be either reappointed as additional Judges· for a further term or if in the meanwhile, a vacancy in the post of a permanent Judge became available, they would be confirmed as permanent Judges. This expectation which was generated in the minds of additional Judges by reason of the peculiar manner in which clause (I) of Article 224 was operated, cannot now be ignored by the Government and the Government cannot be permitted to say that when the term of an additional Judge expires, the Government can drop him at its sweet will. By reason of the expectation raised in his mind through a practice followed for almost over a quarter of a century, an addi­ tional Judge is entitled to be considered for appointment as an additional Judge for a further term on the expiration of his original term and if in the meanwhile, a vacancy in the post of a permanent Judge becomes available to him on the basis- of seniority amongst additional Judges, he has a right to be considered for appointment as a permanent Judge in his High Court. 8 560 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 S.C.1t. It is clear on a plain reading of Article 217 clause (1) that when an additional Judge is to be appointed, the procedure set out in that article is to be followed. Clause (I) of Article 217 provides that "Every Judge" of a High Court shall be appointed after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State and the Chief Justice of the High Court The expression "Every Judge" must on a plain natural construction include not only a permanent Judge but also an additional Judge. It is significant to note that whenever the Constitution makers intended to make a reference to a permanent Judge, they did so in clear and explicit terms as in clause (2) of Article 224. Moreover, there is inherent evidence in Article 217 clause (I) itself which shows that the expression "Every Judge" is intended to take in an additional Judge as well. Clause (I} of Article 217 says that "Every Judge ... shall hold office in case of an additional Judge ..... as provided in Article 224 which clearly suggests that the case of an additional Judge is covered by the opening words "Every Judge". We may also consider what would be the consequence of construing the word "Every Judge" as meaning only a permanent Judge. On that construction, clause (I) of Article 217 will not apply in relation to appointment of an additional Judge and it would be open to the Central Government under Article 224 clause (I) to appoint an addi­ tional Judge without consulting any of the constitutional functiona­ ries specirled in clause (I) of Article 217. This could never have been intended by the Constitution makers, who made such elaborate provisions in the Constitution for safeguarding the independence of the judiciary. We must therefore, hold that no additional Judge can be appointed without complying with the requirement of clause (I) of Arricle 217. Now, when the term of an additional Judge expires he ceases to be a Judge and therefore, if he is to continue as a Judge, he must be either reappointed as an additional Judge or appointed as a per­ manent Judge. In either case, clause (I) of Article 2 i 7 would operate and no reappointment as an additional Judge or appoint­ ment as a permanent Judge can be made without going through the procedure set out in Article 217 clause (1). Of course, an additional Judge has a right to be considered for such reappointment or appoint­ ment, as the case may be, and the Central Government cannot be heard to say that the additional Judge need not be considered. The additional Judge cannot just be dropped without consideration. The name of the additional Judge would have to go through the procedure of clause (I) of Article 217 and after consultation with - > S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 561 the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State and the Chief Justice of the High Court, the Central Government would have to decide whether or not to reappoint him as an additional Judge or to appoint him as a permanent Judge. If the procedure for appoint­ ment of a Judge followed as a result of a practice memorandum issued by the Central Government is that the proposal for appoint­ ment of a Judge may ordinarily originate from the Chief Justice of the High Court and may then be sent to the Governor of the State and thereafter to the Chief Justice of India through the Justice Ministry for their respective opinions before a decision can be taken by the Central Government whether or not to appoint the person proposed the name of the additional Judge must be sent-up by the Chief Justice of the High Court with his recommendation whether he should be reappointed as an additional Judge or appointed as a permanent Judge or not and it must go upto the Central Govern· ment with the opinions of the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State and the Chief Justice of the High Court, so that the Central Government may, after considering such opinions, make-up its mind on the question of reappointment or appointment as the case may be. But this is the only right possessed by the additional Judge. The additional Judge is not entitled to contend that he must automatically and without any further consideration be appointed as an additional Judge for a further term or as a perma­ nent Judge. He has to go through the process of clause (I) of Article 217 and to concede to him the right to be appointed either as an additional Judge for a further term or as a permanent Judge would be to fly in the face of Article 217 clause (1). If the addi­ tional Judge is entitled to be appointed without anything more, why should the process of consultation be gone through in regard to his appointment? Would consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State and the Chief Justice of the High Court not be reduced to a farce ? It would be a mockery of consultation with such high constitutional dignitaries. There can, therefore, be no doubt that an additional Judge is not entitled as a matter of right to be appointed as an additional Judge for a further term on the expiration of his original term or as a permanent Judge. The only right he has is to be considered for such appointment and this right also belongs to him not because clause (I) of Article 224 confers such right upon him, but because of the peculiar manner in which clause (!) of Article 2H has been operated all these years, 8 562 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19821 2 s.c.R. But the question then arises what are the factors which can legitimately be taken into account by the Central Government in deciding whether or not to reappoint an additional Judge for a further term or to appoint him as a permanent Judge. The argument of the petitioners was that an additional Judge is not on probation. He is as much a Judge as a permanent Judge with the same jurisdic­ tion and the same powers and to treat him as if he were 0.1 proba­ tion would not onlY, detract from his status and dignity but also affect his independence by making his continuance as a Judge depen­ dent on the good opinion of the Chief Justice of the High Court, the Governor of the State and the Chief Justice of India. We find it difficult to accept this argument in the face of the clear and unambi· guous language of clause (1) of Article 217. There are no limitations in the language of clause( 1) of Article 217 as to what factors shall be considered and what factors shall not be, but having regard to the object and purpose of that provision namely, appointment of a High Court Judge, it i~ obvious that fitness and suitability, physical, intel­ lectual and moral, would be the governing considerations to be taken into account in deciding the question of appointment. Now, when, on the expiration of the term of an additionai Judge, the Central Government is again called upon to consider whether or not he should be reappointed as an additional Judge or appointed as a pern~anent Judge, 1he Central Government would have to apply its mind to the question whether such additional Judge possesses the requisite fitness and suitability for being reappointed or appointed as the case may be. Public interest requires that only such person should be appointed as a Judge who is physically, intellectually and morally fit and suitable to be appointed as a Judge and it would be contrary to public weal to appoint a person, who does not possess the requisite fitness and sui1ability. The Central Government would therefore be under a constitutional obligation to consider whether the additional Judge, whose term has expired, is fit and suitable to be reappointed as an additional Judge or appointed as a permanent Judge. Now can clause (1) of Article 217 or Article 224 be so interpreted as to require the Central Government to reappoint an additional Judge fur a further term or to appoint him as permanent Judge, even if at the time of web re· appointment or appointment as the case may be, he is physically, intellectually or morally unfit or unsuitable to be appointed as a Judge. Of course, at the time when the question of re-appoint­ ment of an additional Judge for a further term or his appointment 11s a permanent Jud~e comes up before the <;:entral Government S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 563 for consideration, the additional Judge would have two weighty cir­ cumstances in his favour: one, that he has experience as a Judge for one term and the other, that it would not be desirable to send an ~dditional Judge back to the Bar. But even with these weighty circumstances in his favour, he would have to satisfy the test of fitness and suitability, physical, intellectual and moral, before the Central Government can, consistently with its constitutional obliga­ tion and in public interest, decide to reappoint him as ·an additional Judge or appoint him as a permanent Judge. It is true that the fitness and suitability of the additional Judge must have been con­ sidered by the Central Government at the time of his original appointment, but when the question again comes-up for consi­ deration on the expiration of his term, the Central Govern­ ment has to consider afresh, in the light of the material then available, save and except material which was already with the Central Government at the time of original appointment as to whether he possesses the requisite fitness and suitability for being appointed as a Judge. It would not be right to say that merely because the fitness and suitability of the additional Judge is required to be considered again for the purpose of deciding whether he should be reappointed for a further term or appointed as a perma­ nent Judge, it would amount to treating him as if he were on pro­ bation. An additional Judge is certainly not on probation in the sense that his service cannot be terminated before the expiration of his term unlike a "probationer who can be sent out at any time during the period of probation. It would also not be open to the Chief Justice of the High or the Governor of the State or the Chief Justice of India to sit in judgment over the quality of the work turned out by the additional Judge during his term, because that would be essentially an appellate function which can be discharged only by the court entitled to hear appeals from the decisions of the additional Judge. But every other consideration which bears on the physical, intellectual and moral fitness and suitability of the additional judge based on material other than that which was with the Central Government at the time of orginal appointment can and must be considered an l if the Central Government finds, after consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court, the Governor of the State and the Chief Justice of India that the addi­ tional Judge is not fit and suitabk: for being appointed as a judge, the Central Government may decide not to appoint him as an addi­ tional Judge for a further term or as a permanent Judge. So long as the case of the additional Judge is considered by the Central Government for reappointment or appointment as the case may be, 564 SUPREME COURT REPORlS [1982] 2 S.C R. the decision of the Central Government cannot be questioned except on the ground that it was reached without full and elfective con­ sultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court, the Governor of the State and the Chief Justice of India or that it was based on irrelevant comiderations. Where such a challenge is made, the burden is on the Central Government to show that there was full and effective consultation and the decision was based on relevant considerations. In fact where an additional judge is not appointed as an additional judge for a further term or as a permanent judge despite the unanimous opinion of the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India. the decision of the Central Government would piima facie be liable to attack and the burden would be heavy on the Central Government to show that it had cogent reasons to disagree with the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India. There was also one other argument advanced by the learned Attorney General and it was that where an additional Judge is not appointed for a further term or as a permanent Judge, he cannot challenge the decision of the Central Government not to appoint him, because clause (I) of Article 217 prescribes the procedure to be followed only where an appointment is made and it has no application where an appointment is not made. This argument is, in our opinion, without force and must be rejected. An additional Judge, as we have pointed out, has a right to be considered for appointment as an additional Judge for a further term or in case there is a vacancy in a permanent post, then for appointment as a permanent Judge, and he must therefore, be considered by the Government for such reappointment or appointment as the case may be, and a r'ecision must be taken in regard to him after consul­ tation with the Chief Justice of the High Court, the Governor of the State and the Chief Justice of India, and if it is found that there was no consultation with any of these three constitutional functionaries before the decision was taken by the Central Government not to appoint him or the decision of the Central Government is based on irrelevant grounds, it would not be consideration by the Central Government as required by clause (I) of Article 217 and he would, therefore, be entilled t challenge the decision of the Central Government which is based on what may be called 'non-considera­ tion in law' and to require the Central Government to reconsider his case in accordance with clause (I) of Article 217. This conse­ quence would follow only because an additional Judge has a right to be considered for appointment as an additional Judge for a further term or as a permanent Judge. No person, who is proposed for )I S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 565 initial appointment as a Judge would be entitled to complain against the decision of the Central Government not to appoint him, beacuse he would have no right to be considered for appointment as a Judge. We must also deal with the argument of the petitioners that so long as there is a post of a permanent Judge vacant, no appoint­ ment of an additional Judge can be made under clause (I) of Article 224. It is clear from the language of clause (I) of Article 224 that it is only where permanent Judges of a High Court are unable to cope with the current institutions and the increased business or the arrears of pending cases and it is found necessary for the purpose of disposing of the increased business or the arrears of pending cases to increase the strength of the Judges of the High Court for the time being that additional Judges can be appointed. Clause (1) of Article 224 contemplates appointment of additional Judges to augment the ~trength of the existing Judges. It must therefore follow logi­ cally that there must be full strength of existing Judges before additional Judges can be appointed and so long as any post of existing Judges is not filled-up, there can be no question of appointing additional Judges to augment their strength. When there is a vacancy in the post of permanent Judge, it must first be filled up before any additional Judge can be appointed under clause (l) of Article 224. It is therefore, necessary that the Central Government must periodically review the strength of permanent Judges in each High Court, so that there is a proper and adequate strength for the purpose of dealing with the normal institutions. Since there are large arrears pending almost in every High Court and it is not humanly possible to dispose of these arrears within a measurable distance 9f time even by appointment of additional Judges, we think it necessary that instead of appointing additional Judges for the purpose of disposing of the arrears, it would be desirable to increase the strength of permanent Judges because the arrears have come to stay and we do not think it is possible to wipe them out for a long period of time. We are glad that towards the close of the arguments Mr. Mridul submitted to us a statement on behalf of Central Government assuring us that : "The Union Government has decided to increase the number of posts of permanent Judges in the various High Courts keeping in view the load of work, the guidelines prescribed and other relevant considerations. In fact in 566 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 S.C.R. 1980 itself, on the basis of in~titution, disposal and arrears of cases and the guidelines prescribed, the Governments of seven States where the problem was more acute, had been addressed to consider augmentation of the Judge strengths of their High Courts. It has been decided that where necessary the guidelines prescribed will be suitably relaxed by taking into account local circumstances, the trend of litigation and any other special or relevant factors that may need consideration. The Union Government will take up the matter with the various State Governments so that after consulting the Chief Justices of the High Courts, they expeditiously send proposals for the conversion of a substantial number of posts of Additional Judges into those of Permanent Judges." We hope and trust that the Central Government will soon take the necessary steps to increase realistically the strength of permanent Judges in each High Court. One last argument now remains: when an additional Judge is appointed, what should be the term for which his appointment is made. Clause(!) of Article 224 provides that an additional Judge may be appointed for a period not exceeding two years. That is the outside limit prescribed by Article 224 clause (I) and it was there­ fore, contended by th learned Attorney General that appointment of an additional Judge can be made for any term, howsoever short it be, so long as it does not exceed two years. The appointments ofO.N. Vohra, S.\/. Kumar and S.B. Wad for three months and the appointments of some other additional Judges for six months were thus defended by the learned Attorney General as being within the scope and ambit of clause (!) of Article 224 We cannot accept this argument. It is no doubt true that clause(!) of Article 224 fixes the outer limit for the term for which an additional Judge may be appointed, but that has been done because there may be cases where the temporary increase in the business or the arrears of pending cases are so small that it may be possible to dispose them of by appointing additional Judges for a term less than two years. If the temporary increase in the business or the arrears of pending cases can be disposed of within a shorter time, why should addi­ tional Judges be appointed for the full period of two years. That S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 567 is why Parliament provided that an additional Judge may be appointed for a term not exceeding two years. Rut when arrears of pending cases are so large that it would not be possible to dispose them of even within a period of ten years-and when we say ten years, we are making a very conservative estimate-what justifica­ tion there can be for appointing additional Judges for a period of less than two years. That would be plainly outside the scope of the power conferred under clause (I) of Article 224. When the arrears of pending cases are such that they cannot possibly be disposed of within a period of less than two years, addition1l Judges must be appointed for a term of two years and no less. Mr. Mridul informed us towards the close of the arguments that the Union Government had decided that ordinarily further appointment of an additional Judge will not be made for a period of less than one year, but we cannot regard this statement as being fully in compliance with the constitutional requirement. The term for which an addi­ tional Judge is appointed must not be less than two years, unless the temporary increase in business or the arrears of pending cases are so small that they can rea>onably be disposed of within a shorter period, which, of course, today is only an idle dream in most of the High Courts. We may also point out that an additional Judge cannot be appointed for a period of three months or six months in order to enable the Chief Justice of India or the Central Govenment to consider whether the additional Judge should be appointed for a further term or ns a permanent Judge. That is a matter on which the Chief Justice of India must come to his opinion well in time and th~ Government of India must a!so reach its decision sufficiently in advance so that the additional Judge would know quite sometime before his term is due to expire whether he is going to be appointed for a further term or is going to be discon­ tinued. There is no power in the Central Government to appoint an additional Judge for a short term in order to enable either the Chief Justice of India or the Central Government to make enquiries with a view to satisfying itself whether the additional Judge is fit and suitable for being appointed as an additional Judge or as a permanent Judge. We are, therefore,. of the view that the Chief Justice of India acted under a mi.sconception of the true constitu­ tional position when he recommended the appointment of O.N. Vohra, S.N. Kumar and S.B. Wad for a period of six months and the Central Government was also in error in appointing them only for a period of three months. 568 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 S.C.R. A Circulcr Lei/er of the Law Minister: We must then turn to consider the question whether the circular Jetter issued by the Law Minister was unconstitutional and void. Now obviously the circular letter could be assailed as unconstitutional and void only if it could be shown to be in violation of some constitutional or legal provision. There was admittedly no provision of law, at least none could be pointed out by the learned counsel appearing on behalf of the petitioners, which could be said to have infringed by the issuance of the circular letter, but the argument was that the circular letter offended against the provisions of clause (I) of Article 217 and clause (I) of Article 222. We shall presently e~amine this argument but before we do so, it would be worthwhile first to analyse the terms of the circular letter in order to determine what is it that the circular letter seeks to achieve which is constitu­ tionally objectionable or impermissible. The learned counsel appear­ ing on behalf of the petitioners contended that the circular letter must be construed objectively with reference to the language used in that letter and no extrinsic aid, such as a statement subsequently made by the Law Minister in the Lok Sabha, should be invoked for the purpose of arriving at its true interpretation. The decision of this Court in CommissionPr of Police v. Gordhandas Bhanji.(1) was referred to in this connection and strong reliance was placed on the following observations made by this Court, namely, "Public orders made by public authorities are meant to have public effect and are intended to affect the actions and conduct of those to whom they are addressed and must be construed objectively with reference to the language used in the order itself." This principle of interpretation is indisputably a valid principle and no exception can be taken against it, but we do not think it can have any applica­ tion in the present case. because the circular letter addressed by the Law Minister is not in the natur~ of a public order made by a public authority. The Law Minister is undoubtedly a member of the Cabinet and it is reasonable to assume that in issuing the circular Jetter he was acting on behalf of the Central Government but the circular letter does not appear to have been issued by the Law Minister in the exercise of any constitutional or legal power. The circular letter has no constitutional or legal sanction behind it and non-compliance with the request contained in it would not proprio vigore entail any adverse consequence to the additional Judge or to the person recommended for initial appointment, for not complying (I) Ll952] SCR 135. ,. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (B/wgwati, .'.) 569 with s'.lch request. It may be that because an additional Judge does not gi1·e his consent to be appointed as l permanent Judge in another High Court, he may not be appointed as a permanent Judge 111 his own High Court and may be discontinued as an additional Judge on the expiration of his term, though this is not within the intendment of the circular letter and is clearly impermissible, but in that event it would be his non-appointment as a permanent Judge or disconti· nuance as an additional judge which would, if at all, give him a cause of action and not the circular letter asking for such consent. The circular letter is a document without any legal force and does not by itself of its own force, create or alter any legal relationship or arrangement or prodiice any legal consequence or effect. It is no more than a letter addressed to the Chief Minister of e;ich State asking him to obtain the consent of the additional Judges as also of those recommended or to be recommended for initial appointment, for being appointed as Judges in a High Court outside the State. It would therefore seem that the principle of interpretation enunciat­ ed by this Court in Gordhandas Bhanji's case (supra) cannot apply in the construction of the circular letter. We must construe the cir­ cular letter from a common-sense point of view having regard to the clarification, if any, given by the author of the circular letter, namely, the Law Minister. The circular letter has been reproduced by us in extenso in an earlier part of the judgment while stating the facts giving rise to the ·writ petitions. The first paragraph of the circular letter begins by saying that it has repeatedly been suggested to the Government over the years "by several bodies and forums including the States Re-organisation Commission, the Law Commission and various Bar Associations that to further national integration and to combat narrow parochial tendencies bred by caste, kinship and other local links and affiliations, one-third of the Judges of a High Court should as far as possible be from outside the State in which that High Court is situated." The learned counsel appearing on behalf of the peti­ tioners criticised this statement by observing that since the names of the "several bodies and forums" referred to in this statement were not specifically mentioned, it was not possible to deal with their credentials or to examine the validity of the reasons on which their conclusion was based. But Mr. Mridul appearing on behalf of the Law Minister convincingly dealt with this criticism and referred in detail to various bodies and torums which had from time to time expressed the view that one third of the Judges of every High Court 570 SUPREME COU~T REPORTS [1982] 2 s.c.R. should as far as possible be from outside the State in which that High Court is situated. The earliest point of time when this view was expressed by a high powered body was in the year 195.5, when the States Reorganisation Commission in its report recommended that "at least one-third of the number of Judges in the High Court of a State should consist of persons who are recruited from outside that State" and this recommendation was guided by the considera­ tion that "the principal organs of State should be so constituted as to inspire confidence and to help in arresting parochial trends". Then the Law Commission in its Fourteenth Report presented in 1958 expressed the same view : "The recent creation of various zones in the country and the efforts to treat the States forming part of these zones as one unit for various purposes would. we hope, lead to the States forming part of each zone to be the recruiting ground for appointments to the High Court from the members of the Bar in these States. It is hoped that in th rs manner the expectation of the States Reorganisation Commission that atleast one-third of the High Court Judges would be persons drawn from outside the State will be fulfilled." There was also a discussion on this proposal, namely, wl. ether one-third of the number of Judges in each High Court should be from outside the State, at the Chief Justices Conference held in March, I S65 and out of 15 Chief Justices of High Courts who attended tbe Conference, 8 were against the proposal, 6 were in favour and the remaining Chief Justice also supported the proposal, but with this qualification that the one-third number of Judges should be worked out by initial appointment. Chief Justice Subba Rao also in his letter dated 6th October, 1966, expressed the view that it would be better to bring Judges from outside at the time of initial appointment. Then came the Report of the Study Team of the Admini&trative Reforms Commission submitted in 1967 and this Report also examined the question of appointment of Judges in High Courts and came to the view that the recommendation of the States Reorganisation Commission should be implemented so that as far as possible one-third of the number of Judges in a High Court are from outside. The Study Team observed that a serious effort to implement this recommendation "will make its own contribution to efficiency, independence and national integration." The same question once again came up for consideration before the Law Commission in the year 1978 and the Law Commission sent out a questionnaire to various individuals and associations for the purpose of eliciting their views inter alia in regard to the suggestion that .. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 571 there should be a convention according to which one-third of the Judges in each High Court should be from another State. Mr. S.V. Gupte, who was then Attorney General of India and who is known for bold and courageous expression of his views, stated in answer to the questionnaire that he was wholly in favour of having one-third the number of Judges in each High Court from outside the State "as that alone may perh1ps secure some kind of freedom from bias on grounds of caste and class consideration or any close association with local people." The Bar Council of India also in its · reply to the questionnaire supported the proposal of one-third Judges in a High Court being from outside the State. It is interesting to note-and this completely establishes the bona fides of the Law Minister in issuing the circular letter-that even as far back as 26th February, 1979, when the political party to which the Law Minister belongs was not in power, the Law Minister stated clearly and unequivocally that he agreed with the view expressed by the Law Commission that one third of the Judges in each High Court must be from outside the State because this would achieve better national integration in the field of judidary. Whilst expressing this view, it is significant to note that the Law Minister made it clear that he would not support transfer of a High Court Judge "if it is based on extraneous considerations." Then followed the Eightieth Report of the Law Commission presided over by Mr. Justice H.R. Khanna. This Report was submitted to the Government of India in August 1973 and in this Report, the Law Commission expressed its agreement with the recommendation made by the earlier Law Commission in its Fourteenth Re;:iort, namely, that "there should be a convention according to which one third of the Judges in each High Court should be from another State" and added that this should normally be done through the process of ini­ tial appointments and not by transfers. The Law Commission gave the folio wing reasons for taking this view : "Evolving such a convention would, ir. our opmton, not only help in the process of national integration but would also improve the functioning of various High Courts. It would secure on the Bench of each High Court the presence of a number of Judges who would not be swayed by local considerations or affected by issues which may rouse local passions and emotions. As observed by us in one of our earlier Reports, one of the essential things for the due administration of justice is not only the capacity of the Judges to bring a dis passionate approach to cases " handled by them, but also to inspire a fee'ing in all concern­ ed that dispassionate approach would underlie their decision. quite often, cases which arouse strong emotional sentiments and regional feelings come up before courts of law. To handle such cases, we need judges who not only remain unaffected by local sentiments and regional feelings, but also appear to be so. None would be better suited for this purpose than judges hailing from other States. It is a common feeling amongst old lawyers that apart from cases with political overtones, the English judges showed a sense of great fairness and brought a dispassionate approach in the disposal <'f judicial cases handled by them. We in India are in the fortunate position of having a vast country. There can, therefore, be no difficulty in having a certain percentage of judges who hail from other States. The advantages gained by having persons from other States as judges would be much greater compared with any disadvan­ tage which might result therefrom." This question was also discussed at the Meelings of the Consulta­ tive Committee of Parliament for the Law Ministry held on 7th June, 1980, 24th July 1980 and 17th December, 1980 and the unanimous view taken by the members of the Consultative Committee belonging to different political parties was that at least one third of the Judges in a High Court should be from outside the State. The Chief Justice of India also in a communication addressed to the Law Minister in March, 1978, expressed his view favouring outside appointments to High Courts and in a letter addressed by him to the Law Minister on 18th March, 1981, he opined that "it is high time that at least a few of the new appointments to every High Court were made from outside the State." He also observed in a communication addressed in April 1981 that "he had publicly proclaimed his opinion more than once that at least one third of the new appointments should be from amongst persons from outside the particular States." The National Seminar on Judicial Appoint­ ments and Transfers convened by the Bar Council of India in Ahmedabad from 17th to 19th October 1980 also yielded the same consensus view, namely : "The ideal of having one third of High Court Judges from outside the State helps promotion of national inte­ gration and the preservation of a unified judicial system. .. .. )' s.P. GUPTA I'. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) However, it is desirable that this composition of the High Court should be accomplished by way of initial appoint­ ments rather than by transfers. Furthermore, in imple­ mentation of this formula care must be taken to preserve the legiti~ate representation of States and t.o maintain the sanc­ tioned strength to each State."' 573 It will thus be seen that, barring perhaps the Associations of Bombay Lawyers, all high powered bodies, forums and associations, which have anything to do with judicial system, have con­ sistently over the years taken the view that one third of the number of Judges in each High Court should be from outside the State. C The unanimity of view has been so complete and overwhelming that it is impossible to contend that the policy of having one third of the Judges in every High Court from outside the State, which the Law Minister is trying to implement by issuing the circular letter, is ill-conceived or malafide or subversive of the independence of the judiciary. So long as the policy is evolved by the Government D after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and it is not otherwise unconstitutional, the Court cannot pronounce upon the wisdom of the policy or strike it down because it does not appeal to the court. Here the policy of having one third of the number of Judges in each High Court from outside the State has been adopted after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and, in fact, it has E his complete approval and the Law Minister did not therefore act unconstitutionally or illegally in relying upon this policy in the first paragraph of the circular letter. The circular letter after referring to th~ suggestion made by F several bodies and forums that one third 'of che Jud!!eS of the High Court should, as far as possible, be from outside the State, pro· ceeded to add: "Somehow no start could be made in the past in this direction". The learned counsel appearing on behalf of the petitioners assailed the correctness of this statement and contended that an attempt was made during the emergency to transfer perma· G nent Judges of one High Court to another and the transfers were sought to be defended by the Government of India on the same plea of national integ:ation and removal of narrow parochial ten- dencies and therefore it was not correct on the part of the Law Minister to state that no start could be made in the past for imple- H menting the policy of having one third Judges of the High Court from outside the State. Now it is difficult to appreciate how this state- 574 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982] 2 S.C.R. A ment in the circular letter could be branded as incorrect for the reason that the transfers effected during the emergency were sought to be defended on the plea of national integration and removal of narrow parochial tendencies. In the first place, what the circular Jetter seeks to do is to obtain the consent of the additional Judges, not for transfer to rnme other High Court, but for appointment as perma­ nent Judges in another High Court, whereas what took place during the emergency were transfers of High Court Judges from one High Court to another. Secondly, it is true that the transfers of High Court Judges made during the emergency were sought to be defended by the Government of India on the plea of national integration and removal of narrow parochial tendencies, but this defence was found by the Court in Union of India v. Sankalchand Sheth(1) to be false. Chandrachud, J., as he then was, observed in his judgment in that case : "I would only like to add that the record of this case does not bear out the claim that any one of the 16 High Court Judges was transferred in order to further the cause of national integration Far from it." What was held by the Court was that the transfers, of High Court Judges during the emergency were made not for the purpose of furthering the cause of national integration but by way of punishment. The Law Minister was therefore right in stating in the first paragraph of the circular letter that no start has been made in the past in the the direction of having one third Judges in a High Court from outside the State and that is why he was taking the initiative in the matter. Coming to the merits of the challenge against the validity of the circular letter, the principal contention advanced on behalf of the petitioners was that the circular letter required the additional Judges as also those whose names were recommended or might in future be recommended for initial appointment, to give their consent for being appointed as Judges outside the State and obtaining of such consent in advance would reduce the consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Chief Justice of the High Court in which the additional Judge or the pro~pective Judge is to be appointed and the Governor of the State illusory and an empty formality and this would be violative of Article 217 clause (t) which provides that the appointment of a Judge of a High Court can be made only after consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court, the Governor of the State and the Chief Justice of India. This contention is (I) [1978] I SCR 423. .. > S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 575 also, in our opinion, without force and must be rejected. It is clear A from the language of clause ( 1) of Article 217 that the appointment of a Judge of a High Court can be made by the President only after consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court, the Governor of the State and the Chief Justice of India and, according to the interpretation placed by us, consultation within the meaning of this Article means full and effective consultations with each of the three B constitutional functionaries after placing all relevant material before them. Now, if a person who is an additional Judge in the High Court in one State or who is practising as a lawyer in that State is to be appointed as a Judge in another State, then obviously his willingness to be so appointed would be a highly relevant factor and that would have to be ascertained and placed before the three cons­ titutional functionaries who are required to be consulted before an appointment can be made. It is obvious that the President cannot appoint a person to be a Judge of a High Court without first ascer· taining his willingness to be appointed as a Judge in that High Court and some one has to make an inquiry in that behalf in order to ascertain his willingness. It is only if the person concerned is willing to be appointed as a Judge in that High Court that the question would arise of processing his name and consulting the three consti· tututional functionaries in regard to the appointment of such person. This inquiry has to be made before the process of consultation can start and the Law Minister therefore by addressing the circular letter requested the Chief Minister of each State to make this inquiry. It is true that the Law Minister did not state in so many terms in the circular letter that the Chief Minister may make this inquiry through the Chief Justice of the High Court but that was clearly implicit in the circular letter, because a copy of the circular letter wa.s also sent.to the Chief Justice of each High Court with the endorsement' "for necessary action" and moreover it must be presumed that the necessary inquiry would be made by the Chief Minister only through the Chief Justice of the High Court. The Chief Minister would not be expected to contact directly the addi. tional Judges or the persons recommended for initial appointment, for the purpose of ascertining whether they are willing to be appoint­ ed as Judges in any other High Court. Since the Chief Justice of the High Court is the head of the judiciary in the State, the Chief Minister would invariably route his i11quiry through the Chief Justice of the High Court and request the Chief Justice of the High Court to ascertain whether any of the additional Judges or persons recom­ mended for initial appointment are willing to be appointed to a 8 E , 576 SUPREME COURT REPORTS I 1982) 2 S.C.ll. High Court outside the State. This inquiry could have been made by the Law Minister by writing directly to the Chief Justice of each High Court but, instead of doing so, the Law Minister chose to address his inquiry to the Chief Minister of each State, presumably because he thought that it would be more appropriate for him to make this inquiry through the Chief Minister of the State rather than by direct communication with the Chief Justice of the High Court. The Law Minister had to make this inquiry because without information as to whether an additional Judge or a person recommended for initial appointment was willing to be appointed as a Judge in another High Court, his name could not be processed for appointment as a Judge in that High Court. This was the first step required to be taken and it was only after the willingness of the additional Judge or p.!rson recommended for initial appointment, to be appointed as a Judge in another High Court was ascertained that the Law Minister could place the proposal for appointment of such person as a Judge for the consideration of the Chief Justice of that High Court, the Governor of the State in which that High Court is situated and the Chief Justice oflndia. It would then be for the Chief Justice of that High Court to consider whether the person proposed for appointment is fit to be appointed in his High Court and whether he would recommend him for such appointment. On this point, however, a serious objection was raised on behalf of the petitioners and a question was posed as to how the Chief Justice of a High Court can make any recommendation in regard to a person proposed to be appointed as a Judge in his High Court unless he knows such person and has seen his work either at the Bar or in the High Court or district court and is therefore in a position to assess his suitability for being apponinted as a Judge. The argument was that tbe Chief Justice of the High Court in which the appointment is proposed to be made has a constitutional duty to give his opinion in regard to the suitability of the person pro­ posed to be appointed and suitability would naturally include competence, character and integrity and how can the Chief Justice give an honest opinion in regard to the suitability of such person \\hen he does not know ·him at all and has not even had an oppor­ tunity of seeing his work. We do not think this argument is well founded; the difficulty pointed out on behalf of the petitioners is more imaginary than real. The Chief Justice of the High Court where the appointment is proposed to be made need not blindly and unquestioningly accept the proposal made by the Law Minister. The Chief Justice of the High Court can make his own inquiries in regard to the suitability of the person proposed for appointment ) S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 571 either through the Chief Justice of the High Court where such person is working as an additional Judge or district Judge or practising as a lawyer or through other sources such as the Advocate General of that State. The Chief Justice of the High Court can also enquire from the Governor of the State where the person proposed to be appointed is working as an additional Judge or district Judge or practising as a lawyer and find out what are his antecedents and whether he possesses chara.Jter and integrity. The social philosophy of the person proposed to be appointed as also his attitudes and habits of mind can also be ascertained by the Chief Justice of the High Court by making inquiries from the Chief Justice of the High Court where such person is working as an additional Judge or district Judge or practising as a lawyer as also from the Governor of that State and diverse other sources. It is not at all difficult for the Cnief Justice of the High Court where an appointment is proposed to be made to gather the requisite information about the person proposed to be appointed so as to enable him to make up his mind in regard to the suitability of such person for appointment jas a Judge. May we ask what happens when a person is recommended for appoint­ ment as a Judge in a High Court by the Chief of India? There have been quite a number of instances where this has happened. There have been cases where the Chief Justice of India has recom­ mended members of the Supreme Court Bar for appointment as Judges in different High Cou• ts and equally there have been cases where members of the Income-tax Tribunal as also persons working in the legal department of the Government of India have been recommended by the Chief Justice of India for appointment as High Court Judges. Jn such cases, the Cnief Justice of the High Court where the appointment is proposed to be made, would naturally gather the requisite information about the person proposed to be appointed from the Chief Justice of India and other sources available to him and decide whether such person is suitable for being appointed as a Judge in his High Court. ·He may agree with the recommendation of the Chief Justice of India or he may disagree with it. In fact, there have been cases, though very few, where the Chief Justice of the High Court has declined to accept the person proposed by the Chief Justice of India for appoint­ ment as a Judge in his High Court. Merely because a recommenda­ tion emanates from the Chief Ju~tice of India, it does not mean that consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court where the person concerned is proposed to be appointed, would be reduced to a mockery. The proposal for appointment of a person as a Judge may be initiated by the Central Government or by any of the three 8 0 578 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982] 2 S.C.R constitutional functionaries required to be consulted and from whomsoever the proposal emanates, the other constitutional func­ tionaries are required to be consulted in regard to it on the basis of full and identical material. When the Chief Justice of the High Court is informed that a particular person is willing to be appointed as a Judge in bis High Court and the proposal to appoint him as a Judge may therefore be considered, the Chief Justice of the High Court can ask the Central Government or the Chief Justice of India, whosoever has made the proposal, to place before him all the relevant material in regard to the person proposed to be appointed and also gather the necessary material from the Chief Justice of the other High Court as also from other sources available to him and then clecide whether to recommend such person or not. So also the Governor of the State where the appointment is proposed to be made, can make the necessary inquiries and after considering all relevant material decide what attitude it should adopt in regard to the proposed appointment. The Chief , Justice of India also would have a very important role to play in the process of consultation. Before giving his opinion in regard to the proposed appointment, the Chief Justice of India may enquire directly from the person proposed to be appointed whether he is 1 really willing to be appointed as a Judge in another High Court and whether the consent given by him is genuine and free. The person proposed to be appointed may also point out to the Chief Justice of India his problems and difficulties in accepting appointment in the other High Court and the Chief Justice of India will consider all this material before he gives his opinion to the President. The Chief Justice of India will also have to consider whether the propo­ sed appointment is bonafide and in public interest or it is being made only with a view to favouring the person concerned so that by appointment in another High Court, he may get some benefit which he would not get in the High Court of his own State. The Chief Justice of India may in such a case refuse to agree to the proposed appointment, even though the person proposed to be appointed has consented to it. These and many other relevant considerations will have to be taken into account by the Chief Justice of India before be gives bis opinion to the President in regard to the proposed appointment. We therefore fail to see how the obtaining of the consent of the person proposed for appointment, in advance for being appointed as a Judge in another High Court can possibly have the effect of reducing consultation with the Chief Justice of India to a mockery or making it ineffective so as to be violative of clause (~) of Article 2 J 7. s.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 579 The next contention urged on behalf of the petitioners was that the circular letter held out a veiled threat to the additional Judges that if they do not consent to their appointment as Judges in a High Court other than their own, they may not be appointed as permanent Judges at all and may be dropped on the expiration of their term of office. The petitioners relied on the use of the word "obtain" in the circular letter and submitted that the use of this word conveyed a sense of compelled obedience with an implied threat that failure to give consent may entail adverse consequences. whether such adverse consequences actually flowed or not was not material, contended the petitioners, but what was disturbing was that there was an implied threat of such adverse consequences and that was subversive of the independence of the judiciary. Moreover, consent obtained under such threat of advers~ consequences could not be be regarded as valid consent in Jaw because coment to be valid must be free and must not be induced by threat, coercion or duress. Now we fail to see how from the mere use of the word, "obtain' in the circular letter, this entire edifice of an argument that there was an implied threat to the additional Judges that if they do not give their consent for being aopointed as Judges in another High Court, they would be visited with adverse consequences, can be built up. The word "obtain" is a transitive verb and it is obvious that when the Chief Minister of each State was asked by the Law Minister by issuing the circular letter to obtain the consent of the additional Judges for being appointed as permanent Judges in another High Court, what was meant was that the Chief Minister should obtain the consent of each additional Judge if he was willing to give such consent. It is clear as a matter of plain grammar that one person can obtain something from another provid­ ed that other is willing to give it. The use of the word 'obtain' cannot possibly be construed to mean that the person from whom the con­ sent is to be obtained must be coerced into giving it. To read the word 'obtain' in the circular Jetter as meaning that the Chief Minister was expected to coerce the additional Judges into giving their consent or as conveying an implied threat to the additional Judges that if they do not give their consent they might be dropped as additional Judges on the expiration of their term, would, in our opinion, be nothing short of torturing out of the language used in the circular letter, a meaning which the language does not bear and which could not possibly have been intended by the Law Minister. The petitioners also sought to bolster up their case that circular letter held out a veiled threat to the additional Judges by relying on 580 SUPRBME COURT REPORTS f[l 982] 2 S.C.R. the statement contained in the circular letter that the giving of consent by additional Judges would not necessarily involve any commitment on the part of the Central Government to appoint them as permanent Judges. But we do not see how this statement can be regarded as a veiled threat that if an additional Judge dots not give his consent for being appointed as a Judge in another High Court, he may not be appointed as a permanent Judge at all and may be dis­ contined on the expiration of his term of office. We do not think it is possible to read any such sinister implication in this statement contained in the circular letter. This statement merely reiterated the legal position, too well-settled to admit of any doubt or debate, that merely because a person has given bis consent to be appointed as a Judge in a High Court, it does not mean that he would neces­ sarily be appointed as a Judge. He may not be appointed at all, if after consultation ·with the three constitutional functionaries as provided in Article 217 clause(!), it is decided not to appoint him. Even if it is decided to appoint him, he may not be appointed as a Judge in the High Court of his choice because the Chief Justice of that High Court or the Governor of that State or the Chief Justice of India may object to his appointment in that High Court. He must not therefore remain under the impression that merely because he bas given his consent for being appointed as a Judge outside his State and expressed his preference as regards the High Courts where he would like to be appointed, he would necessarily be appointed as a Judge and in the High Court of his choice. Far from this being a threat to the additional Judges, it was a clear intimation to them that they should not be under any wrong impression that giving of consent would ensure them appointment as a permanent Judge and in the High Court of their choice. Whether to appoint an additional Judge as a permanent Judge or to continue him as an additional Judge for a further term or to discontinue him on the expiration of bis term would be decided in accordance with the procedure laid down in clause (l) of Article 217 and giving of consent would not be a factor tilting the balance in favour of the additional Judge giving such consent. We are also not impressed by the argument urged on behalf of the petitioners that the omission to state in the circular letter that if an additional Judge does not give his consent to be appointed in any other High Court, it would be held against him in considering his appointment as a permanent Judge, conveyed an implied threat that failure to give such consent would be held against the additional Judge and he might be discontinued as an additional Judge on that account. It is difficult to spell out any such implied threat on a plain reading of the circular letter. On the contrary it .... s.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 581 is significant to note that the circular letter did not state, as it well might have, if such was the intention of the Law Minister, that if consent is not given by an additional Judge for being appointed as a permanent Judge in another High Court, he would run the risk of being discontinued as an additional Judge on the expiration of his term. It would be quite open to an additional Judge under the circular letter to say that he is not willing to be appointed in any other High Court except his own and even so, when his term as an additional Judge expires, he could still be considered for appointment as an additional Judge for a further term or as a perma­ nent Judge in his own High Court, there being nothing in the circular letter against it and the procedure set out in clause (I) o:· Article 217 would then be followed. An additional Judge, as w! have already pointed out above, is entitled to be considered for appointment as an additional Judge for a further term or as a permanent Judge in his own High Court and such appointment can­ not be refused to him on the ground he has not given his consent for being appointed as a permanent Judge in another High Court. Such a ground for discontinuing an additional Judge on the expira­ tion of his term would be a wholly irrelevant ground and we do not think it could ever have been intended by the Law Minister consis­ tently with the constitutional requirement that an additional Judge who does not give his consent for being appointed as a permanent Judge outside his High Court should on that account be discontinued as an additional Judge on the expiration of his term. It would not be right to read the circular letter with a suspicious eye as if it was designed to cow down the additional Judges into submission by holding out an implied threat to them. There are, in fact, quite a few Judges who have not given their consent to be appointed as permanent Judges in another High Court and no adverse c:inse­ quence has ensued to them. We do not think that our additional Judges are made of such weak stuff that they would submit to any supposed threats by the Executive and give their consent to be appointed as permanent Judges in another High Court out of fear that they might be discontinued as additional Judges if they do not give such consent. There was also one other contention advanced on behalf of the petitioners, namely, that to require a person whose name is to be recommended for initial appointment as a Judge to give his consent for being appointed as a Judge in another High Court would be to introduce an irrelevant qualification for the appointment of a Judge. The argument was that to obtain such consent from a person whose name is to be recommended for appointment would be to introduce a requirement for appointing a Judge which is not prescribed by the Constitution and the obtaining of such consent would therefore be unconstitutional. It is, with the greatest respect to the learned counsel appearing on behalf of the petitioners, extremely difficult for us to appreciate this argument. When the name of a person is being considered for appointment as a Judge because he is regarded as suitable for such appointment, we fail to see why he cannot be asked whether he is willing to be appointed as a Judge in another High Court. It is for him to decide whether or not to give his consent for such appointment. He may very well say that he is not agreeable to be appointed as a Judge in any High Court other than his own, but if, in the exercise of his own volition, he gives his consent for being appointed as a Judge in another High Court, it is difficult to see how it can ever be contended that by oMaining such consent, an irrelevant qualifica­ tion for appointment of a Judge has been introduced. It is not as if a person who does not give his consent for being appointed as a Judge in another High Court would necessarily be refused appoint­ ment in his own High Court. It is significant to note that, in fact, even after the date of the circular letter, quite a few new appoint­ ments have been made in different High Courts of persons either practising as lawyers in those High Courts or working as District Judges under those High Courts. The last contention urged on behalf of the petitioners was that the circular letter was really an attempt on the part of the Govern­ ment to transfer Judges from one High Court to another by cir­ cumventing the decision of this Court in Sa11kalchand Sheth's case (supra). This contention urged on behalf of the petitioners is wholly unfounded and no amount of legal causistry or ingenuity can sustain it. It is difficult to appreciate how the circular letter can at all be interpreted as an attempt to bring about transfer of Judges from one High Court to another. 1 he circular letter deals with two categories of persons: one is the category of persons who are recom­ mended or may in future be recommended for initial appointment as Judges and the other is the category of additional Judges who are appointed for a period of two years or less. So far as the first category of persons is concerned, it is impossible to contend and with all his ingenuity even Mr. Seervai appearing on behalf of the petitioners could not argue, that when a person who is recommend- .. .. s.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 583 ed or proposed to be recommended for initial appointment as a Judge is asked whether he is willing to be appointed as a Judge in another High Court, any transfer is involved in such process. When such person is not a sitting Judge in any High Court and is appointed for the first time in another High Court, it is difficult to see how he can be said to be transferred. The transfer contem· plated in Article 222 clause (I) is not a mere act of physical locomo­ tion or transfer of residence from one place to another, but it is an act by which a Judge in one High Court is transferred as a Judge of another High Court. Equally there is no transfer involved where an additional Judge is, on the expiration ot his term, appointed as an additional Judge in another High Court or is appointed as a permanent Judge in any other High Court. It is no doubt true that by reason of his appointment as an additional Judge or permanent Judge in another High Court he has physically to go to that High Court, but it is not while being a Judge of one High Court that he goes over as a Judge of the other High Court. His appointment as an additional Judge of one High Court comes to an end and he is appointed afresh as an additional or permanent Judge in another High Court. It is by virtue of a fresh appointment that he becomes a Judge, whether additional or permanent, of another High Court and he is nut transferred from one High Court to another within the meaning of clause (1) of Article 222. If the contention of the petitioners were correct, it would not be necessary, while appointing an additional or permanent Judge in another High Court, to follow the procedure set out in clause ( l) of Article 217 and to consult the Chief Justice of the latter High Court and the Governor of that State as required by that article and it would be possible to appoint such person as an additional or permanent Judge in another High Court after con­ sulting only the Chief Justice of India under clause (1) of Article 222. This proposition has only to be stated in order to be rejected; it would clearly amount to circumventing the provisions of clause (J) of Article 217. Take for example a case where a pmon who is an additional Judge in a High Courr for a period of two years is, on the expiration of his term of two years, appointed as a perma­ nent Judge in another High Court. Can such appointment of a permanent Judge be made in the other High Court without con­ sulting the Chief Justice of that High Court and the Governor of that State under clause (I) of Article 217? There is in such a case no transfer at all; it is a case of fresh appointment made in the other High Court and that can be done only after going through the procedure set out in clause (I) of Article 217. 584 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 S.C.R. Mr. Seervai, appearing on behalf of the petitioners however relied strongly on a Speech made by the Law Minister in the Lok Sabha on 16th April, 1981 where at columns 271 and 274 of the Lok Sabha Debates, the Law Minister himself had used the expres­ sion 'transfer' while speaking about the circular letter. The learned counsel contended that the use of the expression'transfer' by the Law Minister himself supported his argument that what the circular letter sought to do was to transfer Judges from one High Court to another. This contention is in our opinion, wholly unsustainable and it is no better than relying on a broken reed. It is undoubtedly true that in columns 271 and 274, the Law Minister used the expres­ sion 'transfer' or 'transferred' while referring to the circular letter, but one cannot fasten upon a stray use of a loose expression for the purpose of determining what is the true effect of the circular letter. The Speech of the Law Minister has to be read as a whole and if it i's so read, it is clear that at more than one place, the Law Minister made it clear that what was contemplated by the circular letter was "not a case of transfer but a case of an appointment under Article 217" vide Col. 273. The Law Minister also reiterated in col. 223 that "in so far as additional Judges are concerned, the circular letter seeks to obtain their consent to their appointment as perma­ nent Judges to High Courts outside and these would be appoint­ ments under Article 217". Then again in col. 270, the Law Minister clarified that the appointment of an additional Judge as a perma­ nent Judge could also be termed as an initial appointment." The expression 'transfer' or 'transferred' in columns 271 and 274 was obviously used in a loose sense meaning physical locomotion. It must be remembered that this expression happened to be used by the Law Minister in an extempore speech made on the floor of the House and not in a document or letter prepared after much care and deliberation. No undue reliance can therefore be placed on behalf of the petitioners on the use of the expression 'transfer' or 'transferred' in the speech of the Law Minister. Mr. Seervai also relied strongly on the circumstance that three associations of law­ yers in Bombay had all taken the view that the circular letter con­ templated transfer of additional Judges and sought their consent to such transfer. But this circumstance has very little relevance in the interpretation of the circular letter for it is not for the lawyers practising in a particular High Court to construe the circular letter but is for this Court to determine what is the true meaning of that document. We are clearly of the view-in fact we find it impossible to take a different view-that what was contemplated by the circular letter was not transfer of additional Judge from one High Court to ... .. - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bizagwati, J.) 585 another and it did not therefore, have to satisfy the requirements of clause (I} of Article 222. But quite apart from this consideration, even if the view be taken that what the circular letter sought to achieve was transfer of additional Judges from one High Court to another. it is difficult to see how by obtaining consent of the additional Judges in advance, the Law Minister would be circumventing the majority decision in Sankalchand Sheth's case (supra). The majority view in Sankalchand Sheth's case (supra) was that a Judge can be transferred from one High Court to another without his consent, but the transfer must be after full and effective consultation with the Chief Justice of India and it must not be by way of punishment but must be in public interest. Therefore, obviously it would be of no help to the Law Minister to obtain the consent of an add.itional Judge in advance to be appointed as a permanent Judge in any other High Court, because despite such consent, the additional Judge cannot be appointed as a permanent Judge in another High Court without full and effective consultation with the Chief Justice of India and according to the majority decision in Sankalchand Sheth' s case {supra), the opinion given by the Chief Justice of India would be entitled to the greatest weight and any departure from it would have to be justified by the Central Government on strong and cogent grounds. In such a case, even where the consent of the additional Judge has been obtained in advance, the Chief Justice of India would have to consider whether it is in public interest to appoint the additional Judge as a permanent Judge in another High Court and the consent obtained in advance would not pre-empt the consultative exercise with the Chief Justice of India. The advance consent obtained from the additional Judge would have no meaning so far as the Chief Justice of India is concerned, because irrespective·of whether the additional Judge has given his consent or not, the Chief Justice of India would have to consider whether it would be in public interest to allow the additional Judge to be appointed as a permanent Judge in the other High Court. Therefore, even on the assumption that the appointment of an additional Judge as a permanent Judge in another High Court amounts to transfer, which of course we emphatically repudiate, it is difficult to see how the circular letter can be construed as an attempt to circumvent the majority decision in Sankalchand Sheth' s case (supra). We do not therefore find any coastitutional or legai i:1J.rmity 586 SUPREME COURT REPORTS I 1982] 2 S.C.R.. or any abuse or misuse of authority on the part of the Law Minister in issuing the circular letter. The circular letter does not violate the provisions of clause (I) of Article 217 or clause (I) of Article 222 nor does it offend against any other constitutional or legal provision and the challenge against the validity of the circular letter must, therefore, fail. We may, however, while affirming the validity of the circular letter, make it clear that since an additional Judge has a right to be considered for appointment as an additional Judge for a further term on the expiration of his original term, and in case of a vacancy in a permanent post, for appointment as a permanent Judge in his own High Court, he cannot be discontinued as an addditional Judge on the ground that he has not given his consent for being appointed as a permanent Judge in any other High Court. Such a ground for discontinuing an additional Judge would be a wholly irrelevant ground and if, on the expiration of his original term, an additional Judge is discontinued on any such ground, the decision of the President discontinuing him would be unconstitutional and void and the Union of India would be liable to be directed to recon· sider his case on the basis of relevant considerations after excluding the irrelevant ground. Disclosure of documents : Privilege. We now come to a very important question which was agitated before us at great length and which exercised our minds consi­ derably before we could reach a decision. The question related to the disclosure of the correspondence exchanged between the Law Minister, the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India in regard to the non-appointment of O.N. Vohra and S.N. Kumar as additional· Judges. The learned counsel for the petitioners and S.N. Kumar argued before us with great passion and vehemence that these documents were relevant to the inquiry before the Court and they should be directed to be disclosed by the Union of India. This claim of the petitioners and S.N. Kumar for disclosure was resisted by the Solicitor General of India on behalf of the Union of India and Mr. Mridul on behalf of the Law Minister. They contended that so far as 0. N. Vohra was concerned his case stood on an entirely different footing from that of S.N. Kumar since, unlike S. N. Kumar who allied himself with the petitioners and actively participated in the arguments almost as if he was petitioner, O.N. Vohra though made a party respondent to the writ petition of V.M. Tarkunde did not appear and participate S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 587 in the proceedings or seek any relief from the Court in regard to his continuance as an additional Judge. Mr. Mridul on behalf of the Law Minister informed us that in fact O.N. Vohra had started practice in the Delhi High Court and his case could not be con,idered by us when he himself did not want any relief So far as the case of S.N. Kumar was concerned the learned Solicitor General on, behalf of the Union of India conceded that the documents of which disclosure was sought on behalf of the petitioners and S.N. Kumar were undoubtedly relevant to the issues arising bdore the Court, but contended-and in this contention he was supported by Mr. Mridul on behalf of the Law Minister-that they were privileged against disclosure for a two-fold reason. One was that they formed part of the advice tendered by the Council of Ministers to the Presi- . dent and hence by reason of Article 74 clause (2) of the Constitution the Court was precluded from ordering their disclosure and looking into them and the other was that they were protected against dis­ closure under section 123 of the Indian Evidence Act since their disclosure would injure public interest. We propose to consider these rival arguments in the Order in which we have set them out, first in regard to O.N. Vohra and then in regard to S.N. Kumar. So far as O.N. Vohra is concerned, it is apparent that though he was joined as a party respondent to the writ petition filed by V.M. Tarkunde, he did not choose to appear and take part in the proceedings. He did not even file an appearance, presumbly because he was not interested in wresting back the office of an additional Judge through a judicial writ. He adopted a commendable attitude consistent with the dignity of the high office which he had the , privilege to hold for over two years and scorned to be a party to any litigative adventure for getting back the office of a High Court Judge. He took the view that the office of a High Court Judge is no mean office for which one may canvas, lobby or fight but it is a high position which can only be offered and which one should regard as an honour to be invited to fill and if for any reason, justifiable or not, the Government chooses not to offer it to the deserving person, it may result in detriment to public interest for which the Government may have to account to the people through their elected representatives, but the person concerned should not litigate his claim to this high office. That would lower the dignity of the office by making it the subject matter of litigative­ controversy. It was presumably for this reason that O.N. Vohra did not appear in the writ petition or seek any relief from 8 .H 588 SUPRBMB COURT REPORTS [1982] 2 s.c.R. the Court in regard to his continuance as an additional Judge. In fact, we are told, 0.N. Vohra has already started practice in the Delhi High Court. Now if O.N. Vohra has not come forward to seek any relief from the Court and is not claiming that he should be deemed to have been appointed a permanent Judge or that he should be reappointed as an additional Judge for a further term, it is difficult to see how the Court can be called upon to examine bis case for the purpose of determining whether he was wrongly discontinued as an additional Judge. We have taken a broad and liberal view in regard to locus standi and held that any public spirited advocate acting bonafide and not for private gain or personal profit or politi­ cal motivation or any other oblique consideration, may file a writ petition in the High Court challenging an unconstitutional or illegal action of the Government or any other constitutional authority prejudicially affecting the administration of justice and in such writ petition he may claim relief not for himself personally but for tho'e who are the direct victims of such unconstitutional or illegal action, because granting such relief to them would repair the injury caused to administration of justice. But the persons for whom the relief is sought must be ready to accept it; they must appear and make it known that they are claiming such relief; it cannot be thrust upon them unless they wish it. If, in the present case, O.N. Vohra does not seek to go back as an additional Judge through judicial intervention, the petitioners cannot contend that he must still be continued as an additional Judge irrespective of his inclination. The relief sought by the petitioners being primarily for the benefit of O.N. Vohra, it is for O.N. Vohra to decide whether he would have it and if he does not want it, it would be a fruitless exercise for the Court to determine whether the decision not to appoint him as an additional Judge was unconstitutional and he should have been appointed as an additional Judge for a further term. The Court does not decide issues in the abstract. It undertakes determination of a controversy provided it is necessary in order to give relief to a party and if no relief can be given because none is sought, the Court cannot take upon itself a theoretical exercise merely for the purpose of deciding academic issues, Lowsoever important they may be. The Court cannot embark upon an inquiry whether there was any misuse or abuse of power in a particular case, unless relief is sought by the person who is said to have been wronged by such misuse or abuse of power. The Court cannot take upon itself the role of a commission of inquiry-a knight errent roaming at will with a view to destroying evil wherever it is found. It was for this reason that we held that the S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 589 correspondence exchanged between the Law Minister, the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India in regard to non­ appointment of O.N. Vohra was not relevant to the issues arising for determination in the writ petition and the Union of India could not be required to disclose it. That takes us to the case of S.N. Kumar which stands on a totally different footing, because S.N. Kumar has appeared in the writ petition, filed an affidavit supporting the writ petition and contested, bitterly and vehemently, the decision of the Central Government not to continue him as an additional Judge for a further term. Since S.N. Kumar has claimed relief from the Court !ll regard to his continuance as an additional Judge, an issue is squarely joined between the petitioners and S.N. Kumar on the one hand and the Union of India on the other which requires to be determined for the purpose of deciding whether relief as claimed in the writ petition can be granted to S.N. Kumar. Now, as we have already pointed out while discussing the scope and ambit of A :ticle 217, there are only two grounds on which the decision of the Central Government not to continue an additional Judge for a further term can be assailed and they are, firstly, that there has been no full and effective consul­ tation between the Central Government and the constitutional authorities required to be consulted under that Article and, secondly, that the decision of the Central Goverment is based on irrelevant grounds. It was on both these grounds ·that the petitioners and S.N. Kumar impugned the decision of the Central Government not to appoint S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge for a further term and there can be no doubt that the correspondence exchanged between the Law Minister, the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India would be relevant qua both these grounds. The learned Soli­ citor General on behalf of the Union of India and Mr. Mridul on behalf of the Law Minister, with the usual candour and frankn~ss always shown by them, did not dispute the relevance of these docu­ ments to the issues arising in the writ petition in regard to S.N. Kumar, but contended that they were protected against dis­ closure under Article 74 clause (2) of the Constitution as also section 123 of the Indian Evidence Act. This contention raised an extremely important question in the area of public Jaw particularly in the context of the open society which we are trying to evolve as part of the democratic structure and it caused great concern to us, for it involved a clash between two competing aspects of public interest, but ultimately after inspecting these documents for ourselves and 590 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982] 2 S.C.R. A giving our most anxious thought to this highly debatable question, we decided to reject the claim for protection against disclosure and directed that these d"cumen ts be disclosed by the Union of India. We now proceed to give our reas ons for this decision taken by us by a majority of six against one . . B The first ground on which protection against disclosure was claimed on behalf of the Union of India and the Law Minister wa's based on Article 74 clause (2) of the Constitution. It is clear from the constitutional scheme that under our Constitution the President is a constitutional Head and is bound to act on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers. This was the position even before the amendment of clause (I) of A :ticle 74 by the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act 1976, but the position has been made absolutely explicit by the amendment and Article 74 clause (I) as amended now reads as under : "There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the Head to aid and advise the President who shall, in the exercise of his functions act in accordance with such advice." What was judicially interpreted even under the unamended Article 74 clause (1) has now been given Parliamentary recognition by the constitutional amendment. There can therefore be no doubt that the decision of the President under Article 224 read with Article 217 not to appoint an additional Judge for a further term is really a decision of the Council of Ministers and the reasons which have weighed with the Council of Ministers in taking such decision would necessarily be part of the advice tendered by the Council of Ministers to the President. Now clause (2) of Article 74 provides : "The question whether any, and if so what, advice was tendered by Ministers to the President shall not be inquired into any Court." The Court, cannot, having regard to this constitutional prov1s10n, embark upon an inquiry as to whether any and if so what advice was tendered by the Council of Ministers to tne President and since the reasons which have prevailed with the Council of Ministers in taking a particular decision not to continue an additional Judge for a further term would form part of the advice tendered to the President, --I S.P. GUPTA •• UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 591 they would be beyond the ken of judicial inquiry. But the Govern­ ment may in a given case choose to disclose these reasons or it may be possible to gather them from other circumstances, in which event the Court would be entitled to examine whether they bear any . reasonable nexus with the que;tion of appointment of a High Court Judge or they are constitutionally or illegally prohibited or extraneous or irrelevant. But if these reasons are not disclosed by the Govern­ ment and it i; otlletwise not possible to discover them, it would be impossible for the Court to decide whether the decision of the Central Government not to app,int an additional Judge for a further term is based on irrelevant grounds. There would however not be much difficulty by and large in cases of this kind to gather what are reasons which have prevailed with the Central Government in taking the decision not to continue an additional Judge. Article 217 requires that there must be full and effective consultation between the President, that is, the Central Government on the one hand and the Chief Justice of the High Court, the Governor, that is the State Government and the Chief Justice of India on the other and the . "full and identical facts" on which the decision of the Central Government is based must be placed before the Chief Justice of the High Court, the State Government· and the Chief Justice of India. The reasons which the Central Government is inclined to take into account for reaching a particular decision have therefore necessarily to be communicated to the Chief Justice of the High Court, the State E Government and the Chief Justice of India and in the circumstances, it should orclinari!y be possible ;.for the Court to gather from su:h communication; the reasons which have persuaded the Central Government to take its decision. Of co~rse there may be cases where there are several reasons discussed between the Central Government and the three constitutional authorities and some of ' these reasons may be relevant, while some others may be irrelevant and without inquiring into the advice given. by the. Council of Ministers to President, it may not be possible to determine as to what are !he reasons, relevant or ir.relevant, which have weighed with the Central Government in taking its· decision and in such a· case, the Court may not be able to pronounce whether the decision of the Central Government is based on irrelevant grounds. B~t ordinarily the correspondence exchanged between the Central G Jvern moot, the Chief Justice of the High Court, the State Government and the C.1ief Justice cf India would throw light on the question as to what are the reasons which have impelled the Central Government to take any particular decision regarding the continu1C1ce of an additi()odl Judge. This correspondence would also show whether the "full and identical facts" on which the decision of the Central Government is based were placed before the Chief Justice of the High Court, the State Government and the Chief Justice of India before they gave their opinion in the course of the consultative process. Of course if the communication between the Central Government, the Chief Justice of the High Court, the State Government and the Chief Justice of India has not taken place by correspondence but has been the subject matter of only oral talk or discussion, it would become impossible for the Court to discover the reasons which have weighed with the Central Government in taking the decision not to continue the additional Judge for a further term, unless of course the Central Government chooses to disclose such reasons and it would also become extremely difficult for the Court to decide whether the "full and identical facts" on which the decision of the Central Government is based were placed before the other three constitutional authorities and there was full and effective consultation as required by Article 217. The Court would then have to depend only on such affidavits as may be filed before it and the task of the Court to ascertain the truth would be rendered extremely delicate and difficult, as it has been in the writ petitioas challenging the transfer of Mr. Justice K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice of Patna High Court. It is not at all desirable that when the Chief Justice of the High Court or the Chief Justice of India has to communicate officially with the State Govern. ment or the Central Government in regard to a matter where he is discharging a constitutional function, such communication should be only by way of oral talk or discussion unrecorded in writing. We think it absolutely essential that such communication must, as far as possible, be in writing, whether by way of a note or by way of correspondence. The process of consultation, whether under Article 217 or under Article 222, must be evidenced in writing so that if at any point of time a dispute arises as to whether consultation had in fact taken place or what was the nature and content of such consultation, there must be documentary evidence to resolve such dispute and 'an ugly situation should not arise where the word of one constitutional authority should be pitted against the word of another and the Court should be called upon to decide which of them is telling the truth. Oral talk or discussion may certainly take place between the Central Government and any other constitutional authority required to be consulted but it must be recorded immedi­ ately either in a note or in con·espondence. Besides eliminating future dispute or controversy, the practice of having written comm uni- - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 593 cation or record of oral discussion ensures greater care and delibera­ tion in expression of views and considerably reduces the possi - bility of improper or unjustified recommendations or unholy confabulations or conspiracies which might be hidden under the veil of secrecy if there were no written record. More­ over, such a practice would tend to promote openness in society which is the hall-mark of a democratic polity. It would indeed be highly regrettable if, instead of following this healthy practice of having a written record of consultation, the Central Government or State Government or the Chief Justice of the High Court or the Chief Justice of India were to carry on the consultation process either on the telephone or by personal discussion without recording it. But we find that fortunately in the present case, unlike KB N. Singh's case which falls for determination in the second batch of writ petitions, there was correspondence exchanged between the Law Minister, the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India in regard to the continuance of S.N. Kumar and the question is whether this correspondence forms part of the advice tendered by the Council of Ministers to the President so as to be protected against disclosure by reason of clause (2) of Article 74. The argument of the learned Solicitor General was that this correspondence formed part of the advice tendered by the Council of Ministers to the President and he sought to s Lip port this argument by adopting the following proce;s of r.:asooing. H: s1id that the Council of Ministers cannot advise the President to appoint or not to ap ,mint an additional Judge for a further term without consulting the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of Iadia, it is only after consulting them that appropriate advice cao be tende­ red by the Council of Ministers to the President. When advice is tendered by the Council of Ministers to the President, it is open to the President unccr the Provi.;o to clause (1) of Article 74 not to immediately accept such advice but to require the Council of Ministers to reconsider the advice generally or otherwise. If in a given case the President finds that advice has been given by the Council of Ministers without consulting either the Chief Ju;tic~ of the High Court or the Chief Justice of India or both or that there has been no full and effective co.isultation with them as required by the Constitution, he may, and indeed he must, send the case back 8 594 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 S.C R. to the Council of Ministers and require them to reconsider the advice . after carrying out full and effective consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India. Now how can the President satisfy himself in regard to the fulfilment of the the constitutional requirement of consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India, unless the views expressed by the two Chief Jmtices are placed before him alongwith the advice tendered by the Council of Ministers. The exercise of the power of the President to appoint or not to appoint an additional Judge is so integrally connected with the con8- titutional requirement of full and effective consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India that at no stage can it be de!inked from the views expressed by them on consultation and it would not be possible for the President to exercise this executive power in accordance with the constitution un­ less the views of the two Chief Justices are placed before him. On the basis of this reasoning and as a logical consequence of it, argued the learned Solicitor General, the views of the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India obtained on consultation must be regarded as forming part of the advice tendered by the Council of Ministers to the President. The learned Solicitor General sought to draw support for his argument from the decision of a Constitution Bench of this Court in the Stare of Punjab v. SodhiSukhdev Singh(1) We shall presently refer to this decision but before we do so, let us examine the argument of the learned Solicitor General on principle. There can be no doubt that the advice tendered by the Council of Ministers to the President is protected against judicial scrutiny by reason of clause (2) of Article 74. But can it be said th at the views expressed by the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India on consultation form part of the advice. The advice is given by the Council of Ministers after consul­ tation with the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India. The two Chief Justices are consulted on "full "and identical facts" and their views are obtained and it is after co11si dering those views that the Council of Ministers arrives at is decision and tenders its advice to the President. fhe views expressed b' the two Chief Justices precede the formation of the advice and merely because they are referred to in the advice which is ultimately tendered by the Council of Ministers. they do (I) [1961] 2 SCR 371. .. ...... ): ... S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 595 not necessarily become part of the advice. What is protected against disclosure under clause(2) or Article 74 is only the advice tendered by the Council of Ministers. The reasons which have weighed with the Council of Ministers in giving the advice would certainly form part of the advice, as held by this Court in S.ate of Rajasthan v. Union of Jndia(1). Vide the observations of Beg, C.J. at page 46, Chandrachud J. (as he then was) at page 91, Fazal Ali J. at pages 120 and 121, where all the three learned Judges took the view that by reason clause (2) of Article 74 the Court would be barred from inquiring into the grounds which might weigh with the Council of Ministers in advising the President to issue a proclamation under Article 356, because the grounds would form part of the advice tendered by the Council of Ministers. But the ·material on which the reasoning of the Council of Ministers is based and the advice is given cannot be said to form ·part of advice. The po.int we are making may be illustrated by taking the analogy of a judgment given by a Court of Law. The judgment would undoubtedly be based on the evidence led before the Court and it would refer to such evidence and discuss it but on that account can it be said that the evidence forms part of the Judgment ? The judgment would con­ sist only of the decision and the reasons in support of it and the evidence on which the reasoning and the decision are based would not be part of the judgment. · Similarly the material on which the advice tendered by the Council of Ministers is based cannot be said to be part of the advice and the correspondence exchanged between the Law Minister, the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India which constituted tbe material forming the basis of the deci­ sion of the Central Government must accordingly be held to be out­ side the exclusionary rule enacted in clause (2) of Article 74. We may now refer to the decision of the Constitution Bench of this Court in the State of Punjab v. Sodhi Sukhdev Singh (supra) on which the greatest reliance was placed by the learned Solicitor General in support of his plea based on clause (2) of Article 74. The respondent who was the District and Sessions Judge in the erstwhile State of PEPSU was removed from service by an order dated 7th April, 1953 passed by tbe President who was then incharge of the Administration of the State. The respondent made (I) (1978] 1 SCR 1. ·8 F' 596 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 S.C.R a respresentation against the Order of removal which was considered by the Council of Ministers of the State as in the meantime the President's rule had come to an end and the Council of Ministers expressed its views in a Resolution passed on 28th September, 1955. But before taking any action it invited the Report of the Public Service Commission. On receipt of the Report of the Public Service Commission, the Council of Ministers considered the matter again and ultimately on 11th August, 1956 it reached the final conclusion . against the respondent and in accordance with the conclusion the order was passed to the effect that the respondent must be re­ employed on some suitable post. The respondent thereµpon instituted a suit against the successor St11-te of Punjab for a declaration that his removal from service was i!Jegal and in that suit he filed an applica­ tion for the production of certain documents which included inter alia the proceedings of the Council of Ministers deted 28th Septem­ ber 1955 and 1 lth August 1956 and the Report of the Public Service Commission. The State objected to the production of these documents and ultimately the matter came before this Court. Gajendragadkar, J. (as he then was) speaking on behalf of the majority of the Court upheld the claim of privilege put forward on behalf of the State and so far as the Report of the Public Service Commission was concerned, the learned Judge held that it was pro­ tected against disclosure both under clause (3) of Article 163 and Section 123 of the Indian Evidence Act. We are at present con­ cerned only with the claim for protection under ciause (3) of Article 163 because that is an Article which corresponds to clause (2) of Article 74 in so far as advice by the Council ot Ministers to the Governor is concerned. The learned Judge speaking on behalf of the majority, accorded protection to the report of the Public Service Commission under clause (3) of Article 163 on the ground that it formed part of the advice tendered by the Council of Ministers to the Rajpramukh. This view taken by the majority does appear prima facie to support the contention of the learned Solicitor General, but we do not think we can uphold the claim for protection put forward by the learned Solicitor General by adopting a process of analogical reasoning from the majority view in this decision. In the first place, we do not know what were the circumstances in which the majority Judges came to regard the report of the public Service C<'mmission as forming part of the advice tendered to the Rajpramukh. There is no reasoning in the judgment of t11e learned Judge showing as to why the majority held that the report of the Public Service Commission fell within the terms of clause (3) of S.P GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 597 Article 163. The learned Judge has merely set out his ipse dixit, without ·any reasons at all, saying in just one sentence. "The same observation falls to be made in regard to the advice tendered by the Public Service Commission to the Council of Ministers." It is elementary that what is binding on the Court in a subsequent case is not the conclusion arrived at in a previous decision but the ratio of that decision, for it is the ratio which binds as a precedent and not the conclusion. Secondly, we may point out that we find' it difficult to accept the view taken by the majority in this case. We are unable to appreciate how the report of the Public Service Commission which merely formed the material on the basis of which the Council of Ministers came to its decision as recorded in the pro· ceedings dated I Ith August, 1956 could be said to form part of the advice tendered by the Council of Ministers to the Rajpramukh. We do not think the learned Solicitor General can invoke the aid of this decision in support of his claim for protection under clause (2) of Article 74. That takes us to the next qhestion whether the correspondence exchanged between the Law Minister, the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India is protected from disclosure under any other provision of law. We do not have in India any common law protection under the label of "Crown Privilege" as it was known a decade ago and now called "Public interest immunity" as there is in England and the only provision of law under wh!ch such immunity can be claimed is section 123 of the Indian Evidence Act and therefore, it is this provision which we must now turn to consider. But, before we do so, we would like to indicate the socio-political background in the context of which this section has to be interpreted. It is true that this section was enacted in the second half of the last century but its meaning and content cannot remain static. The interpretation of every statutory provision mu st keep pace with changing concepts and values and it must, to the extent to which its language permits or rather does not prohibit, suffer adjustments through judicial interpretation so as to accord with the requirements of the fast changing society which is undergoing rapid social and economic transformation. The language of a statutory provision is not a static vehicle of ideas and concepts and as ideas and concepts change, as they are bound to do in a country like ours with the establishment of a democratic structure based on egalitarian values and agressive developmental strategies, so must the meaning and content of the statutory provision undergo a change. It is ele- l!l 598 SUPREME COORT REPORTS [1982] 2 S.C.R. mentary that law does not operate in a vaccum. It is not an antique to be taken down, dusted, admired and put back on the shelf, but rather it is a powerful instrument fashioned by society for the pur­ pose of adjusting conflicts and tensions which arise by reason of clash between conflicting interests. It is therefore intended to serve ~ social purpose and it cannot be interpreted without taking into account the socio-economic and political setting in which it is intended to operate. It is here that the Judge is called upon to perform a creative function. He has to inject flesh and blood in the dry skelton provided by the legislature and by a process of dynamic interpretation, invest it with a meaning which will harmo­ nise the law with the prevailing concepts and values and make it an effective instrument for delivery of justice. We need not therefore be obsessed with the fact that section 123 is a statutory provision of old vintage-Or that it bas been interpreted in a particular manner some two decades ago. It is not as if it has once spoken and then turned into muted silence. It is an instrument which can speak again and in a different voice in the content of a different milieu. Let us therefore try to understand what voice this statutory provi­ sion speaks today in a democratic society wedded to the basic values enshrined in the Constitution. Now it is obvious from the Constitution that we have adopted a democratic form of Government. Llvhere a society has chosen to accept democracy as its credal faith, it is elementary that the citizens ought to know what their government is doing. The citizens have a right to decide by whom and by what rules they shall be governed and they are entitled to call on those who govern on their behalf to acccunt for their conduct. No democratic government can survive without accountability and the basic postulate of accountability is that the people should have information about the functioning of the government. It is only if people know how government is functioning that they can fulfil the role which democracy assigns to them and make democracy a really effective participatory demo­ cracy. "Knowledge" said James Madison, "will for ever govern ignorance and a people who mean to be their own governors must arm themselves with the power knowledge gives. A popular govern­ ment without popular information on the means of obtaining it, is but a prologue to a force or tragedy or perhaps both." The citizens' right to know the facts, the true facts, about the adminis­ tration of the country is thus one of the pillars of a democratic State. And that is why the demand for openness in the government is increasingly growing in different parts of the world. -- ·- S,P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 599 The demand for openness in the government is based princi­ pally on two reasons. It is now widely accepted that democracy does not consist merely in people exercising their franchise once in five years to choose their rulers and, once the vote is cast, then retiring in passivity and not taking any interest in the government. Today it is common ground that democracy has a more positive content and its orchestration has to be continuous and pervasive. This means inter alia that people should not only cast intelligent t and rational votes but should also exercise sound judgment on the conduct of the government and the merits of public policies, so that democracy does not remain merely a sporadic exercise in voting but bec0mes a continuous process of government-an attitude and habit of mind. But this important role people can fullfil in a democracy C only if it is an open government where there is full access to infor- mation in regard to the functioning of the government. Tl:ere is also in every democracy a certain amount of public suspicion and distrust of government, varying of course from time to time according to its performance, which prompts people to insist upon maximum exposure of its functioning. It is axiomatic that every action of the government must be actuated by public interest but even so we find cases, though, not many, where governmental action is taken not for public good but for personal gain or other extraneous considerations. Sometimes governmental action is influ­ enced by political and other motivations and pressures and at ti mes, there are also instances of misuse or abuse of authority on the part of the executive. Now, if secrecy were to b-e observed in the func­ tioning of government and the processes •of government were to be kept hidden from public scrutiny, it would tend to promote and encourage oppression, corruption and misuse or abuse of authority, for it would all be shrouded in the veil of secrecy without any public accountability. But if there is an open government with means of information available to the public, there would be greater exposure of the functioning of government and it would help to assure the people a better and more efficient administratio!'. ·There can be iittle doubt that exposure to public gaze and scrutiny is one of the surest means of achieving a clean and healthy administration. It has been truly said that an open government is clean government and a powerful safeguard against political :ri;·d administrative aber­ ration and inefficiency. The Franks Committee of the United Kingdom also observed 600 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [l 982) 2 s.c.1.. to the same effect while pleading for an open government. It said in its report at page 12 : "A totalitarian government finds it easy to maintain secrecy. It does not come into the open until it chooses to declare its settled intentions and demand support for them. A democratic government, however, though it must compete with these other types of organisations, has a task which is complicated by its obligations to the people. It needs the trust of the governed. It cannot use the plea of secrecy to hide from the people its basic aims. On the contrary it must explain these aims : it must provide the justification for them and give the facts both for and against a selected course of action. Now must such infor­ mation be provided only at one level and through one means of communication. A government which pursues secret aims, or which operates in greater secrecy than the effective conduct of its proper functions requires, or which turns information services in to propaganda agencies, will Jose the trust of the people. It will be countered by ill­ informed and destructive criticism. Its critics will try to break down all barriers erected to preserve secrecy, and they will disclose all that they can, by whatever means, dis­ cover. As a result matters will be revealed when they ought to remain secret in the interests of the nation." So also ~(f fuitobservations in the same strain by Mathew, J. in State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain :(1) "In a government of responsibility like ours, where , all the agents of the public must be responsible for their conduct. there can but few secrets. The people of this country have a right to know every public act, everything that is done in a public way, by their public functionaries. They are entitled to know the particulars of every public transaction in all its hearing. The right to know, which is derived from the concept of freedom of speech, though not absolute, is a factor which should make one wary, when secrecy is claimed for transacti.ons which can, at any rate, have no repercussion on public security. To cover with veil secrecy to common routine business, is not in the (I) [ 1975] 3 SCR 333 at page 360. / .. - > S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) interest of the public. . Such secrecy can seldom be legiti­ mately desired. it is generally desired for the purpose of parties and politics or personal self-interest or bureaucratiQ routine. The responsibility of ·officials to explain and to justify their acts is the chief safeguard against oppression and corruption." 601 The need for an open government where there is access to infor­ mation in regard to the functioning of government has been empha­ sized and the arguments in support of it have been ably and succinct­ ly summarised in the following passage from the book of Dr. S. R. Maheshwari on "Open Government in India" at pages 95 and 96 : "Administrative India puts the greatest weight on keeping happening within its corridors secret, thereby denying the citizens access to information about them. Such orientations produce deep contradictions in the larger socio-political system of the land which itself is in a state requiring nourishment and care. As the latter is still relatively new and in its infancy, its growth processes inevi­ tably ·get retarded for want of information about the Government, which means from the Government. Over­ concealment of governmental information creates a com­ munication gap between the governors and the governed, and its persistence beyond a point is apt to create an alienated citizenry. This makes democracy itself weak and insecure. Besides, secrecy renders administrative accounta­ bility unenforceable in an effective way and thus induces administrative behaviour which is apt to degenerate into arbitrariness and absolutism. This is not all. The Government, today, is called upon to make poli­ cies on an ever increasing range of subj~cts, and many of these policies must necessarily impinge on the lives of the citizens. It may sometimes happen that the data made available to the policy makers is of a selective nature, and even the policy-makers and their advisers may deliberately suppress certain viewpoints and favour others. Such bureaucratic habits get encouragement in an environment of secrecy; and openness in governmental work is possibly the only effective corrective to it, also raising, in the pro­ cess, the quality of decision-making. Besides, openness has {(\2 SUPREME COURT REPORT [1982) 2 S.C.R. ~ an educational role inasmuch as citizens are enabled to .D acquire a fuller view of the pros and cons of matters 1 of major importance, which naturally helps in building informed public opinion, no less than goodwill for the Government." This is the new democratic culture of an open society towards which every liberal democracy is moving and our country should be no exception. The concept of an open government is the direct --r· emanation from the right to know which seems to be implicit in the right of free speech and expression guaranteed under Artie!!' 19 (I) (a). Therefore, disclosure of information in regard to the functioning of Government must be the rule and secrecy an exception justified only where the strictest requirement of public interest so demands. The approach of the court must be to attentuate the area of secrecy as much as possible consistently with the require- ment of public interest, bearing in mind all the time that disclosure also serves an important aspect of public interest. It is in the context of this background that we must proceed to interpret section 123 of the Indian. Evidence Act. We might begin by reproducing section 123 which reads as follows : .:( "Sec. 123 : Evidence as to affairs of State-No one shall be permitted to give any evidence derived from un­ published official records relating to any affairs of State, except with the permission of the officer at the head of the department concerned, who shall give or withhold such permission as he thinks fit." ~ It is also necessary for arriving at a proper interpretation of section 123 to refer to section 162 which says: .~ "Sec. 162. Production'l@f documents-A witness sum- " moned to produce a document shall, if it is in his possession or power. bring it to court, notwithstanding any objection which there may be to its production or to its admissibility. The validity of any such objection shall be decided on by the court. The court, if it sees fit, may inspect the document, unless it refers to matters of State, or take other evidence to enable it to determine on its admissibility . - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 603 Translation of documents-If for such a purpose it is necessary to cause any document to be translated, the court may, if it thinks fit, direct the translator to keep the contents secret, unless the document is to be given in evi­ dence and if the interpreter disobeys such directions, he shall be held to have committed an offence under sec. 166 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860)." B These two sections came up for consideration for the first time before the Court in State of Punjab v. Sodhi Sukhdev Singh (supra). Gajendragadkar, J. (as he then was), speaking on behalf of himself, Sinha, C.J. and Wanchoo, J. pointed out that the principle behind the exclusionary rule enacted in section 123 is that a document should not be allowed to be produced in court if such production would cause injury to public interest and where a conflict arises between public interest in non-disclosure and private interest in disclosure, the latter must yield to the former. The learned Judge emphasized that though section 123 does not expressly refer to injury to public interest, that principle is obviously implicit in it and indeed it is the sole foundation and proceeded to add that even though administration of justice is a matter of very high public importance, if there is a real "conflict between public interest and the interest of an individual in a pending case, it may reluctantly have to be conce­ ded that the interest of the individual cannot prevail over the public interest." Now we agree with the learned Judge that public interest Hes at the foundation of the claim for protection against disclosure enacted in section 123 and it seeks to prevent production of a document where such production would cause public injury but we do not think the learned Judge was right in observing that the interest which comes into conflict with the claim for non-disclosure is the private interest of the litigant in disclosure. It is rather the public interest in fair administration of justice that comes into clash with the public interest sought to be protected by non-disclosure and the court is called upon to balance these two aspects of public interest and decide which aspect predominates. We shall have to discuss this problem of balancing different aspects of public interest a little later, but in the meanwhile let us continue with the examination of the decision in Sukhdev Singh' s case (supra). Gajendragadkar, J. (as he then was) after pointing out that public interest was the sole foundation for the claim for protection under section 123 proceeded to consider when a document can be said to be relating to' 'affairs of State" within the meaning of that section. The learned Judge observed that three different views are possible' on 604 SUPREME CCUl\T REPORTS [ 1982] 2 s.c.R. this question. The first view is that documents relating to affairs of State are broadly divisible into two classes, one the disclosure of which will cause no injury to public interest and which may therefore be described as innocuous documents and the other the disclosure of which may cause injury to public interest and may therefore be described as noxious documents; it is the head of the department who decides to which class the document in respect of which the claim for protection against disc! osure is made, belongs, if he comes to the conclusion that the document is innocuous, he will give per­ mission for its production: if, however, he comes to the conclusion that the document is noxious, be will withhold such permission; in any case the court does not materially come into the picture. The second view is that documents relating to affairs of State should be confined only to the clause of noxious documents and when a question arises, it is for the court to determine the character of the document and if necessary, to enquire whether its disclosure would lead to injury to public interest. The third view which does not accept either of the two extreme positions would be that the court can determine the character of the document and if it comes to the conclusion that the document belongs to the noxious class, it may leave it to the head of the department to decide whether its produc­ tion should be permitted or not, for it is not the policy of section 123 that in the case of every noxious document, the head of the department must always withhold permission. The learned Judge then proceeded to consider which of the three views represents the correct legal position and for that purpose, turned to examine section I 62 and after discussing the true import of that section and holding that where an objection to the disclosure of a documet is raised under section 123 on the ground that it relates to affairs of State, the court cannot inspect the document for the purpose of deciding the objection, the learned Judge accepted the third view as correct and summarised his conclusion in the following word~ : "Thus our conclusion is that reading ss. 123 and 162 together the court cannot hold an enquiry into the possible injury to public interest which may result from the disclo­ sure of the document in question. That is a matter for the authority concerned to decide; but the Court is competent, and indeed is bound, to hold a preliminary enquiry and determine the validity of the objections to its production, and that necessarily involves an enquiry into the question as to whether the evidence relates to an affair of State µ11di:r ~~<;(ion 123 or not, S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 605 In this enquiry the court has to determine the A character or class of the document. If it comes to the conclusion that the document does not relate to affairs of State then it should reject the claim for privilege and direct its production. If it comes to the conclusion that the document relates to the affairs of State, it should leave it to the head of the department to decide whether he should permit its production or not." The learned Judge thus took the view in no uncertain terms that documents relating to affairs of State are documents belong­ ing to the noxious class, that is, documents which by reason of their contents or the class to which they belong, are such that disclosure may cause injury to public interest. The learned Judge agreed that it is for the court to determine whether a particular document in respect of which the claim for non-disclosure is made is a document relating to affairs of the State or in other words, it is a document falling within the noxious class, but introduced a serious impedi· ment in the way of the court making such determination by holding that the court cannot for this purpose inspect the document or hold "an enquiry into the possible injury to public interest which may result from the disclosure of the document." Now, if the court has no power to inspect the document, it is difficult to understand how the court can find, without conducting an enquiry as regards the possible effect of the disclosure of the document upon public interest, that the document is one relating to affairs of State, as exhypothesi a document can be said to relate to affairs of State only if its disclosure will cause injury to public interest. It might be that there are certain classes of documents which are of such a character that even without inspecting them or conducting an enquiry, it might be possible to say that by virtue of their character, their disclosure would be injurious to public interest and therefore they are documents relating to affairs of State. But, there might be other documents which do not fall within this description and yet whose disclosure might be injurious to public interest and in case of such documents, it would not be possible for the court without inspecting them or at any rate without holding an enquiry, t" determine whether their disclosure would be injurious to public interest and they should therefore be classified as documents relating to affairs of State. Even so, according to Gajendragadkar, J. and the other learned Judges, the court can and must determine whether such documents relate to affairs of State without inspecting them and without even holding an enquiry into the possible injury to public interest which might result from their disclosure. The view taken by Gajendragadkar, J. and the other learned Judges in Sodhi Sukhdev Singh' s case (supra) thus runs into an inconsistency and creates an illogical situation. There is also another infirmity from which the view taken in Sodhi Sukhdev Singh's case (supra) suffers. Gajendragadkar, J. speaking on behalf of himself and the other learned Judges observed that when an objection against the disclosure of a document is raised under section 123, the court must first determine the character of the document and if it comes to the conclusion that the document relates to affairs of State, it should leave it to the Head of the department to decide whether he should permit its production or not. Now even according to Gajendragakar, J. and the other learned Judges, a document can be said to relate to affairs of State only if it is a document of such a· character that its disclosure will injure public interest and therefore the court would have to reach the conclusion that the disclosure of the document will be injurious to public interest before it can find that the document relates to affairs of State. If that be so, it is difficult to understand, after the court has enquired into the objection and come to the conclusion that disclosure of the document would be injurious to public interest, what purpose. would be served by reserving to the head of the department the power to permit its disclosure, because the question to be decided by him would practically be the same, namely, whether disclosure of the document would be injurious to public interest-a question already decided by the court. In other words, if injury to public interest is the foundation of this immunity from disclosure, when once the court has inquired into the question and found that the disclosure of the document will injure public interest and therefore it is a document relating to affairs of State, it would in most cases be a futile exercise for the head of the department to consider and decide whether its disclosure should be permitted as he would be making an enquiry into the identical question. There may be a few rare cases where in regard to a document which by reason of the class to which it belongs may be regarded as relating to affairs of State, the head of the department may be able to take the view that though it belongs to the noxious class, its disclosure would not be . injurious to public interest and therefore allow it to be disclosed. But, by and large, once the court has found that the document is of such a character that its disclosure will cause injury to public interest, it w9uld b~ futil\! to leav~ it to the head of the department ··~ ) S.P. GUPTA v. UNiON (E/zagwati, J.) 601 to decide whether he should permit its production or not. We are therefore unable to accept the decision ip Sodhi Singh' s case (supra) as laying down the correct law on this point. The court would allow the objection if it finds that the document relates to affairs of State and its disclosure would be injurious to public interest, but on the other hand, if it reaches the conclusion that the document does not relate to affairs of State or that the public interest does not compel its non-disclosure or that the public interest in the adminis­ tration of justice in the particular case before it over-rides al! other aspects of public interest, it will over-rule the objection and order disclosure of the document. The basic question to which the court would therefore have to address itself for the purpose of deciding the validity of the objection would be whether the document relates to affairs of State or in other words, it is of such a character that its disclosure would be against the interest of the State or the public service and if so, whether the public interest in its non-disclosure is so strong that it must prevail over the public interest in the adminis­ tration of justice and on that account, it should not be allowed to be disclosed. The final decision in regard to the validity of an objection against disclosure raised under section 123 would always be with the court by reason of section 162. Now an objection against the disclosure of a document on the ground that it relates to affairs of State may be made before the court either because it would be against the interest of the State or the public service to disc1ose its contents or because it belongs to a class of document which in the public interest ought not to be disclosed, whether or not it would be harmful to disclose the con­ tents of the particular document. Where immunity from disclosure is claimed on the ground that discloS1Jre of the contents of the document would be injurious to the interest of the State or the public service it would not be difficult to decide the claim because it would almost invariably be supported by an affidavit made either by the Minister or by the head of the department and if the Minister or the head of the department asserts that to disclose the contents of the document "would or might do to the nation or the public service a grave injury, the court will be slow to question his opinion or to allow any interest, even that of justice, to prevail over it" unless there can be shown to exist some factor suggesting either lack of good faith or an error of judgment or an error of law on the part of the minister or the head of the department. But, even in such cases it is now well-settled that the court is not bound by the statement made by the minister or the head of the department in i ,:., ff 608 SlJl>RilMll COlJRT REl>OllTS [1982] 2 s.c.R. the affidavit and it retains the power to balance injury to the State or the public service against the risk of injustice, before reaching its decision. Vide observations of Lord Scarrnan in Burma 0:1 v. Bank of England(1). But the claim in the present case to withhold disclosure of the correspondence exchanged between the Law Minister, the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court and the Chief Justice of India in regard to continuance of S. N. Kumar is not based on the ground that the contents of these particular documents are such that their disclosure would harm the nationa[ interest or the interest of public service. The claim put forward by the learned Solicitor General on behalf of the Union of India is that these documents are entitled to immunity from disclosure because they belong to a class of docu­ ments which it would be against national interest or the interest of the judiciary to disclose. It is settled law, and it was so clearly recognised in Raj Narain' s case (supra) that there may be classes of documents which public interest requires should not be disclosed, no matter what the individual documents in those classes may con­ tain or in other words, the law recognises that there may be classes of documents which in the public interest should be immune from disclosure. There is one such class of documents which for years has been recognised by the law as entitled in the public interest to be protected against disclosure and that class consists of documents which it is really necessary for the proper functioning of the public service to withhold from disclosure. The documents falling within this class are granted immunity from disclosure not because of their contents but because of the class to which they belong. This class includes cabinet minutes, minutes of discussions between heads of departments, high level inter-departmental communications and despatches from ambassadors abroad (vide : Conway v. Rimmer;( 2) and Reg v. Lewes J. K. Ex parte Home Secretary),e) Papers brought into existence for the purpose of preparing a submission to cabinet (vide Lanyon Property Limited v. Commonwealth( 4) and indeed any documents which relate to the framing of government policy at a high level (vide : Re Grosvenor Hotel, London)(6). It would seem that according to the decision in Sodhi Sukhdev Singh's case (supra), this class may also extend to "notes and minutes made by the res­ pective officers on the relevant files, information expressed or reports (1) (1979] 3 All England Reports 700 at 732. (2) [1968] Appeal Cases 910 at pp. 952, 973, 979, 987 & 993. (3) (1973] Appeal Cases 388 at 412. (4) 129 Commonwealth Law Reports 650. (5) [1964) 3 All E,R. 354. (CA) ) -- > s.J>. GtJl>TA v. UNlO!S ( 11hagwati, J.) 609 made and gist of official decisions reached" in the course of deter­ mination of questions of policy. Lord Reid in Conway v. Rimmer (supra) at page 952; proceeded also to include in this class "all documents concerned with policy-making within departments inclu­ ding, it may be minutes and the like by quite junior officials and correspondence with outside bodies." It is not necessary for us for the purpose of this case to consider what documents legitimately belong to this class so as to be entitled to immunity from disclosure, irrespective of what they contain. But, it does appear that cabinet papers, minutes of discussions of heads of departments and high level documents relating to the inner working of the government machine or concerned with the framing of government policies belong to this class which in the public interest must be regarded as protected against disclosure. Now, one reason that is traditionally given for the protection of documents of this class is that proper decisions can be made at high levels of government only if there is complete freedom and candour in stating facts, tendering advice and exchanging views and opinions and the possibility that documents might ultimately be published might affect the frankness and candour of those preparing them. This reason based on the need for frankness and candour, though suggested by some Judges, has not found universal accep­ tance. In Conway v. Rimmer (supra) Lord Reid dismissed the "candour argument" summarily at page 952 and Lord Upjohn pointed out at page 993 that immunity of this class of documents against discloure "has nothing whatever to do with candour or uninhibited freedom of expression", for it is not possible to believe "that any minister or any high level military or civil servant would feel in the least degree inhibited in expressing his honest views in the course of his duty on some subject, such as even the personal qualifications and delinquencies, of some colleague, by the thought that his observation might one day see the light of day." Lord Morris of Borth-Y-Gest also said in the same case at page 957: "in many decided cases there have been references to a suggestion that, if there were knowledge that certain docu­ ments (for example reports) might in some circumstances be seen by eyes for which they were never intended, the result would be that in the making of similar documents in the future candour would be lacking. Here is a sugges­ tion of doubtful validity. Would the knowledge ·that there was a remote chance of possible enforced 1production really 0 610 SUPREME couttt Rlll>ORts [19S2] 2 s.C.it. affect candour ? If there was knowledge that it was con­ ceivably possible that some person might himself see a report which was written about him, it might well be that candour on the part of the writer of the report would be encouraged rather than frustrated." Lord Radcliffe also remarked in Glasgow Corporation v. Central Land Board(1) that he would have supposed Crown servants to be "made of sterner stuff", a view shared by Harmen L. J. in the Grosvenor Hotel case at page 1255. Lord Salmon too rejected the "candour theory" in Reg v. Lewes Justices; Ex parte Secretary of State for Home Deptt. (supra) at page 413 by referring to it as "the old fallacy" that "any official in the government service would be inhibited from writing frankly and possible at all unless he could be sure that nothing which he wrote could ever be exposed to the light of day". The candour argument has also not prevailed with Judges and jurists in the United States and it is interesting to note what Raoul Berger while speaking about the immunity claimed by President Nixon against the demand for disclosure of the Watergate· Tapes, says in his . book "Executive Privilege" : A Constitutional Myth at page 264 : '·Candid interchange" is yet another pretext for doubt· ful secrecy. It will not explain Mr. Nixon's claim of blanket immunity for members of his White House staff on the basis of mere membership without more; it will not justify Kleindienst's assertion of immunity from congres­ sional inquiry for two and one-half million federal emp­ loyees. It is merely another testimonial to the greedy expensiveness of power, the costs of which patently out­ weigh its benefits. As the latest branch in a line of illegiti­ mate succession, it illustrates the excess bred by the claim of executive. privilege." We agree with these learned Judges that the need for candour and frankness cannot justify granting of complete immunity against disclosure of documents of this class, but as pointed out by Gibbs A.C, J. in Sankey Whit/am (supra), it would not be altogether unreal to suppose "that in some matters at least communications between ministers and servants of the Crown may be more frank and can· did of these concerned believe that they are protected from dis- (1) f!956] SC (HL) al page 20. S.1'. GUPtA v. UNlON (Bhagwati, J.) 611 closure" because not all Crown servants can be expected to b .- made of "sterner stuff". The need for candour and frankness must therefore certainly be regarded as a factor to be taken into account in determining whether, on balance, the public interest lies in favour of disclosure or against it. (vide : the observations of Lord Denning in Neilson v. Lougharre(1). There was also one other reason suggested by Lord Reid in -Y Conway v. Rimmer (supra) for according protection against dis­ closure to documents belonging to this case : "To my mind", said the learned Law Lord : "the most important reason is that . such disclosure would create or fan ill-informed or captious public or political criticism. The business of government is difficult enough as it is, and no government could contemplate with equanimity the inner workings of the government machine being exposed to the gaze of those ready to criticise without adequate knowledge of the background and perhaps with some axe to grind." · But this reason does not commend itself to us. The object of granting immunity to documents of this kind is to ensure the proper working of the government and not to protect the ministers and other government servants from criticism however intemperate and unfairly based. ). Moreover, this reason can have little validity in a democratic society which believes in an open government. It is only through exposure of its functioning that a democratic government can hope to win the trust of the people. If full information is made available to the people and every action of the government is bona fide 11:nd actuated only by public interest, there need be no fear of "ill­ informed or captious public or political criticism". But at the same time it must be conceded that even in a democracy, government at a high level cannot function without some degree of secrecy. No minister or senior public servant can effectively discharge the res­ ponsibility of his office if every document prepared to enable policies to be formulated was liable to be made public. It is therefore in the interest of the State and necessary for the proper functioning of the public service that some protection be afforded by law to documents belonging to this class. What is the measure of this protection is a matter which we shall immediately proceed to discuss. We have already pointed out that whenever an objection to the disclosure of a document under section 123 is raised, two ques- (1) [1981] 1 All England Reports at page 835. 8 612 SIJi>REME COURt REi>ORtS [ 1982) 2 s.c.tt. tions fall for the determination of the court, namely, whether the document relates to affairs of State and whether its disclosure would, in the particular case before the court, be injurious to public interest. The court in reaching its decision on these two questions has tq balance two competing aspects of public interest, because the document being one relating to affairs of State, its B disclosure would cause some injury to the interest of the State or the proper functioning of the public service and on the other hand if it is not disclosed, the non-disclosure wou Id thwart the admi- ~ nistration of justice by keeping back from the court a material document. There are two aspects of public interest clashing with each other out of which the court has to decide which predominates. C The approach to this problem is admirably set out in a passage from the judgment of Lord Reid in Conway v. Rimmer (supra) : 0 "It is universally recognised that there are two kinds of public interest which may clash. There is the public interest that harm shall not be done to the nation or the public service by disclosure of certain documents, and there is the public interest that the administration of justice shall not be frustrated by the withholding of docu­ ments which must be produced if justice is to be done. There are many cases where the nature of the injury which would or might be done to the nation or the public service is of so grave a character that no other interest, public or private, can be allowed to prevail over it. With regard to such cases it would be proper to say, as Lord Simon did, that to order production of the document in question, would put the interest of the State in jeopardy. But there are many other cases where the possible injury to the public service is much less and there one would think that it would be proper to balance the public interests involved. The court has to balance the detriment to the public interest on the administrative or executive side which would result from the dis­ closure of the document against the detriment to the public interest on the judicial side which would result from non-disclosure of the document though relevant to the proceeding. Vide the observations of Lord Pearson in Reg. v. Lewes JJ. Ex parte Home Secretary (supra) at page 406 of the report. The court has to decide which aspect of the public interest predominates or in other words, whether the public interest which requires that the document should not be produced, outweighs the public interest that a court of justice ) S.l'. GUPTo\ v. UNIONj(Hhagwati, J.) 613 in performing its function should not be denied access to relevant evidence. The court has thus to perform a balancing exercise and after weighing the one competing aspect of public inkrest against the other, decide where the balance lies. If the court comes to the conclusion that, on the balance, the disclosure. of the document would cause greater injury to public interest than its non-disclosure, the court would uphold the objection and not allow the document to be disclosed but if, on the other hand, the court finds that the balance between competing public interests lies the other way, the court would order the disclosure of the document. This balancing between two competing aspects of public interest has to be performed by the court even where an objection to the disclosure of the docu­ ment is taken on the ground that it belongs to a class of documents which are protected irrespective of their contents, because there is no absolute immunity for documents belonging to such class. Even in Conway v. Rimmer at page 952, Lord Reid recognised an excep­ tion that cabinet minutes and the like can be disclosed when they have become only of historical interest, and in Lanyon Private Limited v. Commonwealth (supra), Menzeies J. agreed that there might be "very special circumstances" in which such documents might be examined. Lord Scarman also pointed out in the course of his speech in Burma Oil v. Bank of England (supra) that he did not accept "that there are any classes of documents which, how­ ever harmless their content and however strong the requirement of justice, may never be disclosed until they are only of historical interest". The learned Law Lord said and we are quoting here his exact words since they admirably express our own approach to the subject : "But, is the secrecy of the inner workings of the government machine so vital a public interest that it must prevail over even the most imperative demands of justice ? If the contents of a document concern the ·national safety, affect diplomatic relations or relate to some state secret of high importance, I can understand an affirmative answer. But if they do not (and it is not claimed in this case that they do), what is so important about secret government that it must be protected even at the price of injustice in our courts." The reasons given for protection, the secrecy of H government at the level of policy making are two.. The first is the need for candour in the advice offered to Ministers; the second is that disclosure 'would create or fan ill-informed or captious public or political criticism.' Lord Reid in Conway v. Rimmer though the second 'the most important reason'. Indeed, he was inclined to dis­ count the candour argument. I think both reasons are factors legitimately to be put into the balance which has to be struck between the public interest in the proper functioning of the public service (i.e. the executive arm of the government) and the public interest in the administration of justice. Sometimes the public service reasons will be decisive of the issue; but they should never prevent the court from weighing them against the injury which would be suffered in the administration of justice if the document was not to be disclosed " The same view was expressed by Gibbs ACJ, in Sankey v. Whit/am D (supra) where the learned acting Chief Justice said : "I consider that although there is a class of documents whose members are entitled to protection from disclosure irrespective of their contents, the protection is not absolute, and it does not endure for ever. The fundamental and governing principle is that documents in the class may be withheld from production only when this is necessary in the public interest. In a particular case the court must balance the general desirability that documents of that kind should not be disclosed against the need to produce them in the interests of justice. The court will of course exa- mine the question with special care, giving full weight to the reasons for preserving the secrecy of documents of this class, but it will not treat all such documents as entitled to the same measure of protection-the extent of protection required will depend to some extent on tbe general subject matter with which the documents are concerned." There is nothing sacrosanct about the immunity which is granted to documents because they belong to a certain class. Class immunity is not absolute or inviolable in all circumstances. It is not a rule to be applied mechanically in all cases. The principle upon which class immunity is founded is that it would be ...contrary to public interest to disclose documents belonging to that class, because such disclosure would impair the proper functioning of the public service S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 615 and this aspect of public interest which requires that justice shall not be denied to any one by withholding relevant evidence. This is a balancing task which has to be performed by the Court in all cases. What should .be the technology and methodology of this balancing task is a matter which we shall presently examine. But, before we do so, it is necessary to point out that class immunity is not confined merely to that class of documents in respect of which non·disclosure is really necessary for the proper functioning of the public service, though mostly it is in respect of documents falling within this class that the claim for class immunity is usually made. There is also another class of documents which has always been recognised by the Court as entitled to the same immunity and that class consists of documents evidencing the sources from which the police obtain information. Now we agree with the learned counsel on behalf of the petitioners th at this immunity should not be lightly extended to any other class of documents, but, at the same time, boundaries cannot be regarded as immutably fixed. The principle is that whenever it is clearly contrary to the public interest for a document to be disclosed, then it is in law immune from disclosure. If a new class comes into existence to which this principle applies, then that class would enjoy the same immunity. This is the basis on which in Reg. v. Lewes, JJ. Ex parte Home Secretary (supra) the House of Lords extended this immunity to a new class of documents, namely, all such documents as were supplied to the Gaming Board and related to the "character, reputation and financial standing of the applicant". Lord Reid pointed out in that case that the claim for protection made on behalf of Gaming Board was not based on the contents of the particular letter of which disclosure was sought by the appellant, but it was "based on the fact that the Board cannot adequately perform their statutory duty unless they can p;eserve the confidentiality of all communications to them regarding the character, reputation or antecedents of applicants for their consent." The learned Law Lord posited the question for consideration in the following words : "Here the question is whether the withholding of this class of documents is really necessary to enable the Board adequately to perform its statutory duties" and proceeded to hold that "if there is not to be very serious danger of the Board being deprived of information essential for the proper performance of their task, there must be a general rule that they are not bound to produce any document which gives information to them about any applicant". Lord Morris of Borth-Y-Gest also observed to the same effect at page 405 of the Report : "However honourable and public spirited a person might be, he would undoubtedly feel somewhat inhibited in the future if he found that as a result oi his last response to a request for information he had himself become a defendant or an accused. The test, however, is not in per­ sonal terms. It rests upon a consideration of the necessities of the public service arising out of the rather special duties and functions imposed and recognised by Parliament." The House of Lords accordingly held that "on balance the public interest clearly requires that documents of this kind should not be disclosed" and thus upheld the claim of immunity in respect of the Jetter which gave information to the Gaming Board about the character, reputation and antecedents of the appellant. The question is whether immunity of this kind-what we have described as class immunity-should be extended to the class of documents consisting of correspondence exchanged between the Law Minister or other high level functionary or the Central Government, the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India in regard to appointment or non-appointment of a High Court or Supreme Court Judge. Now we may cunveniently at this stage consider the question as to how a claim for immunity against disclosure should be raised under section 123. It is necessary to repeat and re· emphasize that this claim of immunity can be justifiably made only, if it is felt that the disclosure of the document would be injurious to public interest. Where the State is a party to an action in which disclosure of a docurnent is sought b" the opposite party, it is possible that the decision to with-hold the document may be influenced by the apprehension that such disclosure may adversely affect the head of the department or the department itself or the minister or even the Government or that it may provoke public criticism or censure in the legislature or in the press, but it is essential that such considera­ tions should be totally kept out in reaching the decision whether or not to disclose the document. So also the effect of the document on the ultimate course of the litigation-whether its disclosure would hurt the State in its defence-should have no relevance in making a claim for immunity against disclosure. The sole and only considera­ tion must be whether the disdosure of the document would be detrimental to public interest in the particular case before the Court. It has therefore been held since long before Conway v. Rimmer " S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 617 (supra) was decided in England and since the decision in Sodhi Sukhdeo Singh's case (supra) in India that a claim for immunity against disclosure should be made by the minister who is the political head of the department concerned or failing him, by the secretary of the department and the claim should always be made in the form of an affidavit. Where the affidavit is made by the secretary. the Court may in an appropriate case require an affidavit of the minister concerned. The affidavit should show that the document in question has been carefully read and considered and the person making the affidavit has formed the view that the document should not be disclosed either because of its actual contents or because of the class of documents to which it belongs. If in a given case no affidavit is filed or the affidavit filed is defective, the Court may give an opportunity to the State to file a proper affidavit. The reason is that the immunity against disclosure claimed under section 123 is not a privilege which can be waived by the State. It is an immunity which is granted in order to protect public interest and therefore even if the State has not filed an affidavit or the affidavit filed is not satisfactory, the court cannot abdicate its duty of deciding whether the disclosure of the document in question would be injurious to public interest and the document should not therefore be allowed to be disclosed. That is why in England this immunity is no longer described as "Crown Privilege" but is called "public interest immunity". This aspect of the immunity was emphasized by Lord Reid in Reg v. Lewes Ex parte Home Secretary (supra) where the learned Law Lord observed that the expression 'Crown Privilege' is wrong and may be misleading and there is no question of any privilege in the ordinary sense of the word, as the real question is whether the public interest requires that the document shall not be produced. Lord Simon of Glaisdale also pointed out in the same case; "Crown privilege is a misnomer and apt to be misleading. It refers to the rule that certain evidence is inadmissible on the ground that its adduction would be contrary to the public interest ....... it is not a privilege which may be waived by the Crown or by anyone else". It is therefore clear that if a document is entitled to immunity against disclosure, it cannot be adduced in evidence by either party and even if neither of the parties claims, such immunity, the Judge himself must take the objection, for the rule that the public interest must not be put in jeopardy by the disclosure of a document which would injure it, is one upoo which the court should, if necessary, insist, even though no objection has been take11 by any party or by any government department. In Conway v. Rimmer (supra) Lord Reid said that it is the duty of the Court to prevent the disclosure 618 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982] 2 s.c.R. of a document without the intervention of any minister, "if possible serious injury to the national interest is readily apparent". In Reg v. Lewes Ex. parte Home Secretary (supra) Lord Simon of Glaisdale pointed out that even a litigant or a witness may draw the attention of the Court to the nature of the document with a view to its being excluded. Since the immunity is founded '.on public interest, it is necessary that the court should have the power and the?duty to prevent the disclosure of a document when it would be injurious to public interest to disclose it, even if the proper procedure for objection by or on behalf of the minister or the secretary has not been followed. The Court must intervene proprio motu if it appears that the public interest requires the document to be protected from disclosure. This being the correct legal position, it is immaterial whether in the present case appropriate affidavit claiming immunity was filed on behalf of the Union of India. The learned Attorney General sought to tender on an affidavit sworn by Burney, the then Secretary to the Home and Judiciary Department claiming immunity against disclosure in respect of the correspondence exchanged between the Law Minister, the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court and the Chief Justice of India in regard to the non-appointment of S. N. Kumar but since the affidavit was sworn on 7-9-1981 and yet not tendered until 16-9-1981 even though the arguments had begun long back, we expressed our displeasure at the delay in filing the affidavit where­ upon the learned Attorney General stated that he would not rely upon the affidavit. Thereafter when the learned counsel for S. N. Kumar sought answers to certain queries in regard to this corres­ pondence, the learned Attorney General filed an affidavit sworn by T.N. Chaturvedy, Secretary to the Home and Judiciary Department claiming protection against disclosure of this correspondence, strong objection was taken to the filing of this affidavit by the learned counsel on behalf of the petitioners and S.N. Kumar on the ground that the learned Attorney General having made a statement that he would not rely upon previous affidavit, it was not competent and in any event not proper for the Union of India to file the affidavit of T.N. Chaturvedi which was almost in the same terms as the previous affidavit. But we over-ruled this objection, because, as would be clear from what we have discussed above, even if no affidavit were filed earlier on behalf of the Union of India claiming immunity against disclosure, the Union of India could always file an affidavit claiming such immunity at any stage before the claim for immunity ,. , . . ,. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 619 was considered and decided by the court and once the claim for · immunity was raised, the court could also on its own direct the Union of India to file a proper affidavit, if no such affidavit were already filed. We therefore took the affidavit of T.N. Chaturvedi on file and allowed the Union of India to rely upon it. We may point out that even if this affidavit had not been filed, the Court would still have had to consider on the basis of the other material before it including the nature of the correspondence whether its disclosure would be injurious to pub! ic interest and hence it should not be allowed to be disc! osed. We may also point out that we were invited to inspect for ourselves the correspondence exchanged between the Law Minister, the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court and the Chief Justice of India for the purpose of deciding whether that correspondence was entitled to immunity against disclosure. Now the view taken in Sodhi Sukhdev Singh's case was that where an objection is raised against the disclosure of a document under section 123, the Court has no power to inspect the document under section 162 for the purpose of deciding the objection. But with the greatest respect to the learned Judges who decided that case, we do not think this view is correct and in fact subsequent decisions of this Court seem to be against it. So far as English law is concerned it is now well-settled as a result of the decision of the House of Lords in Conway v. Rimmer {supra) that there is a residual power in the Court to inspect the document if the Court finds it necessary to do so for the purpose of deciding whether on balance the disclosure of the document would cause greater injury to public interest than its non-disclosure. Vide Conway v. Rimmer (supra) at pages 953, 979, 98 l and 993. This residual power of the court to inspect the document has also been recognised in Australian Law by the decision of the High Court of Australia in Sankey v. Whitlam(1). We do not see any reason why under Indian Law the Court should be denied this residual power to inspect the document. It is true that under section 162 the Court cannot inspect the docu­ ment if it relates to affairs of State, but this bar comes into operation only if the document is established to be one relating to affairs of State. If, however, there is any doubt whether the document does relate to affairs of State, the residual power which vests in the Court to inspect the document for the purpose of determining whether the disclosure of the document would be injurious to public interest and the document is therefore one relating to atf airs of State, is not (1) 21 Australian Law Reports 505. 620 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982] 2 S.C.R. A excluded by section 162. This Court in fact held in no uncertain terms in Raj Narain' s case (supra) where an objection against the disclosure of the Blue Book was take~ on behalf of the State under section 123, that if the Court was not satisfied with the affidavit objecting to the disclosure of the document, the Court may inspect the document. Ray, C.J. observed at two places while dealing with the objection against the diselosure of ti1e Blue Book under section 123 that "If the Court would yet like to satisfy itself, the Court may see the document. This will be the inspection of the document by the Court." and "If the Court in spite of the affidavit wishes to inspect the document, the Court may do so." Mathew, J. also pointed out that in Amarchand Butail v. Union of India & Others(1), this Court inspected the document in order to see whether it related to affairs of State. There can therefore, be no doubt that even where a claim for immunity against disclosure of a doculllent is made under section 123, the Court may in an appropriate case inspect the document in order to satisfy itself whether its disclosure would, in the particular case before it, be injurious to public interest and the claim for immunity must therefore be up-held. Of course this power of ins­ pection is a power to be sparingly exercised, only if the Court is in doub.t, after considering the affidavit, if any, filed by the minister or the secretary, the issues in the case and the relevance of the docu­ ment whose disclosure is sought. Since, in the present case, the affidavit of T. N. Chaturvedy claiming immunity against disclosure was made at a late stage of the proceedings and the claim for immunity was in respect of a new class of documents which has so far not come up for judicial consideration and we were in doubt, even after considering the affid1vit, whether the correspondence whose disclosure was sought on behalf of the petitioners and S. N. Kumar was of such a character that its disclosure would, on an overall view after weighing the two a'pects of public interest referred to above, be injurious to public interest, we inspected the corres- pondence for ourselves for the purpose of deciding whether or not it should be ordered to be disclosed. Now as we have already pointed out above, it is for the court to decide the claim for immunity against disclosure made under section 123 by weighing the competing aspects of public interest and deciding which, in the particular case before the court, predominates. The court is not bound by the affidavit made by the minister or the secretary because the minister or the secretary would be concerned (1) AIR 1964 SC 1658. ,. ' .. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 621 primarily and almost exclusively with the assertion of the public interest which would be injured by the disclosure of the document and he would have very little concern, if at all, with the public interest in fair administration of justice and in fact he would not be in a position to appreciate and assess the relative importance of the two competing public interest so as to be able to judge as to which in the particular case before the Court should be allowed to prevent. What should be the relative weight to be attached to each aspect of public interest is a question which the court would be best qualified to decide and not the minister or the secretary. That is why in Convey v. Rimmer (supra) Lord Reid, while rejecting the notion that a minister's claim of immunity was conclusive, pointed out at page 943 that the minister who withholds production of a document has no duty to consider the degree of public interest involved in a particular case in frustrating the due administration of justice, if not mattering to the minister at all whether the result of withholding the document would merely be to deprive a litigant of some evidence on a minor issue in a case of little importance or on the other hand, to make it impossible to do justice in a case of the greatest importance. The court would of course consider the affi­ davit made by the minister or the secretary and give it due weight and importance, but ultimately it is the court which will have to determine which aspect of public interest must prevail and whether the claim for immunity against disclosure should be upheld or not. This was most felicitously expressed by Lord Radcliffe in the Scottish appeal of Glasgow Corporation v. Central Land Board (supra) where the learned Law Lord said : "The power reserved to the court is therefore a power to order production even though the public interest is to some extent affected prejudicially. This amounts to a recognition that more than one aspect of the public interest may have to be surveyed in reviewing the question whether a document which would be available to a party in a civil suit between private parties is _not to be available to the party engaged in a suit with the Crown. The interests of government, for which the Minister should speak with full authority, do not exhaust the public interest. Another aspect of that interest is seen in the need that impartial jus­ tice should be done in the courts of law, not least between citizen and Crown, and that a litigant who has a case to maintain should not be deprived of the means of its proper presentation by anythin~ less th!l,n a wei$hty public reason. 622 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 S.C.R. It does not seem to me unreasonable to expect that the court would be better qualified than minister to measure the importance of such principles in application to the parti · cular case that is before it. "Mathew, J. also observed to the same effect in his concurring B opinion in Raj Naraian's case (supra): "The claim of the executive to exclude evidence is more likely to operate to subserve a partial interest, viewed exclusively from a narrow depa1tmental angle. It is impossible for it to see or give equal weight to another matter, namely, that justice should be done and seen to be done. When there are more aspects of public interest to be considered, the court will, with reference to the pending litigation, be in a better position to decide where the weight of public interest predominates." The court will therefore have to put in the scales against the injury to public interest which may be caused by the disclosure of the document, the likely injury to the cause of injustice by non-dis­ closure and both will have to be assessed and weighed and it will have to be determined on which side the balance tilts. Now obviously the weight of the Jike!y injury to the cause of justice will vary according to the nature of the proceeding in which the disclosure is sought, the relevance of the document and )he degree of likelyhood that the document will be of importance in the litigation. The particular nature of the proceeding and the impor­ tance of the document in the determination of the issues arising in it are vital considerations to be taken into account in determining what are the relevant aspects of public interest which are to be weighed and what is the outcome cf that weighing process. Perhaps the most striking example of the way in which the nature of the case will bear upon the judicial process of weighing aspects of public interest is afforded by the well recognised rule that where a document is necessary to support the defence of an accused person whose liberty is at stake in a criminal trial, it must be disclosed whatever be the nature of the document, because, as observed by Lord Simon of Glaisdale in D. V. National Society for the Preven­ tion of Cruelty to Children (1977) 2 Weekly Law Reports 207, "the public interest that no innocent man should be convicted of crime is so powerful that it outweighs the genc;:r11l .Public interest" which .. 'l "" I ... .. ' ... .... ,- S,P, GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwatl, J.) 623 might be injured by the disclosure of the document. Lord Keith also emphasized the necessity of taking the particular nature of the proceeding into account in the balancing process, when he said in Glasgow Co-poration v. Central L'lnd Board (supra) that "every­ thing must depend on the particular circumstances of the case. It is impossible to lay down broad and general rules." So also a Sankey v. Whit/am (supra) the High Court of Australia pointed out that the character of the proceeding in which the claim for immunity against disclosure is raised and the importance of the document in the determination of the issues arising in the proceeding are of extreme relevance in deciding which way the balance of public interest lies There, the question was whether in a proceeding alleging offences against Mr. Whitlam, a former Prime Minister and others, certain papers and documents which were relevant to the issues arising in the proceeding were entitled to public interest immunity so as to be protected against disclosure. The High Court of Australia nega· tived the claim for immunity and in the course of his judgment, Stephen, J. laid the greatest stress on the character of the proceeding and pointed out its triple significance in the determination of the claim: "First, it makes it very likely that, for the prosecution to be successful, its evidence must include documents of a class hitherto regarded as undoubtedly the subject of Crown privilege. But then to accord privilege to such documents as a matter of course is to come close to conferring immunity from conviction upon those who may occupy or may have occupied high offices of State if proceeded against in relation to their conduct in those offices. Those in whom resides the power ultimately to decide whether or not to claim privilege wHI in fact be exercising a far more potent power : by a decision to claim privilege dismissal of the charge will be well-nigh ensured. Secondly, and assuming for the moment that there should prove to be any substance in the present charges, their character must raise doubts about the reasons customarily given as justifying a claim to Crown pl'ivilege for classes of documents, being the reasons in fact relied upon in this case. Those reasons, the need to safeguard the proper functioning of the executive arm of government and of the public service, seem curiously inappropriate ·C 624 SUPREME CoURT ilEPORTs [i982] 2 s.c.R.. when to uphold the claim is to prevent successful prose­ cution of the charges : inappropriate because what is charged is itself the grosaly improper functioning of that very arm of government and of the public service which assists it. Thirdly, the high offices which were occupied by those charged and the nature of the conspiracies sought to be attributed to them in those offices must make it a matter of more than usual public interest that in the dis­ position of the charges the course of justice be in no way unnecessarily impeded. For such charges to have re­ mained pending and unresolved for as Jong as they have is bad enough; if they are now to be met with a claim to Crown privilege, invoked for the protection of the proper functioning of the executive government, some high degree of public interest for non-disclosure should be shown before the privilege should be accorded." The nature of the proceeding in which the claim for immunity arose was regarded as an important factor influencing the decision of the court in rejecting the claim and ordering production of the docu­ ments. It would thus seem clear that in the weighing process which the court has to perform in order to decide which of the two aspects of public interest should be given predominance, the character of the proceeding, the issues arising in it and the likely effect of the documents on the determination of the issues must form vital con­ siderations, for they would affect the relative weight to be given to each of the respective aspects of public interest when placed in the scales. Bearing these observations in mind, we must now proceed to examine the claim for immunity against disclosure in respect of the correspondence between the Law Minister, the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court and the Chief Justice of India in regard to non-appoint­ ment of S. N. Kumar. It was a class immunity which was claimed in respect of this correspondence and the protected class was said to consist of correspondence between the Law Minister or other high level functionary of the Central Government, the Chief Justice of the High Court, the Chief Minister or the Law ,Minister of the State Government and the Chief Justice of India in regard to appointment or non-appointment of a High Court Judge or a Supreme Court Judge or transfer of a High Court Judge and the notings made by these constitutional functionaries in that behalf. The argument was ., ' ' 1 s.P. GtlPrA v. UNION (Bhagvati, i.) 625 that the documents belonging to this class are immune from dis- A closure, irrespective of their contents, because it is in national interest and also necessary for maintaining the dignity of the judiciary and preserving the confidence of the people in the integrity of the judicial process that documents belonging to this class should be withheld from disclosure. Now there are a few prefatory remarks we would like to make before embarking upon an examination of this argu­ ment. In the first place, it is necessary to bear in mind that the burden of establishing a claim for class immunity is very heavy on the person making the claim. Lord Reid pointed out in Reg. v. Lewes Justices, Ex parte Home Secretray (supra) that the speeches in Convey v. Rimmer (supra) made it clear that there is a heavy burden of proof on any authority which makes a claim for class immunity. The claim for class immunity is an extraordinary claim because it is , based not upon the contents of the document in question but upon its membership of a class whatever be its contents and therefore the court should be very slow in upholding such a broad claim which is contradictory, if not destructive, of the concept of open government. Secondly, it is true, as pointed out earlier, that classes of documents to which the immunity may be accorded are not closed and in the life of a fast cha ngi ng society rapidly growing and developing under the impact of vast scientific and technological advances new class or classes of documents may come into existence to which the immunity may have to be granted in public interest, but that should only be as a highly exceptional measure. It is only under the severest com­ pulsion of the requirement of public interest that the court may extend the immunity to any other class or classes of documents and in the context of our commitment to an open government with the concommitent right of the citizen to know what is happening in the government, the court should be reluctant to expand the classes of documents to which immunity may be granted. The court must on the contrary move in the direction of attenuating the protected class or classes of documents, because by and large secrecy is the badge of an authoritarian government. We may point out once again though it be at the cost of repetition, that even in regard to documents belonging to the class which has been judicially recog­ nised as entitled to immunity, the law must now be taken to be well­ settled that the immunity is not absolute. The public interest in non-disclosure of a document belonging to this class may in an appropriate case yield to the public interest that in the administra- tion of justice, the court should have the fullest possible access to every relevant document and in that event, the document would be liable to be disclosed even though it belongs to the protected class. ·c 626 SUPREME COURT REPORts i 19 82) 2 s.c.1l The executive cannot by merely invoking the scriptural formula of class immunity defeat the cause of justice by withholding a docu­ ment which is essential to do justice bet ween the parties, for other­ wise the doctrine of class immunity would become a frightful weapon in the hands of the executive for burying its mistakes, covering up its inefficiencies and sometimes even hiding its corruption. Every claim for immunity in respect of a document, whatever be the ground on which the immunity is claimed and whatever be the nature of the document, must stand scrutiny of the court with refer­ ence to one and only one test, namely, what does public interest require-disclosure or non·disclosure. The doctrine of class immu­ nity is therefore no longer impregnable; it does not any more deny judicial scrutiny; it is no more a mantra to which the court pays obeisance. Whenever class immunity is claimed in respect of a document, the court has to weigh in the scales the one aspect of public interest which requires that the document should not be dis­ closed against the other that the court in performing its functions should not be denied access to relevant document and decide which way the balance lies. And this exercise has to be performed in the context of the democratic ideal of an open government. If we approach the problem before us in the light of these observations, it will be clear that the class of documents consisting of the correspondence exchanged between the Law Minister or other high level functionary of the Central Government, the Chief Justice of the High Court, the State Government and the Chief Justice.of India in regard to appointment or non-appointment of a High Court Judge or Supreme Court Judge or the transfer of a High Court Judge and the notes made by these constitutional functionaries in that behalf cannot be regarded as a protected class entitled to immu­ nity against disclosure. It is undoubtedly true that appointment or non-appointment of a High Court Judge or a Supreme Court Judge and transfer of a High Court Judge are extremely important matters affecting the quality and efficiency of the judicial institution and it is therefore absolutely essential that the various constitutional func­ tionaries concerned with these matters should be able to freely and frankly express their views in regard to these matters. But we do not think that the candour and frankness of these constitutional functionaries in expressing their views would be affected if they felt that the correspondence exchanged between them would be liable to be disclosed in a subsequent judicial proceeding. The constitu­ tional functionaries concerned in this exercise are holders of high constitutional offices such as the Chief Justice of a High Court and ·( ' s.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati. i.) 621 the Chief Justice of India and it would not be fair to them to say that they are made of such weak stuff that they would hesitate to express their views with complete candour and frankness if they apprehend subsequent disclosure. We have no doubt that high level constitutional functionaries like the Chief Justice of a High Court and the Chief Justice of India would not be deterred from perform­ ing their constitutional duty of expressing their views boldly and fearlessly even if they were told that the correspondence containing their views might subsequently be disclosed. If, to quote the words of Lord Pearce in Convey v. Rimmer {supra) "there are countless teachers at schools and universities, countless employers of labour, who write candid reports, unworried by the outside chance of dis­ closure," there is no reason to suspect that high level constitutional functionaries like the Chief Justice of a High Court and the Chief Justice of India would flinch and falter in expressing their frank and sincere views when performing their constitutional duty. We have alredy dealt with the argument based on the need for candour and frankness and we must reject it in its application to the case of holders of high constitutional offices like the Chief Justice of a High Court and the Chief Justice of India. Be it noted-and of this we have no doubt-that our Chief Justices and Judges are made of sterner stuff; they have inherited a long and ancient tradition of independence and impartiality; they are by training and experience as also by their oath of office dedicated to the cause of justice administered without fear or favour, affection or ill-will and in fact there is no power on earth which can deflect them from the path of rectitude. They are, to quote the words from the famous verse from Manasollasa <::~~1!1' fcr<:rf;;rn: I and f~TllT ~lf'ff'Gr<'f: and we find it difficult to believe that they would not act as Judges but as weak kneed and effete individuals afraid to express their views Jest they might come to be known to others and provoke criticism. The Chief Justice of a High Court and the Chief Justice of India would undoubtedly expect confidentiality while expressing their views but that is no ground for upholding a claim for class immu­ nity in respect of the correspondence exchanged between them and the Central Government or the State Government. Confidentiality is not a bead of privilege and the need for confidentiality of high level communications without more cannot sustain a claim for immunity against disclosure. Vide : Science Research Council v. Nasse(1) and particularly the observations of Lord Scarman at page 697 and 698. Even if a document be confidential, it must be pro- (I) [1979] 3 AH England Reports 673. .A surllEME cduilr REPORTS [1982] 2 s.c.ft. duced, notwithstanding its confidentiality, if it is necessary for fairly disposing of the case, unless it can be shown that its disclosure would otherwise be injurious to public interest. Now we fail to see how in cases of this kind where non­ appointment of an additional Judge for a further term or transfer of a High Court Judge is challenged, the disclosure of the correspon­ dence exchanged between the Law Minister, the Chief Justice of the High Court, the State Government and the Chief Justice of India and the relevant notings made by them, could at all said to be injurious to public interest. We have already pointed out above that so far as non-appointment of an additional Judge for a further term is concerned, the only two grounds on which the decision not to appoint can be assailed are : firstly, that there was no full and effective consultation by the Central Government with the Chief Justice of the High Court, the State Government and the Chief Justice of India before reaching the decision and secondly, that the decision is mala fide or based on irrelevant considerations. Now obviously these twc grounds cannot be made good by a petitioner unless the correspondence between the Law Minister, the Chief Justice of the High Court, the State Government and the Chief Justice of India and the relevant notings made by them are dis· closed, for they alone would furnish the relevant evidence showing whether these two grounds are satisfied or not. These documents would show or atleast shed light on the question whether there was full and effective consultation between the Central Government on the one .hand and the Chief Justice of the High Court, the State Government and the Chief Justice of India on the other, because, as already, pointed out by us, such consul cation would ordinarily be in writing-as . it ought to be-and they would also, in cases where such consultation has taken place, indicate the reasons which have weighed with the Central Government in reaching its decision. Apart from these documents, there would be no other documentary evidence available to the petitioner to establish that there was no full and effective consultation or that the decision of the Central Government was based on irrelevant considerations and if an affi­ davit is made by an appropriate authority of the Cel'ltral Govern­ ment or by the Chief Justice of the High Court or by the Chief Justice of India stating that every releva11t aspect of the question was .discussed and there was full and effective con­ sultation, it would be well-nigh impossible for the petitioner to successfully challenge the decision of the Central Government. It is only through these documents that the petitioner can, if at all, hope to show that there was no full and effective consultation by the - s.1'. G\JPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 629 Central Government with the Chief Justice of the High Court, the State Government and the Chief Justice of India or that the decision of the Central Government was mala fide or based on irrelevant grounds and therefore, to accord immunity against disclosure to these documents would be tantamount to summarily throwing out the challenge against the discontinuance of the additional Judge. It would have the effect of placing the Unioo of India, whose deci­ sion is challenged, in an unassailable-almost invincible-position "t· where it can, by claiming class immunity in respect of these docu­ ments, ensure the rejection of the writ petition. The harm that would be caused to the public interest in justice by the non-disclo­ sure of these documents would in the circumstances far outweigh the injury which may possibly be caused by their disclosure, because the non-disclosure would almost inevitably result in the dismissal of the writ petition and consequent denial of justice even though the claim of the petitioner may be true and just. Moreover, it may be noted that the discontinuance of an additional Judge by the Central Government is a serious matter and if such discontinuance is mala fide or bassed on irrelevant grounds, it would tend to affect the independence of the judiciary and it is therefore necessary in order to maintain public confidence in the independent functioning of the judiciary that the people should know whether the constitu­ tional requirements were complied with before the decision was taken not to continue the additional Judge and whether any oblique motivations or irrelevant considerations influenced the Central Government in reaching that decision. The charge against the Central Government in the first group of present writ petitions was that there was no full and effective consultation with the Chief Justice of India before the decision was reached by the Central Government in regard to S. N. Kumar and in any event, the decision of the Central Government was actuated by oblique or improper motives. This was a serious charge against the Central Government and there can be no doubt that it would be very much in public interest that the necessary documents throwing light on the truth or otherwise of this charge should be disclosed, so that the full facts may be known to the public and the doubts raised and entertained about the influence of extraneous factors in the case of S. N. Kumar should be resolved and removed. It is significant to note that had there not been disclosure of these documents, a certain doubt or misgiving would have continued to prevail in the public mind that the decision to discontinue S. N. Kumar as an additional Judge was taken by the Central Government without full and effective consul- E· 630 SUPREME COlJRt Ril!>OR.tS (19S2) 2 s.c.R.. tation of the Chief Justice of India and that this decision was moti­ vated by oblique or irrelevant considerations. But, as we shall presently point out these documents when disclosed helped to clear this doubt an :I remove this misgiving by explaining to the people what were the true facts behind the decision to discontinue S. N. Kumar as an additional Judge. Furthermore, it may be noted that when the charge against the Central Government is that it bas dis­ continued S. N. Kumar as an additional Judge for oblique or im­ proper reasons and thereby sought to interfere with the independence f of the judiciary, it would be singularly inappropriate to exclude these documents which constitute the only evidence, if at all, for establishing this charge, by saying that the disclosure of these docu­ ments would impair the efficient functioning of the judicial institu- tion. The interest of the wider community in getting to the bottom of this charge is so great that it cannot be allowed to be impeded by a mere rule of evidence. Nor can the decision to admit or exclude be safely left to the Central Government which is itself charged with wrongful or improper conduct. These self-same reasons must apply equally in negativing the claim for immunity in respect of the correspondence between the Law Minister and the Chief Justice of India and the relevant notings made by them in regard to the transfer of a High Court Judge including the Chief Justice of a High Court. These documents are extremely material for deciding whether there was full and effective consultation with the Chief Justice of India before effe~ting the transfer and the transfer was made in public interest, both of which are, according to the view taken by us, justiciable issues and the non-disclosure of these documents would seriously handicap the petitioner in showing that there was no full and effective consultation with the Chid Justice of India or that the transfer was by way of punishment and not in public interest. It would become almost impossible for the petitioner, without the aid of these documents, to establish his case, even if it be true. Moreover, the transfer of a High Court Judge or Chief Justice of a High Court is a very serious matter and if made arbitrarily or capriciously or by way of punishment or without public interest motivation, it would erode the independence of the judiciary which is a basic feature of the Constitution and therefore when such a charge is made, it is in public interest that it should be fully investigated and all relevant docu­ ments should be produced before the Court so that the full facts may come before the people, who in a democracy are the ultimate arbiters. It would be plainly contrary to public interest to allow the S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 631 inquiry into such a charge to be baulked or frustrated by a claim -'+ · for immunity in respect of documents essential to the Inquiry. It is also important to note th at when the transfer of a High Court Judge or Chief Justice of a High Court is challenged, the burden of showing that there was full and effective consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the transfer was effected in public interest is on the Union of India and it cannot withhold the relevant documents ~ in its possession on a plea of immunity and expect to discharge this burden by a mere statement in an affidavit. Besides, if the reason .. • for excluding these documents is to safeguard the proper functioning ~ of the higher organs of the State including the judiciary, then that reason is wholly inappropriate where what is charged is the grossly improper functioning of those very organs. It is therefore obvious that, in a proceeding where the transfer of a High Court Judge or Chief Justice of a High Court is challenged, no immunity can be claimed in respect of the correspondence exchanged between the Law Mini8ter and the Chief Justice of India and the notings made by them, since, on the balance, the non-disclosure of these documents '7 would cause greater injury to public interest than what may· be caused by their disclosure. But, quite apart from these considerations, we do not under­ stand how the disclosure of the correspondence exchanged between the Law Minister, the Chief Justice Of the High Court, the State Government and the Chief Justice of India and the relevant notes made by them in regard to non-appointment of an additional Judge for a further term or transfer of a High Court Judge can be detri­ mental to public interest. It was argued by the learned Solicitor General on behalf of the Union of India that if the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India differ in their views in regard to the suitability of an additional Judge for further appointment, the disclosure 0f their views would cause considerable embarrassment because the rival views might be publicly debated and there might be ca.)tious and un-informed criticism which might have the effect of undermining the prestige and dignity of one or the other Chi.,f Justice and shaking the confidence of the people in the administration of justice. If the difference in the views expressed by the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India becomes publicly known, contended the learned Solicitor General it might create a difficult situation for the Chief Justice of the High Court vis-a vis the Chief Justice of India and if despite the adverse opinion of the Chief Justice of the High Court, the additional Judge 8 632 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 S.C.R. is continued for a further term, and the additional Judge knows that he has been so continued over-ruling the view of the Chief Justice of the High Court, it might lead to a certain amount of friction which would be detrimental to the proper functioning of the High Court. So also if an additional Judge is continued for a further term accepting the view expressed by the Chief Justice of the High Court and rejecting the opinion of the Chief Justice of India, it would again create a piquant situation because it would affect the ~ image of the Chief Justice of India in the public eyes. Moreover, a feeling might be created in the mind of the public that a person who was regarded as unsuitable for judicial app,Jintment by one or the other of the two Chief Justices, has been appointed as a Judge and the litigants would be likely to have reservations about him and the confidence of the people in th~ administration of justice would be affected. The learned Solicitor General contended that for these reasons it would be injurious to public interest to disclose the correspondence exchanged between the Law Minister, the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India. We have given our most anxious thought to this argument urged by the learned Solicitor Genera I, but we do not think we can accept it. We do not see any reason why, if the correspondence bet­ ween the Law Minister, the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India and the relevant notes -made by them, in regard to discontinuance of an additional Judge are relevant to the issues arising in a judicial proceeding, they should not be disclosed. There might be diffe,rence of views between the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India but so long as the views are held bona fide by the two Chief Justices, we do not see why they should he worried about the disclosure of their views ? Why should they feel embarrassed by public discussion or debate of the views expressed by them when they have acted bona fide with the greatest care and circumspection and after mature deliberation. Do Judges sitting on a Division Bench not differ from each other in assessment. of evidence and reach directly contrary conclusions on questions of fact ? Do they not express their judicial opinions boldly and fearlessly leaving it to the jurists to decide which of the two differring opinions is correct? If two Judges do not feel any embarrassment in coming to different findings of fact which may be contrary to each other, why should two Chief Justices feel embarrass­ ed if the opinions given by them in regard to the suitability of an additional Judge for further appointment differ and such differing S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 633 opmtons are made kn0 wn to the public. Not only tolerance but acceptance of bona fide difference of opinion is a part of judicial discipline and we find it difficult to believe that the disclosure of their differing opinions might create a strain in the relationship between the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India. We have no doubt that the Chief Justice of the High Court would come to his own independent opinion on the material before him and he would not surrender his judgment to the Chief Jug. tice of India, merely because the Chief Justice of India happens to be head of the judiciary having a large voice in the appointment of Judges on the Supreme Court Bench. Equally we are confident that merely because the Chief Justice of the High Court has come to a different opinion and is not prepared to change that opinion despite the persuation of the Chief Justice of India, no offence would be taken by the Chief Justice of India and he would not harbour any feeling of resentment against the Chief Justice of the High Court. Both the Chief Justices have trained judicial minds and both of them would have the humility to recognise that they can be mistaken in their opinions. We do not therefore see any real possibility of estrangement or even embarrassment for the twci Chief Justices, if their differing views in regard to the suitability of an additional Judge for further appoinment are disclosed. We also find it difficult to agree that if the differing views of the two Chief Justices become known to the outside world, the public discussion and debate that might ensue might have the effect of lowering the dignity and prestige of one or the other of the two Chief Justices. When the differing Yiews of the two Chief Justices are made public as a result of disclosure, there would certainly be public discussion and debate in regard to those views with some criticizing one view and some criticizing the other, but that cannot be helped in a demo­ cracy where the right of free speech and expression is a guaranteed right and if the views have been expressed by the two Chief Justices with proper care and deliberation and a. full sense of responsibility in discharge of a constitutional duty, there is no reason why the two Chief Justices should worry about public criticism. We fail to see how such public criticism could have the effect of undermining the prestige and dignity of one or the other Chief Justice. So long as the two Chief Justices have acted honestly and bona fide wi1h full consciousness of the heavy responsibility that rests upon them in .matters of this kind, we do not think that any amount of public criticism can affect their prestige and dignity. But if either of the two Chief Justices has acted carelessly or improperly or irresponsibly 634 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982} 2 S.C.R. or out of oblique motive, his view would certainly be subjected to public criticism and censure and that might show him in poor light and bring him down in the esteem of the people, but that will be the price which he will have to pay for his remissness in discharge of constitutional duty. No Chief Justice or Judge should be allowed to hide his improper and irresponsible action under the cloak of secrecy. If any Chief Justice or Judge has behaved improperly or irresponsibly or in a manner not befitting the high office he holds, there is no reason why his action should not be exposed to public gaze. We believe in an open government and openness in govern­ ment does not mean openness merely in the functioning of the execu­ tive arm of the State. The same openness must characterise the functioning of the judicial apparatus including judicial appointments and transfers. Today the process of judicial appointments and transfers is shrouded in mystery. The public does not know how Judges are selected and appointed or transferred and whether any and if so what, principles and norms govern this process. The exercise of the power of appointment and transfer remains a sacred ritual whose mystery is confined only to a handful of high priests, namely, the Chief Justice of the High Court, the Chief Minister of the State, the Law Minister of the Central Government and the Chief Justice of India in case of appointment or non· appointment of a High Court Judge and the Law Minister of the Central Govern­ ment and the Chief Justice of India in case of appointment of a Supreme Court Judge or transfer of a High Court Judge. The mystique of this process is kept secret and confidential between just a few individuals, not more than two or four as the case may be, and the possibility cannot therefore be ruled out that howsoever highly placed may be these individuals, the process may on occasions result is making of wrong appointments and transfers and may also at times, though fortunately very rare, lend itself to nepotism, political as well as personal and even trade· off. We do not see any reason why this process of appointment and transfer of Judges should be regarded as so sacrosanct that no one should be able to pry into it and it should be protected against disclosure at all events and in all circumstanees. Where it becomes relevant in a judicial proceeding, why should the Court and the opposite party and through them, the people not know what are the reasons for which a particular appointment is made or a particular additional Jud.!!e is discontinued or a particular transfer is effected. We fail to s~e what harm can be caused by the disclosure of true facts when they become relevant in a judicial proceeding. In fact, the possi- • .+I -( - ·-.. -,. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 635 bility of subsequent disclosure would act as an effective check against carelessness, impetuosity, arbitrariness or mala fides on the part of the Central Government, the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India and ens•ue bona fide and correct approach, objective and dispassionate ·consideration, mature thought and deliberation and proper application of mind on their part in discharging their constitutional duty in regard to appoint­ ments and transfers of Judges. It is true that if the views expressed by the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India in regard the suitability of an additional Judge for further appointment become known to the public, they might reflect adver­ sely on the competence, character or integrity of the additional Judge but the additional Judge cannot legitimately complain about it, because it would be at his instance that the disclosure would be ordered and the views of the two Chief Justices made public. If the additional Judge is appointed for a further term either accepting the opinion expressed by the Chief Justice of the. High Court in prefer­ ence to that of the Chie.f Justice of India or vice versa, the question of disclosure of differing opinions of the two Chief Justices would not arise, because no one would know that the two Chief Justices were not agreed on continuing the additional Judge for a further term, and therefore, ordinarily, there would be no challenge to the appointment of the additional Judge. It is only if the additional Judge is not continued for a further term that he or some one on his behalf may challenge the decision of the Central Government not to continue him and in that event, if he asks for disclosure of the relevant correspondence embody- . ing the views of the two Chief Justices, and if such disclosure is ordered, he has cnly himself to thank for it and in any event, in such a case, there would be no harm done to public i aterest if the views expressed by the two Chief justices become known to the public. We are therefore of the view that, in the two groups of writ petitions which are before us, the injury which would be caused to the public interest in administration of justice by non-disclosure of the correspondence between the Law Minister, the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India and the relevant notings made by them in regard to non-appointment of S. N. Kumar and the correspondence between the Law Minister and the Government of India and the relevant notings made by them in regard to transfer of the Chief Justice of Patna, far outweighs the injury which may, if at all, be caused to the public jqt<;r~st 1?¥ ~heir disclosure anc\ 636 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982) 2 s.c.R. hence these documents were liable to be disclosed in response to the demand of the learned counsel appearing on behalf of the petitioners and S. N. Kumar. These were the reasons for which we directed by our order dated 16th October, 81 that these documents be disclosed to the petitioners and S. N. Kumar. B Pacts of S.N. Kumar's Case: Whetherfull & effective consultation. II That takes us to the next question as to whether there was full and effective consultation between the President which means the Central Government on the one hand and the Chief Justice of India on the other. Article 217 provides that every Judge of the High Court shall be appointed by fre President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State and the Chief Ju~tice of the High Court. We have already rejected the contention urged on behalf of the respondents that the requirement of consulta­ tion is necessary only where a person is being appointed a Judge of the High Court and not where a decision is taken not to appoint him. We have, of course, made it clear that where the name 0f a person is proposed for appointment as a Judge of the High Court for the first time, he, having no right to be considered for such a appointment, is not entitled to insist that the proposal for his appointment, whether initiated by the Chief Justice of the High Court or the State Government or the Chief Justice of India, should be subj(cted to the process of consultation set out in Article 217 and his name can be dropped without any such consultation. But, as pointed O'Jt by us in an earlier portion of the judgment, the position is different in case of an additional Judge, for though an additional Judge has no right, on the expiration of his term, to be appointed an additional Judge for a further term or to be appointed a perma­ nent Judge, has still a right to be considered f"r such appointment and the Central Government has to decide whether or not to appoint him after consultation with the three constitutional function­ aries mentioned in Article 217. Here, in the present case, Shri S.N. Kumar was an additional Judge whose term expired on 6th June, 1981 and he was entitled to be considered for appointment as an additionnl Judge for a further term and the Central Government certainly could, after considering his name, decide in the bona fide exercise of its power, not to appoin him, but that could be done only after consultation with the three constitutional functionaries specified in Article 217 which included the Chief Justice of India. It therefore becomes necessary to consider whether the Central Government arrived at its decision not to appoint Shri S.N. Kumar as an addi- S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 637 tkmal Judge for a further term after consultation with the Chief Justice of India. We have already discussed the true nature and scope of consultation required under Article 217 and pointed out that the consultation contemplated by that Article is full and effective consultation where the relevant facts bearing upon appointment or non-appointment are brought to the notice of the Central Govern­ ment and the three constitutional functionaries required to be consulted and the opinion of each of the three constitutional func­ tionaries is taken on identical material and then a decision is reached by the Central Government whether or not to appaint the person concerned as a Judge, whether additional or permanent. Now Article 217 does not require that any particular procedure should be followed for full and effective consultation nor does it insist that the rf:!evant facts on which the final decision of the Central Govern­ ment is based shauld be conveyed to the other three constitutional functionaries in any particular manner or by the Central Government itself. What is necessary to ensure full and effective consultation within the meaning of Article 217 is that the Central Government as well as each of the three consititutional functionaries required to be consulted "must have for its consideration full and identical facts which can at once constitute both the source and foundation of the final decision" and it is immaterial as to how such "full and identical facts" are conveyed by one authority to the other. It is sufficient compliance with the constitutional requirement of Article 217 if the self-same facts on which the final decision is taken by the Central Government are placed before each of the three consitu­ tional functionaries required to be consulted and their opinion is taken on the basis of such facts whatever be the manner in which those facts are brought to their notice. Let us examine whether in the present case this constitutional requirement was satisfied before the decision was taken by the Central Government not to appoint S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge for a further term or to para­ phrase it in the context of the controversy raised on behalf of the petitioners, whether the full and identical facts on which the decision was taken by the Central Government were placed before the Chief fostice of India. The unfortunate drama leading to the non-appointment of SN. Kumar as an additional Judge for a further term begins with the ktter dated I 9th February, 1981 addressed by the Chief Justice of Delhi to the Law Minister. This letter was written by the Chief H Justice of Delhi to the Law Minister, becaU§e the term for which 638 SUPRllMB COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 S.C.R. S.N. Kumar was originally appointed as an additional Judge was due to expire on 6th March, 1n1. The Chief Justice of Delhi pointed out in this letter that the arrears pending in the Delhi High Court undoubtedly justified the appointment of additional Judges but he was not in a position to recommend the "extension for iustice Kumar'' for an additional term for three reasons, namely, (I) There were serious complaints against S.N. Kumar both oral and in writing. These complaints had been received hy him direct as well as through the Law Minister. He had examined these com­ plaints and found that some of the complaints were not without basis; (2) S.N. Kumar had not been very helpful in disposing of cases; and (3) some responsible members of the Bar and some of the colleagues of the Chief Justice whom he did not think it proper to name had also expressed doubts about S.N. Kumar's integrity. The Chief Justice frankly stated that he had no investigating ageney to conclusively find out whether the complaints against S.N. Kumar were genuine or not, but added that "all the same the complaints have been persistent." He pointed out that in the circumstances it was his painful duty not to recommend an extension for S.N. Kumar but added that the Law Minister might examine the matter at his end and take such steps as he thought proper. Now a suggestion was made by Mr. R.K. Garg, learned advocate appearing on behalf of S.N. Kumar that this letter was addressed by the Chief Justice of Delhi .to the Law Minister pursuant to a conspiracy between the two to discontinue S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge. The suggestion was that the Chief Justice of Delhi had played into the bands of the Law Minister and written this letter recommending n0n-appoin1ment of S.N. Kumar in order to oblige the Law Minister. We are afraid we cannot term this suggestion as anything but unfounded. There is absolutely not a little of evidence in support of such a suggestion. The charge of conspiracy is at all times a very serious charge and it must not be lightly made more particularly when it is directed against persons holding high offices and such persons are not impleaded as respondents in the Writ Petition. Here it is difficult 1o see any justi- fication at all for levelling a charge of conspiracy agaimt 1J·e Chief Justice of Delhi and the Law Minister. The Chief Justice of Delhi was appointed acting Chief Justice on 27th June, 1980 and he was confirmed as permanent Chief Justice with effect from 8th January, 1981 and therefore on the date of the letter, his position as Chief Justice was not at all in jeopardy and be was not dependent on the H Central Government or the Law Minister for his office. There were also no disputes or differences between the Chief Justice of Delhi and S.N. l(umar prior to the <Jat(j) pf the letter and no suggestion 'f· - s.i>. otJ:i>TA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 639 has been made on behalf of S.N. Kumar that the Chief Justice of Delhi had any animus or prejudice against him. Nothing had transpired between the Chief Justice of Delhi and S.N. Kumar which might have induced the Chief Justice of Delhi to make a false all.egation or imputation against him. Nor was any reason suggested as to why the Law Minister should have gone out of his way to see that S.N. Kumar was not continued as an additional Judge. It would indeed be going too far to suggest without a shred of evidence that the Chief Justice of Delhi was so deprived as to yield to the pNssure of the Law Minister and make a deliberately false impu­ tation of lack of integrity against his colleague merely in order to oblige the Law Minister. It is impossible to conceive of any earthly reason why the Chief Justice of Delhi should have gone to the length of condemning his colleague unless he had received complaints against him and he bona fide believed that some of these complaints were not without basis. The letter dated 19th February, 1981 in fact, contains inherent evidence to show that the Chief Justice of Delhi was acting bona fide in addressing that letter to the Law Minister. He· pointed out in the letter that he had received com­ plaints against S.N. Kumar both oral and in writing and on examin­ ing these complaints he had found that some of them were not without basis but he frankly stated that he had no investigative machinery at his disposal and it was therefore not possible for him to l'ind conclusively whether these complaints were genuine or not. This was a correct and proper approach to be adopted by a careful and responsible Chief Justice who had beard complaints against his coli:eague some of which appeared to him not without basis but in respect of which be was not in a position to state definitely whether they were true or not. Since some of the complaints appeared to him not without basis and responsible members of the Bar and some of his colleagues bad also complained to him against S.N. Kumar, he naturally thought that it would not be right for him to recommend continuance of S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge. But, at the same time, he made it clear that the Law Minister might examine the matter at his end and take such action as he thought fit. It is impossible to conclude from this Jetter that the Chief Justice of Delhi acted improperly or irresponsibly in not recommending the continuance of S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge. If what was stated by the Chief Justice of Delhi in this letter were true-and for the purpose of inquiry as to whether there was full and effective consultation, we must accept the facts as given in the letter as true for we are not concerned to inquire whether the facts on which the Chief Justice of Delhi based his opinion were true or not-the Chief 640 SUPREME COURT REPORtS [1982i 2 s.c.R.. Justice of Delhi could not be said to be unjustified in taking the view that S.N.Kumar should not be recommended for continuance as an additional Judge. While making his recommendation whether S.N. Kumar should be continued as an additional Judge or not, the Chief Justice of Delhi bad to consider the fitness and suitability of S.N. Kumar at the time and if there were complaints against S.N. Kumar, some of which he did not find to be without basis and doubts about the integrity of S.N. Kumar were expressed by responsible members of the Bar and some of his own colleagues, the Chief Justice of Delhi could not be said to have acted unreasonably in declining to recommend S.N. Kumar for an extension. It ~ay be that on full and detailed investigation through an independent and efficient investigative machinery , the complaints and doubts against S.N. Kumar might have been found to be unjustified but such a course would have been neither practicable nor desirable. In the first place, as pointed by the Chief Justice of Delhi himself, he had no investigative machinery at his disposal and if he wanted the com­ plaints and doubts against S.N. Kumar to be investigated, he would have had to ask the Central Government to carry out such investi­ gation through the Central Bureau of Investigation or the Intelligence Bureau or some such investigating ageney and that would have been clearly subversive of the independence of the judiciary. It would have been most improper for the Chief Justice of Delhi to ask the Central Government to investigate into complaints or doubts against a sitting Judge of his Court. This Court has in unhesitating terms condemned the adoption of such a course by the High Court in the case of subordinate judiciary and much more so would it be reprehensible in the case ot sitting Judge of a High Court. More­ over, leaving the investigation of complaints and doubts against a sitting Judge in the hands of an investigative agency under the Control of a political Government would not be desirable because, apart from exposing the sitting Judge to unhealthy political pressures, it may not yield satisfactory result in all cases, because, such an investigation would not have the benefit of the guidance of a mature and experienced person like the Chief Justice who has lived a whole life time in the courts and who is closely and intimately connected with lawyers and Judges in the Court over which he presides. It would indeed be impossible for any one unfamiliar with the legal profession and the functioning of the courts to judge the genuineness or veracity of the sources from which information might be obtained in regard to a sitting Judge. It must, therefore, necessarily be left to the Chief Justice of the High Court to give his opinion in regard to ·~· "-+ . - -- S.P. GUPTA v, iJNioN (Ehugwati, J.) 64i the suitability of an additional Judge for further appointment on the basis of such information as he may gather by making his own inquiries. The Chief Justice of the High Court would have sufficient opportunities for judging the suitability of an additional Judge for further appointment, because the additional Judge would be working with him in the same court and he would be in close contact with the members of the Bar and his own colleagues and if there is any· thing wrong with the functioning of the Court or the Judges, he would be best in a position to know about it. If an additional Judge does not enjoy good reputation for integrity, the Cb.ief Justice of the High Court would ordinarily come to know about it. Of course, the possibility cannot be ruled out that the information received by the Chief Justice of the High Court may at times be motivated or prejudiced, because the additional Judge has offended some member of the Bar or decided some case against a litigant. These occupational hazards which beset the life of an additional Judge--in fact, even of a permanent Judge whether in the High Court or in the Supreme Court have unfortunately increased in recent times, because there has been a steady erosion of values and not only some interested politicians but also a few and fortunately their tribe is still small-lawyers and members of the public are prone to make wild and reckless allegations against Judges and impute motives for the decisions given by them. It is not realised by many that very often the judgments given by the High Courts and the Supreme Court are value judgments, because there are conflicting ·values competing for recognition by the Judge and the choice made by the Judge is largely dictated by his social philosophy and it is not possible to emphati· cally assert that a particular view taken by one Judge is wrong and a different view taken by another Judge is right. The nature of the judicial process being what it is, it is inevitable that the view taken by a Judge, perfectly bonafide though it may be, may not accord with the expectations of a section or group of persons believing in a particular social or political philosophy, but that cannot be a ground affording justification for making imputation against the Judge or accusing him of lack of bonafides or charging him with surrender or subservence to the executive or to any other interest. Those who indulge in such personal attacks against Judges for the decisons given by them do not realise what incalculable damage they are doing to the judicial institution by destroying the confidence of the public in the integrity and inviolability of administration of justice. Unfor­ tunately, it is the easiest thing to make false, reckless and irresponsi­ ble allegations against Judges in regard to their honesty and integrity 0 0 642 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 s.c.il. and in recent times the tendencey has grown to make such allega­ tions against Judges because they have decided the case in a particular manner either against a dissatisfied litigant or contrary to the view held by a group or section of politicians or lawyers or members of the public. The Judge against whom such allegations are made is defenceless because, having regard to the peculiar nature of the office held by him, he cannot enter the arena of conflict and raise or join a public controversy. This pernicious tendency of attributing motives to Judges has to be curbed, if the judicial institution is to survive as an effective instrument for maintenance of the rule of law in the country and this can happen only if politicians, lawyers and members of the public accept the judgments rendered by the Judges as bonafide expressions of their views and do not impute motives to Judges for the judgments given by them, even though they be adverse to the views held by them. But unfortunately, the situation being what it is, we must emphasise with all the strength and earnest· ness at our command that the Chief Justice of the High Court should exercise the greatest care and circumspection in judging the veracity of the information which he may receive from time to time in regard to the conduct or behaviour or integrity of an additional Judge of his Court. The Constitution has entrusted to him the task of giving his opinion in regard to the suitability of an additional Judge for further appointment and on the basis of the information received by him or gathered as a result of inquiries made by him, he has to decide wisely and with responsibility whether or not he should recommend the appointment of an additional Judge for a further term. Now where the Chief Justice of the High Court is reasonably satisfied after the greatest care ond circumspection exercised by him as the holder of a high constitutional office to whom the Constitu­ tion has assigned an important function and in whom it has reposed a sacred trust, that the additional Judge in regard to whose suita­ bility he has to give opinion, does not enjoy good reputation for integrity, he obviously cannot recommend such additional Judge for further appointment. It is possible that the Chief Justice of the High Court may go wrong in a given case and arrive at an errone· ous opinion in regard to the suitability of an additional Judge for appointment for a further term and that may result in injustice to the additional Judge who may suffer by reason of such erroneous opinion but that cannot be helped because ultimately some consti­ tutional functionary has got to be entrusted with the task of assess- ...... · S.1>. GUPTA v. UN10N (iJhagwati. J.) 643 ing the suitability of the person to be appointed an additional Judge or a permanent Judge and no better person can be found for this purpose than the Chief Justice of the High Court. The Chief Justice of the High Court may err in his assessment as anyone else may, fallibility being the attribute of every human being. But that is a risk which has necessarily to be taken and it cannot be avoided howsoever perfect may be the mechanism which human ingenuity can evolve. It may happen that the Chief Justice of the High Court, not being aware that the additional Judge whose term is about to expire does not enjoy good reputation for integrity may recommend his name for appointment for a further term though he is clearly ur.su1table for such appointment and equally it may happen that on the basis of the information available with him which information may be incorrect, the Chief Justice of the High Court may come to the opinion that the additional Judge whose suitability he is called upon to consider does not possess good repu­ tation for integrity though in fact he is a person of sterling character and possesses a high degree of honesty and integrity. These errors are inevitable in every process of assessment and the Constitution has sought to minimise them by entrusting the task of assessment to a high dignitary like the Chief Justice of the High Court who would be expected to act with a high sense of responsibility and, who by reason of training and experience, would be able to sift the grain from the chaff and arrive at a correct opinion on the mater ial before him. We might also at,this stage refer to one contention seriously pressed on behalf of the petitioners, namely, that what would be material to consider for the ·purpose of assessing the suitability of an a:dditional Judge for further appointment would be not whether the additional Judge enjoys good reputation for honesty and integrity but whether in fact he possesses honesty and integrity. The argument of the petitioners was that if the additional Judge has the hall-mark of honesty and integrity "he cannot be removed or dropped because unconfirmed reports say that he is Jacking in honesty and integrity", for otherwise "the reputation of every Judge would be at the mercy of rumours, gossips and uncon· firmed reports". We do not think this argument is well founded. In the first place, it must be remembered that when the Chief Justice of the High Court is called upon to give his opinion in regard to the suitability of an additional Judge for further appointment, he is not' required to adjudicate upon various matters bearing upon his suitability and to come to a definitive finding or conclusion in regard to such matters: Where the complaint against an additional Judge 0 644 SUPREME COtJRt REPORi'S ( t 982] 2 s.c.it. is in regard to his integrity, the Chief Justice of the High Court is not expected to hold a judicial or quasi judicial inquiry for the pur­ pose of adjudicating whether the. additional Judge is, in fact, lacking in honesty and integrity. Such an inquiry against a Judge whether additional or permanent would not be permissible except in a pro­ ceeding for bis removal What the Chief Justice of the High Court has to do is merely to assess the suitability of the additional Judge for further appointment and where lack of integrity is alleged against him, the assessment can only be on the basis of his reputa­ tion for integrity. The point we are making will become abundantly clear if we take the case of a member of the Bar or the senior most District Judge who is for the first time considered for appointment as an additional or permanent Judge. The integrity of the person under consideration would undoubtedly be a relevant factor to be taken into account, but in assessing such factor the Chief Justice of the High Court would not be expected to hold a judicial or· quasi­ judicial inquiry for the purpose of determining whether the person cocerned does. in fact, possess honesty and integ~ity or is lacking in these qualities . The Chief Justice of the High Court would have to proeeed on the basis of the reputation for honesty and integrity enjoyed by the person under consideration and if, on the basis of the information gathered by him, the Chief Justice of the High Court comes to the view that such person does not enjoy good reputatio11 for integrity, the Chief Justice of the High Court would be justified in not re~ommending such person for appointment. Where a ques­ tion of honesty and integrity of a Judge is concerned, it is almost impossible to come to a conclusive determination whether he is lacking in integrity or not, because experience shows that most. per­ sons are not willing to speak if they know that they may be quoted and that in any event they are not prepared to testify in any judicial or quasi-judicial inquiry. It is therefore not enough in order to be able to recommended a person for appointment as a Judge to say that there is no proof of lack of integrity against him, because, if such were the test to be applied, there would be grave danger of persons lacking in integrity being appointed as Judges. The test which must be applied for the purpose of assessing the suitability of a person for appintment as a Judge must be whether the Chief Justice of the High Court or for the matter of that, any other cons­ titutional authority concerned in the appointment, is satisfied about the integrity of the person under consideration. If the person under consideration does not enjoy reputation for honesty and integrity, it would not be possible for the Chief Justice of the High Court to say that he is satisfied about the integrity of such person and in such an event, the Chief Justice of the High Court would be justified in not ; ).. . - - s.I>. GUPtA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 645 recommending such person for appointment; in fact, it would be his duty not to recommend such person. The publice injury which may be caused by appointment of a Judge lacking in integrity would be infinitely more than the public injury which may result from non­ appointment of a competent Judge possessing integrity. If therefore the Chief Justice of Delhi found on inquiries made by him that some of the complaints made against S.N. Kumar were not without basis and doubts about the integrity or S.N. Kumar were expressed by res­ ponsible members of the Bar as also by some of his own colleagues, the Chief Justice of Delhi COl!ld not be said to be unjustified in writ­ ing the letter dated 19th February 1981 declining to recommend S.N. Kumar for appointment as an additional Judge for a further term. We may once again repeat that this assessment of S.N. Kumar by the Chief Justice of Delhi may have been erroneous and, as we shall point out a little later, the Chief Justice of India took the view that it was erroneous, but on no account can lack of bona fides be attri­ buted to the Chief Justice of Delhi. On the bona fide view taken by him, the Chief Justice of Delhi did what it was his plainest duty in the circumstances to do. There was also one other argument urged on behalf of the peti­ tioners which we might conveniently dispose of at this stage, since it is an argument closely allied to the one which we have just dis­ cussed and rejected. The petitioners contended that fair play and justice required that before an additional Judge is dropped on the ground that he is lacking in integrity or that he does not enjoy good reputation for integrity, he must have an opportunity of showing cause against such a serious imputation made against his honour and integrity. This contention is also in our opinion without merit and the answer to it is provided by what we have already discussed above. What the Chief Justice of the High Court is required to do is to give his opinion in regard to the suitability of the additional Judge for further appointment and he has there­ fore to consider various matters relevant to the question of appoint­ ment and give his opinion to the President. He does not hold a judicial or quasi judicial inquiry into the honour and integrity of the additional Judge nor does he arrive at any conclusive finding or determination. He merely gives his personal opinion in regard to the suitability of the additional Judge in discharge of the constitu­ tional duty laid upon him and there is therefore no question of any opportunity being afforded to the additional Judge before the Chief Justice of the High Court arrives at his opinion. When the Chief Justice of the High Court gives his opinion, it is a confidential com- 8 stJPkllMll COURT REPORTS [i 9811 2 s.c.tt munication which would not ordinarily be known to the public and in the case of S.N. Kumar too, but for the disclosure of documents vehemently pressed and passionately sought not only by the counsel for the petitioners but also by the counsel for S.N. Kumar, the world would never have known that the Chief Justice of Delhi has given an adverse opinion against the continuance of S.N. Kumar on the ground that his integrity was doubtful. It is obvious that in cases of this kind where the Chief Justice of the High Court gives his personal opinion or assessment on consultation by the President, there is neither adjudication nor condemnation and hence there is no basis or justification for importing the requirement of fair play or natural justice. When a copy of this letter dated 19th February 1981 was received by the Chief Justice ofJndia, he took the view that what was stated in the letter was "too vague to accept that Shri Kumar Jacks integrity" and he therefore stated in a note dated 3rd March, 1981 submitted by him to the Central Government that he "would like to look carefully into the charges against Shri S.N. Kumar" and recommended extension of the term of S.N. Kumar by six months. The reason which prevailed with the Chief Justice of India in recom· mending extension of the term of S.N. Kumar for six months was two fold. In the first place, he felt that since he had recommended eitension of the term of O.N. Vohra by six months and O.N. Vohra was senior to S.N. Kumar, the interests of propriety required that the term of S.N. Kumar should also be extended by six month and secondly, he desired to look carefully into the charges against S.N. Kumar before deciding whether to recommend his further appointment or not. Now having regard to the scope and· purpose of Article 224 which we have discussed in some detail in an earlier portion of this judgment, it is clear that the Chief Justice of India misconceived the true legal position when he recommended exten­ sion of S.N. Kumar for a period of six months in order to enable him to look carefully into the charges against S.N. Kumar. We have already pointed out that on a true interpretation of Article 224 no short term appointment of an additional Judge can be made for the purpose of enabling the constitutional authorities to examine and decide whether the complaints or charges against the additional Judge are justified or not, so that if the complaints or charges are found to be not without basis, the constitntional authorities may advise the Central Government not to appoint the additional Juclge for-a further term. We have held that such short term appointment ' " ·>-- "-+ . S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Blzagwati, J.) 647 being for a purpose other than that warranted by Article 224, would be outside the scope and ambit of that Article. But even so the Chief Justice of India recommended, though constitutionally it was impermissible to do so, that the appointment of S.N. Kumar be extended for a further term of six months in order that he should ia the meantime be able to examine carefully the charges against S.N. Kumar. The Law Minister thereupon submitted a note to the Prime Minister on 3rd March, 1981 pointing out that the letter of the Chief Justice of Delhi dated 19th February, 1981 made a serious complaint against the integrity of S.N. Kumar but he did not pro­ porpose to go into the merits of the case at that stage since he was suggesting a short extension of three months for S.N. Kumar. But while so stating, he added that he strongly felt that in matters of this nature, "the views of the Chief Justice" of the High Court" are paramount as it is in his association that the Judge concerned dis~ charges his duties" yet "out of sheer reverence to the views of the Chief Justice of India" he proposed that the term of S.N. Kumar as additional Judge be extended for three months. Thus, while the Chief Justice of India recommended extension of the term of S. N. Kumar for six months, the Law Minister proposed an extension for only three months, presumably because he took the view that whatever inquiries are to be made in regard to the complaints and doubts against S.N. Kumar should be carried out as quickly as possible and the decision on such a sensitive issue as to whether an additional Judge should be continued or not should not be unduly delayed. fhe result was that S.N. Kumar was appointed as an additional Judge for a period of three months from 7th March, 1981. The Law Mininster thereafter addressed a letter dated 19th F March 1981 to the Chief Justice of Delhi drawing his attention to observations made by the Chief Justice of India in regard to his earlier letter dated 19th February, 1981 and requesting him that in the light of those observations he should offer his "furlher com- ments on the question of continuance or otherwise" of S.N. Kumar. The Law Minister stated that since the term of S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge was expiring on 6th June, 1981, he would be grateful if the Chief Justice of Delhi could send his comments so as to reach him latest by 15th April, 1981. This communication addressed by the Law Minister to the Chief Justice of Delhi shows clearly beyond· any doubt that the Law Minister was not party to any conspiracy for discontinuing S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge Since the Chief Justice of India had observed that the Jetter dated 19th Feb- 648 .SUl'RIJME COURT REl'ORTS [1982J 2 s.c.n. ruary 1981 addressed by the Chi1:f Justice of Delhi was too vague to form the basis of an opinion that S.N. Kumar was lacking in integrity, the Law Minister naturally asked the Chief Justice of Delhi to offer his further comments in answer to this remark of the Chief Justice of India. It appears that the Chief Justice India also addressed a letter dated 14th March, 1981 to the Chief Justice of Delhi asking him, with reference to the observations made hy him in his letter dated 19th February, 1981, to furnish "details and con­ crete facts in regard to the allegations against Justice Kumar." The Chief Justice of Delhi thereupon met the Chief Justice of India and had discussion with him on 26th March, 1981. There was consi­ derable controversy between the parties as to what were precisely the facts which were discussed between the Chi~f Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India at this meeting, but the subsequent correspondence exchanged between the Law Minister, the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India throws considerable light on this controversy and we must therefore proceed to examine it. It appears that subsequent to this meeting held on 26th March, 1981, the Chief Justice of Delhi addressed a letter dated 28th March 1981 to the Chief Justice of India recording that since receipt of the letter of the Chief Justice;~of India dated 14th March, 1981, the Chief Justice of Delhi had had an opportunity "to discuss this delicate matter" with the Chief Justice of India and observing, to quote the exact words used by Chief Justice of Delhi : '·There were three points mentioned in my D.O. No. 257-/HCJ/PPS, dated 19th February, 1981, addressed to the Law Minister, a copy of which was forwarded to you. l had also menioned in that letter that I have no investi­ gating agency to conclusively find out whether the com­ plaints are genuine or not. Understandably there will be some who would support the allegations and there will be some who would refute them. Therefore, it is natural that there may be variance between the views that may be expres.>ed by different people. Indeed, my experience is that people are hesitant in speaking out frankly. With regard to the complaints about Justice Kumar's integrity and general conduct, the matter has already been discussed between us. About Justice Kumar not being very helpful in disposing of <:ases, I enclose a statement of . ' -· S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 649 disposal by Justice Kumar in 1980. Just by way of compa· rison I have also included the figur~s of disposal in the same period of my other two colleagues whose cases for re-appointment are under consideration. The Chief Justice of Delhi also addressed a letter dated 28th March 1981 to the Law Minister pointing out that since receipt of the letter of the Chief Justice of India, he had had an opportunity "to discuss the entire matter in detail with the Chief Justice of India" and that after this discussion he had addressed a letter dated 28th March, 1981 to the Chief Justice of India a copy of which was being enclosed by him. The Chief Justice of Delhi then proceeded to add in this letter addressed to the law Minister : "Perhaps you will consider this to be sufficient "com­ ments" on my part as desired by you in your letter under reply about the observations· of the Chief Jusice of India which you have quoted in your letter." Now it is clear from this letter addressed by the Chief Justice of Delhi to the Law Minister that the Chief Justice of India asked the Chief Justice of Delhi to furnish him "Details and concrete facts in regard to the allegations against Justice Kumar" and in response to this request, the Chief Justice of Delhi met the Chief Justice of India on 26th March 1981 and discussed "the entire matter in detail with the Chief Justice of India". Obviously all "the details and concrete facts" in regard to the allegations against S.N. Kumar which were required by the Chief Justice of India must have been discussed in detail between the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India at t:.is meeting held on 26th March, 1981. There is no reason to believe that any facts which were in the possession of the Chief Justice of Delhi in regard to the complaints and doubts against S.N. Kumar were not disclosed and discussed by him with the Chief Justice of India. ·There is also inherent evidence in the letter dated 28th March, 1981 addressed by the Chief Justice of Delhi to the Chief Justice of India that the entire matter relating to the integrity of S.N. Kumar was discussed between the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India. The Chief Justice of Delhi stated at the commencement of this letter that he had had an opportunity to discuss "this delicate matter" with the Chief Justice of India. The reference to "this deli~ate matter" could not be to any matter other H than that relating to the integrity of S.N. Kumar. Then the Chief Justice of Delhi proceeded to state that there were three points mentioned in bis letter dated 19th February, 1981 and obviously there was no reason for him to refer to these three points in his Jetter dated 28th March 1981 unless be had discussed these three points with the Chief Justice of India. It was with reference to the meeting which the Chief Justice of Delhi bad with the Chief. Justice of India that the Chief Justice of Delhi adverted to the three points in bis letter to the Chief Justice of India. One of the three points was that serious complaints against S.N. Kumar had been received by him direct as well as through the Law Minister . and some of these complaints were found to be not without basis and the second point was that some responsible members of the Bar as also some of his own colleagues had expressed doubts about the integrity of S.N. Kumar. These two points must have been discussed between the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India, for other­ wise there is no reason why the Chief Justice of India and the Chief Justice of Delhi should have referred to them in his Jetter to the Chief Justice of India and if these two points were discussed, it is difficult to believe that the Chief Justice of Delhi should not have · disclosed all the facts bearing upon these two points to the Chief Justice of India. The Chief Justice of Delhi emphatically reiterated in the last paragraph of his letter to the Chief Justice of India that the niatter in regard to the complaints against the integrity of S.N. Kumar had already been discussed between the.m. Now, as stated in the Jetter of the Chief Justice of Delhi dated 19th February, 1981, complaints against the integrity of S.N. Kumar were received by the Chief Justice of Delhi direct as also through the Law Minis­ ter and doubts against the integrity ·of S.N. Kumar had been expressed by responsible members of the Bar as also by some of the Judges of Delhi High Court and therefore the inference is irresisti­ ble that when the matter in regard to the complaints against the integrity of S.N. Kumar was discussed, these facts must have been disclosed by the Chief Justice of Delhi to the Chief Justice of India. The Chief Justice of India had with him a copy of the letter dated 19th February, 1981 where reference was made to complaints against S.N. Kumar, said to have been received by the Chief Justice of Delhi and to doubts against the integrity of S.N. Kumar said to have been expressed by responsible members of the Bar and some of his own colleagues and it is impossible to believe that when the matter relating to the integrity of S.N. Kumar was discussed, the Chief Justice of India should not h·ave asked the Chief Justice of Delhi to apprise him as to what were ·the complaints received against S.N. Kumar and who were the responsible members of the Bar and ..... -- S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 651 Judges who had expressed doubts against the integrity of S.N. Kumar. If the Chief Justice of Del hi refused to disclose these facts to the Chief Justice of India. we have no doubt that the Chief Justice of India would have remonstrated with the Chief Justice of Delhi for such refusal and expressed his displeasure about it to the Law Minister. There is no doubt in our mind that the Chief Justice of Delhi must have disclosed all the facts relating to the complaints and doubts expressed against the integrity of S.N. Kumar to the Chief Justice of India but, as is evident from a subsequent letter dated 22nd May, 1981 addressed by the Chief Justice of India to the Law Minister, the Chief Justice of India had already, prior to the date of the meeting, made his own inquiries in the matter and as a result of such inquiries he was not inclined to agree with the opinion given by the Chief Justice of Delhi and ·t is obvious therefore that he must have told the Chief Justice of Delhi that in the course of the inquiries made by him he had been told by persons that there was nothing against integrity of S.N. Kumar and he was consequently· unable to agree with the view expressed by the Chief Justice of Delhi. The Chief Justice of Delhi apparently remained unconvinced and that is why he stated in his letter to the Chief Justice of India that there was bound to be variance between the views expressed by different persons in regard to the integrity of a Judge, since there would be some who would support the allegations of lack of inte­ grity while there would be some others who would refute them. This was a courteous and respectful way of expressing disagreement with the Chief Justice of India. But, at the same time. the Chief Justice of Delhi politely, yet firmly, pointed out to the Chief Justice of India, by way of answer to his view, that experience showed that "persons are hesitant in speaking out frankly" when the question relates to the integrity of a Judge, suggesting clearly that merely because persons questioned by the Chief Justice of India in the course of the inquiries made by him did not choose to say anything against the integrity of S. N. Kumar, it did not necessary follow that the integrity of S.N. Kumar was above board. This letter addressed by the Chief Justice of Delhi to the Chief Justice of India clearly shows that there was full discussion between the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India in regard to complaints and doubts against the mtegrity of S. N. Kumar but at the end of the discussion the Chief Justice of Delhi stuck to his opinion and that is why in the letter addressed by him to the Law Minister, he did not go back upon his refusal to recommend S.N. Kumar for further appointment and maintained his ori~inal recomm1mdation not to 652 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [l 982) 2 S.C.R continue S.N. Kumar for a further term. The Chief Justice of Delhi expressed the hope that what he had stated in his letter to the Chief Justice of India would be considered sufficie~t comments on his part in regard to the observations of the Chief Justice of India quoted in the letter of the Law Minister dated J 9th March, 1981. The criticism of the Chief Justice of India voiced in that letter was that what was stated by the Ceief Justice of Delhi in his Jetter dated 19th February, 1981 was vague and the Chief Justice of Delhi there­ fore pointed out to the Law Minister that he had discussed the entire matter in detail with the Chief Justice of India and met his objection and hence there was no question of any vagueness and he e therefore hoped that his reply would be sufficient answer to the observations of the Chief Justice of India. The effect and substance of what the Chief Justice of Delhi stated in his letter to the Law Minister was that he had cleared the charge of vagu:·ness by dis­ cussing all the facts in regards to the allegations against S.N. Kumar with the Chief Justice of India. This was followed by a letter dated 15th April, 1981 addressed by the Law Minister to the Chief Justice of Delhi. We have already pointed out that since what was stated in 1he letter of the Chief Justice of Delhi dated 19th February 1981 was vague, the Law Minister had, by his letter dated 19th March, 1981 requested the Chief Justic~ of Delhi to offer further comments in support of his recommendation against the discontinuance of S.N. Kumar. The only reply which the Law Minister got from the Chief Justice of Delhi was that the Chief Justice of Delhi had met and discussed the entire matter in detail with the Chief Justice of India and removed the objection based on vagueness by giving him ''details and concrete facts" in regard to the allegations against S.N. Kumar. But the Law Minister was not informed as to what was discussed between the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India and what were the "details and concrete facts" disclosed by him to the Chief Justice of India. It was obvious from the reply given by the Chief Justice of Delhi that despite the discussion with the Chief Justice of India he stuck to his original recommendation not to continue S.N. Kumar for a further term and the Law Minister therefore naturally enquired from him by his Jetter dated 15th April, 1981 as to what was the material which provided the basis on which he concluded that S.N. Kumar's reputation for integrity was not above board and recommended that he may not be continued. Ultimately, it was the ·v r ,· ---· s.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 653 Law Minister who had to take a decision on behalf of the Govern­ ment of India as to whether S.N. Kumar should be continued or not and in order to be able to discharge this constitutional function fairly and honestly, it was necessary for the Law Minister to know what was the material on the basis of which the Chief Justice of Delhi had reached the opinion that S.N. Kumar did not enjoy good reputation for integrity and that he could not therefore be recom­ mended for reappointment. The Law Minister obviously could not accept the opinion of the Chief Justice of Delhi blindly and un­ questioningly because that would have amounted to abdication of his constitutional obligation and he therefore asked the Chief Justice of Delhi to furnish him the material on whieh the opinion of the Chief Justice of Delhi was based. This letter addressed by the Law Minister to the Chief Justice of Delhi provides the clearest evidence that the Law Minister was not a party to any conspiracy to throw out S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge. The Law Minister if he was a party to any such conspiracy, would not have required the Chief Justice of Delhi to provide the material which formed the basis of his opinion and instead, he would have accepted the opinion of the Chief Justice of Delhi and after formally inviting the opinion of the Chief Justice of India, decided to discontinue S.N. Kumar. But, obviously, the Law Minister wanted to satisfy himself that there was material on the basis of which it could be said that the integrity of S.N. Kumar was doubtful, and that is why he did not regard it as sufficient that the Chief Justice of Delhi had discussed the matter with the Chief Justice of India but asked for the material which formed the basis of the opinion of the Chief Justice of Delhi so that the Central Government could come to its own decision whether or not to continue S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge. This action on the part of the Law Minister clearly establishes his bona fides in the matter of discontinuance of S.N. Kumar. Now we come to a very important letter which formed the subject matter of bitter controversy between the parties. This was a letter dated 7th May, 1981 addressed by the Chief Justice of Delhi to the Law Minister in response to the request contained in the letter of the Law Minister dated 15th April, 1981. The Chief Justice of Delhi by his letter supplied to the Law Minister the material on which his opinion against the continuance of S.N. Kumar was based. This letter contained at the top the words "Secret (For personal attention only)". It contained in the second paragraph a prefatory statement by way of preamble to !the facts set out in the subsequent 654 SUPREME COURT REPORT (1982] 2 s.c.R. paragraphs. This prefatory statement is extremely important and it may be set out in extenso in the following words : "Hon'ble the Chief Justice oflndia had made certain observations with regard to my recommendation about Mr. Justice S.N. Kumar and the same were communicated to me by you for my comments in your D.O. No. 50/2/81- Jus., dated 19th March, 1981. The Chief Justice had also written to me a letter dated 14th March, 1981 asking for "details and concrete facts in regard to the allegations against Justice Kumar". As I wrote to you in my D.0. No. 293-HCJ/PPS, dated 28th March, i 981, I discussed the matter with Hon'ble the Chief Justice and as desired by him, in reply to his Jetter, wrote my D.O. No. 292-HCJ/PPS dated March 28, 1981, a copy of which was forwarded to you. Accordingly, it is not only embarrassing but painful for me to write this letter. As you, however, desire to know what material provided the basis for me to conclude that Justice Kumar's integrity was not above board, I give below some facts." (Underlining is ours) The Chief Justice of Delhi reiterated in this prefatory statement that pursuant to the letter dated 14th March, 1981 addressed by the Chief Justice of India asking for "details and concrete facts in regard to the allegations against Justice Kumar". he had met the Chief Justice of India and discussed the· matter with him and the letter dated 28th March 1981 was written by him as desired by the Chief Justice of India and Accordingly-for that reason-it was not only embarrassing but painful for him to write this letter, but since the Law Minister desired to know what material provided the basis for him to conclude that the integrity of S.N. Kumar was not above board, he was proceeding to give some facts. It is clear from this prefatory statement that it was as per the desire of the Chief Justice ofindia that the letter dated 28th March, 1981 was addressed by Chief Justice of Delhi in the terms in which he did. There is an under-current of suggestion here that the Chief Justice of India did not approve of the idea of the Chief Justice of Delhi setting out in a letter the facts discussed by him with the Chief Justice of India and perhaps that is why the Chief Justice of Delhi stated that it was both embarrassing and painful for him to write that letter setting out the facts on which his apinion was based. The Chief Justice of Delhi then proceeded to state the facts on the r . .,__ s.i>. GUPrA v. UNiON (1Jhagwat1, i.) 655 basis of which he had formed the view that S.N. Kumar did not enjoy good reputation for integrity. It is not necessary for us to refer to these facts in any detail but suffice it to state that several facts were set out by the Chief Justice of Delhi which made him conclude "that the reputation for integrity of Justice Kuma7 was not as should be for a Judge of the High Court." The Chief Justice of Delhi pointed out that some time early in May, 1980 one of his colleagues had told him that he had information to the effect that "if a substantial amount was paid to Justice Kumar, suits brought by a particular party against an Insurance Company would be decided in favour of that party." The reference here was obviously to suits Nos. 1408, 1409 and 1417 of 1979 which were filed by Jain Sudh Vanaspati Limited and Jain Export Private Limited against the New Indian Insurance Company Limited. The Chief Justice of Delhi stated that even though original side of work was taken away from S.N. Kumar and he was put on the appellate side in the second half of the year, 1980, that is, after the summer vacation, S.N. Kumar did not release these three suits as also some other suits which were part-heard before him and continued to deal with them. In August, 1980, observed the Chief Justice of Delhi, the same colleague of his who had talked to him earlier as also another colleague mentioned to him that doubts were being expressed about the integrity of S.N. Kumar vis-a-vis these three cases and some others whereupon he "made discreet inquiries from some of the leading counsel and they in strict confidence supported the allegations". The Chief Justice of Delhi also found that besides the above mentioned three cases there were a 'number of other cases which had been retained by S.N. Kumar on his board despite his transfer to the appellate side and in some of these cases "the parties involv~d were rich and influential including some former Princes." The Chief Justice of Delhi was at that time acting Chief Justice and after his appointment as permanent Chief Justice early in Junary, 1981, he looked into this matter a little more closely and made further inqui­ ries and found that some of the lawyers were non-committal but there were others who "asserted with some force that Justice Kumar's re­ putation was not above board." The Chief Justice of Delhi also talk­ ed to some other colleagues besides the two who had spoken to him and they also said that "unconfirmed reports have been circulating in the Bar which were not very complimentary to Justice Kumar." The Chief Justice of Delhi pointed out that th; se were the facts on the basis of which he had come to the opinion that S .N. Kumar did not enjoy good reputation for integrity. Now it was sought to be ( 656 stli>REME toukt REPOilts i 1982] 2 s.c.R.. argued by learned counsel appearing on behalf of S.N. Kumar that these facts were not true and the Chief Justice of Delhi was not justified in reaching an adverse opinion against S.N. Kumar on the basis of these facts. The learned counsel for S.N. Kumar submitted that it was a well established practice of the Delhi High Court that a part-heard matter always went with the Judge and was heard by him whether he was transferred from the original side to the appellate side or vice-versa and S.N. Kumar did not therefore act improperly in taking up part-heard matters even after he was transferred to the appellate side and no inference of Jack of integrity could therefore be drawn against him merely because he continued to take up the part-heard matters. We are afraid this argument which seeks to assail the crediblity of the opinion expressed by the Chief Justice of Delhi cannot be entertained by us. It is not open to the Court to hold an inquiry and determine for itself the correctness of the opinion of any of the constitutional authorities required to be consulted by the President. The opinion given by any such constitutional authority may be mistaken or erroneous but the. corrective for such mistake or error is to be found in the constitutional provision itself and it cannot be provided by judicial intervention. The Court cannot take evidence for the purpose of determining whether the facts on which the opinion of a constitutional authority required to be consulted is based are true or not or whether the opinion expressed by such constitutional authority is well-founded or not. That is a function entrusted by the Constitution to the President, that is, the Central Government and it is for the Central Government to Judge whether tbe opinion expressed by the constitutional authority such as the Chief Justice of the High Court is well-founded or not and whether it should be accepted or rejected. The court cannot be invited to go i_nto the question whether the facts on which thhe opinion of the Chief Justice of Delhi was based were correct or not and whether the opinion expressed by his was or was not justified. The effect of going into this question would be to expose the opinions of the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India to judicial scrutiny, inviting possible examination and cross­ examination of these two high functionaries which would be clearly disastrous to the institution of the judiciary. Moreover, it is difficult to see how the correctness of the opinion of the Chief Justice of Delhi and of the facts on which it was based could be tested in his absence when he was not joined as a respondent in the writ petition. But all the same we may point out that, even on the record as it stands, the statemeat of S.N. Kumar in his affidavit in regard to the practice of the Delhi High Court, does not seem to T .. ~ -+- S.i>. dtJi>TA v. UNiON (Bhagwati, J.) 657 accord with what the Chief Justice of India, according to his Jetter dated 22nd May, 1981 appears to have learnt as a result of the inquiry made by him, namely, that even after the allocation of a Judge is charged from the original side to the appellate side and vice-versa, he continues to take up part-heard cases provided that a substantial amount of time has been already spent on them. It is not every part-heard case which travels with the Judge from the original to the appellate side and vice-versa but only those part­ heard cases on which a substantial amount of time has alre.idy been spent. It may be pointed out that there is nothing to show that the part-heard suits which continued to remain with S.N. Kumar were suits on which a considerable amouat of time had already been spent. In fact, suits Nos. 1408, 1409 and 1417 of 1979 were not at all part­ heard suits and much less could it be said that a considerable time had already been spent by S.N. Kumar on them and yet, according to the Chief Justice of Delhi, they continued to be dealt by S.N. Kumar. But, as we observed a little while ago, this is not a matter which can be investigated by the court and it must be left to the President, that is the Central Government to decide what credibility or weight to attach to the opinion of the Chief Justice of Delhi. The court is concer ned merely to enquire whether there was, in fact, to the full and effec­ tive consultation with the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India and not whether the opinion given by the Chief Justice of Delhi or the Chief Justice of India was correct or not. It is possible that the opinion expressed by the Chief Justice of Delhi in the pre­ sent case was mistaken or erroneous, but that is not an issue which can be examined by the court. The Chief Justice of Delhi bona fide came to the view that S.N. Kumar did not enjoy good reputation for integrity and he franly expressed this view to the Law Minister as he was bound to do, but from this it does not necessarily follow that S.N. Kumar was lacking in integrity. The possibility of a bona fide error on the part of the Chief Justice of Delhi can never be excluded. There is also inherent evidence in the letter dated 7th May, 198 I, to show that the Chief Justice of Delhi acted bona fide in giving his opinion to the Law Minister in regard to the integrity of S.N. Kumar. The Law Minister had by his letter dated 15th April, 1981 requested the Chief Justice of Delhi to send his comments on the complaint made by one Sabir Hussain, an advocate. The Chief Justice of Delhi after examining the relevant files in regard to the complaint intimated to the Law Minister by his letter dated 7th 0 / 6s8 SUPREME colJR.t REPORTS i 19s2j 2 s.c.il. May, 1981 that the complaint related to a ·suit which was disposed of by S.N. Kumar and it was therefore a matter which could be Jmmented upon only judicially. The Chief Justice of Delhi adopted a correct approach in regard to this complaint and did not betray any undue enthusiasm to condemn S.N. Kumar If the Chief Justice of Delhi were actuated by any mala fide against S.N. Kumar, he would have immediately seized upon this complaint and tried to utilise it for the purpose of supporting his opinion against the integrity of S.N. Kumar. We may point out that the Chief Justice of Delhi was perfectly right in not sitting in judgment over the decision given by S.N. Kuml!.r in Sabir Hussains suit, for it is not open to the Chief Justice of a High Court to examine the judgments given by an additional Judge and pass upon the quality of those judgments for the purpose of deciding whether the additional Judge should be reappointed or not. This exercise is not open to the Chief Justice of the High Court or to the Chief Justice of India because the additional Judge is not on probation and that is why we are cons­ trained to observe though the case of O.N. Vohra not being before us, it is not necessary for us to do so, that the Chief Justice of Delhi was not justified in wading through the papers of Kissa Kursi Ka Case for the purpose of deciding whether O.N. Vohra should be reappointed as an additional Judge, If O.N. Vohra was in error in not disposing of any application in the case or in making a wrong order on such application, it was for this Court in appeal, in the exercise of its judicial power, to comment on the judicial perfor­ mance of O.N. Vohra and it was not for the Chief Justice of Delhi to sit in judgment over it for the purpose of condemning O.N. Vohra. · We may point out that the Chief Justice of Delhi also referred in his letter dated 7th May, 1981 to the low disposals of S.N. Kumar as also to his unsatisfactory behaviour with the members of the Bar. But these allegations need not detain us because the discontinuance of S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge by the President was not based on these allegations but it was founded only on the opinion expressed by the Chief Justice of Delhi in regard to the integrity of S.N. Kumar. Now we come to a most important part of the controvesy between the parties. The letter dated 7th May, 1981 addrssed by the Chief Justice of Delhi to the Law Minister carried at the top the remark, "Secret (for personal attention only)." Now before this letter was sent by the Chief Justice of Delhi to the Law Minister, he had informed the Law Minister to treat it as secret but at that time the Law Minister did not try to probe into the implications cf this T -- -+ S.P. GUPtA v. UNiON (Bhagwati, J.) request. Later, however, when the Chier Justice of Delhi, with reference to the letter proposed to be written by him in regard to the continuance of O.N. Vohra, requested that that letter also should be kept secret for personal attention only, the Law Minister asked him as to what exactly he meant by the remark "Secret (for personal atten­ tion only)" in the letter dated 7th May, 1981. The Chief Justice of Delhi in reply intimated to the Law Minister that what he meant was that that Jetter should not be brought to the notiee of the Chief Justice of India and for three very good reasons, namely : I. " -· For reasons stated in the opening portion of his letter dated 7th May, 1981. He felt highly embarrassed and perplexed after he addressed the original Jetter dated 19.2.1981 about Shri S.N. Kumar as the contents of that Jetter came clearly to be known to Sbri S.N. Kumar and certain of his colleagues on the bench as a result of which it embarrassed him in discharge of his duties and func­ tions. He felt that the contents of his letter dated 7th May, 1981 would also get into the hands of Shri S.N. Kumar and certain of his other colleagues and be would thereby be put to greater embarrassment which might create probJ,ems for him in future in the dis­ charge of his duties as Chief Justice. 3. He felt that the Chief Justice of India had already started wrongfully denigrating him for his letter of February '81 as some of his friends conveyed to him the feelings of the CJI." F The Chief Justice of Delhi also informed the Law Minister that "he could not afford to spoil his ·relations with the Chief Justice of India on one hand and on the other could not desist from expressing v.ithout fear or favour what he felt of certain matters" and if he was "going to be suspect for discharging bis functions fairly and conscientiously, then his functioning as the Chief Justice• would never be smooth vis-a-vis Chief Justice of India." The Law .Minister placed this conversation on record in a note made by him on 19th May, 1981 as also in a letter dated 29th May, 1981 addressed by him to the Chief Justice of Delhi. Pursuant to this ( 660 SUPREME COURT REPORtS [198212 s.c.il. request made by the Chief Justice of Delhi, the Law Minister did not place the letter dated 7th May 1981 before the Chief Justice of India. Though the Chief Justice of India had stated in his note dated 3rd March 1981 that he would like to go carefully into the charges against S.N. Kumar and he had a meeting with the Chief Justice of Delhi on 26th March 1981 in that connection, he did not write to the Law Minister until the 3rd week of May 1981 giving his opinion in regard to the question whether S.N. Kumar should be continued or not. Meanwhile, the time fixed by this Court for the Union of India to decide whether S.N. Kumar should be reappointed for a further term as an additional Judge or should be appointed as a permanent Judge or otherwise, was expiring on 27th May 1981 and the Law Minister was therefore constrained to address a letter dated 21st May 1981 reminding the Chief Justice of India that he had stated in his note dated 3rd March 1981 thathe desired to look carefully into the charges against SN. Kumar and requesting him that if be had made any inquiries, the Law Minister "would be grateful to have the details" and also pressiv : n::'"l to give his "urgent advice in regarc to the continuance or otherwise" of the term of S.N. Kumar. It appears that this letter W" · received by the Chief Justice of India when he was camping at Sb.. , during the summer vacation and on receipt of this letter, the Chief Justice of India addressed a communication dated 22nd May 1981 to the Law Minister stating that he had made the most care· ful and extensive inquiries in regard to the allegations against the integrity of S.N. Kumar as also his rate of disposals and he was satisfied that there was no substance in any of these allegations. The Chief Justice of India pointed out that it was a common practice in the Delhi High Court that even after the allocation of a Judge was changed from the original side to the appellate side 1nd vice-versa, he continued to take up the part .. heard cases on which sufficient amount of time had already been spent and S.N. Kumar therefore did nothing out of the way or unusual in taking up part-beard cases after the allocation of his work was changed. The Chief Justice of India observed that, on inquiries made by him, he disagreed with the view taken by the Chief Justice of Delhi that S.N. Kumar was either slow in his disposals or his integrity was doubtful and stated that it was not. possible for him to agree that the term of S.N. Kumar should not be extended for the reasons mentioned by the Chief Justice of Delhi. Not one member of the Bar or Bench, said the \.- / r ' r -· s.1>. GUPTA v. UNION (/Jhagwati. J.) 661 Chief Justice of India, doubted the integrity of S.N. Kumar and on the contrary, in some of them stated that he was a man of unques­ tioned integrity. It seems that some Intelligence Bureau report regarding S.N. Kumar was also sent by the Law Minister to the Chief Justice of India for his opinion along with his letter dated 22nd May, 1981, but the Chief Justice of India could not give his opinion with reference to the report since he bad no time to examine it and he therefore stated that he would give his opinion after his return to New Delhi on 26th May 1981 and in the circumstances he recom­ mended extension of the term of S.N. Kumar for another short term of three months. But, since one short term extension had already been granted, the Law Minister presumably thought that it would not be right to go on giving short term extensions but that a deci­ sion should now be taken whether S.N. Kumar should be continued or not and he therefore proceeded to make his recommendation ignoring the Intelligence Bureau Report agaiqst S.N. Kumar, the rate of his disposals and even his alleged behaviour in court and confining himself only to the question of his reputation for integrity. The Law Minister put up a note before the Prime Minister on 27th May 1981 summarising the effect of the correspondence which had taken place between him. The Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India and pointing out that notwithstanding his specific request as to details of the inquiries made by him, the Chief Justice of India had not furnished the same to him and on the contrary the letter dat ;d 22nd May 1981 addressed by the Chief Justice of India revealed "that he became a victim of his own charge of vagueness made by him against the Chief Justice of Delhi." The Law Minister stated in the note that he presumed that when the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India met, "the former must have informed the latter about the details that he had mentioned ...... in his Jetter dated 7th May 1981" and this inference was obvious from the letters addressed by the Chief Justice of Delhi to the Law Minister and the Chief Justice of India. The Law Minister observed that even according to the Chief Justice of India, the prevailing practice in the Delhi High Court was that not every part-heard case but only those part-hea1 d cases on which substaitial amount of time had already been spent would go with the Judge when there was change of allocating of work but the Chief Justice of India had "surprisingly left the matter there" without probing further "as to whether the part-heard matters which Justice Kumar chose to handle as single Judge notwithstanding his having been allocated to the Division Bench were such on which substantial SUPREME coli.llt REf>oilts [1982] 2 s.c.R.. amount of time had already been spent by him." It was pointed out by the Law Minister in his note that it was not merely a case of drawing inference against the integrity of S. N. Kumar from his taking up part-heard cases after being transferred to th<: appellate side but the details given by the Chief Justice of Delhi in his letter dated 7th May 1981 went further and in contrast, the letter of the Chief Justice of India dated 22nd May 1981 was not only lacking in details but was too vague. The Law Minister after making this analysis concluded that in the matter of assessment of integrity he preferred to accept the opinion of the Chief Justice of Delhi since "it is in his association that the Judge concerned discharges his duties and he has a better occasion and opportunity to watch his work and conduct" and on this view he recommended that S.N. Kumar may not be continued any further as an additi0nal Judge. The result was that S.N. Kumar was not continued as an additional Judge on the expiration of his term on 6th June, 1981. Now the ~rgument urged on behalf of the petitioners and S.N. Kumar was that the facts set out in the letter of the Chief Justice of Delhi dated 7th may, 1981 on which the decision of the Central Government not to continue S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge was based, were not disclosed to the Chief Justice of India and he had therefore no opportunity to consider those facts and give his opinion upon them and hence there was no full and effective consultation between the Central Government and the Chief Justice of India and the decision of the Central Government not to continue S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge was vitiated by reason of non-compliance with the requirement of consultation laid down in Article 217. This argument was pressed with great vehemence by the learned counsel appearing on behalf of the S.N. Kumar and he injected considerable amount of passion in it, but we do not think it can be sustained. It is undoubtedly true that it was constitutionally impos­ sible to the Central Government to arrive at the decision not to continue S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge "ithout consultation with the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India as mandatorily required by Article 217, but as pointed out by us in an earlier portion of the judgment, it is was not necessary that the full and identical facts which at once constituted "both the source and foundation of the final decision" of the Central Government should be placed before the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India by the Central Government itself or that they should be brought to the notice of the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India in any particular order or by following y r' /- __. r > S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 663 any particular procedure. What was necessary to constitute full and effective consultation within the meaning of Article 217 was that the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India should have for their consideration "full and identical facts" which ultimately formed the basis of the decision of the Central Government. Now there can be no doubt that the decision of the Central Government not to appoint S.N. Kumar for a futurther term was based on the '( facts provided by the Chief Justice of Delhi in his letter dated 7th May, 1981 and if these facts were not placed before the Chief Justice of India before he gave his opinion in regard to the continuance of S.N. Kumar in his letter dated 22nd may, 1981, the decision of the Central Government would be clearly vitiated for want of full and effective consultation with the Chief Justice of India. It therefore becomes material to enquire whether the facts set out in the letter of the Chief Justice of Delhi dated 7th May, 1981 were placed before the Chief Justice of India before he gave his opinion in the letter dated 22nd May, 1981. We have already discussed this question at some length while dealing with the meeting held by the Chief Justice of Delhi with the Chief Justice of India on 26th March, 1981, and the letters dated 28th March, 1981 addressed by the Chief lustice of Delhi to the Law Minister and the Chief Justice of India subsequent to that meeting. We have pointed out various circumstances which establish beyond any doubt that all the facts relating to the complaints and doubts expressed against the integrity of S.N. Kumar which were in the possession of the Chief Justice of Delhi must have been disclosed by him to the Chief Justice of India at the meeting held on 26th March, 1981. We need not repeat what we have already discussed in great detail but we may add that, judging as practical men conversant with the ordinary course of human affairs, we do not see any reason why the Chief Justice of Delhi should not have disclosed these facts to the Chief Justice of India, particularly when the Chief Justice of India had asked him to furnish "details and concrete facts in regard to the ... allegations against Justice Kumar". But, the question may then be asked as to why, if the Chief Justice of Delhi had disclosed all the facts set out in the letter dated 7th May, 1981, to tt'e Chief Justice of India at the meeting held on 26th March 1981, the Chief Justice of Delhi should have requested the Law Minister not to bring the letter dated 7th May 1981 to the attention of the Chief Justice of India. The Law Minister was also intrigued by this request and he therefore asked the Chief Justice of Delhi as to why he did not want the letter dated 7th May 1981 to be placed before 664 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 s.c.R. the Chief Justice of India and the Chief Justice of Delhi gave three reasons which we have reproduced verbatim a little earlier. The first reason given by the Chief Justice of Delhi is extremely significant because it shows clearly and indisputably that the facts set out in the letter dated 7th May 1981 were discussed by the Chief Justice of Delhi with the Chief Justice of India at the meeting held on 26th March 1981. The Chief Justice of Delhi pointed out tbat he did not want the letter dated 7th May 1981 to be brought to the attention "f of the Chief Justice of India because, as observed by him in the opening portion of the letter, he Ji.ad difcussed the "details and concrete facts in regard to the alle11ations against Justice Kumar" with the Chief Justice of India but the letter dated 28th March 1981 was written by him in the terms in which it was couched as per the desire of the Chief Justice of India and therefore it was embarrass- ing and painful for him to write the letter dated 7th May 1981. This . reason given by the Chief Justice of Delhi carries a veiled suggestion though not expressly articulated but implicit in what he has stated, that the Chief Justice of India did not want him to place on record the "details and concrete facts in regard to the allegations" against S.N. Kumar and that is why he wrote the letter dated 28th March, 1981 in the terms he did according to the desire of the Chief Justice of India. This ·was perhaps the reason why the Chief Justice of Delhi found it embarrassing as well as painful to write the letter the dated 7th May 1981 setting out the "details and concrete facts in regard to the allegations" against S.N. Kumar, such a course being presumably contrary to the suggestion of the Chief Justice oflndia. We have, of course, no definite material before us on the ba>is of which we can conclude that the Chief Justice of India must have a· ked the Chief Justice of Delhi not to place the detailed facts relating to the complaints and doubts against S.N. Kumar in writ- ing, but it does appear that some discussion must have taken place between the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India as a result of which the Chief Justice of Delhi bona fide carried a feeling that the Chief Justice of India might feel offended if the Chief Justice of Delhi were to put the detailed facts in regard to the allegations against S.N. Kumar on record, contrary to the view held by the Chief Justice of India. That is why the Chief Justice of Delhi was anxious that his letter dated 7th May 1981 should not be brought to the attention of the Chief Justice of India. It was not because the Chief Justice of Delhi did not want the facts set out in the letter dated 7th May, 1981 to be disclosed to the Chief Justice of India that he requested the Law Minister not to place that letter - - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagvati, J.) 665 before the Chief Justie of India, but because in view of the impression given or perhaps a suggestion made at the meeting by the Chief Justice of India, he apprehended that if he placed those facts on record contrary to the wish of the Chief Justice of India, the Chief Justice of India might feel offended and his relations with the Chief Justice of India might be spoilt. The second reason given by the Chief Justice of Delhi was that he had found that the contents of his previous letter dated 19th February 1981 had come to be known to S.N. Kumar and some of his colleagues on the Bench and he therefore felt that if the letter dated 7th May 1981 was not kept by the Law Minister with himself along, but was sent by him to the Chief Justice of India, leakage might occur in the process and the contents of that letter also might get known to S.N. Kumar and others, causing him further embarrassment. The Chief Justice of Delhi might have been right or might have been wrong in entertaining the apprehension that if his letter dated 7th May t98 l was sent to the Chief Justice of India, its contents might in the process leak out and S.N. Kumar and others might come to know about them, but there is no reason to doubt that he bona fide felt this apprehension and that weighed with him by asking the Law Minister not to bring his letter dated 7th May 1981 to the attention of the Chief Justice of India particularly since he had already dis­ cusssed the "details and concrete facts" set out in that letter with the Chief Justice of India. The third reason given by the Chief Justice of Delhi was that the Chief Justice of India had already started wrongfully denigrating him for his letter dated 19th February, 1981 as intimated to him by his friends and that if the Chief Justice of India came to know that he had placed the detailed facts in regard to the allegations against S. N. Kumar on record contrary to his wish, the Chief Justice of India might feel offended and in that event his functioning as Chief Justice of Delhi would become difficult vis-a-vis the Chief Justice of India. This feeling voiced by the Chief Justice of Delhi might or might not be justified and the information received by him from his friends in regard to the feelings of the Chief Justice of India might or might not be correct, but we have no reason to hold that the Chief Justice of Delhi acted otherwise than bona fide in carrying this feeling. It may be that the Chief Justice of Delhi was wrong in entertaining this feeling, but his bona fide and veracity cannot be doubted for a moment. Moreover, that is not a matter which falls within the scope of our inquiry. What we have to deter­ mine is only a very limited issue, namely, whether the facts set out in the letter dated 7th May, 1981 were disclosed by the Chief Justice of 666 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982] 2 s.C.k Delhi to the Chief Justice of India and so far as that is concerned there is no doubt in our minds that these facts were discussed by the Chief Justice of Delhi with the Chief Justice of India at the meeting held on 26th March 1981 and no contrary inference can be drawn merely because, for the three reasons given by him, the Chief Justice B of Delhi asked the Law Minister not to bring his letter dated 7th May 1981 to the attention of the Chief Justice of India. There is, in fact, another piece of evidence which clearly establishes that the detailed facts in regard to the allegations against S.N. Kumar were discussed between the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India. The petitioners and S.N. Kumar of course did not dispute that the meeting of 26th March 1981 did take place between the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India but their contention was that the only circumstance pointed out by the Chief Justice of Delhi to the Chief Justice of India for drawing an adverse inference against the integrity of S.N. Kumar was that he had taken up part-heard cases of the original side even after he was transferred to the appellate side and no other facts in regard to the integrity of S.N. Kumar were discussed by the Chief Justice of Delhi with the Chief Justice of India. This contention of the petitioners and S.N. Kumar is wholly without force and it stands completely answer­ ed by what we have already discussed in the preceding paragraphs of this judgment. But, additionally, we may point out that this contention is also belied by the counter-affidavit ·dated 7th July 198 l filed by S.N. Kumar himself. If the only complaint in regard to integrity of S.N. Kumar mentioned by the Chief Justice of Delhi to· the Chief Justice of India related to the taking up of part-heard cases by S.N. Kumar after transfer to the appellate side and that was a fortiorari the only matter mentioned by the Chief Justice of India to S.N. Kumar when he called S.N. Kumar for discussion after his meeting with the Chief Justice of Delhi, it is difficult to understand how S.N. Kumar happened to refer to Suits Nos. 1408, 1409 and 1417 of 1979 in his counter-affidavit filed before the disclosure of the letter dated 7th May, 1981. These three suits were not part-hP.ard suits becaus~ the summonses for judgment in these three suits had been disposed of by S.N. Kumar on 7th March 1980 by granting unconditional leave to defend and yet they were specifically referred to by S.N. Kumar in his counter-affidavit and explanation was sought to be given in regard to them. These three suits were "particularly - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 667 mentioned in the letter dated 7th May, 1981 and according to that letter, it was in relation to these suits th;it allegation of lack of integrity was made against S.N. Kumar. Now if the complaint against the integrity of S.N. Kumar in relation to these three suits was not mentioned by the Chief Justice of Delhi to the Chief Justice of India at the meeting held on 26th March, 1981, how could S.N. Kumar think of dealing with them in his counter-affidavit. The reference to these three suits in the counter·affidavit of S.N. Kumar clearly shows that apart from the part heard suits, these three suits and the allegations relating to them were also disclosed by the Chief Justice of Delhi to the Chief Justice of India and if that be so, there can be no doubt that all the facts in regard to the allegations against S.N. Kumar must have been discussed between the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India. It was suggested by the learned counsel on behalf of S.N. Kumar in the course of arguments that the Chief Justice of Delhi was anxious to keep the facts set out in the letter dated 7th May, 1981 secret from the Chief Justice of India, lest he should make his comments on them and reject the recommendation not to conti­ nue S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge based on these facti;. But this suggestion is meaningless, because the Chief Justice of Delhi in any event knew as a result of the meetini: held on 26th March 1981 that the Chief Justice of India was not agreein~ with the view expressed by him and was against his recommendation to discontinue S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge, while he, on his part, was not prepared to change his view and retract the recommendation made by him, because even after the discussion with the Chief Justice of India, he felt that he could not honestly recommend continuance of S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge and if that be so, there is no reason why he should have wanted to keep back his letter dated 7th May, 1981 from the Chief Justice of India except for the three reasons given by him. We must, of course, observe that in our opinion, howsoever strong and cogent might be the three reasons given by him, the Chief Justice of Delhi should never have asked the Law Minister not to place his letter dated 7th May, 1981 before the Chief Justice of India. So long as the Chief Justice of Delhi was acting bona fide in the discharge of his constitutional duty-and we have no doubt that in the matter of continuance of S.N. Kumar he was acting bona fide, he should not have bothered whether by his action in puting the facts on record in the letter dated 7th May, 668 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 S.C.R. A 1981 the Chief Justice of India would be offended and his relations with the Chief Justice of India would be spoilt. There are occassions when persons holding high constitutional offices are called upon to perform an unpleasant duty and this duty they have to perform, what­ ever be the consequences. If necessary, let the the heavens fall but what is right and just shall be done without fear or favour, affection or goodwill. Long years ago that great common Law Judge, Lord Mansfield spoke of the judicial office in majestic tones and said : "I will not do that which my conscience tells me is wrong, upon his occassion; to gain the huzzas of thousands, or the daily praise of all the papers which come from the press; I will not avoid doing what I think is right; though it should draw on me the whole artillery of Habels; all that falsehood and malice can invent, or the credulity of a delud- ed popular can swallow ...... Once for all, let it be under- stood, 'that no endeavours of this kind will influence any man who at- present sits here." What the learned Chief Justice said in regard to judicial .'u 1ction must apply with equal validity where a Judge is called upon to dis­ charge any other function entrusted to him by the Constitution and he must boldly and fearlessly do that which Constitution commands. But merely because the Chief Justice of Delhi flinched and faltered out of a sense of apprehension that the Chief Justice of India might feel offended by his writing the letter dated 7th May, 1981, it does not follow that the facts set out in that letter were not personally discussed by him with the Chief fostice of India at the meeting held on 26th March 1981. We are clearly of the view that the ' full and identical facts" on which the decision of the Central Government was based were placed before the Chief Justice of India and there was full and effective consultation with him before Central Government reached the decision that S.N. Kumar should not be continued as an additional Judge. We may also point out that this decision of the Central Government was not based on any irrelevant considerations, since, as we have already pointed out earlier, lack of reputation for integrity is certainly a most relevant consideration in · deciding whether a person should be appointed a Judge. We may make it clear that in taking this view we do not for a moment wish to suggest that S.N. Kumar was lacking in integrity. . - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwali, J.) 669 That is not a matter into which we are called upon to enquire and nothing that is stated by us should be regarded as expression of any opinion on this question. We may observe in fairness to S.N. Kumar that the Chief Justice of India clearly stated it to b~ his opinion that the integrity of S.N. Kumar was unquestionable What happened here was that there were two conflicting opinions given by the two constitutional authorities required to be consulted, namely, the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India. Both were perfectly bona fide opinions and the Central Government had to choose between them and come to its own decision. The Central Government preferred the opinion of the Chief Justice of Delhi for the reasons mentioned in the note of the Law Minister dated 27th May, 1981 and decided not to appoint S.N. Kumar as an acditional Judge for a further t;:rm. We do not think this decision suffers from any constitutional infirmity. But before we part with this point, we must refer to one last contention urged on behalf of the petitioners and S.N. Kumar and that contention was that the non-appointment of S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge was tantamount to bis removal and the Central Government was therefore bound to follow the principles of natural justice before taking the decision not to continue him as an addi­ tional Judge. This contention is without merit and the premise on which it is based is not sustainable. It is wholly incorrect to say that when an additional Judge whose term has expired and who would therefore have to return to the Bar or to the subordinate judicial service, is not appointed a permanent Judge or an additional Judge for a further term, he is removed by the Central Gov :rnment. We have already discussed this aspect of the matter and pointed out that on the expiration of his term, an additional Judge has no right to be appointed a permunent Judge or an additional Judge for a further term and his only right is to be considered for such appointment and if as a result of such consideration after going through the consuliation process envisaged in Article 217, he is not considered suitable for further appointment and it is deci­ ded not to reappoint him, he cannot complain against the decision, unless he can show that there was no full and effective consultation as contemplated in Article 217 or that the decision not to appoint him was based on irrelevant considerations. If he is not appointed a permanent Judge or an additional Judge for a further term, he goes out, but that happens because the term for which he was originally appointed has come to an end and not because he is .. F 8 670 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982) 2 S.C.R. removed. There is therefore no question of giving him an oppor­ tunity to be heard before the decision is taken not to appoint him as a permanent Judge or an additional Judge. We must in the cir­ cumstances reject the challenge levelled on behalf of the petitioners and S.N. Kumar against the decision of the Central Government not to appoint S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge for a further term. We would therefore dismiss the first group of writ petitions in so far as they seek relief in respect of O.N. Vohra and S.N. Kumar. No reliief can be granted in respect of 0.N. Vohra because, though added as a party respondent, he has not appeared and claimed any relief against the decision of the Central Goverment to discontinue him as an additional Judge and has accepted such decision without protest or complaint. That is the reason why we have not exa­ mined the complaint of the petitioners in regard to discontinuance of O.N. Vohra as an additional Judge. So far as S.N. Kumar is concerned, we have rejected his claim for relief, because, in our opinion, and we have already given our reasons taking this view, the decision to discontinue him as an additional Judge was taken by the Central Government after full and effective consultation with the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of India and it was not based on any irrelevant considerations. We have taken the view that the circular letter issued by the Law Minister was not un­ constitutional and void and hence the first group of writ petitions must also fail in so far as they challenge the constitutional validity of the circular letter. The other reliefs claimed in tl1e first group of writ petitions hav ~ also been rejected by us and hence this group of writ petitions must wholly fail. But, while dismissing this group of writ petitions, we may observe that though, in our opinion, there was full and effective con- "' . sultation with the Chief Justice of Delhi and the Chief Justice of -( India before the decision was taken by the Central Government to discontinue S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge and neither the petitioners nor S.N. Kumar could therefore have any legitimate cause for grievance against such decision, it would be a good thing if, having regard to the high status and dignity of a High Court Judge, the Union of India could see its way to place the letter dated 7th May, 1981 addressed by the Chief Justice of Delhi to the Law Minister before the Chief Justice of India and elicit his opinion with refereace to that letter and then consider whether S.N. Kumar , , l-- )--- S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 671 should be reappointed as an additional Judge in the Delhi High Court. This is only a suggestbn which we are making ex-tathedra for the acceptance of the Government; if thought fit. K.B.N. Singh's case. The second group of writ petition> raises the question of con>­ titutional validity of the orders transferring Chief Justice M. M. Ismail to the Kerala High Court and Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh to the Madras High Court. However, so far as Chief Justice M.M. Ismail is concerned, the question bas become academic because he has stated in the counter-affidavit filed by him in reply to the writ petition of Miss Lily Thomas that he does not want any-one to litigate for or against him nor does he want anything about him to be argued or debated and he has subsequently resigned his office as Chief Justice of the Madras High C0urt. The only que~tion which therefore survives for consideration is whether the transfer of Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh to the Madras High Court could be said to be constitutionally invalid. The determination of this ques­ tion obviously depends upon the true scope and ambit of the pJwer of transfer conferred under clause (I) of Article 222. That Article reads as follows : "Article 222 (!). The President may, after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, transfer a Judge from one High Court to any other High Court." This article came up for consideration before a B~;1ch of five Judcres 0 of this Court in Sankalchand Sheth's case (supra). Mr. Seervai arguing on behalf of Sankalchand Sheth in that case contended that a Judge cannot be transferred from one High Court to another without his consent. and there were two grounds on which he rested this contention. One was that on a proper construction of Article 222 clause (1) in the context of the basic principle of independence of the judiciary, consent must be read a~ a necessary requirement in that article and the other was that since transfer of a Judae involves a fresh appointment in the High Court to which he is 0 transferred such transfer cannot be made without the consent of the Judge'. The majority Judges comprising Cbandrachud, J., (as he then was) Krishna Iyer, J. and Fazal Ali J. rejected this contention of Mr. Seervai and held that there was no need or justification, in order to uphold and protect the independence of the judiciary, to construe Article 222 clause (I) as meaning that a Jud:e can be trans- 672 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 19~2] 2 S.C.R. ferred from.one High Court to another only with his consent. Justice Untwalia and myself, however, took a different view. We upheld the contention of Mr. Seervai and held that a Judge cannot be trans· ' ferred from one High Court to another without his consent. Mr. Justice Untwalia based his conclusion on the second ground urged by Mr. Seervai, namely, that the transfer of a Judge involves fresh appointment in the High Court to which he is transferred and the Judge is also required to take a fresh oath in accordance with Article 219 and in the form prescribed in the Third Schedule and he cannot therefore be transferred without his consent. I accepted' both the grounds urged by Mr. Seervai in support of his conten­ tion and held that it is no doubt true that the words "without his consent" are not to be found in clause (I) of Article 222, but the word 'transfer' which is used there is a neutral word which can mean consensual as well as compulsory transfer and if the l1igh and noble purpose of the Constitution to secure the independence of superior judiciary by insulating it from all forms of executive control or interference is to be achieved, the word 'transfer' must be read in the limited sense of consensual transfer. I pointed that when a Judge is transferred to another High Court, he has to make and subscribe a fresh oath or affirmation before the Governor of the State to which he is transferred before he can enter upon the office of a Judge of that High Court and such transfer would not become effective unless the Judge makes and subscribe an oath or affirma· tion before the Governor and that would plainly be a matter within the volition of the Judge and l therefore, concluded that since the volition of the Judge who is transferred is essential for making the transfer effective, there can be no transfer of a Judge of a High Court without bis consent. The view taken by Justice Untwalia and myself was thus a minority view, but since the present writ petitions were being heard by a larger Bench than that which decided Sankalchand 8heth's case, Mr. Seervai canvassed the minority view for acceptance by the Bench of seven Judges. The learned Attorney General, on the other hand, contended that the majority view taken in Sanka!chand Sheth's case represented the correct law on the point and the Bench of seven Judges should affirm that view. I have carefully examined the arguments which have been advanced with great ability and learning on both sides, but I am afraid I find it impossible to change the view I took in Sankalchand Sheth's case. Nothing that has been said in the course of the arguments has persuaded me to take a different view. I remain unconvinced of the incorrectness of the view taken by me ~·· ~-. .. ,.. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 673 and I hold to that view despite the fact that I still happen to be in a minority. I have already given elaborate reasons in my judgme:it in Sankalchand Sheth' s case for taking the view that a Judge cannot be transferred from one High Court to another withJut his con­ sent and I think it would be a futile exercis~ on my part to reiterate those reasons once again in this judgment. I hold for the reasons given by me in my judgment in Sankalchand Sheth's case that the power of transfer under Article 222 clause (1) cannot be exer­ cised against a Judge without his consent. It is, I may repeat, a highly dangerous power involving great hardship and injury to the Judge transferred including a stigma on his reputation in cases where the transfer is not effected pursuant to any policy but the Judge is picked out for transfer on a selective basis and to my mind, it makes no difference whether the transfer is made by the Govern­ ment on its own initiative or it is made at the instance of the Chief Justice of India as in the case of Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh. Even if I am wrong in taking the view that no Judge can be transferred from one High Court to another without his consent, the tranfer of Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh must still fail. It has been held in Sankalchand Sheth' s case, and on this point there was no disagreement between the majority and the minority, that the power to transfer a Judge from one High Court to another can be exer­ cised only in public interest and there must be full and effective consultation between the President, that is, the Central Government and the Chief Justice of India before the decision to transfer 1 a Judge is taken. I wholly accept this construction of clause (I) ~of Article 222 and since full and detailed reasons have been given in the various judgments in Sankalchand Sheth's case, I need not indulge in the same exercise again. Now it is obvious that when a Judge is transferred from one High Court to another by way of punishment, it can never be in public interest for no public interest would countenance punish-, meat of a Judge except by way of impeachment under proviso (b) to clause (1) of Article 217 read with clause ( 4) of Article 124. There is a clear antithesis between a transfer by way of punishment and a transfer in public interest and therefore, a transfer by way of punishment must he held to be outside the scope and ambit of Article 222 clause (I). In fact, it was so held into &mkalchand Sheth' s case by all the Judges. But the question then arises when can it be said that a Judge is transferred from one High Court to F ... 674 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982] 2 S.C.R. another by way of punishment. Undoubtec'ly, when a Judge is tran&ferred by the Government because he does not toe the line of the Executive or gives decisions against the Executive or has Cor some reason or the other fallen from its grace, it would be a transfer by way of punishment. That would be the plainest case of penal transfer. But these are not the only circumstances in which a Judge may be transferred from one High Court to another by way of punishment. The element of punishment is not confined merely to the wrath of the Government on account of a Judge being incon­ veniently independent. There may be cases where a Judge may be transferred because he is not behaving properly or is conducting himself in a manner not befitting the position of a High Court Jud&e and such a transfer grounded on the conduct or behaviour of the Judge would clearly be punishment, even if it be en the recommendation of the Chief Justice of India. It is also po&Sible that the Chief Justice of India may find in a given case that a Judge of a High Court is promoting the interest of his son or brother in practice or by passive inaction allowing his son or brother to uploit his relationship with the Judge for the purpose of advancing bis professional interest and in such a case, the Chief Justice of India may recommend that the Judge should be tramferred to another High Court and the Government may accept such recommendation. Would the transfer in such a case not clearly be by way of punishment ? There may also be cases where the recommendation of the Chief Justice of India for transfer of a Judge may proceed from his disagreement with the social philo· sopby of the Judge or his unhappiness with the manner in which be is deciding cases and the Government may unquestioningly accept ~ch recommendation. This would also, in my opinion, be nothing short of punishment. I take the view that whenever transfer of a Judge is effected for a reason bearing upon the conduct or behaviour of the Judge, it would be by way of punishment and therefore, not permissible under clause (1) of Article 222. When I say this, I may make it clear that I do not regard transfer per se as a punishment. It is the reason for which the transfer is made, which makes it penal and if that reason is related to the conduct of behaviour of the Judge, the transfer would clearly be a penal transfer not in public interest and hence outside the scopo and ambit of Article 222 clause (I). That takes me to a consideration of the question whether in the present case there was full and effective consultation --- ) -- S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwat1, J.) 675 between the Central Government and the Chief Justice of India before the decision was taken to transfer Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh to the Madras High Court and whether such transfer was effected in public interest and not by way of punishment. While considering this question, I would like to emphasise at the outset, and the point I am making here is one of great importance, that when a transfer of a Judge of a High Court is challenged in a Court of Law, the burden must lie upon the Government to sustain the validity of the transfer. The power of transfer, even according to the majority decision in Sankalchand Seth's case, is a drastic power to be exer­ cised only in rare cases as it has the effect of destroying the right of the Judge who is transferred, to continue as a Judge in the High Court to which he was appointed until he reaches the age of 62 years and removing him to another High Court where possibly he would not have agreed to go if he had been asked at the time of his original appointment. When an Order of transfer is made, the Judge has a difficult choice, either to go to the High Court where he is transferred or to resign and having burnt his boats and given up his profession long back, he would be in great difficulty if he chose to resign and therefore, from a practical point of view, he would have no option but to go to the other High Court, how­ soever inc.:invenii:nt it may be to him. Moreover, it would be almost in.possible for the Judge to successfully challenge the order of transfer if the burden C'f showing its invalidity were cast upon him. Even as it is, the Judge would have to wage a lone and unequal battle against the Government whe:;. he challenges the order of transfer and if the onus of establishing facts invalidating the order of transfer were thrown-upon him, the battle would be rendered still more unequal and the scales would be weighted heavily against him. The result would be that even an invalid order of transfer would pass muster on account of the in ability of the Judge to discharge the burden of showing the of· the order of transfer and the virtual immunity thus granted to the order of transfer would serious­ ly impair the independence of tbe judiciary. Furthermore, having regard to the high status and dignity of a Judge of a High Court, it is but fair that when the Government is displacing the right of the Judge to continue in his High Court upto the age of 62 years, he should be told what are the reasons wnich have weighed with the Government in transferring him. He must be assured that all the constitutional requirements have been complied with. Besides, the facts showing that there was full and effective consultation between the Government and the Chief Justice of India and the reasons for 676 SUPREME COURT REJ>ORTS [1982) 2 S.C.R. making the transfer would be within ::the special knowledge of the Government and the onus must therefore be upon the Government. to prove them. Thus the burden of sustaining the validity of the Order of transfer must rest on the Government and this burden, it may be pointed out, is a heavy burden, which must be satisfactorily discharged by the Government. This is the same principle which has been applied by this Court when the legality of detention of a person is . challenged by filing an application for a writ of habeas corpus. This Court has consistently taken the view in such cases, unlike the House of Lords in Zamihr's case, that the burden of sustainining the validity of the detention must lie on the detaining authority. I may observe that this is a remarkably unusual cas~ in which there is substantially a contest between the Chief Justice of a High Court on one hand and the Chief Justice of India on the other. The Government is, of course, a party of this contest since it is ultimate­ ly the order of transfer made by the Government which is called in question by Chief Ju .tice K.B.N. Singh, but since the Order of transfer was made by the Government on the recommendation of the Chief Justice of India, it is the Chief Justice of India who has accepted the gauntlet and joined the contest against Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh. The Chief Justice of India has tiled a counter-affida­ vit in reply to the writ petition of Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh and others, but having filed suclt counter-affidavit, he has chosen not to appear before us through counsel. The result is that we have been deprived of the opportunity of asking for clarification of some of the averments made in the counter-affidavit, which appeared at least to some of us to be vague and indefinite. When we asked the learned Solicitor General in the course of the hearing to give us particulars of one statement made in the counter-affidavit of the Chief Justice· of India, namely, "Every relevant aspect of that question was dis­ cussed by me fully with the President both before and after I pro­ posed the transfer," the learned Solicitor General rightly rejoined by saying that he was not appearin,g for the Chief Justice of India and he could not therefore give the particulars asked for by the Court. We have therefore to proceed on the basis of the counter­ affidavit of th~ Chief Justice of India as it stands without any further clarification or elucidation. We must also remined ourselves when we are deciding this contest between Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh on the one hand and the Chief Justice of India and the Government on the other, that we are sitting as Judges, who have taken an oath to ~· ...,. -· -- S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 677 perform the duties of our office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will and it is our solemn and sacred duty to do justice, irrespec­ tive of who is the litigant before us. We have the highest regard for the Chief Justice of India as we have for Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh, but they are both litigants before us and while deciding the contest between them, we must be blind to their status or position and we must adjudicate the controversy between them as we might do in the ease of any other litigants before us. We must apply the same standards in assessment of the affidavits and counter-affidavits filed by Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh .and Chief Justice of India as we would do in any other case. The scales of justice cannot tilt one way or another merely because a litigant before us happens to be the Chief Justice of a High Court or the highest amongst the Indian Judiciary. They are all equal before us when we sit on the seat of Justice and we shall do justice, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will and decide the issues arising in the case objectively and dispassionately, forgetful of the high status and dignity enjoyed by the two litigants before us. With these preliminary observations I may now proceed to consider the facts. But on facts, I do not wish to say much, because I agree with the judgment prepared by my learned brother D.A. Desai on this point. He has carefully analysed the corres­ pondence as well as the affidavits and reached the conclusion that there was no full and effective consultation between the Central Government and the Chief Justice of India before the decision was taken to transfer Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh to the Madras High Court and the transfer was made by way of punishment and not in public interest I wholly endorse_ this view taken, by him as also the reasons given by him in support of that view, but having regard to the importance of the matter affecting as it does the fate of the Chief Justice of a High Court, I would add a few words in support of what my learned brother D.A. Desai, has stated in his judgment. So far as the first question is concerned whether there was full and effective consultation between the Central Government and the Chief Justice of India, I have already pointed out, while discussing the scope and effect of clause (I) of Article 217 as to what is the meaning and content of 'consultation'. It requires that the Central Government must make available to the Chief Justice of India rele­ vant data in regard to the Judge proposed to be transferred and the Chief Justice of India must l also elicit and ascertain all relevant R 678 SUPREME COURT REPO~!lTS [1982) 2 S.C.R. material relating to the Judge either directly from him or from other reliable resources and place such material before the Central Govern­ ment. Each of the two c0nstitutional authorities, the Central Govern­ ment and the Chief Justice of Indi'i, must have for its consideration full and identical facts which can at once constitute both the source and foundation of the final decision. There must be careful and intelligent deliberation on the part of each of them on full and identical facts. Each must make known to the other its point of view and they must discuss and examine the relevant merits of the views. It is only after this process is gone through that a decision can be taken by the Central Government to transfer a Judge from one High Court to another. Now here, in the present case, the ini1iative for transferring Cb.ief Justice K.H.N. Singh was taken by the Chief Justice of India. He proposed by his letter dated 7th December, 1980 that Cb.ief Justice K.B.N. Singh may be transferred to the High Court of Rajasthan. This means that on his part he had made up his mind prior to 7th December, 1980 that Chief Justice K .B.N. Singh should be moved out of Patna. Now admittedly, the Chief Justice of India had not mentioned anything about the proposed transfer to Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh prior to making his proposal of 7th December, 1980. This was rather str.ange-1 might say almost inexplicable-because the judgments of the Chief Justice of India and Krishna Iyer, J. in S;inkalchdnd Seth' scase have clearly laid down tlrnt it is the duty of the Chief Justice of India to elicit and ascertain, if necessary by asking directly the Judge concerned all relevant material relating to the Judge and such material would include, for example, the health of the Judge, the availabl ity of medical facilities in and the climate of the place to which he is to be transferred, the business or occupation of his wife or daughter, the position of his parents and the education of his children etc. as a part of the process of consultation. The Chief Justice of India should have therefore, before making bis proposal for transfer by his letter dated 7th Dec.:mber, 1980, informed Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh about his proposed transfer to Rajasthan High Court and enquired from him whether he would have any particular pro­ blems or difficultiea, if he was transferred to the Rajasthan High Court. But unfortunately, no such enquiry was made by the Chief Justice of India before he made his proposal for transfer of Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh to the Rajasthan High Court, which proposal might well have been accepted by the Central Government imme­ diately, but for the fact that there was some difficulty in regard to another proposal simultaneously put forward by the Chief Justice of ·-.- --- .... J s.P. GUPTA 11, UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 679 India for transfer of Chief Justice K.D. Sharma from the Rajasthan High Court to the Kerala High Court. The Chief Justice of India however, changed his proposal in regard to the transfer of Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh and asked the Central Government by his letter dated 20th December, 1980 addressed to the Law Minister co traQsfer Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh to the Madras High Court. There was thus a change in the proposal for transfer of Chief Ju~tice K.B.N. Singh within a period of less than 14 days. But even then, the Chief Justice of India did not inform Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh that he was being transfer;·ed to the Madras High Court nor did he enquire to gather from him any relevant material bearing upon the proposal for transfer. Now it is significant to note that neither of the two letters dated 7th December, 1980 and 20th December, 1980 sets out any facts showing why the Chief Justice of India desired that Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh should be transferred from the Patna High Coun. Neither of these two letters throws any light as to what were the facts on the basis of which the Chief Justice of India recommended transfer of Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh from the Patna High Court and there is also nothing in these two letters to show that these facts were communicated by the Chief Justice of India to the Law Minister or to any other high level functionary of the Central Government. The letter dated 7th December, 1980 merely states that he was recommending the transfer of Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh 011 the basis of the data which he had collected as a result of personal inquiries made from several lawyers and many other Judges of the High Court and which he had considered with the greatest objectivity. What were the. data collected by him on the basis of which he was recommending the transfer of Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh was not disclosed by the Chief Justice of India in his letter dated 7th December, 1980 and from the tenor of this letter it appears though it cannot be said with certain­ ty that no such data must have been communicated to the Law Minister prior of 7th December, I 980 for otherwise the Chief Justice of India would have stated in this lett~r that he was recommending the transfer on the basis of the data which he: had already pointed out to the Law Minister. lt is a little surprising that if any facts bearing upon the transfer of Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh were to be communicated by the Chief Justice of India to the Law Minister, it should not have been done in writing particularly when the letter dated 7th December, 1980 recommending the transfer was addressed by the Chief Justice of India to the Law Minister, and this was followed by another letter dated 20th December, 1980 addressed to the Law Minister. It was quite sometime after the revised proposal for II transfer of Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh was made in the letter dated 20th December, 1980 that on 5th January, 1981, the Chief Justice of India telephoned [to Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh and informed him that Chief Justice M.M. Ismail was proposed to be transferred to the Kerala High Court and that he may therefore have to go to the Madras High Court and enquired him ''if he had anything to say on the (question of his proposed transfer". Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh thereupon enquired from the Chief Justice of India as to why "he may be transferred to Madras" on which, according to the counter-affidavit of the Chief Justice of India, he gave two reasons, one that it was Government policy and the other that it was proposed to transfer Chief Justice M .M. Ismail from Madras and "it was necessary to appoint an experienced and senior Chief Justice in his place." Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh, however, informed the Chief Justice of India that his mother was bedridden and was not in a position to go with him to Madras and that if his transfer was insisted upon, he would prefer to resign. The Chief Justice of India requested him not to act in haste and to give the matter a c'.ose thought. Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh thereafter met the Chief Justice oflndia in New Delhi in the evening of 8th January, 1981 and discussed the question of his proposed transfer with him for some time. When Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh mentioned his difficulty in regard to his mother's advanced age and illness, the Chief Justice of India told him that he was unable to agree with him "since there were available persons in his family who could look after his mother and in any case, his brother SBN Singh who was practising in the High Court was quite capable of looking after the mother. "Chief Justice KBN Singh, however, informed the Chief Justice of India that his mother has a special attachment to him and be could not leave her to the care of his brother or other members of his family. Chief Justice KBN Singh then told the Chief Justice of India that certain persons connected with the High Court who were influenced by communal considerations, had made some baseless complaints against him and that he on bis part did not permit communal or any other extraneous considerations to influence him administratively or judicially. The Chief Justice of India, however, assured Chief Justice KBN Singh that he did not hold that Chief Justice KBN Singh himself was to hlame, but certain persons were exploiting their proximity to him which bad created needless misunderstanding and dissatisfaction. Chief Justice KBN Singh thereafter left and on the next day that is, 9th January, 1981, the Prime Minister endorsed her decision .,._ --- -- S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 681 on the file in regard to transfer of Chief Justice KBN Singh to the 4 Madras High Court and the formal order effecting such transfer was made on 19th January, 1981. It is extremely difficult on these facts to hold that there was full and effective consultation between the Central Government and the Chief Justice of India. The burden of showing that there was full and effective consultation rests heavily on the Government and it is not possible to say that this burden. has been discharged by the Government. I have a\r.,ady referred to the correspondence ex­ changed between the Chief Justice of India and the Law Minister and there is nothing in it which shows that any facts bearing upon the transfer of Chief Justice KBN Singh were communicated by the Chief Justice of India to the Law Minister. We were informed by the learned Solicitor General on an enquiry made by us that there is also nothing in the nJtin3~ w:1ich might indicate even remotely that any such facts were cj:nnunic1ted by the Chief Justice of India to the Law Minister or to th~ Prim~ Minister or to any other high level constitutional functionary of the Central Government. The only state­ ment which we have on this point is the one made by the Chief Justice of India in his counter·affidavit, namely, that "every relevant aspect of that question was discussed by me fully with the President both before and after I propJsed the transfer." This statement, even if it be accepted as wholly correct, is in my opinion, not sufficient to dicharge the burden which lieil upon the Governm~nt to show that there was full and effective consultation. In the first place, it does not say who was the constitutional functionary on behalf of the President with whom "every relevant aspect of that question was discussed.'' Did the Chief Justice of India discuss the matter with the President personally, though, of course, a statement was made to us on behalf of the President that he had no discussion with the Chief Justice of India in this respect or did he discuss with the Prime Minister or did he discuss with the Law Minister ? We are not informed as to who was the person with whom the discussion took place and unless the name of the permn is mentioned, I do not see how the correctness of the statement can b! verified or chal­ lenged by the other side. It is not enough merely to repeat the constitutional formula that every aspect of the question was dis­ cussed with the President. It is an affidavit which is made by the Chief Justice and the affidavit must contain not merely the constitu­ tional incantation but facts giving particulars stating with whom the 682 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 s.c.R. Chief Justice of India had discussion. The affidavit also does not give the date or dates when the discussion took place between the Chief Justice of India and the President. The statement made in the affidavit is delightfully vague. According to this statement, the discussion took place "both before and after I proposed the trans­ fer". This would mean that the discussion could have taken place at any time before 7th December, 1980 or at any time after 7th December, 1980 upto 9th January, 1981. How can Chief Justice KBN Singh possibly meet such a vague allegation ? I personally fail to see why if the Chief Justice of India had discussion with the Law Minister or the Prime Minister in regard to the proposed transfer of Chief Justice KBN Singh, the Chief Justice of India could not give us the date or dates when such discussion took place, because surely he must be having some record in regard to his meetings with the Law Minister or the Prime Minister. Then again, the statement in the affidavit merely says that every relevant aspect of the question was discussed, but does not indicate what aspects were discussed. It is for the Court to decide whether all relevant facts were discussed between the Chief Justice of India and the Central Government so as to constitute full and effective consultation and this enquiry cannot be pre-empted by the Chief Justice of India by asserting in his affidavit that every relevant aspect of the question was discussed by him with the Central Government. It is not for the Chief Justice of India to decide, but it is for the Court to be satisfied, that all relevant aspects of the question were discussed by him with the Central Government. It is possible that the Chief Justice of India might have considered some facts as irrele­ vant and not discussed them with the Central Government, but the Court may find that such facts were relevant and should have formed the subject matter of discussion and it is equally possible that some facts might have been discussed which the Chief Justice of India considered relevant but the Court might find them to be irrelevant. We are not told by the Chief Justice of India as to what were the facts discussed by him with the Central Government and in the absence of this information, it is not possible for us to con­ clude that there was full and effective consultation between the Chief Justice of India and the Central Goverment. There is also another infirmity from which the process of con­ sultation suffers. It was on 8th January, 1981 that Chief Justice KBN Singh discussed with the Chief Justice of India the difficulty arising from his mother's advanced age and illness and when the -~ S,P. GUPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 683 Chief Justice of India pointed out to him that his brother and other family members were there to look after his mother, he explained to the Chief Justice of India that his mother, had a sentimental attachment to him and he could not leave her to the care of his brother or other members of the family. There is nothing to show that this particular difficulty of Chief Justice KBN Singh was brought to the notice of the Central Government by the Chief Justice of India before the decision was taken by the Prime Minister on 9th January, I 981 to transfer Chief Justice KBN Singh. The meeting between Chief Justice KBN Singh and the Chief Justice of India took place at 7.00 p.m. on 8th January, I 981 and on the next day, the Prime Minister made her endorsement on the file and there is absolutely nothing to show, nothing even in the counter-affidavit of the Chief Justice of India, that after his talk with Chief Justice KBN Singh, he telephoned either to the Law Minister or to the Prime Minister pointing out this particular difficulty of Chief Justice KBN Singh to the Central Government. There is nothing even in any notings on the file showing that any such information was conveyed by the Chief Justice of India to the Law Minister or to the Prime Minister in the evening of 8th January 1981 or on 9th January I 9S I. I his omission to communicate the difficulty which would be experienced by Chief Justice KBN Singh as a result of transfer is sufficient to vitiate the process of consultation and it must be held that there was no full and effective consultatton as required under Article 222 clause (I). We may now exmine the reasons for which Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh was transferred to the Madras High Court. Two reasons were given by the Chief Justice of India to Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh in the course of the telephonic talk which took place on 5th January, 1981. One was that the transfer was being made on account of Government policy and the other was that since Chief Ju-tice M.M. Ismail was being transferred from Madras, it was necessary to appoint an experienced and senior Chief Justice in his place. So far as the first reson is concerned, I find it rather difficult to appreciate it. The government policy which the Law Minister put forward was that there should be Chief Justice from outside in every High Court, but the Chief Justice of India in his letter dated 7th Dec~mber, 1980 expressed his firm opposition to this Government policy and stated that transfers of Chief Justices "may be made in appropriate cases for strictly objective reas0ns" and it was in pur­ suance of this view taken by him that he recommended the transfer 684 SUPREMB COURT REPORTS [1982] 2 S.C.R. of Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh. The Chief Justice of India did not recommend the transfer of Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh pursuant to the Government policy because he was firmly opposed to that policy, but he recommended the transfer because he thought that for strictly objective reasons, it was necessary to transfer Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh. Then, how could the Chief Justice of India tell Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh that he was heing transferred on account of Government policy. The second reason given by the Chief Justice of India is also a little intriguing. If Chief Justice K.B. N. Singh was proposed to be transferred to Madras because it was necessary to appoint an experienced and senior Chief Justice in place of Chief Justice M.M. Ismail, why, may I ask, was he proposed for transfer to the Rajasthan High Court ? This reason could not possibly apply to the proposed transfer to the Rajasthan High Court. There is no doubt that Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh was proposed to be transfer­ red not because he was a senior and experienced Chief Justice who was required to man the High CJurt of Madras in place of Chief Justice M.M. Ismail but because the Chief Justice of India was of the view that he shou'.d be m Jved out of the Patna High Court. Then, in the course of the discussion at the meeting which took place on 8th January 1981, the Chief Justice of India stated to Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh that certain persons were exploiting their proximity to him which bad ceated needless misunderstading and dissatisfaction. I do not know whether this statement was made by the Chief Justice of India by way of furnishing to Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh the reason why he was being transfrrred because I do not tind it so stated in the counter-affidavit of the Chief Justice of India. But even if it be assumed that this was the real reason why Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh was sought to be transferred from the Patna High Court, I cannot say whether this reason was communi­ cated by the Chief Justice of India to the Central Government because there is nothing in the correspondence or in the notings showing that any such communication was made by the Chief Justice of India to the Central GJvernment, nor does the counter-affidavit of the Chief Justice of India throw any light on this point beyond making a vague and indefinite statement which I have already discussed. This circumstance would also show that there was no full and effective consultation. But assuming that this reason was communicated by the Chief Justice of India to the Central Govern­ ment and it weighed with the Central Government in making the order of transfer; it would, I am afraid, have the effect of converting S.P. GIJPTA v. UNION (Bhagwati. J.) 68S the transfer into a penal transfer. It is undoubtedly true that the Chief Justice oflndia told Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh that he was not personally to blame, but if he was by his passive inaction allowing certain persons-and certain persons in this context must mean his close relatives-to take advantage of their· proximity 10 him and he was being transferred on that account, it would certainly be a trans­ fer for a reason related to his conduct or behaviour. But quite apart from that, I find that this is not the reason which weighed with the Central Government in making the order of transfer against Chief Justice K.E .N. Singh. The Central Government stated in a note handed over by the learned Solicitor General to the Court that the reason why the Central Government made the order of transter was; "(!) it was felt that not agreeing to these transfers may be construed as though the Government is departing from the view of having Chief Justices from outside : (2) the policy aspect could still be pres~ed mto service later," This reason which prevailed with the Central Goverment was totally different from the reason which induced the Chief Justice of India to make his proposal for transfer and there is nothing to show that this reason which weighed with the Government of India was co11111unicated to the Chief Justice of India for his opinion. There was therefore clearly no full and effective consultation even in regard to this aspect. More­ over this reason given by the Central Government for making the order of transfer clearly shows that the Central Governmeflt did not apply its mind to the question whether on the facts, it was necessary or expedieflt to transfer Chief Justice K B.N. Singh. but accepted the recommendation of the Chief of India, because it tluught that if the recommendation of the Chief Justice of India was accept­ ed and the transfers of Chief Justice M.M. Ismail and Ch·ef Justice K.B.N. Singh were made, it would be easier for the Central Govern­ ment thereafter to press for acceptance of the government policy by the Chief Justice of India. There was in my opinion, clearly abdi­ cation of its constitutional function by the Central Government. The order of traflsfer of Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh to the Madras High Court must therefore be held to be unconstitutional and void. n I would, therefore, allow the second group of writ petitions G in SJ far as they challenge the constitutional validity of the order transferring Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh and issue 'l writ declaring the order of transfer of Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh as unconstitu- tional and void. There will be no order as to costs in both the groups of writ petitions. There will also be no order on the special leave petition. 686 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982) 2 S.C.R. GUPTA, J. This batch of writ petitions raises broadly two is mes : (i) whether on the expiry of the term of office of an additional Judge of a High Court it is permissible to drop him by not giving him another term though the volume of work pending in the High Cotirt requires the services of another Judge; and (ii) in what circumstances a Judge of a High Court can be transferred to another High Court. A number of other matters connected with these questions, directly or remotely, were discussed at length at the hearing of the petitions. As I happen to agree with the conclusions reached by one or another of my learned brethren on the different questions that arise for decision, I shall deal with only some aspects of the controversy. It is necessary at the outset to state two propositions on which there is no controversy: one is that the independence of the judiciary is a cardinal principle of ollr Constitlltion, and the other is that an additional· Judge of a High Court is not appointed on probation. The first proposition needs a little elaboration. Independence of the judiciary does not mean freedom of the Judges to act arbitrarily, it means that the Judges must have freedom in discharging their judicial functions. In order to maintain the independence of the judiciary it has to be protected against interference, direct or indirect; it also follows that the constitutional provisions should not be construed in a manner that wotild tend to undermine this independence. The first of the two questions set out above arises on the decision of the Union of India not to extend the tenure of Shri S.N. Kumar, an Additional Judge of the Delhi High Court, on the expiry of his initial term of office. Shri Kumar was appointed an Additional Judge of the )Delhi High Court for a period of two years. He assumed the charge of his office on March 7, 1979. On February 19, l 931, a few days before Shri Kumar's term of office was to expire, the~Chief fo>tice of the Delhi High Court wrote to the - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Gupta, J.) 687 Union Law \.1inister saving th1t it was his "very painful duty not A to recommend an extension for Justice Kumar" as he had been receiving "persistent" and "serious complaints" against Shri Kumar. The Chief Justice of India to whom a copy of this letter was sent wanted to look carefully into the charges against Shri Kumar and accordingly advised extension of his term by a period of six months. Ultimately on the recommendation of the Law Minister Shri Kumar's tenure as Additional Judge of the Delhi High Court was extended by three months commencing from March 7, 1981; at the end of this period the Chief Justice of India took a different view from the Chief Justice of the High Court and in a letter to the Law Minister written on May 22, 1981 he said that he had "made in den d­ ent enquiries in regard to Justice Kumar's integrity" and that "Not one member of the Bar or of the Bench doubted the integrity o Justice Kumar" and that "On the other hand, several of them stated that he is a man of unquestioned integrity". However, in a note recorded on the relevant file on May 27, 1981 the Law Minister said '·In the matter of assessment of integrity, I prefer that the views of C.J. Delhi be given -credence" and recommended that "Shri Justice S.N. Kumar may not be continued any further as Additional Judge of the Delhi High Court after the expiry of the present tenure on 7-6-1981 ". Shri Kumar's tenure of office as an Additional Judge thus ended. In the aforesaid letter dated February 19, 1981 written by the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court to the Law Minister, the Chief Justice had also said: "Normally, extension of the tenure of an Additional Judge is recommended keeping in view the pendency in Court. The pendency in this Court still justifies the appointment of Additional Judges". In my opinion the decision not to extend Shri Kumar's term of office as an Additional Judge was invalid and unconstitutional on several grounds. The first ground is that when the question before the concerned authorities was whether the term of an Additional Judge should be extended and the volume of work pending in the High Court admittedly required the services of another Judge, it was not permissible to refuse extension on the basis of uncon­ firmed reports. The scheme of the constitutional provisions does not warrant such a course of -action. Under article 217 (1) of the Constitution the President, before he appoints a person as a Judge of a High Court, whether permanent or additional, has to consult these functionaries: the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State and, in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the ·F 688 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ J 982] 2 s.C.R.. High Court. A permanent Judge holds office until! he attains the age of 62 years. The tenure of an Additional Judge, article 217( l) says, is as provided in article 224. Article 224(1) provides that the President may appoint duly qualified persons to be Additional Judges if it appears to him that "by reason of any temporary increase in the business of a High Court or by reason of arrears of work th~rein'' the number of the Judges of the court "should be for the time being increased" and that the appointment of Additional Judges shall be for a period not exceeding two years. It is thus clear that the appointment of an Additional Judge depends on the volume of work pending in thourt.ec The maximum period of two ye 1rs was fixed presumably to introducE a mesure of uniformity and to serve as a check on the number of such appointments because the appointment of Additional Judges was apparently considered as an exceptional measure to meet a particular situation when article 224 in its present form was introduced in the Constitution in 1956. As things stand at present, however, this seems to have become a regular feature as would appear from the chart supplied dur ing the hearing of these petitions showing the number of permanent and Additional Judge in the different High Courts. There can be no dispute how­ ever that the continuance of an Additional Judge in office is condi­ tional upon the continued existence of arrears in a High Court. Except that the tenure of an Additional Judge is limited depending on the arrears of work or the temporary increase in the business of a High Court, the position and powers of an Additional Judge and a permanent Judge are the same. Qualifications required of a person for appointment as a Judge of a High Court as stated in article 217 (2) are the same for both. Article 221 (1) read with the Second Schedule which provides for the salaries payable to the Judges of the High Court makes no distinction between an Addi­ tion~! and a permanent Judge. Clauses (4) and (5) of article 124 provide the procedure for the removal of a Judge of the Supreme Court from his office and article 218 makes these provisions applica­ ble in relation to the Judges of a High Court. Here also there is no special provision for Additional Judges; it cannot be suggested that an Additional Judge of a High Court cannot be removed from office. The oath of office which a Judge has to take before assuming office is also the same for both. I have already referred to the provisions of article 217 (I} which provides that the President must consult the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State, and the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned before appointing a person as a Judge of a High S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Gupta, J.) 689 Court, whether permanent or additional. Naturally, the fitness of a person to be appointed a Judge has to be considered by the three functionaries and this fitness test is applicable to both permanent and additional Judges. Fitness must include both capacity and integrity. It is admitted in the affidavit sworn on July 22, 1981 by Shri K.C. Kankan, Deputy Secretary in the Department of Justice, Ministy of Law, Justice and Company Affairs, and filed on behalf of the Union of India that an Additional Judge is not a Judge on pro­ bation. To say that an Additional Judge is not on probation means that his appointment is not a tentative appointment, it is not for trying out if he is fit to be a permanent Judge. An Additional Judge is appointed for a certain period to cope with the temporary increase and the pending arrears of work in a High Court. There­ fore, if the volume of work still pending in the High Court justifies the appointment of an Addittonal Judge, when the term of an Additional Judge is about to expire, there seems to be no reason why the Judge should not be appointed for another term. Shri Kankan's affidavit however adds: It is denied that the appointments of Additional Judges should always be for a period of 2 years unless the amount of business or arrears of work do not warrant the appointment for that period. It is submitted that the 2-year period is the ceiling mentioned in Article 224 and that the President is com­ petent to appoint all or any Additional Judges for any shorter period as he may consider justified." This claim of absolute power for the government is not acceptable. The argument is that article 224 only fixes an outer limit of time, and the President is therefore free to appoint Additional Judges for varying periods of time not exceeding 2 years-for three months or six months-as he pleases with out reference to the volume of work pending in the High Court. Such a claim is untenable on the language of article 224 and militates against the conception of independence of the judiciary. The independence of the judiciary depends to a great extent on the security of tenure of the Judges. If the Judge's tenure is uncertain or precarious, it will be difficult for him to perform the duties of his office without fear or favour. On a proper reading of article 224 (I) it must be held that the tenure of an Additional Judge is not uncertahi. or precarious but it is conditional on the existence of arrears in the High Court which is an objective condition of fact. It was pointed out on behalf of the petitioners that the practice has always been to appoint an Additional Judge for a further period on the expiry of his previous term if the pending work in the High Court required the services of an Additional Judge and to appoint tke 690 SUPRBME COURT REPORTS ( 1982] 2 S.C.R. seniormost among the Additional Judges as a permanent Judge when a vacancy was available. The existence of such practice could not be denied. However, as an Additional Judge has to be appointed again on the expiry of his intial term, article 217 ( 1) is attracted. The fitness of the Judge had been considered at the time of his initial appointment; what then should be the scope of consultation when the appointment of an Additional Judge for another term is con­ templated ? In my opinion it reasonably follows that in such a case the scope is limited to an enquiry as to the volume of work pending in the High Court and the time likely to be required to dispose of the arrears. If his initial appointment was not on proba­ tion, the Judge's capacity and integrity cannot come within the scope of the conrnltation necessary under article 217 (I) for giving him another term on the expiry of his previous term of office. A question then arises, whether the Judge should be appointed for another term if these are complaints against him regarding his integrity. If the complaints are serious and are from a responsible source, they cannot certainly be ignored. But, as pointed out by Mr. Seervai appearing for the petitioners in Transfer Case No. 22 of 1981 which is writ petition No. 527 of 1981 filed in the Bombay High Court that the allegations cannot be presumed or assumed to be true and have to be proved. In his letter written to the Law Minister on Feburary 19, 1981 the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court while stating that it was his "very painful duty not to recom­ mend an extension for Justice Kumar", added that he had "no investigating agency to conclusively find out whether the complaints are genuine or not." That being so. the only reasonable course open, which does not undermine the independence of the judiciary, was to appoint the Judge for another term having a rational nexus with the volume of arrears pending in the High Court and then pro­ ceed with an enquiry into the allegations and remove the Judge if the. allegations were found true, in accordance with the procedure laid down in clauses (4) and (5) of article 124 read with article 218. J do not think the language of article 224 (l) permits short term extensions of the tenure of an Additional Judge to enable the autho­ rities to complete i!lvestigation into the allegations against him. That being so there seems to be no possible alternative to what has been suggested above as the proper course to follow. In the case of Shri Kumar, admittedly there has been no real investigation into the complaints against him Possibly conscious of this position .... .~· -~,.·· s.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Gupta, J.) 691 the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court in a letter to the Law Minister written on May 7, 1981 said "To my mind, the reputativn of integrity is iust as important as a person actually being above· board '. This statement should then apply to both additional and permanent Judges, but a permanent Judge cannot be removed from office on the ground that his reputation is bad. From loag prac· tice mentioned earlier, an additional Judge has a legitimate eoec­ tancy, if not a not a right, to be appointed for another term if the pending business in the High Court requires the service~ of an Additional Judge, or as a permananent Judge, when a vacancy is available, if he is the seniormost of the Additional Judges. Refusing to appoint him again when the conditions required an appointment to be made means in substance his removal. To remove a perma· nent Judge the prescribed procedure must be followed and the allega­ tions against him proved; dropping an Additional Judge at the end of his initial term of office on the ground that there are allegations against him without properly ascertaining the truth of the allegations may be expedient but it is destructive of the independence of the judiciary. This would be an easy way for the executive to get rid of an inconvenient Judge. Taking into consideration all these aspects I am of the view that the scope of consultation contemplated in article 217 {I), when the question is whether an Additional Judge should be given another term, is limited to the enquiry whether the volume of work pending in the High Court requires his re­ appointment. Assuming that the scope of consultation under article 217 (I) is the same for the initial appointment of an Additional Judge and also for his appointment for another term, it seems to me that there has been no proper consultation in the case of Shri Kumar. In Union of India v. Sankal Chand Himatlal Sheth & Anr.(1) Chandrachud J, explained what consultation means within the meaning of article 222 (!)which provides that the President may, after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, transfer a Judge from one High Court to another High Court. What is said in that case should apply also to 'consultation' for the purpose of article 217 (I). It is observed in Sheth' s case : " .. ·there can be no purposeful consideration of a matter, in the absence of facts and circumstances on the basis of which alone the nature of the problem involved can be appreciated and the right decision taken. It must, therefore, follow that while (I) [J 978] 1 SCR 423. ' 692 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [J982J 2 S.C.R. consulting the Chief Justice the President must make the relevant data available to him on the basis of which he can offer to the Presi­ dent the benefit of his considered opinion. If the facts necessary to arrive at a proper conclusion are not made available to the Chief Justice, he must ask for them because, in casting on the President the obligation to consult the Chief Justice, the Constitution at the same time must b; taken to have imposed a duty on the Chief Justice to express his opinion on nothing less than a full consideration of the matter on which he is entitled to be consulted. The fulfilment by the President of his constitutional obligation to place full facts before the Chief Justice and the performance by the latter of the duty to elicit facts which are necessary to arrive at a proper conclusion are parts of the same process and are complementary to each other. The faithful observance of these may well earn a handsome dividend useful to the administration of justice. Consultation within the meaning of article 222 (1), therefore, means full and effective, not formal or unproductive, consultation." From the facts appearing from the correspondence that passed between the Chief Justice of India and the Chief Justice of the High Court, the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Law Minister, and between the Chief Justic~ of [ndia and the Law Minister, it would appear clearly that there has been no complete and effective consultation on the question whether Shri Kumar's term as an Additional Judge of the Delhi High Court should be extended. It will b~ convenient for a proper appreciation of the matter to set out chronologically the gist on the letters that passed between the constitutional functionaries in Shri Kumar's case and certain other facts : 19.2.1981 The Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court w:rote to the Union Law Minister that it was his "very painful duty not Ito reommend an extension for Justice Kumar" because there had been "serious complaints against Mr. Justice S.N. Kumar, both oral and in writing. These complaints have been received by me direct as well as through you. I have examined these complaints and find that some of the complaints are not without basis. Responsible members of the Bar and some of . my colleagues, whom I would rather not name, have also complained about Mr. Justice Kumar. I have no investigating agency to 1;onclu­ sively find out whether the complaints are genuine ., ' -l S.P. GUPTA V. UNI01' (Gupta, J.) 693 or not. All the same the complaints have been persistent." It was added that" Mr. Justice Kumar has also not been very helpful in disposing of cases. Some responsible members of the Bar and some of my colleagues have also expressed doubts about Justice Kumar's integrity." The Chief Justice pre­ faced his statement about the complaints against Justice Kumar by saying: "Normally, extension of tenure of an Additional Judge is recommended keep­ ing in view the pendency in Court. The pendency in this Court still justifies the appointment of Addi­ tional Judges." The point to note in this letter is that it does not mention the facts constituting the basis of the complaints against Shri Kumar 3.3.1981 A copy of this ktter was sent to the Chief Justice of India and on March 3, 198 J the Chief Justice of n India recorded this note on the relevant file: "I would D like to look carefully into the charges against Shri S.N. Kumar. The letter of the Delhi Chief Justice dated February 19, 1981 seems to me too vague to accept that Shri Kumar lacks integrity." The Chief Justice of India recommended extension of Shri Kumar's term of office by six months. The term of E office of Shri Kumar was to expire on March 7, I 98 I. 19.3.1981 The Law Minister in his letter to the Chief Justice of the High Court referred to the observations of the Chief Justice of India that the charges against Shri F Kumar appeared to be "too vague" and asked for •·further comments" from the Chief Justice of the High Court "on the question of continuance or otherwise of Shri Justice S.N. Kumar.~' 26.3.1981 The Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India had a discussion over Shri Kumar's case. 28.3.J 98 I The Chief Justice of the High 'Court wrote to the Law Minister saying that he had had "an opportunity to discuss entire matter in detail with the Chief 694 SUPREME COURT REPORTS IJ982) 2 S.C.R Justice of India" and that after the discussion he had also addressed a letter to the Chief Justice of India. The Chief Justice ended the letter by saying: "Perhaps you will consider this to be sufficient 'comments• on my part as desired by you in your letter under reply [letter dated 19.3.1981] about the observations of the Chief Justice of India which you -have quoted in your letter." The letter that the Chief Justice wrote to the Chief Justice of India on the same day refers to the three points mentioned in his letter dated 19.2.1981 addressed to the Law Minister repeating that he had "no investigating agency to conclusively find out whether the complaints are genuine or not." The letter ends as follows: "With regard to the complaints about Justice Kumar's integrity and general conduct, tbe matter has already been discussed between us. About Justice Kumar not being very helpful in disposing of cases, I enclose a statement of disposal by Justice Kumar in 1980." 15.4.1981 The Law Minister wrote to the Chie Justice of the High Court in reply to the letter dated March 28, 1981. Among other things, the Law Minister in this letter said: "It is true that you have no investigating agency to conclusively establish the truth of com­ plaints. Nevertheless, you must have had some material which provided the basis on which you concluded that Justice Kumar's repu1ation for integ­ rity was not above board .. In view of tbe observa­ tions of Chief Justice of India asking for concrete material, it would be necessary for us to have it with your comments." 7.5.1981 In answer to the Law Minister's letter of 15.4.1981 the Chief Justice of the High Court wrote back say­ ing that in regard tJ the allegations against Shri Kumar, he had discussed the matter with the Chief Justice of India and had also written to him. "Accordingly," the Chief Justice wrote, "it is not only embarrassing but painful for me to write this )( - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Gupta, J) 695 Jetter. As you, however, desire to know what material provided the basis for me to conclude that Justice Kumar's integrity was not above board, I give below some facts " The facts which the Chief Justice mentioned in the letter are : (i) In the first half of 1980 when he was not the Chief Justice "chance remarks" came to his knowledge about Shri Kumar's "conduct in Court as well as about his integrity" when Justice Kumar was doing mostly original side works sitting singly and that in early May of the same year one of his colleagues had told me that he had "information with him to the effect that if a substantial amount was paid to Justice Kumar, suits brought by a particular party against an insurance company would be decided in favour of that party." (ii) As Acting Chief Justice he constituted the Benches for the second half of 1980 putting Justice Kumar in a Division Bench on the Appe­ llate Side which he thought "was a safe way to finish the rumours if the same were incorrect and thus safeguard the reputation of a Judge." However "Justice Kumar did not release the original suits, regarding which allegations had been made, from his board". The particulars of the suits and the names of the parties were mentioned in the letter. (iii) In August 1980 the same colleague of his who had talked to him earlier regarding Shti Kumar's integrity and another colleague mentione'1 that "doubts were being expressed about the integrity of Justice Kumar vis-a-vis the aforesaid cases and some others." He made discreet inquiries from some of the leading counsel and they in strict confidence supported the allegations. Looking into the matter more carefully he found that "it was not only the three suits mentioned above but 696 SUPREME:COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 s.c.R. that there were other Single Bench matters also which had been retained by Justice Kumar on his board despite being put in the Division Bench .. .ln some of these the parties involved were rich and influential including some former princes." The Chief Justice added that these "unconfirmed reports" made him "conclude that the reputation for integrity of Justice Kumar was not what should be for a Judge of the High Court. To my mind, reputation of integrity is just as important as a person actually being above board " The Chief Justice also mentioned certain figures to show the rate of dis ?osal of cases by the Division Bench of which Justice Kumar was a member. It seems from what the Chief Justice of the High Court said in his letter of May 7, 1981 that he had not recommended extension D of Justice Kumar's term not really because he found the reports against Shri Kumar were true-he has admittedly no "investigating machinery" - but because he thought that reputation of integrity is as importnant as a man being actually above board. I have already said that this is a view which will undermine the independence of the judiciary. The letter of May 7, 1981 written by the Chief Jusctice of the Delhi High Court to the Law Minister was marked "SECRET (For Personal Attention Only):' It appears from a subsequent letter addressed by the Law Minister to the Chief Justice of the High Court on May 29, 1981 that a few days after the letter of May 7, was written, the Chief Justice of the High Court had requested the Law Minister to keep that letter a secret from the Chief Justice of India. The letter of May 29 discloses that the Chief Justice of the High Court mentioned three reasons for not disclosing the letter to the Chief Justice of India. The reasons as appearing from the Law Minister's letter are as follows : "1. .. the reasons stated in the opening portion of your letter dated 7th May, 1981." Probably the reference is to the following lines of the 7th May Jetter written by the Chief Justice the High Court : S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Gupta, J.) 697 I. Hon'ble the Chief Justice of India had made certain A observations with regard to my recommendation about Mr. Justice S.N. Kumar and the same were communi- cated to me by you for my comments .in your D.0. No. 50/2/81-Jus .. dated 19th March, 1981. The Chief Justice had also written to me a letter dated 14th March, 1981 asking for "details and concrete facts in regard to the allegations against Justice Kumar." As I wrote to yon in my D.O. No. 293-HCJ/PPS, dated 28th March, 1981, I discussed the matter with Hon'ble the Chief Justice and as desired by him, in reply to his letter, wrote my D.O. No. 292-HCJ/PPS, dated March 28, 1981, a copy of which was forwarded to you. Accordingly, it is not only embarrassing but painful for me to write this letter. As you, however. desire to know what material provid- ed the basis for me to conclude that Justice Kumar's integrity was not above board, I give below some facts."' 2. You felt highly embarrassed as the contents of your letter dated 19th February, 1981 about Shri Kumar came clearly to be known to Shri S.N. Kumar and some of his colleagues on the Bench. You felt that the contents of your letter dated 7th May, 1981 might also get known to them and cause you further embar- E rassment. 3. You felt that the Chief Justice of India had alredy started wrongfully denigrating you for your letter of February 19, 1981." The letter of May 29 concludes by saying that in view of the fact that the Chief Justice of the High Court was keen on keeping the letter "confidential from t)le Chief Justice of India", the letter was not shown to him. Whether the reasons for not disclosing the letter of May 7 to the Chief Justice of India were valid or not, it is clear that the Chief Justice of India was not apprised of the particulars contained in the letter of May 7 concerning Justice Kumar's intt·· . grity. It was argued on behalf of the Union of India and the Law Minister that it must be presumed that all the details were placed before the • Chief Justice of India because the Chief Justice of the High Court in his letter dated March 28, 1981 addressed to the Law Minister had stated that he "had an opportunity to discuss tbr 698 SUPREME COURT REPORT (1982] 2 S.C.R. entire matter in detail with the Chief Justice of India" and that in another letter written on the same day to the Chief Justice of India he had said: "With regard to the complaints about Justice Kumar's integrity and general conduct, the matter has already been discussed between us." That this presumption is wrong would appear from the following .,, facts. On May 21, 1981 the Law Minister had written a letter to the Chief Justice of India when he was in Simla. Paragraphs 3, 5 and 6 of this letter read as f Jllows :- "3. In regard to complaints regarding Justice Kumar's integrity and general conduct, the Chief Justice of the High Court discussed the matter with you as mentioned in his D.O. letter No. 292-HCJ, dated 28th March, 1981, to you, a copy of which he had sent to me. In that letter he had also mentioned the disposals of Justice Kumar. 4. x x x 5. You will please see that in your advice dated 3rd March, 1981 you desired to look carefully into the charges against Shri S.N. Kumar. In terms thereof if you were pleased to make any inquiries, I shall be grateful to have the details. 6. I would be grateful for your urgent advice in regard to the continuance or otherwise of the terms of Justice S.N. Kumar. .. " There is no reference here to the letter of May 7 from the Chief Justice of the High Court. The Chief Justice of India replied to this letter next day, May, 22, 1981 from Simla. The relevant portions of the; letter are as follows :- "Shri Prakash Narain, Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court, had written a letter dated February 19, 1981 to you, a~copy of which was sent to me. The Chief Justice had recommended in that letter that Justice Kumar's appoint­ ment should not be extended further for three reasons : .,. \ .... S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Gupta, J.) 699 (1) that serious complaints were received against Justice Kumar orally as well as in writing ; (2) that Justice Kumar was not very helpful in disposing of cases ; and (3) that some responsible members of the Bar and Bench had expressed doubts about Justice Kumar's integrity. By my letter dated March I 4, 1981 to the Delhi Chief Justice I requsted him to furnish further details and concrete facts in regard to the allegations against Justice Kumar since the result of the enquiries made by me was quice at variance with what the Chief Justice had stated in his Jetter of March 19. The Chief Justice met me on March 26, 1981 when he told me that Justice Kumar v;as very slow in his disposals and that he doubted his integrity because even after Justice Kumar's allocation was changed from the original side to the appellate side, he still continued to hear the part-heard cases on the original side The Chief Justice did not mention any thing adverse in regard to Justice Kumar's political leanings or affiliations. By my request the Chief Justice promised to send a statement showing the disposals of Justice Kumar. I have made the most careful and extensive enquiries E in regard to both of these matters and I am satisfied that there is no substance in any one of them. I have with me a detailed statement of the disposals of Justice Kumar from which it would appear that no charge can be made against him that he is slow in his disposals. As regards the complaint of the Chief Justice that Jus­ tice Kumar's integrtiy was doubtful since he continued to take old part-heard matters even after the allocation of his work was changed, I have made enquiries not only from members of the Bar but from the sitting Judges of the Delhi High Court which show that is it a common practice in the Delhi High Court that even after the allocation of a Judge is changed from the original side to the appellate side and vice-versa, be continues to take up part-heard cases on which a subtantial amount of time has been already spent. Justice Kumar therefore did nothing out of the way or un- 8' A'. ?CO SUPRFME COURT REPORTS I I 982) 2 s.c:.& usual in taking up part-beard cases after the allocation of his work was changed. I find it therefore difficult to agree that Justice Kumar's term should not be extended for the reasons by the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court. I disagree with the learned Chief Justice, on enquiries made by me, that Justice Kumar is either slow in his disposals or that his integrity is doubt­ ful. I must mention that I also made independent enqumes in regard to Justice Kumar's integrity generally and apart from the reason for which the learned Chief Justice thought that Justice Kumar lacked integrity. Not one member of the Bar or of the Bench doubted the integrity of Justice Kumar. On the other hand, several of them stated that be is a man of unquestioned integrity." However. on May 27, 1981 the Law Minister recorded a note in the relevant file recommending that "Shri Justice S.N. Kumar may not be continued any further as Additional Judge of the Delhi High Court after the expiry of the present tenure on 7-6-1981." It appears from this note that in making this recommendation, the Law Minister confined himself only to Shri Kumar's reputation. The portion of the note relevant for the present purpose reads : "C.J.I does mention that C.J. Delhi met him on 26.3.J 981. He also refers about the common practice in the Delhi High Court that even after the allocation of a Judge is changed from the original side to the appellate side and vice-versa, he continues to take up part-heard cases on which a substantial amount of time has been already spent. I presume that when C.J. Delhi and the C.J. of the Supreme Court met, the former must have informed the latter about the details that he had mentioned to me in his letter dated 7-5-198 I. This presumption is raised on the basis of the letters from the Chief Justice, Delhi... The C.J. I. in his advice proceeds from the premises that taking up part-heard cases after the allocation of work is changed does not amount to lacking in integrity. If it were that simple I j S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Gupta, J.) 701 would not have joined issue, but the details furni;hed by the C.J. Delhi in his letter dated 7.5.1981 go farther. x x x Jn the matter 0f assessrnen t of integrity, I prefer that the views of C.J. Dell1i be given credence as it is in his association that the Judge concerned discharges his duties and that he has a better occasion and opportunity to watch his working and conduct. The correspondence from the C.J. of Delhi addressed to me furnishes clear details which cannot easily be brushed aside." Taking the last paragraph of the note first, I find it difficult to see how, because the Chief Justice of the High Court had a "better occasion and opprtunity" to watch "his [Justice Kumar's] working and conduct", he was in a better position to come to a correct conclusion as to the Judge"s integrity, if all the facts concerning the matter were also placed bef0re the Chief Justice of India; it is not like watching the demeanour of a witness to test his credibility. As regards the statement that the letter from the Chief Justice of the High Court furnished "clear details which cannot easily be brushed aside", the details are only particulars of certain suits that Justice Kumar had dealt with, but it is difficult to follow what is sought to be conveyed by saying that these cannot "easily be brushed aside". Mere details of the suits can indicate nothing regarding Justice Kumar's integrity. If however by 'details' the unconfirmed reports against Justice Kumar were also sought to be included, no reasonable person could accept them as true without proof. As regards the earlier portion of the note quoted above, the presumption the Chief Justice of the High Court must have informed the Chief Justice of Jndia about the details that the former had mentioned in his letter dated May, 7, 1981 addressed to the Law Minister does not appear to have any basis. It is true the Chief Justice of the High Court in his two letters dated March 28, 1981 written respectively to the Law Minister and the Chief Justice of India had said that the "entire matter" concerning Justice Kumar's integrity had been discussed between him and the Chief Justice of India but it would be wrong to assume, though the Chief Justice of the High Court spoke of the "entire matter", that the particulars of the suits and the allegations a~ainst Justice Kumar concerning them were placed before the Chief Justice of India. What was discussed between the two would appear very clearly from the letter addressed by the Chief Justice of India to the Law Minister on May 22, 1981. I have quoted above relevant extracts from this letter. It is plain from this Jetter that when the Chief Justice of the High Court met the Chief Justice of India on March 26, 1981 the only thing that he disclosed was the alleged impropriety of Justice Kumar's conduct that "even after Justice Kumar's allocation was changed from the original side to the appel­ late side, be still continued to bear the part-heard cases on the original side" and that "be continued to take old part-heard matters even after the allocation of bis work was changed". There is no mention of the other allegations against Justice Kumar concerning these part-heard matters. It is impossible to think that if the details that the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court mentioned in his letter of May 7, 1981 addressed to the Law Minister for his "personal attention only" were disclosed to the Chief Justice of India he would not have referred to them in his letter on May 22. It further appears from the affidavit of Shri Kumar, sworn on July 17, 1981, that the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court had not asked him any question or called for any explanation or clarification from him regarding the allegations against him, but the Chief Justice of India had a discussion with him only with regard to the allegations that he was slow in his disposal and that it was improper for him to continue to deal with the origi­ nal side matters heard in part by him while sitting on the appel­ late side. It is also impossible to think that the Chief Justice of India though apprised of the allegation of corruption against Shri Kumar would not ask for his explanation on this serious charge and discussed only the minor allegations against him. As part of the relevant material was withheld from the Chief Justice of India it must be held that there was no full and effective consultation as contemplated in article 217 ( 1) and this vitiates the decision not to extend Shri Kumar's term of office as an Additional Judge of the Delhi High Court though the volume of pending work that High Court required the services of another Judge. In any event, even assuming that the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court had informed the Chief Justice 0f India of the .allegation of corruption against Shri Kumar, it is clear that it was not disclosed to Shri Kumar and he was not given an opportunity to explain the charge against him. Assuming again that Shri Kumar had no legal right to have his term extended, he had at least --.I + '"' \ --,. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Gupta, J.) 703 a legitimate expectation that his tenure as an Additional Judge would continue following the usual practice, and it appears from the Jetter of the Chief Justice of the Delhi Court written to the Law Minister on Feburary 19, 1981 that but for the allegations against him, Shri Kumar would have got an extension of his tenure as an Additional Judge in view of the arrears of work in the Delhi High Court. Consistent with the principles of natural Justice Shri Kumar who had undoubtedly suffered an injury by his term of office not being extended should have been given an opportunity to explain the charge of corruption against him. The principles of natural justice apply even to a person who has no legal right. (See In re H.K. (An Infant); [1967] 2 O.B. 617). The decision against Shri Kumar cannot be sustained on this ground as well. As stated above, in reachillg the decision not be extend Shri Kumar's tenure of office, the Law Minister preferred the opinion of the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court to that of the Chief Justice of India on the view that the Chief Justice of thfl High Court had "better occasion and opportunity" to watch his working and conduct. As I have already said, this is a view which has no valid basis. Under article 217 (1) tlie President, before appointing a person as a Judge of a High Court has to consult three functiona­ ries, the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State and the ,Chief Justice of the High Court; for the appointment of the Chief Justice of the High Court, the President has to consult the Chief Justice of India and the Governor of the State. The controversy is over the question whether the opinion of the Chief Justice of India should have primacy or the three functionaries must be regarded as coordinate authorities for the purpose of article 217 (I) and ,fthe President was free to accept the opinion of any of them. Assuming however they are coordinate authorities in the sense that each of them must be consulted, the scope of consultation is not the same so far as the Governor is concerned. He is certainly not in a posi­ tion to give any opinion on the legal acumen of the persons pro­ posed to be appointed. His opinion is relevant on matters on which the Chief Justice of the High Court or the Chief Justice of India are not expected to have any information. The question however remains, whose opinion should the President accept if the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India differ ? Normally, the Chief Justice of the High Court is likely to know more about a lawyer practising in that court whose name is proposed for appointment but where the question is whether 704 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 S.C.R. or not the tenure of an Additional Judge should be extended, if all the relevant materials are before both, the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India, it is difficult to see how the Chief Justice of the High Court is in a better position than the Chief Jmtice of India to give a correct opinion. However, as Krishna Iyer J., has 8aid in Shamsher Singh' s(1) case the Chief Justice of India the ''highest dignitary of Indian Justice". The President has to consult him for the appointment of the Chief Justice of a High Court. He is, what Mr. R.K. Garg appearing for Shri S.N. Kumar in Transferred Case No. 20 of 1981 (which is writ petition No. 882 of 198 I filed in the Delhi High Court) described as the Pater families of the Indian Judiciary. In my view the President should accept the opinion given by the Chief Justice of India in such a case unless the opinion suffers from any obvious infirmity; he cannot act as an umpire and choose between the two opi1.1ions. For the reasons indicated above, the decision in Shri S N. Kumar's case must be held invalid and the case should go back to the President for a fresh decision after a full and effective consulta-.. ti on as contemplated in article 217 ( 1) of the constitution. The other main issue arising on these writ petitions relates to the transfer of Judges from one High Court to another High Court. The question of transfer arises upon a letter addressed by the Law Minister on March 18, 1931 to the Governor of Punjab and the Chief Ministers of different States, except the North-eastern States, stating that the Law Commission, States Re-organisation Commis~ sion and various Bar Associations had expressed the view that to fur­ ther national integration and to combat narrow parochial tenden­ cies bred by caste, kinship and other local links and affiliations, one; third of the Judges of a High Court should be from outside the State in which that High Court is situated. The Law Minister in this letter requested those to whom the letter was addressed to (a) obtain from all the Additional Judges of the High Court in a State their consent to be appointed as permanent Judges in any other High Court in the country and (b) also to obtain similar consent from those persons who have been or in the future were likely to be proposed for appointment as Judges. The letter also carried a (I) [1975] I SCR 81<4. "' ' I -i r s.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Gupta, J.) 705 request to obtain from the Additional Judges· and the pro­ posed appointees names of three High Courts in order of preference to which they would like to be appointed as Judges or permanent Judges as the case may be. It was however added that it should be made clear to them that the furnishing of the conse11t or the indication of a preference does not imply any commitment on the part of the Government either in regard to their ap;nintm~nt or in regard to accommodation in accordance with the prefere:1ces given. The letter says that the written consent and preferences of the Additional Judges and the persons recommended for initial appointment should be sent to the Law Minister within a fortnight of the receipt of the letter. The question of transfer also arises in Transferred Case No. 2/81 which is writ petition No. 390 of 1981 filed in the Madras High Court and in Transferred case No. 24 of 1981 which is Writ Petition No. 2224 of 1981 in the Patna High Court. These petitions relates to the transfer of the Chief Justice of the Patna High Court, Shri K.B.N. Singh, to the Madras High Court. Article 222(1) says that the President may, after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, transfer a Judge from one High Court to any other High Court. It was argued that the letter seeking to obtain general consent of the Additional Judges to their transfer to other High Courts was only a device to circumvent article 222( I) reducing the requirement of consultation with the Chief Justice of India to a formality. Clearly, the Constitution does not contemplate taking of such general consent to transfer which might take place at some future dates in respect of only some of the Judges. The letter has thus no authority of law. This aspect has been dealt with in detail in the Judgments of Tulzapurkar J , and Pathak J., which I have bad the advantage of reading. I agree with them that the said letter dated March 18, 1981 is of no c:insequcnce legally and cannot bind or affect in any way those for whom it was intended. This letter of March 18, 1981 sug~e>ts in defenc~ of the proposed transfer of Judges that for furthering national integration and combating narrow parochiul tendencies one-third of the Judges of a High Court should be from outside the State in which that High Court is situated. It has been held by a majority in Swkil C!1q•1d's case that transfer of a Judge of a High Court to another High Court is permissible only in public intere>t and not by way of punishment. One reason stated in support of the policy of transfer in the letter -0fMarch 18, 1981 is that it would Ci>mb1t narro.v p1ro:'1ia.l te1d- 706 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 S.C.R. dencies. However, the transfer of an individual Judge on the ground that he is guilty of parochial tendencies would be a transfer by way of punishment and as such not permissible. If the proposed transfer is with a view not to allow parochial tendencies to grow, then again the question will remain who among the Judges should be transferred and to which High Courts. Also, whether the transfer of Judges from one High Court to another would really further national integration may be open to debate. However, the validity of the policy does not arise for decision on these writ petitions. Apart from its validity, to what extent the policy is relevant in the context of article 222(1) is a question. As held in Sankal Chand's case mass transfers are not contemplated under article 222(1). The President may transfer a Judge from one High Court to another only after consultation with the Chief Justice of India. The policy may provide the President with a ground to suggest the transfer of a Judge, but the. Chief Justice of India must consider in each case whether [the proposed transfer is in public interest because, even granting the validity of the policy, the question would remain who among the Judges should be transferred and to which High Courts. In Transferred Case No. 24 of 1981 which was writ petition No. 2224 of 1981 in the Patna High Court in which Shri K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice of the Patna High Court has been transposed as a petitioner, and Transferred Case No. 2 of 1981 which was writ petition No. 390 of 1981 in the Madras High Court, the validity of the Notification transferring Shri K. B. N. Singh as Chief Justice of the Madras High Court is challenged. The notification is challenged mainly on the ground that the order of transfer was bad as Shri K. B. N. Singh had not consented to it, that there was no full and effective consultation between the Central Government and the Chief Justice of India before the order was made, and that the transfer was not in public irJ:erest but was really by way of punishment. Tulzapurkar J. has dealt with this aspect of the case in detail in his Judgment and I do G not propose to go over the same ground as 1 agree with him for the reasons given by him that the impugned order of transfer is valid under article 222(1) of the Constitution. I would however like to add that an order of transfer even if H made for administrative reasons and in public interest is likely to <>ause some injury to the Judge transferred, though that could not be ·' S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Gupta, J) 707 valid ground for holding that the transfer is by way of punishment, it is the reason behind the order of transfer that should determine its nature. It would be only fair not to let the Judge who is being transferred face mJre difficultie~ than are absolutely necessary. If the Judge is wholly unfamiliar with th~ language of the State to which he is transferred, it is possible in some cases that it will affect his efficiency. I would ask the Government to consider if it is possible to transfer Shri K.B. N. Singh to some High Court, consis­ tent with his position as a senior Chief Justice, where the language difficulty will not be so actute. Counsel for the Law \1inister questioned the locur standi of the petitioners in these cases who are members of the legal profession. The question however seems to be academic because Shri S.N. Kumar and Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh are parties respectively in Trai1sferred Case No. 20 of 1981 and Transferred Case No. 24 of 1981; Shri SN. Kumar, impleaded as respondent NJ. 5 in Transferred Case No. 20 of 1981 has supported the p~titioners in challenging the validity of the decision not to extend his term of office as an Addi­ tional Judge of the Delhi High Court and Shri K.B.N. Singh trans­ posed as petitioner in Transferred case No. 24 of 1981 has challeng­ ed the notification transferring him to the Madras High Court. Apart from the fact that they are both parties, for the reasons given by Bhagwati J. and Tulzapurkar J. in their respective Judg­ ments I agree with them that the petitioners who are practising advocates of different High Courts are competent to maintain the petitions. In the course of the hearing of these petitions we had made two orders for the disclosure of certain documents. The reasons in support of these orders will appear from the Judgment of Bb.agwati, J. with which I agree. The petitions shall be disposed of in accordance with the conclusions reached on the various points arising for decision in these petitions. 708 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ J 982] 2 S.C.R FnAL Au, J. Transfi rred Case No. 22 of 1981 : 1 he petitioners, Advocates practising in the High Court of Bcrr,bay, filed a writ petition No. 527/81 before the Bombay High Court challenging the constitutionaity of Exhibit 'A', a Circular said to have been issued by the Union Law Minister on March 18, 1981 and addressed to the Governer of Punjab and Chief Ministers of States (except the North Eastern States). The petitioners prayed for several reliefs to which we shall refer hereafter. The wnt peti­ tion was transferred to this Court with the consent of parties by an order dated June 9, 1981. The petitioners alleged that the Union Law Minister who was respondent No. 1 in the original writ petition had issued a Circular letter dated 18.3.1981 (hereafter referred to as the 'Circular') to the Governor of Punjab and the Chief Ministers of States requesting them to obtain the consent of Additional Judges of the High Courts concerned to their transfer as permanent Judges of High Courts other than those in which they were appointed as Addititional Judges. We shall give details of this Circular when we deal with it. The Circular was received by the Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court on 29 3. 81 and on 30.3.81 he addressed a letter to the Addittonal Judges (respondents 3 to 12) and asked them to do the needful. The said Circular seems to have created a serious up­ heaval in the rank and file of the lawyers of Bombay Bar resulting in a special general meeting of the Advocates Association of Western India on 3.4.81. It is alleged in the petition that the meeting was largely attended and a unanimous resolution was passed, inter alia, condemning the Circular as being subversive of judicial indepen- dence and demanding that the Government be directed to withdraw the Circular. The furore on the Circular seems to have infiltrated into the Bombay Bar Association which also held several meetings and similar resolutions were passed. On 14.4. 81 a meeting of the G Managing Committee of the Bombay incorporated Society passed similar resolutions and also resolved that the President of the Society should join as a petitioner, as a result of which the fourth petitioner was added as one of the petitioners. As a mark of serious protest against the Circular and the discourteous language in which H the said document (circular) is alleged to have been expressed, the legal practitioners practising in the High Court, city civil courts, S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 709 Small Causes Courts and the police courts resolved not to attend those collrn on 15.4.81. The petitioners further alleged that they represented a large body of legal opinion of Bombay as also repre­ senting public interest in a free and independent judiciary whic'.1 wa> the very bulwark of the democratic form of GJvern:mnt c nte n plated by the Constituthn. In the writ petition, which has now been transferred to this Court, the petitioners sought the followin~ ~ reliefs: "(a) that it may be declared that the said letter, Exhibit "A" to the petition, is ultra vires and void ; (b) that it may be declared that the consent if any conse· quent on or arising from the said letter given by an additional Judge or any person whose name has been or is to be submitted for his appointment as a Judge is null and void; (c) that this Hon'ble Court will be pleased to issue an order or direction under Article 226 qt1a>hin5 the said letter Exhibit 'A', and the consent, if any, obtained from any person following on or as a result of the said letter ; (d) that in the alternative to prayer (c) above this Hon'ble Court will be pleased to issue a writ of mandamus (or any other writ, order or direction) directing Respon­ dents 1 and 2 to withdraw the said letter and to abstain from using or in any manner acting on the con­ sent, if any, obtained from any person following on or arising from the said letter." The petitioners also prayed for an ad interim injunction p~njin5 hearing of the petition. This seems to have been the rea~tion of the Bombay lawyers to the aforementioned Circular. Transferred Case No. 20 of 1981. Another writ petition was filed by Shri V.M. Tarkunde, a senior Advocate of the Supreme Court in the High Court of D~lhi making Union of India, Justice O.N. Vohra, Justice S.N. Kumar and Justice S.B. Wad as respondents and alleging that the indep~ndence of judiciary which was essential for the preservation of civil lib~rty was 710 SUPREME COURT REPORlS [!982] 2 S,C.R. being eroded by the actions of the Government, viz, short-term appointment of Additional Judges for 3-4 m.mths arid short extensio is granted af1er the term was over. Anoth~r grievan~e m·ide regardirig the Circular issued by the Union Law Minister compelling more than 100 Additional Judges all over the country to give their conserit f.n being appointed as permanent Judges outside their State on the pain of being dropped was that this was a 1 inqirect method of by passing the consultative process contemplated by Art. 222. Apart from these apprehensions the petitioner m1de seriau s allegations the purport of which was that a cJn>iste1t ca n~.1ig n had been launched by some of the Ministers of Central G;wern ment and Chief Ministers of States against the higher judiciary. In this connection, statements of a Cabinet Minister and some Chief Minis­ ters were mentioned. Referring to S·Jme concrete cases it was alleged that although permanent vacancies in the High Court of Delhi were available yet Justice Goswami and Justice Sultan Singh in stead of being made permanent Judges were appointed as Additional Judge for a period of two years in July and August, 1980 respectively where­ as Justice Vohra as an Addi. Judge only for there months. It was further alleged that two more Additional Judges, viz., Justice Kumar and Justice Wad were appointed for three months. According to the allegations made by the petitioner, the terms of the aforesaid three Judges, Justice Vohra, Kumar and Wad was to· expire on 6.6.81. It appears that after the term of Justice Vohra and Justice Kumar expired on the 6th of June 1981, the Central Government did not reappoint them as a result of which they were sent back to the Bar. Justice Vohra did not i'Ile any petition and instead F started his practice. The writ petition filed by Mr. Tarkunde in the High Court of Delhi was also transferred to this Court and was numbered as Trans­ ferred Case No. 20 of 1981. While this case was pending in this Court the term of Justice Kumar expired and at his request be was impleaded and transposed as third respondent in the case so that he may be in a position to defend his cause. The petition of Mr. Tarkunde apart from challenging the Circular has also assailed the refusal of the Government to grant further extension to Justice Kumar and Justice Vohra. As Justice Vohra's case was not pressed it is not necessary for us to go into the circumstances under which the term of Justice Vohra was not extended. -. y ,. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 711 Transferred Case No. 19 of 1981. This petition has been filed by Mr. S.P. Gupta against the President, Union of India, Chief Justice of the Allahabad Court and the Governor of U.P. In view of similar petiticms having been tra:1s­ ferred to this Court, this petition was also transferred to this Court from the Allahabad High Court by an Order dated 1.5.1981. In this petition, the following reliefs were prayed : "(a) issue a writ, direction or order in the nature of a declaratory writ that Justice Murlidhar, Justice A.N. Verma, Jmtice N.N. Mitthal have already been appointed as permanent Judges of the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad by virtue of the warrants of appointment dated 12.12.1980, 12.3.1981 and 12.3.1981 respectively. (b) in the alternative, issue a writ, direction or order in the nature of Mandamus directing the President to appoint judges of the High Court according to the submis~ions made in this petition; (c) issue a writ, direction or order in the nature of Mandamus directing the President of India to appoint permanent judges of the High Court on the vacancies in the office of the permanent Judges, whenever such vacancies occur, in accordance with the Constitutional scheme and provisions, as submitted in this Petition and found by this Court: (d) issue a writ, order or direction in the nature of Mandamus directing the President of India to fill the vacancy of the additional Judges of the High Court without delay." Transferred Case No. 21 of 1981. A petition exactly similar to the one filed by Mr. S.P. Gupta was also filed bv Mr. J.L. Kalra, Advocate and others in ·the Delhi High Court which was also transferred to this Court by an Order H dated 1.5.1981 alongwith the case of Mr. S.P. Gupta. In this case, the following reliefs were sought : 712 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982] 2 S.C.R. (a) issue a writ of mandamus or any other appropriate writ, order or direction commanding the respondent to assess the number of permanent and additional judges required for this Hon'ble Court having regard to its current business and the accu'llulated arrears of work and create such number of permanent and additional posts of judges as may he required, within such rea­ sonablr time as this Hon'ble Court may deem fit, in accordance with law; (b) direct the respondent to appoint Hon'ble Mr. Justice N.N. Goswamy, Hon'hle Mr Justice Sultan Singh and Hon'ble Mr. Justice O.N. Vohra as permanent judges of this Hon'ble Court against the three vacant perma­ nent posts forthwith; (c) direct the respondent to extend the term of the addi­ tional judges namely Hon'ble Mr. Justice S.N. Kumar and Hon'ble Mr. Justice S.B. Wad by a period of two years within two weeks from the date of the order. (d) direct the respondent likewise to confirm/extend the terms of the additional judges of the High Courts of Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana and Rajasthan, whose names are mentioned in paragraph No. 5 of this petition; · (e) direct that no such piecemeal extension, but a reasonably long term shall be given to the other additional judges of this Hon'ble Court as well as of other High Courts in future."' Apart from these petitions which have been transferred to this Court other petitions were also filed against the Order of the President transferring Justice Ismail, Chief Justice of the Madras High Court to be the Chief Justice of Kerala High Court and Justice K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice of the Patna High Court to be the Chief Justice of Madras High Court. Writ Petition No. 274 of 1981 This writ petition was filed by Miss Lily Thomas, an Advocate of the Supreme Court challenging the order of transfer of Justice ,_ .. - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 713 Ismail from Madras High Court to Kerala High Court. While the petition was pending, Justice Ismail chose to retire from service and hence the petition became infructuous so far as the main relief was concerned. Miss Thomas, however, pressed the petition only on one ground, viz., that even if the grievance against the transfer of Justice Ismail no longer survived yet she was entitled to contest the Order of the President of India transferring Justice K.B. ~. Sing 1 from -Patna High Court to Madras High Court. She was permitted to argue the case on this limited point. Transferred Case No. 2 of 1981. Another petition was filed by Mr. Rajappa, Advocate in the Madras High Court being writ petition No. 3 of 1981 praying that the orders of the President of India transferring Ch:ef Justice of the Madras High Court to the Kerala High Court and the Chief Justice of the Patna High Court to the Madras High Court be quashed on the ground that they were null and void and unconstitutional. This case was also transferred to this Court and numbered as T.C. No. 2 of 1981. This case, therefore, raises subtaintially the same questions as are involved in writ petition. No. 274 of 1901. Transferred Case No. 24of1981. So far as the case of Justice K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice of the Patna High Court is concerned, Mr. D.N. Pandey, Secretary of the Bihar State Socialist Lawyers Ass'.lciation alongwith Thakur Rampati Sinha filed a writ petition No. CMJC 2224/1981 in the Patna High Court against the Union of India, the Chief Justice of India Mr. Justice K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice of the Patna High Cour; and the Registrar, Patna High Court. Justice K.B.'N. Singh, respon­ dent No. 3, later after filing an affidavit in this Court prayed that he may be transposed to the category of petitioner. He was directed to file a detailed affidavit which wa~ filed on 16.9.81 and he w1s transposed as petitioner No. 3. This petition was also transferred to this Court as similar points were involved. In this petition, the petitioners prayed that the Order of the President transferring Justice K.B.N. Singh be quashed and the respondents be directed not to give effect to the notification issued by the President transferring petitioner No. 3 to Madras. 714 SUPREME COURT REPORT~ [ J 982) 2 S.C.R A Transferred Case No. 6 of 1981. A Simili.r writ petition No. 553/81 was filed by Mr. P. Subra­ manian before the Madras High Court praying that the Order of the President transferring Justice Ismail from the Madras High Court to Kerala High Court be quashed. This petition also does n· •t B survive in view of the retirement of Justice Ismail. Special Leave Petition (Civil) No. 1509 of 1981. This petition has been filed by Ripudarnan Prasad Sinha pray­ ing for a writ of quo warranto against Justice K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice Patna High Court for not proceeding to join his new posting at Madras and in continuing as Chief Justice of Patna High Court without any sanction of law in view of the Order of the President transferring him to Madras. Special leave has not yet been granted in this petition but it has been tagged on with the cases relating to Justice K BN. Singh but was ultin:ately withdrawn before the conclusion of hearing of their cases. Since the various writ petitions and intervenor applications transferred to this Court raised almost common questions they were heard together but so far as the Petitions relating to Justice K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice of the Patna High Court are concerned they were delinked. After having heard Dr. Singhv i, counsel for the peti­ tioners, on the point of law regarding the interpretation of Art. 222 of the Constitution, we proceeded to deal with the questions of law and the constitutional points raised in the petitions of Mr. Chagla, Mr. Tarkunde, Mr. S.P. Gupta and others as also the constitutional points involved in Justice K.B.N. Singh's case. So far as Justice K.B.N. Singh's case is concerned we delinked it from other cases because his was thi;: only case which had to be heard on facts turn­ ing upon mainly on the question-whether or not there was an effec­ tive consultation between the Chief Justice of India, and the Chief Justice concerned, viz., Justice K.B.N. Singh. G As these petitions more or less involve common and overlapp- ing points, we shall dispose them off by one common judgment but deal with individual cases separately where-ever necessary. Transferred Casa Nos. 19 and 22/1981. We would first deal with the question relating to the variou1 facets, ihadeg and a~pecti of Art. 222 of the Constitution as contend- - . ... .,. . S.P. GUPTA v . . UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 715 ed before us by Messrs Seervai, Sorabjee, Dr. Singhvi, and others during their respective turns. So far as Mr. Seervai i concerned his contention on the interpretation of Art. 222, apart from its legislative history and setting, may be indicated as follows :- (I) The language of Art. 222(1) is clear enough to enable the Court to hold that the transfer must be with the consent of the Judge concerned. Even if it is not so, then the main object of Art. 222 is not very clear and plain and therefore, it is necessary to go into the legislative history of the doctrine of Transfer in order to ascertain the real intention of the Founding Fathers of the Constitution and, if so read, it would be amply clear that even if Art. 222 (I) does not expressly mention 'consent' the same must be implied in the Article by necessary intendm.ent. (2) As transfer of a High Court Judge from one High Court to another is an extraordinary phenomenon and has to be made in public interest, we must read consent of the Judge concerned before he can be transferred under Art. 222, otherwise the very purpose and object of the Article would be defeated. (3) As a transfer without consent of a Judge amounts to punishment, such a transfer involves a serious stain and stigma. Hence, in order to avoid such an anoma- lous position it should be held that no Judge can be F transferred under Art. 222 from one High Court to another without his consent. In the same token it was argued by Dr. Singhvi that before transferring a Judge various aspectsof public in- terest have to be examined qua the circumstances under G which the Judge is transferred-the compelling reasons why the transfer is being made and the personal diffi- culties or hardships that the Judge may suffer as a result of his transfer. In other words, by and large, it was contended that non-consensual transfers should be H considered to be prima facie punitive and, therefore, violative of Art. 124(4~ l;>e<;a.~_s_~ jf the¥ !\!ll01:1ll~ tg 716 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 S.C.R punishment then the punishment can only be for his misbehaviour or incapacity as contemplated by Art. 124 (4) and the procedure established by the Constitution for impeachment. We shall, however, develop the detailed aspect of the arguments of Dr. Singhvi when we deal with the same at a later stage. (4) It would appear from the historical background of Art. 222 that a transfer of a Judge from one high Court to another really amounts to a fresh appoint­ ment as a Judge to the transferee court, because before taking oath in the transferee Court, the Judge has to vacate his office of the original court and thereby he vacate his office of the ceases to be a Judge in the , legal sense of the term of the transferor court although for purposes of pension, allowances and salary, etc. he continues to be a Judge by virtue of a legal fiction. As no person can be appointed as a Judge of the High Court in the first instance against his consent the same principle will apply mutatis mutandis to a Judge who is transferred from one High Court to another because his transfer to the transferee court would amount to his first appointment. In other words, the argument comes to this that once an order of transfer is passed by the President of India under Art. 222, the Judge so transferred dies a civil death in the original High Court where he was appointed and takes a new birth in ti e new High Court where he is transferred. (5) That if a transfer is made by the President without the consent of a Judge, it will seriously undermine and impair the independence of the judiciary which is doubtless the basic structure of our Constitution. (6) That the majority decision of the Court in Union of India v. Sankal Chand Himatla! Sheth & Anr (1) (Herein after referred to 'Sheth's case') merits a second look (I) [1978] 1 S C.R. 42~, S.P. GUPTA V. UNION (Faza/ Ali, J.) and since the present is a larger Bench consisting of seven Judges, the previous decision should be reconsi­ dered and the view taken therein that consent is not necessary for the application of Art. 222, must be overruled. 717 Thus, the sum and substance of the contentions raised by Mr. Seervai is that the words 'with his consent' should be read into Art. 222(1) after the words 'transfer a Judge.' ,Messrs Sorabjee, Garg and S.P. Gupta who followed Mr. Seervai adopted his arguments in toto so far as the interpretation of Art. 222 it concerned. They, however, laid greater emphasis on the question of primacy of the Chief Justice of India (hereinafter referred to as 'Cn') and co~tended that the opinion of the en was final and binding on the President or on the Council of Ministers who should tender advice to the President in accordnace with the opinion expressed by the en if independence of judiciary was to be ensured. Dr. Singhvi while adopting the arguments of Mr. Seervai sub­ mitted that a transfer without consent affects a Judge adversely and results in evil consequences and virtually amounts to a punishment which is worse than removal but he laid greater stress on the efficacy of the consultative process by the constitutional authorities concerned and a proper meeting and application of minds before a transfer is ordered. Other aspects and conditions of Art. 222 relating to the nature and content of consultation will be examined when we deal with the case of D.N. Pandey (T.C. No. 24/81) in which the Chief Justice of Patna High Court has been transposed as a petitioner. These are the broad contentions advanced before us by the counsel for the parties in these petitions. The Attorney General, the Solicitor-General and Mr. Mridul appearing for the Law Minister have countered all the arguments advanced by the petitioners and have fully defended the impugned orders, the Circular and the transfer of Justice K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice of Patna High Court to Madras High CourL We shall indicate the arguments in opposition wlwq we cje11J ~i\'1 the argu- ments of the counsel for the petitioners., · ' Thus, from the facts disclosed in the various petitions and in the light of the arguments advanced before us by the counsel for the parties, the following points arise for determination :- 1. Locus standi 2. Article 217 (a) where is the power to appoint located, is it with the Executive ? (b) Is the opinion of en entitled to primacy; where the two Constitutional functionaries namely, CJ of a High Court and CJI differ, does the adverse opinion of either of them operate as a VETO against appointment; where both the CJ of a High Court and en agree upon accepting or rejecting a candidate for appointment, can the executive take a differrent view and appoint or decide not to appoint? (c) who can initiate the proposal for appointment under this Article ? ( d) whether consultation is necessary in case the Exe­ cutive decides not to appoint a person ? (e) Does this Article apply when an Additional Judge is to be appointed for a further term or as a permanent Judge. (f) Scope of judicial review in case of appointment or non-appointment. 3. Policy of General Transfers. (a) In the general policy of transfers of all CJs so that every State has a CJ from outside, good, valid and constitutional and in public interest ? (b) Can this policy be formulated and laid down by a declaration made by the President or an execu­ tive order of the Council of Ministers without any le~islation 7 S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 719 (c) Is the policy of !recruiting one-third Judges from outside the State good, valid and constitutional and, if so, what should be the mechanism for implementing the said policy and the manner of its formulation? (d) Has it been shown that the aforesaid policy has B already been evolved, formulated and finalised by the Central Government ? 4. Article 216. (a) what is the scope of the power of the President under this Article ? (b) Is the exercise of the power by the President under this Article amenable to the Judicial review and, if so, to what extent ? 5. Article 224. (a) What are the conditions and circumstances under which Additional Judges can be appointed ? (b) On the expiration of his term, is an Additional Judge entith:d to be continued automatically, ifthe conditions for appointment of an Additional Judge continue to exist or is he again liable to be subjected to the process of Article 217. (c) Does the Additional Judge have right to be consi­ dered for appointment for a further term or as permanent Judge on expiration of his term or he can be just dropped without any consideration at all. (i) Is there any convention that an Additional Judge must on the expiration of his term be continued for a further term or be appointed permanent Judge and if so, what is its legal effect on the interpretation of Art. 217 and 224. (ii) If there is no convention, is there a practice to the above effect and, if so, what is its effect. n I) 720 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 s.c.R. (d) Can an' Additional Judge be appointed when a permanent post is vacant : if such an appoint­ ment is made, can the Additional Judge be deemed to be a permanent Judge ? (e) Can a short-term appointment of Additional Judge be made under this Article ? 6. Article 222. (a) Who can initiate the proposal for transfer of High Court Judge ? (b) Is consent of a Judge to be transferred necessary before he can be transferred ? (c) What is the nature and effect of the consultation with CJI. (d) Does the requirement of public interest limit the exercise of the power of transfer under this Article? (e) What is the nature of public interest for which transfer of a High Court judge can be effected ? (f) Can a Judge be transferred on account of com­ plaints or grievances against him or on account of anything in his conduct or behaviour ? 7. Circular letter dated March 18, 1981. 8. Claim of privilege against disclosure. 9. T.C. No. 20 of 1981-whether there was full and effec­ tive consultation; if not, what relief can be granted. 10. T.C. No. 24 of 1981.-whether there was full and G effective consultation between the Government and CJI, whether the transfer of K.B.N. Singh was effected in public interest. We first propose to deal with the various aspects of Art. 222 the question ol privilege, the nature and extent of consultative process under Art. 222, the legal effect of the Circular and its constitutionality. .... ... s.i>. GiJPtA v. i.JNION (Fazai Ali, J.) 721 Coming to the interpretation of Art. 222, the first question A that falls for determination is a~ to whether or not cons~nt earl be read into Art. 222 as argued by the counsel for the petitioners. To begin with, this matter was fully considered in Sheth's case where the minority judgment considered almost all the aspects of the matter and held that consent cannot be read into Art. 222 and a transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another High Court can be made even without his consent subject to effective consulta- tion which has been explained by all the Judges. In that case Bbagwati J. and Untwa!ia J. dissented from the majority decision and took the view that no transfer of one High Court Judge to another High Court can be made without his consent. In other words the. minorites was of the view that the word 'consent' has to read into Art. 222 having regard to the extraordinary circumstances in which such a power is exercised and the constitutional position of a Judge. Normally, the decision in Sheth's case would have concluded the matter because in the instant case also the points raised are more or less similar but the arguments advanced before us in these cases have revealed many more aspects which may not have been before this court in Sheth' s case and have opened new vistas which undoubtedly require a further consideration. Moreover, in that case the stand taken by the Union of India was that the matter may be decided as a sort of an academic question as the transfers made by the previous Government would be nullified by retransferring them. In view of this concession made by the Union of India in that case it was not necessary for this Court to go deep into the matter b~cause ultimately the decision would turn out to be purely academic. Thirdly, as the question of general policy of transfer has cleariy arisen in these cases and lot of material has been produced before us to justify both the constitutionality and the legality of this ~ F policy, Art. 222 as also the consultative process now assume a new complexion. For these reasons, therefore, we are of the oprn1on that the judgment in Shr?th's case (supra) may be reconsidered in the light of the fresh facts which have emerged since then though ultimately we may reach the same conclusions as held by the majority judgment. We shall now examine the first limb of the contention of Mr. Seervai that the word 'consent' should be read into Art. 222. It cannot be doubted that a transfer under Article 222 must be made in public interest and it was so held in Sheth's case by all the Judges 722 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982) 2 s.c.R. who were completely unanimous on this aspect of the matter. In this connection, Chandrachud J. (as he then was) observed thus :- "The power to transfer a High Court Judge is con­ ferred by the Constitution in public interest and not for the purpose of providing the executive with a weapon to punish a Judge who does not toe its line or who, for some reason or the other, has fallen from its grace." (p. 444) And Bhagwati, J. 'made the following observations : "One thing is, however, certain that the power to trans• fer a Judge from one High Court to another under Article 222, clause (I) can be exercised only in publie interest." Krishna Iyer, J., speaking for himself and one of us (Fazal Ali, J.) D expressed his views thus : "Indeed the independence of the judiciary is itself a necessitous desideratum of public interest, and so inter­ ference with it is impermissible except where other consi­ derations of public interest are so strong, and so exer- E cised as not to militate seriously against the free flow of public justice." And Untwalia, J. in his judgment struck an identical note and observed as follows :- "It was, however, accepted by all concerned that the transfer can be made only in public interest or on the ground of public policy which sometimes has been charac­ terised by eminent jurists as an unruly horse." This position is also conceded by the Attorney General, the G Solicitor General and Mr. Mridul. The main reason why this Court had held the transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another should be in public interest was that the President should not exercise power by way of victimisation or to impede the free flow of public justice or as Chandrachud, J., put it "for an extrane- H ous or collateral purpose". Where, however, the compelling cir­ cumstances and the exigencies of administration or situation are objectively considered and it becomes necessary for the exercise of ,. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Faza/ Ali, J.) 123 this power, these factors would constitute public interest to justify A the exercise of the power by the President under Art. 222. In the instant case, a general and unanimous policy of transfer of judges and Chief Justices of High Courts to pro mote national integration and suppress fissiparous tandencies, would doubtless be in public interest. Although Art. 222 does not contain the words 'Public interest' in so many words but the very exercise of the power, which B is not a normal power but an exceptional one, it follows as a logical consequence that public interest is a necessary concomitant of the exercise of this power. • The question that now arises is if it can be said on a parity of reasoning that 'consent' also should be read as a part and parcel of the exercise of the power under Art. 222. It is difficult to accede to this contention because if a Judge cannot be transferred without his consent then the power loses its significance and becomes an immu­ nity to a judge from transfer by withholding his consent. Thus, a power which is to be exercised by the President can be defeated or stalled by a simple act of the Judge in refusing to give his consent to the transfer. This could never have been the intention of the Founding Fathers of the Constitution. Article 222 may be extracted thus: "222. Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another. E (I) The President may, after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, transfer a Judge from one High Court to any other High Court. (2) ·When a Judge has been or is so transferred, he shall, during the period he serves, after the com­ mencement of the Constitution (Fifiteenth Amend­ ment) Act, 1963, as a Judge of the other High Court, be entitled to receive in addition to his salary such compensatory allowance as may be determined by Parliament by law and until so determined; such compensatory allowance as the President may by order fix." . A perusal of Art. 222 unmistakably shows that it is expressed m absolu~ely clear: explicit, intelligible, plain and unambiguous lan­ guage which admits of no vagueness or ambiguity. Mr. Seervai, 724 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 S.C.R. however, by an involved ;irocess of reasoning wants us to import the concept of 'consent' by reading the same into the Article by way of necessary intendment of the Parliament. It is not the function of the court to supply words to suit a particular course of action so as to be acceptable to a particular set of persons as a doctrine of implied consent. It is just like first raising a ghost and then trying to kill it. Before we enter into a detailed discussion of the Rules of Interpretation of Statutes we might indicate that there is intrinsic evidence in the various constitutional provisions which clearly show that the word 'consent' has been dropped by the legislature deli­ berately or it is a case of deliberate omission rather than casus omisus. In order to drive home our point we would give a brief survey of the scheme of the Constitution regarding the expressions 'consent', 'concurrence' or 'Consultation' used in various Articles to determine the context, the purport and the intention of the Founding Fathers of the Constitution. Take, for instance, Art. 127 which expressly deals with pre· vious consent of the President, and may be extracted thus : "127. Appointment of Ad hoc Judges. ( l) If at any time there should not be a quorum of the Judges of the Supreme Court available to hold or con­ tinue any session of the Court, the Chief Justice of India may, with the previous consent of the President and after consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned, request in writing the attendance at the sittings of the Court, as an ad hoc Judge, for such period as may be necessary, of a Judge of a High Court duly qualified for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court to be designated by the Chief Justice of India. (2) It shall be the duty of the Judge who has been so designated, in priority to other duties of his office to attend the sittings of the Supreme Court at the time and for the period for which his attendance is required, and while so attending he sail have all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges, and shall discharge the duties, of a Judge of the Supreme Court.'' This Article may be divided into four parts :- .... .,. ... S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 725 (1) that there should be a lack of quorum of the Judges of the Supreme Cours. (2) that the Chief Justice of India may with the previous consent of the President and (3) after consultation with the Chief Justice of the High B Court. (4) request in writing the attendence, as an ad hoc Judge, for such period as may be necessary of a Judge of a High Court duly qualified for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court Clause (2) of the Article provides that it shall be the duty of the Judge to attend the sittings. It would thus appear that when the Constituent Assembly intended that there should be consent, it has said so in very clear terms. The first part clearly shows that the power under Art. 127 ( 1) can be exercised only with the previous consent of the President and not otherwise. Similarly, in the second part, the word 'consul­ tation' is used and in clause (2) the word 'duty' is used which com­ pletely rules out 'consent'. An analysis of this Article clearly shows that whenever the Constitution intended a partieular expression to have a particular meaning it has made its intention clear and unam­ biguous by using the word 'duty', 'consent' or consultation'. Article 128 requires consent of the President before an offer is made to a retired Judge to act as an ad hoc Judge of the Supreme Court. Proviso to Art. 128 may be extracted thus: F "Provided that nothing in this article shall be deemed to require any such person as aforesaid to sit and act as a Judge of that Court unless he consents so to do." This proviso clearly enjoins that the ad hoc Judge cannot be requested to sit in the court unless he consents to do so. Indeed, if the intention of the Constituent Assembly was that a transfer could not be made without the consent of the Judge, then a similar expres­ sion as contained in the proviso or something like that would have been used in Art. 222 ( 1). The absence of any such exepression shows that the Constituent Assembly deliberately omitted 'consent' by necessary intendment. 726 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1892) 2 S.CR. A Article 224A deals with the appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts which may be extracted thus : "224A. Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, the Chief Justice of a High Co~rt for any State may at any time, with the previous consent of the President, request any person who has held the office of a Judge of that Court or of any other High Court to sit and act as a Judge of the High Court for that State, and every such person so re­ quested shall, while so sitting and acting, be entitled to such allowances as the President may by order determine and have all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of, but shall not otherwise be deemed to be, a Judge of that High . Court: Provided that nothing in this article shall be deemed to require any such person as aforesaid to sit and act as a Judge of that High Court unless he consents so to do." The provisions of this Article make the exercise of powers conditional on the consent of the Judge concerned. In Chandra Mohan v. State of U.P. & Ors.(1) this Court has clearly indicated that where the Constitutution intended particular expressions to be used it has expressed its intention clearly and observed thus : "Wherever the Constitution intended to provide more than one consultant, it has said so : see Arts. 124 (2) and 217 (1). Wherever the Constitution provided for consulta· tion of a single body or individual it said so : see Art. 222. Art. 124 (2) goes further and makes a distinction between persons who shall be consulted and persons who may be consulted." Article 258 runs thus : 258. (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution the President may, with the consent of the Govern- G ment of a State, entrust either conditionally or unconditionally to that Government or to its officers functions in relation to any matter to which the executive power of the Union extends. 1J (1) [1967] I SCR 77. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazai Ali, J.) 727 (2) A law made by Parliament which applies in any State may, notwithstanding that it relates to a matter with respect to which the Legislature of the State has no power to make laws, confer powers, and impose duties, or authorise the conferring of powers and the imposition of duties, upon the State or officers and authorities thereof. (3) Where by virtue of this article powers and duties have been conferred or imposed upon a State or officers or authorities thereof, there shall be paid by the Government of India to the State such sum as may be agreed, or,.in default of agreement, as may be determined by an arbitrator appointed by the Chief Justice of India, in respect of any extra costs of administration incurred by the State in connection with the exercise of those powers and duties." Here also, the President has to exercise his powers with the consent of the Government of a State either conditionally or un­ conditionally. In other words, where the power conferred on the President is to be exercised with consent, the Founding Fathers of the Constitution have expressly said so in the concerned Articles. On a parity of reasoning, therefore, if the intention of the Founding Fathers was to make 'consent' an essential ingredient of Art. 222, they would have used the exepression 'the President may, with the consent of the Judge concerned, transfer a Judge from one High Court to another.' The fact that Art. 258 requires the President to act with the consent of the Government of a State, which is also a constitutional authority; the same principle will apply to a High Court Judge who is also a constitutional authority. Therefore, this leads to the irresistible conclusion that the word 'consent' was never intended to be included in the powers to be exercised under Art. 222. Article 258 A runs thus :- '·258 A. Nothwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the Governor of a State may, with the consent of the H Government of India, entrust either conditionally or un­ conditionally to that Government or to its officers functions 728 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ l 982f 2 S.C.R. in relation to any matter to which the executive power of the State extends." Here also, the Governor of a State has to exercise a particular power only with the consent of the Govunment of India and not otherwise. This also shows that the Founding Fathers were fully aware of the situations where consent is necessary and where it is not. Article 254 deals with the legislative powers of the Centre and the States. Clause (2) of Art. 254 provides thus : "254 (2) Where a law made by the Legislature of a State with respect to one of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List contains any provision repugnant to the provisions of an earlier law made by Parliament or an existing law with respect to that matter, then, the law so made by the Legislature of such State shall, if it has been reserved for the consideration of the President and has received his assent, prevail in that State : Provided that nothing in this clause shall prevent Par­ liament from enacting at any time any law with respect to the same matter including a law adding to, amending, E varying or repealing the law so made by the Legislature of the State." It is obvious that here as a legislation is concerned. the expres­ sion used is 'assent' and not 'consent' though both the terms are synonymous. The use of the word 'assent' is generally made when F we are dealing with statutory enactments. Sub·ciause (ii) of clause (I) of Art. 370 may be extracted thus : ~ "(ii) such other matters in the said lists as, with the concurrence of the Government of the State, the President may by order specify." The laws mentioned in Art. 370 can be applied to the State of Jammu & Kashmir only with the concurrence of the Govermenr of the State. Here the word 'concurrence', which is stronger than ·~onst;:nt' ! h~s been usc;d ~o indi<;~te 1\1:\d maiqtl\in the spe<;ial SWl!S S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 729 given to that State. Certain aspects of this matter have been clearly pointed out by Krishna Iyer, J. in Sheths case thus : "It would thus appear that the Constitution itself spe· cities 'consent' where it is intended and omits it when unnecessary. If, therefore, the Constitution-makers inten­ ded that under Article 222 a Judge cannot be transferred from one High Court to another without his consent then it should have been expressly so mentioned in the Con· stitution.'' We have given these clear instances to drive home the point that whenever the Founding Fathers intended that a particular expression should be used in an Article as a condition precedent to the exercise of a particular power, the same has been mentioned and where no such intention was there the expressions have not been used. As against this, Mr. Seervai submitted that in Art. 217, which provides for the ppointment of High Court Judges, it has no where been indicated that the Judge proposed to be appointed should give his consent to the appointment. In Sheth' s case, Krishna Iyer J. while dealing with an identical argument observed as follows:- "It would be seen that in this constitutional provision E the words "appointed" and "transferred" have been used separately conveying different connotations; and if the Constitution makers had used these two terms in the said subject in different contexts it cannot be argued that these two terms are interchangeable. On the other hand, an analysis of Article 217 (I) (c) shows that the constitutional P provision makes a clear-cut distinction between appoint- ment and transfer." We stick to the view express~d by Krishna Iyer J. in the majority judgment. The argument of Mr. Seervai appears to be G fallacious because this analogy cannot be applied to a Judge who after being appointed is transferred under Art. 222. It is obvious that there is no provision in the Constitution empowering the President to appoint for the first time a person as a Judge of a High Court against his consent and even if he is appointed, the person so H appointed can refuse to act as a Judge and if he does so the matter ends there and he cannot be compelled to act as a Judge. Once, 730 SUPRllMll COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 s.c.R. however, the person decides to accept the appointment of a Judge of a High Court he becomes a constitutional functionary and there­ for would be subject to the provision of the Constitution because before deciding to accept the appointment he must be presumed to be aware of the constitutional provisions contained in the various Articles regarding High Court Judges, viz., the conditions of service, the salary and other ·allowa'nces the date of retirement and also the provison regarding transfer as provided for in Art. 222 which does not contain the word 'consent'. It would thus not be open to any Judge to complain that he had been transferred against his consent or to plead that had he known this he may not have accepted the office of a High Court Judge. As the words 'consent' is conspicu­ ously absent from Art. 222, such a plea cannot in the very nature of things be permitted to be taken by the concerned Judge. If he does not want to be transferred, it is always open to him to resign for which also there is a clear provision under proviso (a) to clause (I) of Art. 217. Therefore, the argument of Mr. Seervai must be overruled. These are the intrinsic circumstances to show that the Found­ ing Fathers did not intend to use the word 'consent' in Art. 222 deliberately. We have already held that Art. 222 is expressed in the clearest possible terms. But, assuming for the sake of argum<~nt as urged by Mr. Seervai, that there is some element of ambiguity either in the setting and pattern of Art. 222 or in the real object which it seeks to subserve, which according to Mr. Seervai finds ample support from the fact that two Judges in Sheth's case have taken the view which is being propounded by the learned counsel, we would attempt to ccustrue Art. 222 in the light of the well settled rules of interpretation of statutes. Before, however, we discuss the various books, reference and authorities we must take into consideration a very weighty circum­ stance \\ hich is peculiar to our Constitution as also to the American Constitution. It must be remembered that in England if any error is commited by a court of Appeal, it may be corrected by the House of Lords or eventually by Parliament by a simple majority. Similarly, in Australia also if the High Court gives a wrong inter­ pretation of a particular constitutional provision it can be set right by Privy Council by an appeal against the said order of High Court and the Parliament may amend the statute to bring it in conformity with the intentign an<l that too by a simple majority. The position S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 731 so far as our country is concerned is similar to that of America and if any error of interpretation of a Constitution provision is commit­ ted by the Supreme Court or any interpretation which is considered to be wrong by the Government can be rectified only by a constitu­ tional amendment which is a very complicated, complex, delicate and difficult procedure requiring not merely a simple majority but two-third majority of the Members present and voting. Apart from the aforesaid majority, in most cases the amendment has to be rati­ fied by a majority of the States. In these circumstances, therefore, this Court which lays down the Jaw of the land under Art. 141 must be extremely careful and circumspect in interpreting statutes, more so constitutional provisions, so as to obviate the necessity of a constitutional amendment every time which, as we have already mentioned, is an extremely onerous task. S.R. Das, Chief Justice in the case of The Bengal lmmuuity Co. Ltd. v. The State of Bihar & Ors.(1) expressly referred to this aspect of the matter and observed as follows:- "An erroneous interpretation of the Constitution may quite conceivably be perpetuated or may at any rate remain unrectified for a considerable time to the great detriment to public weJI being." Having carefuJly interpreted a particular prov1s10n of the Constitution, the Court should as far as possible stick to the doctrine of stare decisis. It must be remembered that as Lord Wright pointed out in James v. Commonwealth(') that a Constitution is a federal component and the constituents must hold a balance between all its parts. Thus, so far as the general principles regarding interpretation of statute · are concerned they are now well settled beyond any controversy for the last two centuries in almost all the countries of the world having a democratic constitution or pattern of Govern­ ment. As far as this Court is concerned, on some po in ts decisions during the first decade of its existence were some what inconsistent but generally the view which found favour with most of the Judges during the first decade was that the methodology of interpretation of statutes should be the same for constitutional provision as it is for statutory provisions. It has further been held that external aids like (I) [1955] 2 SCR 603. <2) [1936] AC 578, n 'o 732 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 S.C. ll Parliamentary debates, report of the Drafting or select committees the Objects and Reasons of the Act are wholly inadmissible for the purpose of interpreting the provisions of a statute which would depend entirely on the language of the provisions concerned. Here also, some of the cases have held that where the language of the provisions is shrouded in obscurity or is not fully intelligible so as to ascertain or find out the objects of the Act, external aids may be permissible. So far as speeches made by a Minister is concerned, it has been consistently held to be wholly inadmissible because it represents the individual view of a single person with which the majority of the Members of Parliament may or may not have agreed. During the second and third decade this Court made a promi­ nent shift from the · original stand and a long course of recent decisions have permitted parliamentary debates or Reports of Drafting or Select Committees to be taken into consideration for the purpose of ascertaining the object or the real meaning of the langu­ age employed in a statutory or constitutional provision But there is one principle on which there is complete unanimity of all the courts in the world and this is that where the words or the language used in a statute are clear and cloudless, plain, simple and explicit unclouded and unobscured, intelligible and pointed so as to admit of no ambiguity, vagueness, uncertainty or equivocation, there is absolutely no room for deriving support from external aids. In such cases, the statute should be interpreted on the face of the language itself without adding, subtracting or omitting words therefrom It is equally well settled that it is not the duty of the court to import words which have been omitted deliberately or intentionally in order to fill up a gap or supply omissions to fit in with the ideology or concept of the Judge concerned. The words and the language used must be given their natural meaning and interpreted in their ordinary and popular sense. There may be a third type of cases which may be on the border line-where the language may admit of two interpretations in which case the court may consider the desirability of resorting to external aids in order to catch and delve into the spirit and object of the statute. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Aii, J.) 733 These principles have been enunciated over the years by several A authorities of various courts to which I shall refer hereafter. Before, however, going to the authorities, it may be necessary to refer to extracts from the various books of legal scholars on the interpreta- tion of statutes. Crawford in his book captioned 'Statutory Construction' B (1940 Edition) in para 158 'Purpose of Interpretation and Construc- tion' (p.p. 244-245) has observed thus : "The basic principle has been announced time after time that if the statute in plain, certain and free from am bi- guity, a b11re reading suffices and interpretation is C unnecessary.·' At page 344, it has also been pointed out by the author that alteration, interpolation or elimination of words are not permissible. In this connection, the author makes the following observations while dealing with an American case : ' D "As we have already stated, the intention of the legisla­ ture must be primarily ascertained from the language used. This obviously means, as a general rule, that the courts have no power to add to, or to change, alter, or eliminate the words which the legislature has incorporated in a statute, E not even in order to provide for certain contingencies which the legislature failed to meet, or to avoid hardship flowing from the language used, or to advance the remedy of the statute. At pages 388-389, the author further observes thus : "Where the meaning of a statute is in doubt, the court may resort to contemporar.eous construction-that is, the construction placed upon the statute by its contemporari~s at the time of its enactment and soon thereafter-for assistance in removing any doubt. Similarly, resort may G also be had to the usage or course of conduct based upon a certain construction of the statute soon after its enactment and acquiesced in by the courts and the legislature for a long period of timt As is obvious, the meaning given to the language of a statute by its contemporaries is more H likely to reveal its true meaning than a construction given by men of another day or generation. Even words change 734 SUPREME COURt REPOlitS ( 1982] 2 s.c.li. in meaning with the march of time. And the meaning given by contemporaries can be revealed with no more certainty than by resort to the common usage and practice under the statute itself over a considerable period of time." The author has rightly observed that sometimes it so happens that words change in meaning with the march of times If this is so, it is manifest that the court while interpreting a statute dealing with socialism cannot ignore the temper of the times and the modern trends of legal thought. Similarly, while dealing with the circumstances and the history of the Statute, the author says thus : "According to the weight of authority, and surely the better view, the court may consider the general history of a statute, including its derivation that is, the various steps leading up to and attending its enactment, as shown by the legislative journals, in its effort to ascertain the intention of the legislature where it is in doubt. Conversely, the legislative history cannot be considered where the statute's meaning is plain." (p. 383) Here also, we find that history, etc., is permissible only where the language of a statute is ambiguous and not where the meaning of the statute is plain and clear. V.P. Sarathi in 'Interpretation of Statutes' (1975 Edn.) observes thus: "In order to arrive at the intention of the legislature, the state of law and judicial decisions antecedent to and at the time the statute was passed are material matters to be considered ..... . Courts sometimes make a distinction between legislative debates and reports of committees and treat the letter as a more reliable or satisfactory source of assistance. i) It is submitted that the subtle distinction that parlia- mentary history may be referred for ascertaing the intention, but not for construction, is pedantic. In fact all such s.i>. GUPTA v. UNION (Faza/ Ali, J.) material must be freely referred; and it is only by resort to A such material that the object of the legislation and how the legislature intended to achieve that object by the particular statute can be correctly ascertained by the Court." (p. 339) At p ge 367, the author observes thus : {al Reference to English and American decisions may be made, because the) have the same system of jurispru­ dence as ours, but do not prevail when the language of the Indian Statute or enactment is clear. {b) They are of assistance in elucidating general principles and construing Act in pari materia. (c) But Indian statutes should be interpreted with reference to the facts of Indian life," The observations in clanse (c) are rather important because that seems to us to be the correct approach. Seervai in "Consti­ tutional Law of India" {2nd Edn.) Vol. II, p. 1543-44 observes thus : "Secondly, where words are clear and unambiguous effect rr; ust be given to them regardless of consiquences ...... After all the object of interpretation of documents and statutes is to ascertain '!the intention of them that made it." The literal interpretation has a prima facie preference, but to get at the real meaning it is necessary to apply the rule in Heydon's case. However, where the words of a statutory or constitu­ tional provision are ambiguous, resort may be had to well recognised extrinsic aids to construction and regard may be had to the consequences of adopting one construction rather than another. The meaning of "ambiguity" has been considered at length in paras 2.31 and 2.:12 of the text." Craies on 'Statute Law' (6th Edn.) while quoting Jervis CJ., at p. 86 observes thus : 8 B. 736 SUPREME COURT REPORTS { 1982] 2 s.c.R.. "It is clear that "if", as Jervis C.J. said in Abley v. Dale (8 I 50(20) LJCP 33,35) the precise words used are plain and unambiguous, we are bound to construe them in their ordinary sense, even though it does lead to an absurdity or manifest injustice. Words may be modified or varied where their import is doubtful or obscure, but we assume the functions of legislators when we depart from the ordinary meaning of the precise words used, merely because we see, or fancy we see, an absurdity or manifest injustice from an adherence to their literal meaning." Similarly, the author has categorically observed that in the interpretative process casus omissus is not to be added or supplied. In this connection, the following observations have made at p. 70 : "A second consequence of this rule is that a statute may not be extended to meet a case for which provision has clearly and undoubtedly not been made ..... Although in construing an Act of Parliament the Court must always try to give effect to the intention of the Act and must look not only at the remedy provided but also at the mischief aimed at, it cannot add words to a statute or read words into it which are not there," and quoting Lord Parker, the author says thus : "Where the literal reading of a statute... produces an intelligible result ...... there is no ground for reading in words or changing words according to what may be the supposed intention of Parliament." At page 66, the auther observes thus : "The cardinal rule for the construction of Acts or Parliament is that they should. be construed according to the intention expressed in the Acts themselves ...... If the words of the statute are themselves precise and unambiguous, then no more can ·be necessary than to expound those words in their ordinary and natural sense. The words themselves alone do in such a case best declare the intention of the law giver. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pazal Ali, J.) 737 Where the language of an Act is clear and explicit, we A must give effect to it, whatever may be the consequeuces, for in that case the words of the statute speak the intention of the legislature.·' Lord Bacon says that "the function of a Judge is jus decere and not jus dare, i.e., to interpret the law and not to make it. Similarly, Marshal, CJ observed that we must remember that "it is the constitution that we are expounding." These observations aptly apply to the instant case where we are construing a constitutional provision viz., Art. 222, particularly when a provision like this is not to be found in any Constitution of any other country of the world. According to Maxwell, the golden rule of interpretation is to adhere to the ordinary meaning of the words used unless it is in direct conflict with the intention of the Act. In this connection, the author in his book 'Interpretation of Statutes' (12th Edition) observes thus : "It is a corollary to the general rule of literal cons­ truction that nothing is to be added to or taken from a statute unless there are adequate grounds to justify the inference that the legislature intended something which it omitted to express." (p. 33) I have laid particular stress on the cams omissus aspect of the interpretative process because the main thrust of the argument of Mr. Seervai on interpretation of Art. 222 was that the word ,consent' should be read into Art. 222 which is not there at all, and if the contention of the counsel is accepted, it will amount to the F court supplying an omission which has been made deliberately by the Founding Fathers of the Constitution and would be in direct contravention of the scheme of the Constitution as discussed • above The leading case on the subject is Heydon's case[5) where the G broad principle of interpretation of Statutes was spelt out and explained. In this connection, the Court observed as follows : "And it was resolved by them, that for the sure and true interpretation of all statutes in general (be they penal H (1) 76 Bngli>h Reports 637. 138 SUPRI-ME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 s.c.R. or beneficial, restrictive or enlarging of the common,Jaw,) four things are to be discerned and considered :- 1st. What was the common law before the making of the Act. 2nd. What was the mischief and defect for which the common Jaw did not provide. 3rd. What remedy the Parliament hath resolved and appointed to cure the disease of the commonwealth. And, 4th. The true reason of the remedy; and then the office of all the Judges is always to make such construction as shall suppress the mischief, and advance the remedy, and to suppress subtle inventions aad evasions for continuance of the mischief, and pro privato commodo, and to add force and life to the cure and remedy, according to the true intent of the makers of the Act, pro bono publico." This case has been followed both by this Court as also by the courts in England for a pretty length of time. This may be the starting point of the manner and the method which the court should adopt in interpretation of statutes. The authorities on the question of interpretation of the consti­ tutional provisions may roughly be divided into four categories which may not exactly be absolutely separate or independaut so as to be confined in a watertight compartment but in some cases may overlap, yet they generally Jay down the law on the subject categoris­ ed by us: Categories : (A) Where the language of a statute is plain, explicit and unambiguous, no external aid is permissible. (B) Where the language is vague and ambiguous or does not clearly spell out the object and the spirit of the Act, external aids in the nature of parliamentary debates, reports of Drafting or Select Committees may be permissible to determine and locate the real intention of the legislature. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 739 (C) Where certain words are omitted from the statute, the ·A court cannot supply the omission or add words to the statute on a supposed view regarding the intention of the legislature. (D) Any speech made by a Minister or a Member in the Parliament is not admissible or permissible to construe B a statutory or a constitutional provision. We shall now deal with the authorties which fall more or less within the four categories indicated above. Category (A) The earliest case on the subject is A.K. Gopalan v. The State of Madras(1) where Kania CJ pointed out that external aid wa~ not permissible unless a statute was ambiguous and observed thus : "Our attention was drawn to the debates and report of the drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly in respect of the working of this clause. The report may be read not to control the meaning of the article, but may be seen in case of ambiguity ... Resort may be had to these sources with great caution and only when latent ambiguities are to be resolved." Faz! Ali, J. (as he then was) speaking in the same strain made the following observations : "In my opinion, though the proceedings or discussions . in the Assembly are not relevant for the purpo'e of constru­ ing meaning of the expressions used in Article 21, especial­ ly when they are plain and unambiguous, they are relevant to show that the Assembly intended to avoid the use of the expression without due process of law." (Emphasis ours) And Mukherjea, J. observed thus : "It is well settled that the Constitution must be inter- Ii' preted in a broad and liberal manner giving effect to all its H (I) [1950] SCR, 88, parts, and the presumption should be that no conflict or repugnancy was intended by its framers. In interpreting the words of a constitution, the same principle' undoubtedly apply which are applicable in construing a statute. As an aid to discover the meaning of the words in a Consti· tution, these debates ar.~ of doubtful value. "Resort can be iiad to them" ,says Willoughby, "With great caution and only when latent ambiguities are to be solved .. " The same view was expressed by Gajendragadkar, J. (as he then was) in Kanai Lal Sur v. Paramnidhi Sadhuknan( 1) where the learned Judge observed as follows : "If the words used are capable of one construction only then it would not be open to the courts to adopt any other hypothetical construction on the ground that such hypothetical construction is more consistent with the alleged object and policy of the Act. The words used in the material provisions of the statute must be interpreted in their plain grammatical meaning and it is only when such words are capable of two constructions that the question of giving effect to the policy or object of the Act can legitimately arise.'' In M. Pentiah & Ors. v. Muddala Veeramallappa & Ors.(2) Sarkar, J. observed thus : "Where the main object and intention of a statute are clear, it must not be reduced to a nullity by the draftsman's unskilfulness or ignorance of the law, except in a case of necessity, or the absolute intractability of the language used. Nevertheless, the courts are very reluctant to substi­ tute words in a Statute, or to add words to it, and it has been said that they will only do so where there is a r~pug­ nancy to good sense." In M. V. Joshi v. M.U. Shimpi and Anr.(3) Subba Rao, J. expressed the opinion of the Court thus : H ( 1) [1958] SCR 360. (2) [1961] 2 SCR 294. (3) [1961) 3 SCR:986. .... S.P. GUPTA v. UNIO~ (Fazal Ali, J.) "But these rules do not in any way affect the funda­ mental principles of interpretation, namely, that the primary test is the language employed in the Act and when the words are clear and plain the court is bound to accept the expressed intention of the Legislature." 741 In Hansraj Gordhandas v. H. H. Dave, Asstt. Co!ledtor of B Central Excise and Customs, Surat and two Ors .,(1) Ramaswami, J, speaking for the court observed thus : "It is well established that in a taxing statute there is no room for any intendment but regard must be had to the clear meaning of the words. The entire matter is governed C wholly by the language of the notification. If the tax-payer is within the plain t-:rms of the exemption it cannot be denied its benefit by calling in aid any supposed intention of the exempting authority. It is an application of this principle that a statutory notification may not be extended so as to meet a casus omissus." 0 Although these observations were made in respect of a taxing statute, the principle of interpretation of provisions of a statute or E of the Constitution is the same, the only difference being that, in a taxing statute where two interpretations are possible, benefit of the doubt is normally given to the tax-payer. In Commissiouer of Income-Tax, Assam and Naga!and, etc. v. ·shri G. Hyatt,( 2) Hegde, J. speaking for the Court made the follow- F ing observations : "In our opinion the meaning of Section 17(3)(ii) is plain and unambiguous. Hence there is no need to call into aid any of the rules of construction as was sought to be done by the High Court." In Senior Superintendent, R.M.S. Cochin and Anr. v K. V. Gopi Nath, Sorter,(3) Mitter, J. reiterated this well settled principle thus: (lJ [1969] 2 SCR 253. (2) [1971J t sec 466. (3) [1972] 3 SCR 53Q, 742 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 S.C R. ·•As has often been said that if "the precise words used are plain and unambiguous, we are bound to construe them in their ordinary sense", "and not to I imit plain words in an Act of Parliament by considerations of policy, if it be policy, as to which minds may differ and as to which decisions may vary." In Shri Urned v. Raj Singh and Ors.,(1) Bhagwati, J. (one of us.) made the following observations : "But that does not mean that a construction should be adopted which ignores the plain natural meaning of the words or disregards the context and the collocation in which they occur. It is a familiar rule of interpretation that the words used by the Legislature must be construed according to their plain natural meaning." In Anandi Haridas and Co~. Pvt. Ltd. v. Engineering Mazdoor 0 Sangh and Anr.(2) this Court observed as follows : "As a general principle of interpretation, where the words of a statute are plain, precise and unambiguous, the intention of the Legislature is to be gathered from the language of the statute itself and no external evidence such E as Parliamentary Debates, Reports of the Committees of the Legistature or even the statement made by the Minister on the introduction of a measure or by the framers of the Act is admissible to construe those words.' In Mangalore Electric Supply Co. Ltd. v. The Commissioner of F Income Tax, West Benga/(3), this Court observed thus : "The justification for this submission is stated to be that the word 'transfer', occurs in tile collocation of three other words 'sale' 'exchange' and 'relinquishment' which are essentially volitional or voluntary acts, leading to the conclusion that the word 'transfer' must take its colour from the three other words in association with which it is used. 'Transfer', therefore, according to the learned < o [19751 1 sec 76. H (2) [1975] 3 SCR 542. (3J [19781 3 sec 248. §.:P. GUPTA v. UNioN (Faza/ Ali, J.) counsel, means a voluntary transfer and cannot include all compulsory acquisition of.property. 743 We find it impossible to accept the submission. In the first place if it was intended that voluntary transfers alone should fall within the meaning of the section, it was unnecessary for the legislature to use the expression 'transfer', an expression acknowledged in law as having a wide connotation and amplitude ... Without more. therefore, there is no reason for I imiting the operation of the word 'transfer' to voluntary acts of transfer so as to exclude compulsory acquisitions of property." This decision seems to us to be apposite to the facts of the present case, viz , interpretation of the word 'transfer' as the argument of Mr. Seervai is that the word 'transfer' used in Art. 222 must be confined only to a transfer with the consent of the Judge concerned, thereby Jimitfog the scope and ambit of Art 222. A similar argument was advanced in the case supra and rejected and the Court held that there was no reason to limit the word 'transfer' only to a voluntary transfer so as to include compulsory acquisition of propery. On a parity of reasoning, therefore, we are of the opinion that to read 'consent' into Art. 222 would be to limit and whittle down the scope, ambit and purpose of Art. 222, E It is not necessary for us to multiply authorities on the subject covered by category 'A' because the textbooks and the authorities of this Court as also of some foreign courts referred to above, clearly lay down that where the language of a statute is plain and unambiguous it is not permissible to rely on external aids. F Category B This category consists of those cases which have laid down that where the language is vague or ambiguous to what extent external aid can be used to locate the actual intention of the Legislature. In Powell v. The Kempton Paik Racecourse Co. Ltd.( 1) Lord Halsbury indicated the extent to which external aid could be used by courts in construing a statutory provision and observed thus : "It has, indeed been argued that the history of the legislation and of the facts which gave rise to the enactment (!) [1899] AC 143. may in view of the preamble affect the construction of the Act itself, but though I do not deny that such topics may usefully be employed to interpret the meaning of a statute, they do not, in my view, afford conclusive argument here." In A. K. Gopalan' s case (supra), Sastri, J. (as he then ,was) observed as follows : "It is not a matter for surprise, therefore, that the Drafting Committee appointed by Constituent Assembly of India recommended the substitution of the expression "except according to procedure established by law" taken from the Japanese Constitution, 1946, for the words "with­ out due process of law" which occurred in the original draft, "as the former is more specific." The learned Judge has clearly indicated that the reason why our Founding Fathers substituted the words 'except according to the procedure established by law' in Art. 21 instead of the words ~'without due process of law" as used In the American Constitution because they implemented the Report of the Drafting Committee which had taken the words 'procedure established by law' from the Japanese Constitution of 1946. His Lordship then indicated the nature, extent and the circumstances in which external aid could be used to construe a constitutional provision. Sastri J., also commented on the extent of the relevancy of a speech made in the course of a debate on a Bill and in this connection observed thus : "A speech made in the course of the debate on a bill could at best be indicative of the subjective intent of the speaker, but it could not reflect the inarticulate mental pro­ cess lying behind the majority vote which carried the bill. Nor it is reasonable to assume that the minds of all those legislators were in accord." Thus, the view of Sastri, J. was that a court could locate the objective and intent of the legislature primarily in the words used by the constitution supported by such historical material as may be available. · In Commissioner of Income Tax, Gujarat v, Vadilal Lallubhai etc.(1) Hegde, J. observed as follows :- (!) [1973] I SCR 1058. /" s.1>. GUPTA v. UNION· (Fazal Ali, J.) 745 "In order to find out the legislative intent, we have to A find out what was the mischief that the legislature wanted to remedy. The Act was extensively amended in the year 1939. Section 44-F was not in the draft bill. That section was recommended by the Select Committee consisting of very eminent lawyers. It will not be inappropriate to find out the reasons which persuaded the Select Committee to B recommennd the inclusion of S. 44-F, if the section is considered as ambiguous." In this case, the Court relied on the recommendation of the Select Committee in order to find out the reasons for inclusion of a particular section. In State of Mysore v. R. V. Bidap(1) this Court !leems to have made a positive shift from the view taken in earlier cases of this court and held that in order to ascertain the meaning of a statute or its object the court should not confine itself within a particular sphere but should take into consideration whatever is logically relevant or admissible. This is a decision of a Contitution Bench and shows the modern trend of interpretation of statute. Krishna Iyer, J. speaking for the Court tersely observed as follows(1) "The Rule of Exclusion has been .criticised by jurists as artificial. The trend of academic opinion and the practice in the European system suggest that interpretation of a statute being an exercise in the ascertainment of meaning, everything which is logically relevant should be admissible. Recently, an eminent Indian juri~t has reviewed the legal position and expressed his agreement with Julius Stone and Justice Frankfurter. Of course, nobody suggests that such extrinsic materials should be decisive but they. must be admissible. Authorship and interpretation must mutually illumine and interact. There is authority for the proposi­ tion that resort may be had to these sources with great caution and only when incongruities and ambiguities are to be resolved. There is a strong case for whittling down the Rule of Exclusion followed in the British courts and for less apologatic reference to legislative proceedings and like o> [1974] 3 sec 337. 746 SliPlrnMll CbURT REPORTS (1982) 2 s.c.k. materials to read the meaning of the words of a statute. Where it is plain, the language prevails, but where there is obscurity or lack of harmony with other provisions and in other special circumstances it may be legitimate to take external assistance such as the object of the provisions, the mischief sought to be remedied, the social context, the words of the authors and other allied matters." An identical view w.as taken in a later case of this Court in fagu Shaw and Ors. v. The State of West Benga/(1) where Bhagwati, J. relied on the decision extracted above and observed thus: "Since the purpose of interpretation is to ascertain the real meaning of a constitutional provision, it is evident that nothing that is logically relevant to this process should be excluded from consideration. It was at one time thought that speeches made by the members of the Constituent Assembly in the course of the debates on the Draft Consti­ tution were wholly inadmissible as extraneous aids to the interpretation of a constitutional provision, but of late there has been a shift in this position and following the recent trends in juristic thought in some of the Western countries and the United States, the rule of exclusion rigidly followed in Anglo-American jurisprudence has been considerably diluted." It is true that these observations are to be found in the dissenting judgment Bhagwati, J. (one of us) but on this issue there was no dissent. We are inclined to endorse the observatiolls made F by Krishna Iyer, J. and Bhagwati, J. as referred to in the cases mentioned above. In Anandji Haridas & Co. v. Engineering Mazdoor Sangh and Anr.(2), Sarkaria, J. speaking for the: Court observed as follows ;- "It is only where a statute is not exhaustive or where its language is ambiguous, unc:ertain, clouded or susceptible of more than one meaning or shades of meaning, that external evidence as to the evils, if any, which the statute was intended to remedy, or of the circumstances which led O> [1974) 4 sec 152. 121 [t975J 3 sec 862. s.i'. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 141 to the passing of the statute may be looked into for.the 'A purpose of ascertaining the object which the legislature had in view in using the word in question." In The Sole Trustees, Lok Shikshana Trust v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Mysore,(~) this Court made the following obser­ vations : "But, in the case before us, the real meaning and purpose of the words used cannot be understood at all · satisfactorily without referring to the past history of legisla­ tion on the subject and the speech of the mover of the amendment who was, undoubtedly, in the best position to explain what defect in the law the amendment had sought to remove." In State of T~imil Nadu v. Pyare Lal Malhotra and Ors.(2) Beg, J. (as he then was) observed thus : "The reason given, in the Statement of objects and Reasons of the 1972 Act, for an elucidation of the "defini­ tion" of iron and steel, was that the "definition" had led to varying interpretation by assessing authorities and the courts so that a comprehensive list of specified declared iron and steel goods would remove ambiguity. The select Committee, which recommended the amendment called each specified category "a sub-item" falling under "iron and steel." In this case, the court relied on the Report of the Select Committee as also on the statement of Objects and Reasons of the F Act in order to elucidate the definition of certain words used in the statute. To the same effect is a later decision of this Court in Jaisingh Jairam Tyagi and Ors. v. Mamanchand Ratilal Agarwal and Ors.(8). where the court observed as follows :- "Amending Act 22 of 1972 was, therefore, enacted for the express purpose of saving decree which had already ct> [19761 1 sec 254. (2) [1976) 1 sec 834. (3) [1980J 3 sec 162. 748 SUPRilMil cotJRt REPOR.ts iI98Z] i s.t.ll A been passed. The Statement of Objects and Reasons of the Amending Act stated : Same view was taken in a batch of appeals by this Court in M/s. Polestar Electronics (Pvt.) Ltd etc. v. Additional Commissioner, Sales-Tax & Anr.etc. (1) where Bhagwati, J. (one of us) took into B consideration the subsequent history of the Act as also the State­ ment of Objects and Reasons in order to construe certain provisions of the statute concerned and observed thus·: "The subsequent history of the Act also supports the construction which we are inclined to place on Section 5(2)(a)(ii) and the second proviso. Section 5(2)(a)(ii) was amended with effect from May 28, 1972 by Finance Act, 1972 and the words 'in the Union Territory of Delhi' were added after the word ·manufacturer' so as to provirle that manufacture should be inside the territory ..... .It is clear from the statement of objects and reasons that this amend­ ment was not introduced by Parliament ex-abundanti cautela, but in order to restrict the applicability of the exemption clause in Section 5 (2)(a)(ii). The statement of objects and reasons admitted in clear and explicit terms that: - Jn Mangalore Electric Supply Co. (supra) Chandrachud, J. (as he then was) relied on the legislative history of the provision of the statute concerned in order to construe the intention of the legislature and pointed out thus :: "The legislative history of the Section 12B(I) furnish­ es an important clue to the question raised by the appellant's counsel." In Dadaji alias Dina v. Sukhdeobabu & Ors.(') this Court made the following observations : "Even though the proce(:dings of the Joint Committee cannot be relied upon for the purpose of construing the Order, they may be looked into to ascertain the circum­ stances in which the several communities were grouped under one entry or the other." co [197811 sec 638. (2) L!980l 1 sec 621. - SJ>. GUPTA v, UNtON (Fazal Ali, i.) Category 'C' This Category consists of those cases which take the view that words cannot be omitted from the statute or supplied to it if they are not there. In other words, in interpretation of statute, the doctrine of casus omissus is a fundamental test. In A.K. Gopalan's case (supra) S.R. Das J. very poignantly pointed out thus : "The Constitution has by article 21 required a procedure and has precribed certain minimum requirements of proce­ dure in article 22, To add to them is not to interpret the Constitution but to recast it according to our intellectual yardstick and our unconscious predilections as to what an ideal Constitution should be." (Emphasis supplied) A similar view was taken by Das J. in Nalinakhya Bysack v. Sham Sunder Haldar & Ors.(1) where he very pithily observed thus : ·'It must always be borne in mind, as said by Lord Hulsbury in Commissioner for Special Purpose of lnrome Tax v. Pemsel (L.R. (1891) A.C. 531 at p. 549) that it is not competent to any Court to proceed upon the assump­ tion that the Legislature has made a mistake. The Court must proceed on the footing that the Legislature intended what it has said. Even if there is some defect in the phraseology used by the Legislature the Court cannot, as pointed out in Crawford v. Spooner (6 Moo P.C. 1) aid the Legislature's defective phrasing of au Act or add and amend or, by construction, make up deficiencies which are left in the Act. Even where there is a casus omissus, it is as said by Lord Russel of Killowen in Hansraj Gupta v. Official Liquidator of Dehra Dun Mussorie Electric Tramway Co. Ltd. [(1933) L. R. 60 I.A. 13)] for others than the courts to remedy the defect." Thus, this Court has clearly held that in construing a statu­ tory or a Constitutional provision, the court should not presume that the legislature has either committed a mistake or has omitted something which was very necessary. Das J. very rightly remarked that it was not for the court but for others to remedy the defect, if (1) f1953] SCR 533. 750 stJi>ilEME cou.Rt ilili'okts iI 9s2j i s.c.ll. any, found in a statutory provision. If we acceept the argument of Mr. Seervai and read the word 'consent' in Art. 222 by supplying the omission, we will be violating the cardinal principle of interpre­ tation as adumbrated by Das, J. in the case supra. In Sri Ram Narain Medhi v. Srate of Bombay(1) the law on the subject was very succinctly and clearly laid down by this Court and N.H. Bhagwati J. observed thus : "Acceptance of the interpretation which is sought to be put upon these words by the petitioners would involve the addition of words "in the process of the acquisition by the State of any estate or of any rights therein'' or "in the pro­ cess of such acquisition" which according to the well known canons of construction cannot be done. If the language of the enactment is clear and unambiguous it would not be legitimate for the Courts to add any words thereto and evolve therefrom some sense which may be said to carry out the supposed intentions of the legislature." We find ourselves in complete agreement with these observa­ tions which aptly apply to the present case so far as Art 222 is con­ cerned and are sufficient to demolish the argument of Mr. Seervai E that the word 'consent' should be added to or read into Art. 222 even if it is not there. In Commis•ioner of Income Tax, Central Calcutta v. National Taj Traders(1) Tulzapurkar, J. speaking for the court highlighted the importance of the doctrine of casus omissus in a very poignant F exposition of the law on the subject and opined thus ; "In other words, under the first principle a casus omissus cannot be supplied by the Court except in the case of clear necessity and when reason for it is found in the four corners of the statute itself but at the same time a casus omissus sb ould not be readily referred and for that purpose all the parts of a statute or section must be construed together and every clause of a section should be construed with reference to the context and other clauses thereof so that the construction to be put on (I) (1959] Supp, I SCR 489. (2) [1980J t sec 310. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Faza/ Alf, J.) a particular provision makes a consistent enactment of the whole statute.' 751 Thus, Tulzapurkar J. laid down three conditions under which omissions could be supplied to a statute- (I) that there was a clear necessity for the same, (2) that the reason for supplying the omission was to be found in the provisions of the statute itself expressed or by necessary intendment, and (3) that the omission was to be supplied only to make the C provision consistent with the object of the statute. It is manifest that none of these conditions apply to Art. 222 and therefore to supply the omission by reading the word 'consent' would really be going against the principles laid down by this Court in the aforesaid case. In Shri Gurbaksh Singh Sibbia and Ors. v. State of Punjab(1) Chandrachud C.J. while dealing with this particular aspect of canon of construction of a statute, very pithily observed thus : 'By any known canon of construction, words of width and amplitude ought not generally to be cut down so as to read into the Language of the statute restraints and. conditions which the legislature itself did not think it proper or necessary to impose." It follows from the observations made by this Court that if the word 'consent' is read into Art. 222 then it will amount to imposing unnecessary restraint5 and conditions in the Article which are not there at all and which cannot be done under the well-known rule5 of interpretation of statutes. Category 'D' In this category we shall include those cases which hold that a speech made by a Minister or by a Member of Parliament is neither admissible nor permissible to construe a statutory or a constitutional provision. It may, however, be noted that a speech made in a debate is different from the Report of a Select Committee or views (t) [ t9SOJ 2 sec 565. 752 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 s.c.R. expressed in close proximity to the making of a statute or introduc­ tion or insertion of a statutory provision where the statement would undoubtedly be relevant because it forms part of the formative process of the statutory provision iteself. We have highlighted this particular aspect of the matter because in the instant case, we shall show that there are statements made by some of the Fouding Fathers when the Constitution was being framed and the reasons given by the speakers formed 1he basis and foundation of the con­ stitutional provisions inserted in the Constitution. In A.K. Gopalan's case (supra) Sastri J. while dwelling on the C admissibitity of the speech made by a Minister on the floor of the House observed thus : "A speech made in the course of the debate on a bill could at best be indicative of the subjective intent of the speaker, but it could not reflect the inarticulate mental process laying behind the majority voted which carried the bill. Nor is it reasonable to assume that the minds of all those legislators were in accord." Similar view was taken in United States v. Trans Missouri Freight Association(1) where the following observations were made: "Those who did not speak may not have agreed with those who did, and tho<;e who spoke might differ from each other." To the same effect is a decision of this Court in Aswini Kumar Ghosh and Anr. v. Arabinda Bose and Anr.( 2) where Sastri CJ speaking for himself, Bose and Ghulam Hasan JJ. observed as follows: "As regards the speeches made by the members of the House in the course of the debate, this Court has recently held that they are not admissible as extrinsic aids to the interpretation of statutory provisions." Muukherjea J. also spoke in a similar strain and obser­ ved as follows: (I) 169 us 290. (2) [1953] SCR 1. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 753 " ... the language of a "Minister of the Crown" in pro· posing a measure in Parliament which eventually becomes law is inadmissible." A reference to the legislative debates or the speeches that were actually delivered in the floor of the House is. in my opinion inadmissible to aseertain the meaning of the words used in the enactment." and Das J. observed thus: "that the debates and speeches in the Legislature which reflect the individual opinion of the speaker cannot be referred to for the purpose of construing the Act as it finally emerged from the Legislature and so the debates must be left out of consideration." It appears that while all the Judges were unanimously of the opinion that speech by a Minister or a speaker in the course of a debate was not admissible to construe the intention of the legislature, the majority judgment held that external aid in the nature of the legislative debates which resulted in the corning into existence of the constitutional provisions and were in close proximity to the same, could be pressed into service. On this point we would like to follow the majority decision on the subject, subject of course to the condition that the language of a statute does not clearly spell out the dominant object which was sought to be achieved by the legislature. In State of West Bengal v. Union of lndia(1) Sinha, CJ. speaking for himself, Jafer Imam, Shah, Ayyangar and Mudholkar -...\ JJ. observed as follows: "A statute, as passed by Parliament, is the expression of the collective intention of the legislature as a whole, and any statement made by an individual, albeit a Minister, of the intenrion and objects of the Act cannot be used to cut down the generality of the words used in the statute. (Emphasis ours) (I) [1964] I SCR 371, (; 154 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 s.c.R. A In another Constitution Bench decision in Shyamlal Mohan/al v. State of Gujarat(1) Shah J. speaking for the Court endorsed as the stand taken in the case referred to above and observed as follows: -- "In construing the words used by the Legislature, speeches on the floor of Legislature are inadmissible. I do B not refer to the speech for the purpose of interpreting the words used by the Legislature, but to ascertain the historical setting in which the statute which is parent to s. 94 (I) came to be enacted." The learned Judge clearly held that while a speech on the floor of a legislature was inadmissible in ascertaining the real mean­ ing of the word used by the legislature, the historical setting in which the statute was passed could doubtless be admissible. This decision, therefore, make a clear departure, on the point of admissiblity of historical setting, from the minority dissenting judgment of Das J. as indicated above, In Anandji Haridas's case (supra), this Court observed thus: ''We are afraid what the Finance Minister said in his speech cannot be imported into this case and 'Used for the construction of clause (c) of section 7. The language of that provision is manifestly clear and unequivocal. It has to be construed as it stands, according to its plain gramma­ tical sense without addition or deletion of any words." In Lok Shikshana Trust's case (supra), this Court made the following observations: "It is true that it is dangerous and may be misleading to gather the meaning of the words used in an enactment merely from what was said by any speaker in the course of a debate in Parliament on the subject. Such a speech cannot be used to defeat or detract from a meaning which clearly emerges from a consideration of the enacting words actually used." Thus, on a full and complete consideration of the decisions classified under the various categories, the propositions that emerge from the decided cases of this Court and other foreign courts are as H follows: (!) [1965) 2 SCR 457. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pazal Ali, J.) (1) Where the language of a statute is clear and unambi · guous, there is no room for the application either of the doctrine of casus omissus or of pressing into service external aids, for in such a case the words used by the Constitution or the statute speak for themselves and it is not the function of the court to add words or expressions merely to suit what the courts think is the supposed intention of the legislature. (2) Where, however, the words or expressions used in the constitutional or statutory provisions are shrouded in mystery clouded with ambiguity and are unclear and unintelligible so that the dominant object and spirit of the legislature cannot be spelt out from the language, external aids in the nature of parliamentary debates, immediately pre~eding the passing of the statute, the report of the Select Committees or its Chairman, the Statement of Objects and Reasons of the statute, if any, or any statement made by the sponsor of the statute which is in close proximity to the actual intro­ duction or insertion of the statutury provision so as to become, as it were, a result of the state­ ment made, can be pressed into service in order to ascertain the real purport, intent and will of the legisla­ ture to make the constitutional provision workable. We might make it clear that such aid may neither be decisive nor conclusive but they would certainly assist the courts in interpreting the statute in order to determine the 755 n avowed object of the Act or the Constitution as the case f' may be. (3) Except in the aforesaid cases, a mere speech of any Member made on the floor of the House during the course of a parliamentary or legitlative debate would not be admissible at all because the views expressed by the speaker may be his individual views which may or may not be by the majority of the Members accepted present in the House. (4) Legislative history of a constitutional provision though H not directly germane for the purpose of construing a statute may, however, be used in exceptional cases tQ 8 756 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982) 2 S.C.R denote the beginning of the legislative process which results in the logical end and the finale of the statutory provision but in no case can the legislative history take the place of or be a substitute for an interpretation which is in direct contravention of the statutory provi­ sion concerned. (5) Where the scheme of a statute clearly shows that cer­ tain words or phrases were deliberately omitted by the legislature for a particular purpose or motive, it is not open to the court to add those words either by con· forming to the supposed intention of the legislature or because the insertion or the omission suits the ideol~gy of the Judges deciding the case. Such a course of action would amount not to interpretation but to inter­ polation of the statutory or constitutional provisions, as the case may be, and is against all the well establish­ ed canons of interpretation of statutes. The main reason behind the principles enunciated above is that the legislature must be presumed to be aware of the expanding needs of the nation, the requirements of the people and above all, the dominant object which the legislation seeks to sub;erve Thus, where the language is plain and unambiguous the court is not entitled to go behind the language so as to add or supply ommissions and thus play the role of a political reformer or of a wise counsel to the legislature. On the other hand, the counsel for the respondents have strongly urged that the entire argument of Mr. Seervai to the effect that the word 'consent' should be read into Art. 222 is in vague and there is not the slightest vagueness or ambiguity in the words used in Art. 222 to necessitate the reading of the word 'consent' therein. The counsel further urged that the attempt of Mr. Seervai is merely to create a so-called cloud of suspicion and mystery and then to resolve it by asking the court to read consent into it. In other words, the counsel for the respondents have fully supported the propositions which we have adumbrated above. Assuming for the sake of argument, particularly in view of the far-reaching consequences of our decision and the large magnitude of the arguments that have been addressed to us, that the dominant S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 757 object of Art. 222 is not very clear or unambiguous, we may discuss the legislative history of introduction of Art. 222 in the Constitution as also the parliamentary debates or Reports of the Drafting or Select Committees as a direct result of which the said Article came into existence. So far as the legislative history of the provisions prior to the constitution regarding the functioning and the constitution of the High Court is concerned, we might start from the Government of India Act, I 915 (hereinafter referred to as the '1915 Act') because the prior Acts are neither helpful nor germane for construing the questions at issue in these petitions. Sections 101 to 114 of the 1915 Act are the provisions which relate to the High Courts. It may be noted that i11 this Act, there was no provision at all for transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another. Section 101 provided that each High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and as many other Judges as His Majesty may think fit to appoint. This is the precursor of Art. 217 of our Constitution. It may be noticed that in the 1915 Act while the appointment of Judges vested in His Majesty the King but the power of appointment of Addi. Judges was vested in the Governor-General-in-Council although the Addi, Judges so appointed had the same powers as the Judges appointed by His Majesty. This complexion has been completely changed so far as the provisions of our Constitution are concerned. Further, under s. 102 a Judge of a High Court was to hold office during His Majesty's pleasure unless he resigned on his own. This provision has not been incorporated in our Constitution which has provided complete security of tenure to a Judge of a High Court who is to continue until he reaches the age of superannuation which is 62 years in the case of a High Court Judge and 65 years in the case of a Supreme Court Judge. The only manner in which a Judge can be removed before hii term is by impeachment as provided under Art. 124(4) read with the provisions of the Judges (Inquiry) Act of 1968. The other provisions are not relevant for the purpose of deciding this issue. Section 113 conferred powers on His Majesty to establish an Additional High Court in any territory in British India. Thus, the only common feature which has been retained in our Constitution is regarding the appointment of Additional Judges of any High Court for a period not exceeding two years and while .. 758 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 S.C.R. this provision was introduced by the 7th An~endmcnt of the Consti· tion, it was slightly different from the one cantained in proviso (i) to sub-section (2) of s. IOI of the 1915 Act \\ hich may be extracted thus: "the Governor-General in Council may appoint persons to act as additional judges of any High Court for such period, not exceeding two years. as may be requ'red, and the judges so appointed shall, whilst so acting, have all the powers of a judge of the High Court appointed by His Majesty under this Act." In Art. 224, the purpose, viz., arrears, is mentioned which was conspicuously absent from the 1915 Act perhaps becam.e at that time there were no heavy arrears. The next statute which merits consideration is the Government of India Act, 1935 (hereinafter referred to as the '1935 Act') which is merely a precursor of our Constitution as most of its provisions are based on the pattern and structure of this Act. The relevant sections dealing with High Courts are ss. 219-231 and 253-256. Section 220 makes two marked improvements on the previous provisions of the 1915 Act-(l) that every Judge appointed by His Majesty held office until he attained the age of 60 years and not at the pleasure of His Majesty as provided by s. I 02 of the 1915 Act, and (2) Section 220(2) (b) expressly states that a Judge can he removed on the ground of misbehaviour or infirmity of body or mind if the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, on a reference made to it by His Majesty, reported that the Judge ought on any such ground be removed. This provision has been retained by our Constitution but the procedure of removal has been substituted by the procedure of impeachment as contained in Art. 124(4) read with Art. 218. Although there is no specific provision for transfer of a High G Court Judge from one High Court to another, an implied power seems to have been conferred in s .. 220 (2) (c) the 1935 Act, which may be extracted thus: "The office of a judge shall be vacated by his being H appointed by His Majesty to be a judge of \he federal Court or of another High Court," .,_ S.P. GUPTA v. tJNlON (Pazal Ali,' J.) 759 It may be pertinent to note that s. 220 (2) (c) provides that a Judge shall vacate his office either on his being appointed as a Judge of the Federal Court or of another High Court. This provision does not contain any element or concept of transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another. What it contemplated is that if a Judge of a High Court was to be transferred he would have to be appointed to that High Court. Our Constitution, however, makes a clear distinction so far as this aspect of the matter is concerned inasmuch as Art. 222 expressly uses the word 'transfer' rather than the word 'appointment' when a Judge is trans;"erred from one High Court to another. So far as our Constitution is concerned while Art. 222 confers on the President the power of transferring one Judge of a High Court to another in consultation with the Chief Justice of India, Art. 217 (c) provides that the office shall be vacated on his being appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court or if he is trans­ ferred to any other High Court. It may thus be noticed that Art. 217 (c) is placed in Chapter V which deals with High Courts and may be extracted thus: "The office of a Judge shall be vacated by his being appointed by the President to be a Judge of the Supreme Court or by bis being transferred by the President to any other High Court within the territory of India." While in the case of a Judge who goes to the Supreme Court, the word "appointed" is used to indicate that this is a fresh appoint· ment in a higher court, or rather the highest court in the country, whereas when a Judge is transferred from one High Court to another, t~e word 'transfer' in contradistinction to the word 'appointed' as mentioned in s. 220 (2) (c) of the 1935 Act, has been deliberately used which cleHly shows that the two modes of vacation of office by a sitting Judge are quite different. We have mentioned this fact because Mr. Seervai has argued before us that the ·transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another results in vacation of his office and therefore must be construed to be a fresh appoint­ ment implying thereby that he co.J Id be tranferred only if he gives his consent as when he is first appointed to the High Court. The fact that he gives his consent has to be implied, for he cannot be appointed as a High Court Judge against his consent. 766 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] i s.c.ii A We have mentioned these circumstances in order to highlight the second argument of Mr. Seervai regarding interpretation of Art. 217 (c) on the basis of which he contended that this would show that the transfer of a Judge under Art. 222 amounted to a first or a fresh appointment in the transferee court, as the moment a Judge is transferred to another High Court, he vacates his office in B the original High Court and assumes the charge of a new office only after taking the oath. It was suggested by Mr. See:rvai that under proviso (c) to Art. 217 just as a Judge vacates his office on being appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court, identical consequences follow when he is transferred to any other High Court. The Attorney General has rightly pointed out that the proviso itself makes a difference between vacating the office by a Judge who is appointed to the Supreme Court and a Judge who is transferred. A Judge who is transferred merely vacates the office in a limited sense, namely, that he cannot act as a High Court Judge in the High Court where he was appointed but the fact remains that until he takes oath in the transferee High Court, he continues to be a Judge of the Original High Court. For these reasons, this argument does not appeal to us. Finally, there is one more circumstance which clearly shows that a transfer cannot be treated as a first or fresh appointment. It wo~ild be seen that the heading of each Article which deals with the appointment of Judges clearly mentions this fact. Take for instance, Art. 21. 7-the heading is appointment and conditions of a Judge of a High Court. Article 223 realtes to appointment of acting Chief Justice and Art. 224 deals with appointment of additional and acting Judges. It may be pertinent to note here that Art. 223 comes immediately after Art. 222 · where the heading is transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another. The Constitution has thus itself brought out a clear distinction between transfer and appointment. Similarly, Art. 224A deals with appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts. There are number of other instances where the word 'appointment' is used in contradistinction to transfer in respect of authorities other than High Court Judges. This is, therefore, also an important circumstance to negative the argument of Mr. Seervai that a transfer amounts to a fresh or a first appointment in the transferee High Court and, therefore, consent becomes a necessary concomitant of such a transfer. It may also be pointed out that whenever a legislature or constituent assembly uses a particular phrase in contradistinction S.P. GUPTA v. iJNiON (Fazai Aii, J.) 76i to another phrase it is not possible to read the two phrases so as to indicate the same purpose. In the instant case, the Constitution has used the word 'appointed' in the case of a Judge of the Supreme Court and 'transfer' in the case of.a Judge of a High Court. A persual of the language of Art. 2 I 7(c) leads to the irresistible con­ clusion and logical inference that the Founding Father's have made a clear distinction between transfer and appointment. It is true that in both cases the office held by a Judge is vacated in a fictional sense because there is a complete change in the life of the Judge but that does not mean that the incidents of both these appoint men ts are the same. A Judge of the High Court when appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court cannot be equated in any respect with a Judge of the High Court who is transferred to another High Court and continues to possess the same status, position and emoluments which is essentially different from a Judge of the Supreme Court. Mr. Seervai, however, submitted that both Art. 124 which relate to the appointment of a Supreme Court Judge and Art. 217 which provide for the appointment of a High Court Judge do not mention anything about obtaining the consent of a Judge which has to be implied in both the cases. On a parity of reasoning it was submitted that where a Judge is appointed in a High Court or transferred to another Court, every time it is a new appointment as a result of which the Judge of the High Court on being transferred to another court has to take a fresh oath. because he ceases to be a Judge in the court of its origin. It is true that on being transferred to another High C0urt a fodge ceases to be a Judge but then he ceases to be a Judge of the transferor court only and does not cease to be a Judge for all times to come so as to make his transfer in the transferee court a fresh appointment. This is clear from paragraph I !(iii) to the Second Sch,dulc to the Constitution which runs thus : "joining time on transfer from a High Court to the Supreme Court or from one High Court to another." It is true that in this schedule joining time is mentioned on transfer from a High Court to Supreme Court or from one High Court to another and the word 'appointment' has not been used as such. That 'however makes no difference because this schedule only refers to a small matter of joining time which both the judges, viz., a judge appointed to the Supreme Court and the judge trans­ ferred, are entitled to avail. Nothing, therefore, turns upon the language of para 11 (iii) of the Second Schedule. 8 762 · SlJPll.EMll COlJRT RllPOlttS (1982) 2 s.c.R. Lastly, it was contended that the. fact that a Judge who is transferred from the original High Court to another High Court has to take oath suggests that his transfer amounts to an appointment and that is why the taking of a fresh oath become necessary. We are, however, unable to agree with this contention. It is obvious that when a Judge was appointed in the original High Court be had taken the oath of bis office which bound him to act as a Judge of that particular High Court. Since by virtue of the transfer, the court is changed, a fresh oath becomes necessary as a clerical formality to indicate that although his appointment as a Judge of High Court does not cease to exist he discharges his duties as a Judge in another court in respect of which he had not taken the oath of office. In these circumstances, it cannot be said that merely because a transferee Judge has to take a fresh oath the transfer becomes a new or a fresh appointment. Moreover, it is doubtful if the taking of a fresh oath is necessary at all because the warrant signed by the President appointing a person as a Judge of a High Court holds good in the transferee court and the place is indicated by the noti­ fication issued under the authority of the President which really means that after the notification the warrant would have to be read to indicate that the Judge was transferred to transferee court where he is to act as a Judge. At any rate, we do not consider it necessary to go into this question in this particular case. The last plank of the argument of Mr. Seervai was that no stress can be laid on the distinction between 'appointment' and 'transfer' because these are synonymous and interchangeab!e terms and in this connection he relied on a decision of this Court in His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalavaru v. S1a1e of Kerala(1) where Chandrachud J. (as he then was) observed as follows : "These are not words occurring in a school text-book so that one can find their meaning with a dictionary on one's right and a book of grammar on one's left. These are words occurring in a Constitution and one must look at them not in a school-masterly fashion, not with the cold eye of a lexicographer. but with the realization that they occur in "a single complex instrument, in '\\bich one part may throw light on another", so that "the construction must hold a balance between all its parts ...... A word is not a crystal, (I) (1973] Supp. S.C.R. L ... S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 763 transparent and unchanged; it is the skin of living thought A and may vary greatly in colour and content according to circumstances and the time in which it is used". This Court merely held that in certain circumstances different words may not necessarily produce a change in the meaning and those observations have to be read with reference to the context. In B the instant case, however, the plain and unambiguous language of Art. 217(c) and Art. 222 cannot be stretched to indicate that 'appointment' and transfer' are synonymous terms when the consti­ tutional provisions make it very clear that the power of transfer and the power of appointment are two different kinds of powers to be exercised in different ways. We, therefore, reject this part of the C argument of Mr. Seervai as being without substance. Having dealt with the legislative history and the setting, Art. 222 which, as pointed out by us earlier. took its birth for the~First , time in our country in the form of s. 220(2)(c) of the 1935 Act and was later inserted in then constitution after a full parliarpentary D debate. As we have already held that detailed speeches made on the floor of the House or the statement of Ministers are not admis- sible, we would confine ourselves only to these debates ot statements which have been made by the sponsors or the architects of the Constitution itself and which immediately resulted in the introduc- tion of Art. 222 in our Constitution. E On September 16, 1949 one of the architects of our constitu­ tion, Dr. Ambedkar while proposing the insertion of Art. 128 (which became the present Art. 222) highlighted the various aspects of the philosophy and the doctrine of transfer of Judges and speaking with persuasion and poignancy observed thus(1) • F "The only question that we are called upon to consider is when a person is appointed as a judge of a High Court of a particular State, should it be permissible for the Govern­ ment to transfer him from that Court to a High Court in any other State. If so, should this transfer be accom- G' panied by some kind of pecuniary allowance which would compensate him for the monetary loss that he might have to smtain by reason of the transfer? The Drafting Com- mittee felt that since all the High Courts so far as the appointment of judges is concerned form now a central ff (I) Constituent Assembly Debates Vol. 11 (1949) p, 580. SUPREME COURT REPORTS [l 982] 2 s.c.R.. subject, it was desirable to treat all the judges of the High Courts throughout India as forming one single carde like the I.C.S. and that they should be liable to be transferred from one High Court to another. If such power was not reserved to the Centre the administration of justice might become a very difficult matter. It might be necessary that one judge may be transferred from one High Court to another in order to strengthen the High Court elsewhere by importing better talent which may not be locally avaifoble Secondly, it might be desirable to import a new Chief Justice to a High Court because it might be desirable to have a man who is unaffected by local politics and local jealousies. We thought therefore that the power to transfer should be placed in the hands of the Central Government. We also took into account the fact that this power of transfer of Judges from one High Court to another may be abused. A Provincial Government might like to transfer a particular judge from its High Court because that judge had become very inconvenient to the Provincial Govern­ ment by the particular attitude that . he had taken with regard to certain judicial matters, or that he had made a nuisance of himself by giving decisions which the Provincia I Government did not like. We have tak n care that in effecting these transfers no such considerations ought to prevail. Transfers ought to take place only on the ground of convenience of the general administration. Consequently , we have introduced a provision that snch transfers shall take place in consultation with the Chief Justice of India who can be trusted to advise the Government in a manner which is not affected by local or personal prejudices." (Emphasis supplied) Thus, the speech coming as it did immediately before Art. 222 was inserted completely demolishes the argument of :vtr. Seervai because the apprehensions and fears expressed by him are found in the statement of Dr. Ambedkar and he had made it a point to emphasise that the power of transfer should serve three purposes :- (i) that it might be necessary to transfer a judge from one High Court to another to strengthen the transferee court by importing better talent in which the said Court may be lacking. --'!' s P. oiJPtA v. UNiON (Fazal Ali, i.) (ii) that it might be desirable to have a Chief Justice from outside who is unaffected by local politics and local jealousies, and 765 (iii) that transfer should be made only on the ground of convenience and general administration and since the transfers could be made by tbe President in consultation with the Chief Justice of India, who is the highest authority in the country, it can be safely presumed that exercise of such a power would not be affected by local or personal prejudices. These observations, therefore, furnish a complete answer to the two arguments of Mr. Seervai that 'consent' should be read into Art. 222 or that the transfer amounted to a fresh appointment. It may be mentioned that even in the Revised Draft, Art. 222 ran thus :-(1) "222. Transfer of a Judge from one Hight Court to another. (I) The President may transfer a Judge from one High Court to any other High Court within the territory of India. (2) When a Judge is so transferred, he shall, during the period he serves as a Judge of the other Court, be entitled to receive in addition to his salary such comepensatory allowance as may be determined by Parliament by law and until so determilled, such compensatory allowance as the President may by order fix." It would be noticed that in this draft Article there was no mention of consultation of CJI by the President but this seems to have been later introduced as a result of the speech of Dr. Ambedkar as indicated above. Furthermore, it would appear from the Note appended by Mr. Santhanam in his book 'Constitution of India' as to now and under what circumstances the present Art. 222 came to (I) The Framing of India's Constitution, by B. Shiva Rao, Vol. IV p. 826. 766 SUPREME COURT REPORtS ( i 982) 2 S.C.R. A be incorporated in the Constitution, where at page 169 the author says thus : "This is a new article inserted in the final stage. It was objected that this power might be used to punish a judge who might not be in the good books of the Central ·Government. It was also suggested that such tiansfer should be made only the consent of the judge concerned. This sugges­ tion was rejected because it might become necessary in the national interests to send a competent judge to some part of India in spite of his own inclinations. The President may be trusted not to use this power to the detriment of judicial independence," (Emphasis supplied) This note clearly shows that even at the time when Art. 222 was taking its birth there was some talk of making the transfer with the consent of the Judge concerned but this idea was given up when it was pointed out that in the national interest it may be necessary to send a competent judge to another High Court and this policy may be stalled by the judge by withholding his consent. In other words, the idea of 'consent' having been conceived, discussed and rejected clearly shows that the Founding Fathers deliberately omitted the word ·consent' from Art. 222 and that knocks the bottom out of the argument of Mr. Seervai that if the Founding Fathers rejected the concept of 'consent', the court should still read it into the Article which is patently against all canons of interpretation of statutes. It was suggested that the note of 1>"1r. Sa nthanam cannot be treated to be the last word in the matter. We are unable to agree with this contention. Santhanam is riot merely the author of the Constitution but he was also a Member of the Drafting Committee and the Note fully shows that the speech made by Dr. Ambedkar regarding Art. 222 (which in its draft form was Art. 128) was incor­ porated according to the guidelines indicated by Dr. Ainbedkar. The Note, therefore, finds ample support from what Dr.· Ambedkar had said. No material has been placed before us to show that tbe Note of Mr. Santhanam was wrong either on point of fact or on a point of law. In our opinion, therefore, read with the speech of Dr. Ambedkar, the Note of Mr. Santhanam in regard to Ari. 222 clinches the issue and no further argument on this question can be entertained. S.P. GUPTA I'. UNION (Fazal Ali, 1.) 767 Finally, there is yet another aspect to which we may advert in order to understand the spirit, philosophy and pattern of our Constitution. Shiva Rao in 'The Framing of India's Constitution' (Vol. IV) refers to various speeches made after the adoption of the Constitution. To begin with, Dr. Ambedkar while explaining the various sources of the Constitution reminded the Members that before finally drafting the Constitution. the Members of the Drafting Committee had before them almost all the important Constitutions of the big countries of the world. The American Constitution was considered, the Australian Constitution was also taken into account and comparisons were made with American, Canadian, South African and Australian Constitutions. Dr. Ambedkar further pointed out a distinctive feature in our Constitution which he. highlighed thus : (1} "In making comparisons on the basis of time consu­ med, two things· must be remembered. One is that the Constitutions of America, Canada, South Africa and Australia are much smaller than ours. Our Constitution as I said contains 395 articles while the American has just seven articles, the first four of which are divided into sections which total up to 21, the Canadian has 147, the Australian 128 and the South African, 153 sections. The second thing to be remembered is that the makers of the Constitutions of America, Canada, Aus•ralia and South Africa did not have to face the problem of amendments. They were passed as moved. On the other hand, this Constituent Assembly had to deal with as many as 2,473 amendments. Having regard to these facts the charge of dilatoriness seems to me quite unfounded and this Assembly may well congratulate itself for having accomplished so formidable a task in so short a time." Similarly, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, who was President of the __. Drafting Committee, observed thus : (2) "We considered whether we should adopt the American model or the British model where we have a hereditary king who is the fountain of all honour and power, but who does not actually enjoy any power. All the power rest in the Legislature to which the Ministers are responsible. We have had to reconcile the position of an elected President (I) 'The Framing of India's Constitution' by B. Shiva Rao, Vol. IV, p. 936. (2) Ibid. pp. 951-352. n 8 768 SUPREME COURT REPORTS fl 982) 2 S.C.R with an elected Legislature and, in doing so, we have adopted more or less the position of the British monarch for the President . Then we come to the Ministers. They are of course responsible to the Legislature and tender advice to the President who is bound to act according to that advice. Although there are no specific provisions; so far as I know, in the Constitution itself making it binding on the President to accept the advice of his Ministers, it is hoped th at the convention under which in England the King acts always on the advice of his Ministers will be established in this country also and the President, not so much on account of the written word in the Constitution, but as the result of this very healthy convention, will become a constitutional President in all matters." Dr. Prasad expressed a wish that by working the Constitution, the people of the country will evolve a convention by which the advice of Council of Ministers would be binding on the President and his historical words have proved to be true and have now taken a cons­ titutional shape becau ;e by virtue of the Constitutional 42od Amend­ ment, the advice of the Council of Ministers has been made binding on the President and he has to act on such advice. Thus, a conven­ tion which was ingrained in the Constitution has now taken a constitutional shape. Lastly, Dr. Rajendra Prasad expressed his view that the Constitution undoubtedly made clear provisions for an independent judiciary and observed thus : (1) "We have provided in the Constitution for a judiciary which will be independent. It is difficult to suggest any­ thing more to make the Supreme Court and the High Courts independent of the influence of the executive. There is an attempt made in the Constitution to make even the lower judiciary independent of any outside or extraneous influence. One of our articles makes it easy for tne State Governments to introduce separation of executive from judicial functions and placing the magistracy which deals (I) 'Tb~ Framing of India's Constitution' by Shiva R110 (Vol. l\i) p. 954. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 769 with criminal cases on similar footing as civil courts. I can only express the hope that this long overdue reform will soon be introduced in the States." We have mentioned these facts at this stage for two reasons. In the first place, we wanted to illustrate and emphasise the actual philosophy of the Constitution so that the various articles may be read in the light of the views and the desire expressed by the Found­ ing Fathers. Secondly, the fact that our Constitution is based not on the American but on the British pattern is established from the observati ons extracted above and the internal evidence furnished by the various provisions of the Constitution itself. It is true that we have borrowed some provisions from the American Constitution and others from the Japanese Constitution but by and large our Cons­ titution is fashioned on the British pattern. Therefore, while consider­ ing the doctrine of privilege or the doctrine of candour it would be safer to reply on English cases rather than the American doctrine. However, this aspect of the matter will be dealt with at the appro­ priate stage. It was next c0ntended both by Mr Seervai and Dr. Singhvi that non·consensual transfers of High Court judges are punitive in nature and amount to punishment. Detailed contentions in this regard have already been narrated by us when we dealt with their contentions on this point. One of the cardinal points made out by the learned counsel for the petitioners against non-consensual trans­ fers was that if a transfer is made without the consent of the judge it will arm the Central Government witt a strong weapon to punish a High Court judge, who either does not share the ideology of the Government or is not prepared to oblige it, by compelling him to toe the line of the Government at the risk of being transferred. Reliance was placed in support of this argument on a large number of transfers that were made during the emergency resulting in writ petitions filed in the Gujarat High Court in Seth's case where this very point was argued on behalf one of the Judges who had moved the petition before the Gujarat High Court. It was also pointed out that in the Supreme Court both Bhagwati and Untwalia JJ. dissented from the majority view and particularly Untwalio J. men­ tioned the fact that the large number of transfers had created a panic. It is true that there were quite a few transfers during the emergency which were not in consonance with the spirit of Art. 222 and that is why the Government had conceded this fact and took 770 SUPREMll COURT REPORTS ( 1982) ~ S.C.R steps to revoke the transfers by retransferring almost all the judges to the High Courts from where they had been transferred. Even so, the Government insisted that the point of law iiwolved should be decided by this Court as a result of which the majority judgment held that Art. 222 does not contemplate that a transfor should be made only with the consent of the Judge concerned. Taking the argument at its face value, we cannot jump immediately to the conclusion that in all cases non-consensual transfers would amount to a punishment so as to arm the Government with a weapon to punish a Judge for not toeing the lir.e of the Government. It is a well-known saying that one swallow does not make a summer. It seems that it is neither logical nor congruent to draw an irresistible inference merely from the massive transfers made during the emer­ gency inspired by particular motive to the conclusion that the power of the President enshrined in Art. 222 would be exercised for colla­ teral reasons always in future also; more particularly so when this Court in the majority judgment in Seth's case had laio down the guidelines for transferring a judge from one court to another and D also laid very great stress on the process of effective consultation, the possibility of abuse of power is completely ruled out. This Court in that case had laid down sufficient safeguards again~t a wrong or colourable exercise of power by the President under Art. 222. Therefore, there is no reason to presume that any order which is passed by the President under Art. 222 henceforward is bound to E be mala fide or colourable and even if it is in a particular case or cases, it is doubtless subject to judicial review. It was than contended that a transfer of a judge from one High Court to another entails evil consequences inasmuch as it uproots the judge from his hearth and home and transplants him in a new and alien place where he has to start his life or career anew and face several personal difficulties and inconveniences. Once it is conceded that the power of transfer under Art. 222 is to be exercised in public interest, then any inconvenience that is felt by the judge would have to yield to the larger interest of the community so as to make the said article workable. Although Art. 222 is an extraordinary power, whenever a person accepts judgeship of a High Court he is fully aware that during his career as a judge the power under Art. 222 could be exercised by the Presid~nt without his consent and if knowing this he accepts the position of a High Court judge, he cannot be heard to say that he ought not to be transferred because be woµJd sutf~r lot of inconv~pienc~. .. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 771 It is true that the transfer of a High Court Judge is an A extraordinary phenomenon and is resorted to very sparingly. Though not the usual incident of the career of a High Court Judge as in the case of other services, particularly the subordinate judiciary the provision for transfer is undoubtedly there and has to be worked out in suitable cases. We shall deal with this a~pect of the matter in greater detail when we come to the limb of the argument regarding B the policy of general transfers. · Furthermore, the very concept of transfer under Art. 222 being a punishment is highly derogatory to the high constitutional position that a High Court judge holds. Such a constitutional appointment, which makes a Judge a constitutional functionary and not a govern­ ment servant, more so when he obtains certain special privileges having regard to the high position be holds, is against the very concept of penalty or punishment. It is manifost that when a person is punished for an offence or a mistake or an error, then be is to undergo some penal process. In the case of a Judge who is transfer­ red, no such penal consequences are at all visited because on the plain term of Art. 2:2 the Judge has to get special facilities before being transferred to the transferee High Court. Clause (2) of Art. 222 clearly provides that a transferred judge is also to receive in addition to bis salary such compensatory allowance as may be deter- mined by Parliament by law and until so determined such compen­ satory allowance as the President may fix. Thus, the granting of compensatory allowance to a judge in lieu of transfer completely destroys the concept that the transfer involves a stigma or a punish- ment. You don't have to award a person additional facilities if you punish him and if you do, then the act cannot amount to a punish- ment. Apart from the allowances, the High Court Judges (Conditions of Service) Act and the Rules made therein clearly provide that a judge who is transferred from one High Court to another can always avail of the special leave concession rules by visiting his home State, alongwith his family, at Government cost once a year. The Judges Rules, as amended, further enjoin that the Judge must be supplied with a free furnished house which under the Amendment Act of 198 l is not even to be treated as a perquisite under the Income Tax Act. It is true that some of these facilities are available to a Judge in his original High Court also but the totality of the facilities taken into consideration undoubtedly seek to make him as comfortable as possible in the transferee court also. In the speeches and statements of the Members of the Drafting Committee' p!!rticularly tho~t? of I:lr· AmbC?dkar Art. 222 (which W!!s ,. 772 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 S,C.R 128 in Draft Constitution) was introduced not by way of punishing a judge but to import better talents in other High Courts and enable the judge to work in a free and fair atmosphere where he can work without any local influence. Indeed, if our Founding Fathers were alive today and were to be told to their utter dismay that transfer amounts to a punishment, they would have got the greatestshock of their life. Far from being a punishment the transfer of a judge does not involve any stain or stigma nor even the slightest reflection on bis legal functioning or his judicial character or integrity. The transfer of a judge contemplated by Art. 222 is in the nature of a response to a calJ of duty in the larger national interest of the country in order to maintain and ensure absolute purity of judicial administration. On being transferred the Judge would find himself free to work in an independent atmosphere untramelled by any provincial or parochial consideration, undaunted by any external or internal influences or local pulls or pressures and uninfluenced by the considerations of class, caste or creed. He would also generate much greater confi­ dence in the people to whom be imparts justice which is bound to enhance his judicial prestige and as a logical result would subserve the concept of independence of judiciary. For a true and conscien­ tious judge there can be no higher honour than to create a feeling that justice is not actually done but also appears to have been done, the later being more important and fundamental quality of judicial approach. The apprebensi:>n that a judge on being transferred to another State is likely to face a hostile Bar is merely an anathema and an illusion which bas neither a factual nor a legal existence. lf the Judge's behaviour towards the Bar is polite and courteous and he gives a lit tie accomodation to the Bar he is bound to win laurels of the Bar. In fact, the Bar always welcomes an outside judge who is likely to build up a new judical structure and establish a flawless and unblemished reputation. This is not merely a pious wish or an ideal deam but a stark and speaking reality which is evident from the performance and reputation of Judges who had been transferred outside their States and had proved to be not only successful but memorable judges. Judges transferred as CJ/Judges outsides their State. I. Justice Sinha of the Patna High Court was transferred and appointed as CJ in Nagpur High Court. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 2. Justice Sarjoo Prasad of the Patna High Court was appointed as CJ of Assam and later of Rajasthan High Courts. 3. Justice C.P. Sinha of Patna High Court to be CJ of Assam High Court 4. Justice Malhotra of Allahabad High Court to be CJ of Assam High Court. 5. Justice Narasimham from Orissa to Patna as CJ. 6. Justice Khalil Ahmed from Patna to Orissa as CJ. 7. Justice A.T. Harries from Punjab to Calcutta as CJ. 8. Justice S.R. Dasgupta from Calcutta to Karnataka High Court 9. Justice Ansari from Andhra Pradesh to Kerala High Court. JO. Justice A.D. Koshal from Punjab & HaryanaHigh Court to Madras High Court. 773 Apart fr0m these there were other transfers, a list of which was submitted by the counsel for the respondents. These Judges have left an indelible imprint in the judiciary of the State where on transfer or appointment they worked. We might also mention that the Solicitor General in his statement at the Bar drew our attention to the excellent manner in which our colleague Justice A.D. Koshal shaped himself when he was transferred to Madras during the emergency. The Soiicitor-Grneral said that he had left behind an unparalled reputation of being a very sharp and independent judge. These circumstances, therefore, fully justify transfer of judges from one High Court to another. The Attorney General with his usual ingenuity submitted a very plausible argument in order to show that transfer of a judge from one high Court to another under certain circumstances even though inconvenient cannot by any process of reasoning amount to a reflection or stigma It was submitted by the Attorney-General that there may be two contingencies where a Judge may or may not ~ive his consent. One type of Judges may consent to the tr!\11sfc;r 0 774 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 S.C.R. against the background of public interest and the Judge responds to the sensitive call of duty ignoring his private losses and inconve­ niences and gives his consent to the said transfer. There may be other type of Judges who care more for their personal conveniences or losses and refuse to give their consent. The hardship involved in both the cases is the same. The only question to consider is as io whether or not Art. 222 operates to the disadvantage of a more conscientious judge or of a judge who is not willing to meet the demands of public interest or, if we may say so, national interest, for either public or national interest may some time make it not only desirable but imperative that a Judge should be transferred. Furthermore, the Attorney General pointed out that there may be several factors which may affect the administration of justice or the confidence of the community which may involve the judge himself on a purely environmental basis. For instance, the atmos­ phere may be vitiated by his close relations or friends even without the knowledge of the judge who may remain innocent and become an unfortunate victim of environments. In such cases, his continued presence in the High Court is bound to vitiate the very atmosphere in which justice is to be dispensed with so that a conscientio1Js judge would himself opt for a transfer outside his State. We have to take into account the advice given by the CJI in one of the Seminars ·that where close relations of a judge or the Chief Justice practise in the same court and are likely to gain undue advantage, the con­ cerned judge should himself, in obedience to the keen sense of justice which every judge possesses opt to be transferred to some other High Court. This is undoubtedly a very valuable advice which seems to have been given by our CJI to the judges in the country. Mr. Seervai in his anxiety to drive home his opposition to non­ consensual transfers sumbitted that if the father-judges or the uncle­ judges are transferred from one High Court to another and the relations who exploited him also foll ow suit and start practice in the transferee court, could such a transfer be a sufficient cure for G this malady? The answer to this argument is very short and simple. Where a judge is tra.isferred because environment or the atmosphere is not congenial or conducive to administration of impartial justice he does so as a conscientious judge responding to a call of duty but where his sons or relations follow him in the transferee court then H it becomes the most cogent and reliable evidence to show that the judge openly allows himself to be exploit\ld by hi~ sons or relations s.i>. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 775 and this per se would be conclusive proof of misbehaviour for which he can be impeached under Art. 124(4) read with Art. 218. If these facts are proved, then he will have- to be removed, for no court can ever accept a plea of the judge that even after he was trao.sferred to some other court his close relations followed him there without his knowledge. Another difficulty which was pointed out before us was regard­ ing the language problem. This, however, appears to be of a very minor significance as compared to various plus points indicated above. After all, the British Judges could administer justice for two centuries in our country without knowing our language. Further­ more, at the High Court level there are ample facilities for trans­ lating the record into the language with which the judge is conver­ sant, and if necessary these facilities could be increased. The Law Commission suggested that even if transfers are made from one High Court to another they could be made on zonal basis which will eliminate the lao.guage difficulty to great extent. For these reasons, therefore, we are una hie to accept the argument of the counsel for the petitioners that non-consensual transfer amounts to punishment or a reflection on, the integrity of the judge concerned or can in any way be described as penal. The next pillar of the argument of Mr. Seervai regarding non­ consensual transfer was that such a transfer would seriously affect and impair the independence of judiciary. Dr. Singhvi who followed him not only adopted this argument but elaborated it by giving illustrations from various constitutional provisions which we shall deal with presently. Dr. Singhvi submitted that non-consensual transfer was against the very spirit of the doctrine of separation of powers contained in our Constitution. We have already shown from the concluding speeches of the Members of the Drafting Committee that our Consti­ tution is based mainly on the British pattern although some pro­ visions of the American Constitution have been borrowed. Secondly, a detailed survey of the various provisions of the Constitution dealing with judiciary would clearly reveal that our Constitution does not envisage a complete separation of powers between the judiciary and the executive as such. What our Constitution has done is to effect no separation of powers as such but separation of judicial and executive functions. In achieving this object, our Consti- 776 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] i S.C.R. tution has particularly relied on the American Constitution while rejecting the British pattern of conventions. For instance, the judi­ ciary is absolutely independent and supreme in the decision-making process, that is to say, in deciding cases between man and man and State and man without being influenced by any governmental or official consideration. In England, in spite of the independence of judiciary even the highest judiciary does not have the power to strike down a law made by the Parliament. In contradistinction to this, our Constitution confers absolute powers on the High Courts and the Supreme Court to strike down not only legislations brought about by the legislature but also Acts passed by the Parliament and the peak of the judicial power reached when in Kesavanada Bharti' s case (supra) this Court held that the amending power enshrined in Art. 368 of the Constitution could not be amended so as to affect the basic structure of the Constitution. We might mention that it has, however, not been doubted by counsel for any of the parties that independence of judiciary is doubtless a basic structure of the Constitution but the said_ concept of independence has to be con­ tined within the four corners of the Constitution and cannot go beyond the Constitution. While this absolute judicial power has been conceded by the Constitution to the judiciary, a certain amount of executive control has already been vested in the higher judiciary in respect of the subordinate judiciary. At the same time, the power of appointment of High Court Judges including the CJ or Supreme Court Judges, including the CJI, vests entirely in the exe­ cutive i.e., the President of India, who acts on the advice of Council of Ministers. Here again, this executive power is not absolute and has to be exercised in consultation with the CJI in the case of appointment of Supreme Court Judges, as also in consultation with the CJI and the Governor of the States concerned in case of the appointment of Chief Justice of the High Courts-in the case of appointment of High Court Judges, the Chief Justice of the con­ cerned High Court is also to be consulted. This Court has in several cases, which need not be repeated here, clearly held that consultation contemplated by the Constitution must be full and effective 'and by convention the view of the concerned CJ and CJI should always prevail unless there are exceptional circumstances which may impel the President to disagree with the advice given by these Constitutional authorities. H Thus, in fine, the doctrine of separation of power, so far as our Constitution is concerned, reveals an artistic blending and an s.i>. otJi>TA v. UNION (Fazai Ali, i.) 777 adroit admixture of judicial and executive functions. The Consti­ tution has taken the best of both the British and the American Constitution. In order to illustrate our point and to show that the separation sought to be itchieved by our Constitution is not abso­ lutely or completely separate, let us compare our Constitutional provisions with those of the American Constitution. Under the American Constitution Supreme Court Judges are appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate and no qualifications are necessary for the appointment to the court nor are any stipulations mentioned therein. The Judges, however, serve for life during good behaviour and may be removed by im­ peachment almost in the same manner as provided for in our own Constitution. Section 1 of Article I of the American Constitution runs thus : (1) "All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives." ( Page 613) And section 1 of Article II reads thus : "The executive power shall be vested in a President of E the United. States of America. He. shall hold his office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice- President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows : (Page 618 ) I<' Thus, under s. 1 of Article I while legislative powers completely vest in the Congress, the executive power vests in the President. Here, our Constitution makes a distinct departure by making the President, in whom the executive power vests, to be bound by the advice of the Council of Ministers. Therefore, under our Consti­ tution for all practical intents and purposes the executive power vests in the Council of Ministers only and the President is bound to accept the advice of the Council of Ministers. Proviso to clause (1) of Art. 74 may be extracted thus : (I) American Constitutional Law by Rocco J. Tresolini (1959 Edition). ' ' ( ,, ,, 778 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 s.c.R.. "Provided that the President may require the Council of Ministers to reconsider such advice, either generally or otherwise, and the President shall act in accordance with the advice tendered after such reconsideration." Under this proviso, the President has no doubt the power to require the Council of Ministers to reconsider the advice if he (President) entertains any dobut in respect of the advice tendered to him, but if the same advice is given to him after reconsideration, the same is binding on him. Clause (2) of Art. 74 bars any inquiry by a court into the nature of the advice tendered by the Council of Ministers to the President. Thus, under our Constitution the executive power does not vest absolutely in the President as in the case of America where the President has got vast powers and is assisted by his Advisers who are called Secretaries. Then we come to Art III of the U.S. Constitution, which is most relevant for our purpose. Section 1 of the said Article runs thus: "The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress · may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of Supreme and inferior Courts shall hold their office during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during t.heir Continuance in Office." ( pp. 620-21 ) Thus, the judicial power vests completely in the Supreme Court or such inferier courts as the Congress may from time to time establish or ordain. Section 2 of Article III provides that the judi­ cial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising under the Constitution, including laws of the United States. Treaties made and cases affecting Ambassadors, Ministers and Consuls, etc. Thus, in the American Constitution by virtue of the fact that the entire judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court or other .• -'I S.f>. GtJP'i"A v. UNION (Faza/ Ai;, J.) 779 courts, the appointments have to be made by the Supreme Court, unlike the provisions of our Constitution where appointments are tu be made by the President in consultation both with judicial and executives authorities as indicated above. Therefore, in expounding the concept of separation, the essential distinctive features which differentiate our Constitution from the American Constitution must be kept in mind. An attempt was made by Mr. S. P. Gupta, one of the peti­ tioners, to establish that even under our Constitution the judicial power exclusively vests in the CJI who takes the place of Council of Ministers. This argument is wholly unacceptable and cannot be countenanced because it is against the clear and express provisions of Art. 224, 222 and 217 of our Constitution. However, this matter has been elaborately dealt with by Brother Desai and Venkataramiah, JJ. and I entirely agree with their opinions and have nothing useful to add so far as this aspect of the matter is concerned. Lastly, on the question of separation of powers, apart from what we have said it may be noticed that so far as framers of our Constitution are concerned they had deliberately rejected the theory of complete insulation of the judicial system from the executive control. During the formative process of our Constitution though jurists like Shri B. N. Rau and Dr. Ambcdkar wanted to give larger powers to the CJI or to a Council of State which may be appointed so as to be a judicial Body but these ideas were not accepted and ultimately the Constitution emerged as a valuable document which vests complete power in the President. The facts will be borne out from the observations made on pages 338-339 of Shiva Rao's Fra­ ming of India's Constitution (Vol. IV), and on pages 128-132 of The Indian Constitution-Cornerstone of a Nation by G. Austin. Even an attempt of Dr. Austin and others to introduce instrument of instructions to provide guidelines for the action to be taken by the President was rejected. In fact, the method of appointment adopted by our country seems to have been followed in every democratic country except the United States where, as already shown, the Judges are not appointed by the executive excepting the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court but by the judiciary. Even in America, the Federal Court judges of the States are not appointed by the judiciary. Similarly, in France West Germany, Japan, Malawi and Sri Lanka the power of appoint­ ment of Judges vests in the executive (vide Garner : Political Science 7so SUPREME cotikt REPo&ts [1982) 2 s.c.R. A and Government pp. 726-727; Harold Laski : Grammer of Politics, pp. 545-548; 80th Report of tht> Law Commission, pp. 7-11; and Basu; Commentary on the Constitution of India (4th Ed. Vol. 3, pp. 77-79). It would appear that our Constitution has devised a wholesome and effective mechanism for the appointment of judges which strikes a just balance between the judicial and executive powers so that while the final appointment vests in the highest authority of the executive, the power is subject to a mandatory consultative process which by convention is entitled to great weight by the President. Apart from these safety valves, checks and balances at every stage, where the power of the President is abused or misused or violates any of the constitutional safeguards it is always subject to judicial review. The power of the judicial review, which has been conceded by the Constitution to the judiciary, is in our opinion the safest possible safeguard not only to ensure independence of judiciary but also to prevent it from the vagaries of the executive. Another ad­ vantage of the method adopted by our Constitution is that by vesting the entire power in the President, the following important elements are introduced : (I) a popular element in the matter of administration of justice, (2) linking with judicial system the dynamic goals of a progressive society by subjecting the principles of governance to be guided by the Directive Principles of State policy, (3) in order to make the judiciary an effective and power­ ful machinery, the Constitution contains a most one­ rous and complicated system by which judges can be removed under Art. 124(4), which in practice is almost an impossibility. (4) in order to create and subserve democratic processes the power of the appointment of the judiciary in the executive has been vested so that the head of the executive which functions through the Council of Ministers, which is a purely elected body, is made accountable to the people. J... S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazai Aii, i.) 781 If absolute powers were to be vested in the judiciary alone for all its spheres of activities (appointment retirement, removal, etc.) then the element of absolutism may have crept in, resulting ia irreparable harm to the great judicial institution. Another reason why the power of appointment in the judiciary was not vested absolutely was to avoid judicial interference in the day-to-day working of the legislative or parliamentary institutions. Dr. Singhvi submitted that independence of judiciary comprises two fundamental and indispensable elements, viz., (I) ~independence • _.. of judiciary as an organ and as one of the three functionaries of the State, and (2) independence of the individual judge. There can be no quarrel that this proposition is absolutely correct. Our Constitution fully safeguards the independence of Judges as also of the judiciary by a three-fold method- (I) by guaranteeing complete safety of tenure to judges except removal in cases of incapacity or mishaviour f'\ which is not only a very complex and complicated procedure but a difficult and onerous one, (2) by giving absolute independence to the Judges to decide the cases according to their judicial conscience without being influenced by any other consideration and without any inference from the executive. Art. 50 clearly provides that the State shall take steps to sepa­ rate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State. This important Directive Princi­ ple enshrined in Art. 5U has been carried out by the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 which seeks to achieve complete separation of judiciary from the executive; (3) so far as the subordinate judiciary is concerned the provisions of Arts. ~233-236 vest full and complete control over them in the High Court. Only at the initial stage of the appointment of munsiffs or the District Judges, the Governor is the appointing authority and he is to act in consultation with the High Court but in all other matters like posting, promotion, etc., as interpreted by this Court in Shamsher Singh's case(1), (1) [1974] I SCR 814. 782 SUPREME COURT REPOllTS ( l 982i i s.c.R.. the High Court exercises absolute and unstinted control over the subordinate judiciary. Promotion, holding disciplinary inquiry, demotion, suspension of Sub Judges lie with the High Court and the Guvernor has nothing to do with the same. Hinting on the nature of the separation of powers brought about by our Constitution, this Court in Chandra Mohan v. State of UP. and Ors(1), made the following observations : "The Indian Constitution, though it c!oes not accept the strict doctrine of separation of powers, provides for an independent judiciary in the States; it constitutes a High Court for each State, prescribes the institutional conditions of service of the Judges thereof, confers extensive juris­ diction on it to issue writes to keep all tribunals, including in appropriate cases the Governments, within bounds and gives to it the power of superintendence over all courts and tribunals in the territory over which it has jurisdiction. This Court has in several cases held that the condition of consultation which the Governor has to exercise implies that he would have to respect the recommendations of the High Court and cannot turn it down without cogent reasons and even if he does rn, it is manifest that his order is always subject to judicial· review on the ground of mo/a fide or exceeding his jurisdiction. These are sufficient safeguards to ensure the independence of judiciary. The argument of Dr Singhvi goes a step further so as to in::port the American concept of absolute independence in our Constitution which, however, is not permissible because as indicated above the provisions relating to judiciary of our Constitution and American Constitution are essentially different. Dr. Singhvi then advanced the same argument which was put forward by Mr. Seervai that a transfer without consent would be punitive both in concept and consequences and would promote a relationship of master and servant which is inapplicable to the case of Judges and the Chief Justices. We are, however, unable to accept this extreme argument because for the reasons that we have already given a transfer in public interest is an exraordinary provision which does not entail any stain or stigma and is a constitutional step which completely excludes the concept of master-servant relatiorirhip. (1) [1967] 1 SCR 77. t . ""' ,\ S,P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 783 Dr. Singhvi later rightly laid greater stress on the nature and extent of the consultative process in the case of transfer. It was also submitted that even if a judge is transferred_ individually, public interest, which leads to his transfer, would also have to be examined by the court. We propose to examine this aspect in greater detail when we deal with Transferred Case No. 24/81. At the moment it is sufficient to state that for the reasons that we have already given a non-consensual transfer cannot be treated as punitive, penal or punishment. Furthermore, we might state here that aft~r a general policy is evolved by the Government for transfer of Judges of the High Court in order to ensure the goal of having I/ 3rd judges in each State from outside the State, such a policy would be fully justified not only on the ground of public interest but in the larger interest of the country as a whole to promote integration and crush parochialism and provincialism. If this is done, then the question of effective consultation would have to be looked from a different angle. Similarly, a general policy to have CJs from outside in every State would serve the same national interest and there also the effec­ tive consultation is to be confined only to the just exceptions that may be made while pursuing this policy. The last question that remains to be determined is as to whether the proposal for transfer of judges from one High Court to another 8 shculd emanate from the CJI or from the President. In this connec- E tion, the Solicitor-General has produced a memorandum showing the procedure tu be adopted in connection with the appointment and transfer of judges. This Memorandum cannot take the place of a statute or a constitutional document. It merely prescribes the manner in which the proposal can be processed. From a plain language of Art. 22 ! it is manifest that the proposal for transfer can emanate either from the CH or from the President through the Union Minister for Law and Justice. What is important is whichever authority initiates the transfer, the conditions prescribed under Art. 222 must be complied with, viz, (a) if the proposal emanates from the President, he must ascertain the views of the CH which are entitled to great weight, and (b) as Art. 222 contemplates comultation with the highest judicial authority in the whole country, it is obvious that the CJI also represents the judge or the judges who are sought to be transferred, 784 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 S.C.R. As a logical result of this concept, it would be necessary for the CJI, on receiving the proposal from the President, to ascertain the views of the judge concerned and his personal circumstances or objections, if any, and then after applying his mind to them, place the same before the President through the Law Minister. Thereafter, the matter would have to be processed according to the Rules of Business and advice sent to the President for formal orders. Where, however, the proposal emantes from the CJI himself, then he should collect the necessary facts and examine the reasons given by the Minister concerned for the transfer and before giving his opinion or advice to the Minister he would have to consult the judge concerned and ascertain his views and 'give due consideration to them. Thereafter he should also communicate the views expres­ sed by the judge" concerned-whether against or in favour of the proposal-to the President through the Minister concerned so that even if the en does not agree with the view of the judge, the President may be in a position to give his decision finally one way or the other. These are the essential requirements of Art. 222 which are briefly contained in the Memo. though not strictly in consonance with what we have said above. We might hasten to add here that although the Constitution does not mention either the Chief Minister or the Governor of the State being consulted in the manner of transfer of a judge from one High Court to another but the Memo. provides for this procedure in order to solve some practical difficul · ties because when a judge is transferred from one State to another the transferor State must be told to make necessary arrangements for appointing his successor and similarly at the oth:r end the receiving State would have to make adequate arrangements for the residence and other facilities which are to be given to the judge concerned. In this process, the Chief Minister or the Governor of the two States may express their opinion but the President is not bound under Art. 222 to accept their views. It does not appear to be the intention of the Memo to supplant two additional authorities for the purpose of consultation, for that would be in direct contravention of Art. 222 which merely stipulates consultation with the CJI and impliedly the judge concerned. Thus, the information given by the Cliief Ministers and the Governors of the States is merely for the limited purpose of ascertaining their views and other matters referred to above and is not, therefore, a part of the consul­ tative process enshrined in Art. 222 otherwise if 11ddition11l 11uthoritie$ • >. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 785 are introduced for the purpose of being consulted, then the Memo. A will be clearly violative of Art. 222. Thus, the Memo. while prescribing that the proposal should emanate from the President does not exclude the other alternative, viz., that the proposal should emanate from the CJI In Transferred Case No. 24/81 it is clear that the proposal of transfer of Justice K.B.N. Singh and others emanated from the CJI and that in our opinion was perfec1Jy legal and constitutional and does not offend the provisions of the Memo. as suggested by counsel for the petitioners because the Memo. does not and cannot in any way debar the CJI from initiating the proposal if he wants to do so . This, therefore, disposes of all the contentions of the counsel for the parties so far as the various aspects of interpretation of Art. 222 is concerned. On a consideration, therefort", of the facts, circumstances and authorities the position is as follows : (I) that Art. 222 expressly excludes 'consent' and it is not 0 possible to read the word 'consent' into Art. 222 and thereby whittle down the power conferred on the President under this Article, (2) that the tramfer of a judge or a CJ of a High Court under Art. 222 must be made in public interest or E national interest, (3) that non-consensual transfer does not amount to punishment or involve any stigma, (4) that in suitable cases where ma/a.fide is writ large on the face of it, an order of transfer made by the Presi­ dent would be subject to judicial review, (5) that the transfer of a judge from one High Court to another does not amount to a first or fresh appoint­ ment in any sense of the term, ( 6) that a transfer made under Art. 222 after complying with the conditions and circumstances mentioned above does not mar or erode the independence of judiciary, For the reasons given above, the contentions of Mr. Seervai, Dr. Singhvi &nd others f&il &nd !!re overruled. 786 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982) 2 S.C.R. Point No. 3-Policy of General Transfers We now come to the question of evolving a general policy of transfers (for short, to be referred to as the 'Policy') of Judges or Chief Justices from the home State to other States so that each State or a majority of them has a CJ from outside. Policy has two important limbs-(!) transfer of CJ or Judges from one High Court to another, and (2) recruitment of one-third judges in each High Court from outside the State in which the High Court is situate. The earliest roots and the foundation for evolving the aforesaid policy are to be found even when Art. 222 was in the process of its birth. The most prophetic and pregnant observations of Dr. Ambedkar give a clear clue to the desire expressed and the goal sought to be achieved by introducing Art. 222. These lines from his speech may be extracted thus : "Secondly, it might be desirable to import a new Chief Justice to a High Court because it might be desirable to have a man who is unaffected by local politics and local jealousies. We thought therefore that the power to transfer should be placed in the hands of the Central Government." (Emphasis ours) (p. 580, Constituent Assembly Debates Vol. 11 (1949) These observations have a historical significance having been made by one of the greatest jurists, constitutionalist and one of the eminent Founding Fathers of our Constitution and perhaps the hi ;hest tribute that we can pay to the dedicated service of Dr. Ambedkar is to evolve a Policy and thus fulfil the pious wish and the last desire of the great jurist. Nevertheless, the idea of evolving the Policy came to be seriously thought of when the States Reorganisation Commission (hereinafter referred to as the 'S RC') was entrusted with the arduous task of recommending reorganisation of States on lingustic basis-a step which was long overdue having been the subject of one of the earliest Resolutions passed by our freedom fighters-a solemn promise made to the Nation by its political leaders to be fulfilled as soon as the cot.ntry attained frt'edom. This process of reorganisa tion was not a bed of roses but was fraught with grave consequences leading to parochialism and provincialism which, if not properly checked, controlled or safeguard1:;d, might have brought about . -· S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 787 disintegration of the entire country. Perhaps this was one of the A main reasons why the SRC being fully alive to these dangers tried its best to see that the reorganisation of States did not lead to disintegration and accordingly suggested a number of measures including a strong and independent judiciary free from parochial and fissiparous tendencies. We, therefore, start the question of policy of transfers with the Report of the SRC which tried to tackle B the second limb of the policy of importing one-third judges in the High Court from outside. In this connection, it might be appropriate to refer to certain observations made by the SRC in the concluding portions of its Report : "846. We have now come to the end of our appointed C task. The problem of reorganisation of States has aroused such passions and the claims which have been made are so many and so conflicting that the background against which this whole problem has to be dealt with may quite often be obscured or even forgotten. In order that the recommen- dations which we have made may be viewed in proper D perspective. We should like to emphasis two basic facts. Firstly, the States, whether they are· reorganised or not, are and will co11tin11e to be integral parts of a Union which is far and away the more real political entity and the basis of our nationhood. Seco11d ly, the constitu- tion of India recognises only one citizenship, a common E citizenship or the entire Indian people, with equal rights and opportunities thro11gh-out the Union." (page 229). rll peaking in the same strain the SRC further observed thus : "849. Unfortunately, the manner in which certain administrations have conducted their affairs has itself partly contributed to the growth of this parochial sentiment. We have referred earlier to the domicle rules which are in force in certain States, governing eligibility to State services. The desire of the local people for the State services being manned mainly be "the sons of the soil" is understandable' but only up to a point. Whe11 such J devices a'> domicle rules operate to make the public services an exclusive preserve of the majority language group of the State, this is bound to cause discontent among the other groups, apart from impeding the free flow of talent and imparting­ ~dmjnistra,tiv~ efficiency." (p. 230) 788 SUPREME COURT REPORT (1982) 2 S.C.R. The SRC repeated the same concept in paras 854 and 856 of its Report thus : "854. There are certain other measures which, if adopted, will, we hope, help in corrPcting particularist trends and also in securing greater inter-State coordination for the efficient implementation of all-India policies. 856 ......... The Central and State Governments have to work in very close cooperation!in executing important develop­ ment projects, which necessitates that technical personnel should be recruited and trained on a common basis and that they should have uniform standards of efficiency and the feeling of belonging to common and important cadres." (Emphasis ours) The SRC made the following further observations in paras 868, 870 and 871 : "868. From the point of view of national unity, it is also of great importance that there should be closer under­ standing between the north and the south. All institutions and establishments which help to bring about such an understanding should receive particular encouragement from the Government of India ..... ~ 870. The proposals which we have made in the preceding paragraphs are intended to bring about greater admins­ trative integrity and to provide against any parti­ cularist trends being promoted within the administration itself or in the country at large. Important as these measures are, it is obvious that they are by themselves not adequate to give a deeper content to Indian nationalism. National unity can develop into a pJsitive and living force capable of holding the nation together agai:1>t the disruptive and narrower loyalties only if there is a real moral and mental integration of the people. Fortu11ately, forces making for such integration are already at work. What is necessary is that nothing should be done to impede their freeplay. We should like to say something on this subject before we conclude. J 871. India is now on the eve of vast econ0mic and social changes. These changes must affect every ihstitution and , .. _. .. _J., S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 789 will calI for a constant review of our traditional methods of A thought and ways of life." Here also the SRC took special care to lay great emphasis on the feelings of commonness, unity and integration in alJ spheres of activity so as to give a deeper content to independence and nationa- lism. In para 861 of its Report while dealing with the judiciary the 8 SRC recommended that at least one-third of the number of judges in a High Court should consist of persons recruited from outside the State and in this c'Jnnection observed as follows :- "Guided by the consideration that the principal organs of State should be constituted as to inspire confidence and to help in arresting parochial trends, we would also recom­ mend thut at least one-third of the number of Judges in a High Court should consist of persons who are recruited from outside that State In making appointments to a High Court bench, professional standing and ability must obviously be the overriding considerations. But the sugges­ tion we have made will extend the field of choice and will have the advantage of regulating the staffing of the higher judiciary as far as possible on the same principles as in the case of the Civil Service." And at page 263 in para 58 the SRC reiterated the policy indicated in para 86 l extracted above. The SRC consisted of a very eminent Judge of the Supreme Court and two persons of very great public and political eminence like Shri K.M. Panikkar and Shri H N. Kunzru. When the Commission was appointed Shri Saiyid Fazal Ali was Governor of Orissa, Shri H.N. K:unzru was a Member of the Council of States and Sri Panikkar was Ambassador of India in Egypt. Shri Saiyid Fazal Ali was the Chairman of the SRC. Thus; the ideas coming a~ they did from such great and important persona­ lities who had varied experience not only in all branches of the law but also in other socio-economic activities are undoubtedly entitled to great weight. The SRC tried to face some hard facts and prophe­ tically foresaw what has now come to be a stark reality and the need to crush the fissiparious and parochial tendencies which may lead to the disintegration of the country is felt much more today than ever before. The concluding words of the Report light up the entire history, apprehension and views of the SRC. If the need to , achieve unity in all spheres of activities, judiciary not excluded, is not only in public interest but also in national interest, we fail to see w4at else co1M be in public intere~t, 0 790 $UPRBME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 S.C.R. A Perhaps it was due to the terse observations, recommendations and suggestions of the SRC that a high-powered Law Commission was set up by the Government in 1958 which was headed by Mr. M.C. Setalvad, ex-Attorney General of India, and this high-powered Commission fully endorsed the SRC Report and even suggested a mechanism to implement the recommendations. It is true that at that time the idea of having judges or CJs from outside the State had not been suggested or conceived though, as pointed out above, Dr. Ambedkar hadl hinted at it even during the formative process of Art. 222. This now brings us to tl:\e 14th Report of the Law Commission, headed by Mr. Setalvad, where for the first time the policy of having a CJ in every High Court from outside was not only suggested but supported by a large body of independent persons. Dwelling on this aspect of the matter the Law Commission in its 14th Report at page 76 (para 26) observed thus: "26. A large body of evidence before us has suggested, that it should be made an invariable practice to fill a vacancy in the office of Chief Justice by appointing a judge from outside the State. Such course, it is said, will have the advantage of giving the Chief Justice of India a wide choice in recommending a person suitable for that office. it has also been pressed upon us that bringing a Chief I ustice from outside the State will have a very healthy influence, in thar, it will promote a sense of unity in .the country and prevent the Chief Ju~tice being swayed by local connections and local influences. It may be mentioqed that Chief Justices from out~ide the State have been appointed in some of the States a!ld these appointments have proved a success. Though the analogy may not be very pertinent, we may refer to the practice of appointing Governors who do not belong to the State, which has been in vogue since the advent of the Con~titution.' The observations referred to above clearly show that as far back as 1958 there was a strong view in favour of filling up the vacancies of CJs by appointing a judge from outside the State. Although the Law Commission did not entirely agree with this opinion but it did notice that there was sufficient evidence to justify the same. As regards the otber limb of the Policy to appoint qne­ third judges in each High Court from 9utside the State, tlw Law s.i>. GUPTA v. uNioN (Pazai Ali, J.) ~ ' ' 791 Commission fully endorsed it and its recommendations on this A \. subject may be extracted thus :- "74 The recent creation of various zones in the country and the efforts to treat the States forming part of these zones as one unitJfor various purposes would, we hope, lead to the States forming part of each zone to be the recruiting ground for appointments to the High Court from the members of the Bar in these States. It is hoped that in this manner the expectation of the States Reorganisation Commission that at least one-third of the High Court Judges would be persons drawn from outside the State will be realized." (page 100) In September 1963 a Study Team was a-ppointed by the Administrative Reforms Commission (hereinafter referred to as 'ARC Study Team') to give its report on Centre-State relations. The said Study Team in its Report at page 190 (paras 13-20) sugges­ ted that so far as practicable one third of the number of judges of the High Court should be from outside. In other words, the ARC Study team also endorsed the SRC Report and the 14th Report of the Law Commission. Immediately following the ARC Study Team Report, a meeting "" of the Committee of Zonal Council for National Integration was held on 31st August 1964 and in its Report of item l(viii) (b) the said Committee made the follo\\fog recommendation : "The Committee also commended the idea that as a F convention, the Chief Justice of tlie High Court of a State should be a person from outside the State." It would appear that the said Committee gave full effect to the large body of public opinion which had expressed its intention before the Law Commission (14th Report) that in every High Court the Chief Justice should be from outside the State, and the Com­ mittee fully endorsed this view. Thus, the inescapable conclusion seems to be that right from 1954 upto 1964, the two limbs of the Policy referred to above were being debated and ultimately definite views were expressed by independent persons that a policy, consisting of the two limbs, be evolved and followed. 11 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982) 2 s.c.il. A In 1967 the ARC Study Team headed by Mr. M. C. Setalvad, passed a clear Resolution that as far as practicable, one-third of the number of judges should be from outside. Another Law Commission was set up some time in 1978 and the Bar Council of India in its reply dated 8.9.79 to questions Nos. U 11 and 12 answered thus : Question 11. What is your view with regard to the suggestion that we should more frequently appoint a judge from outside the State as Chief Justice of the High Court. 12. What is your view with regard to the suggestion that we should have a convention according to Answer Yes which one-third of the judges in each High Yes Court should be from anotber State. D In his speech on 26.2.1979 in the Lok Sabha Debates, Mr. P. 11 Shiv Shanker, who was then a Member of Parliament only and not even in the then Ruling Party, expressed his opinion thus : "Various reports of the Law Commission with refe­ rence to recruitment policy and the policy on transfer of Judges ·from one High Court to the other, have been only gathering dust. While I am one among those persons who will fight till the last for the independence of Judiciary, I would say that the policy as to the transfer of Judges as enunciated by the Law Commission in the year 1958, under the chairmanship of late Shri Setalvad, of which one of our very eminent members of the profession, viz., Shri Palkhivala was also a member was salutary which opined that one-third of the Judges of a High Court must be from outside. This would have achieved a better national ioteg· ration in the field of Judiciary. I am not one of those people VlhO would support transfer if it is based on extra­ neous considerations." (Lok Sabha Debates: Vol XXII No. 6, Sixth Series-seventh session ) In a meeting of the Consultative Committee for the Law Ministry, held on 7.6.80, where Members of Parliament belonging ti> opposition parties were also present, the unanimous views was : . -· S.i'. OUilTA v. UNION (Fazal Ail, J.) 193 "(2) the Chief Justice of a High Court should be from A outside the State, and (3) at least one-third of judges in a High Court should be appointed from outside the State." Another meeting of the Consultative Committee for the 8 Ministry of Law held on 24.7.80 fully reiterated and affirmed the view taken by the earlier Committee mentioned above. Another meeting of the Consultative Committee held on 17.12.80 which consisted of Members of Parliament of the opposition parties including Bapusaheb Parulekar, also favoured outside appointments. In its 80th Report, the Law Commission headed by an eminent Judge of this Court, Mr. Justice H. R. Khanna, in paras 6 21 and 6.22 made the following observations : "6.21...Likewise, the Study Team on Centre State Relations appointed by the Administrative Reforms Com­ mission also suggested that so far as practicable one-third of the number of judges of a High Court should be from outside. We have given the matter our earnest con&ideration and are in substantial agreement with the recommendations mentioned above. In our opinion, there should be a con­ vention, according to which one-third of judges in each High Court should be from another State. This would normally have to be done through the process of initial appointments, and not by transfer. It would also in the very nature of things be· a slow and gradual process and take some years before we reach the proportion. 6.22 Evolving such a convention would, in our opinion, not only help in the process of national integration but would also improve the functioning of various High Courts. It would secure on the Bench of each High Co·irt the presence of a number of judges who would not be swayed by local considerations or affected by issues which may rouse local passions and emotions .. We in India are in the fortunate position of having a vast country. There can, therefore, be no difficulty in.having a certain percentage of 794 SUPREME COURT REPORTS t l 9s2j 2 s.c.il. judges who hail from other States. The advantages gained by having person from other States as judges would be much greater compared with any disadvantage which might result therefrom." A national Seminar was held on judicial appointment between 17-19 October 1980 at Ahmedabad, in which various emi­ nent speakers participated and freely expressed their views The Seminar was organised by the Bar Council of India Trust and its deliberations may be extracted thus : "The Seminar was of the view that the principle of transfer of Judges in all circumstances _is not to be con­ sidered as violative of independence of judiciary. In fact, in certain situations transfer of a judge may be a very desirable course to follow for preserving independence of the judiciary, promoting national integration and avoiding balkanisation of the country on linguistic or other similar considerations. The ideal of having one-third of High Court Judges from outside the State helps promotion of national integration and the preservation of a unified judicial system. However, it is desirable that this composition of the High Court should be accomplished by way of initial appointments rather than by transfers." Thus, the preponderance of opinion in the Seminar favoured the dominant aspects of the Policy, viz., principle of transfer of Judges and that one-third judges should be from outside the State, in order to promote national integration and preservation of a unified judicial system. Another meeting of the Consultative Committee of Members of Parliament for the Law Ministry was held on 3.9.81, in which Members belonging to the opposition parties were also present, and there also the preponderance which emerged was in favour of having CJs from outside the State and one-third of judges to be recruited ia each High Court from outside. In this connection, it may be useful to extract certain relevant portions from the speeches of the Members. Shri Nanda (Congress (S)) observed thus : ·'Participating in the discussion, Shri Nanda Congress (s) made particular reference to the Seminar organised by ' .. S.P. duPtA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 195 the Bar Council of India at Ahmedabad and the discussions held there on the issue of transfer of Judges and appoint­ ments from outside. He wanted to know Government's reaction to the various proposals made at the Conference on this aspect. He emphasized that on the question of appointments of outsiders and transfers, the Consultative Committee had made definite and positive recommendations and Government should implement them ... " (Emphasis ours) Shri S.C. Mohanta (LD) expressed his views thus : "Shri S.C. (Mohanta (LD)) said that initially he had C reservation about supporting the policy of transfers but ever since the Law Minister had said that he would leave the mechanism and modalities to the Supreme Court, he was convinced that wch a policy should be followed and pressed that those who were newly appointed, should be transferred to outside courts. There could be no status-quo approach D in the present times. A suitable mechanism should be evolved and implementation left to the judiciary." (Emphasis supplied) Shri Jamil-ur-Rahman (Congress) observed thus : "It would be in the national interest to transfer judges from one High Court to other, and there should be no hesi­ tation in doing this.·" thus: Shri Dandapani (DMK) supported the view and observed "Shri Dandapani (DMK) supported the view that judges should be transferred from the High Courts in their own interest to other High Courts. He was of the view that in many cases, judges continuing in the High Courts of their own State were likely to develop vested interests Fresh appointments could certainly be made from outside the State. This should be done as a matter of policy so that there was no pick and choose." Shri Hari Nath Mishra (Congress) was of the following view : 79fi 8 SUPREME Coi.Jk'J REPORtS [1982) 2 s.c.k. "Shri Bari Nath Mishra (Congress) mentioned that it had been agreed at earlier meetings that one-third of the judges and tbe Chief Justice should be from outside the State. The need for such a policy arose not from any theoretical consideration but from the reality of the situation. He wished to project this need to the Law Minister and through the Law Minister to the Chief Justice of India." Shri Bhogendra Jha {CPI) observed thus : "Shri Bhogendra Jha (CPI) supported the idea of transferring judges of High Courts outside their own State ••. He also observed that while members of the Committee belonging to the different parties had agreed that transfer and appointments of outsiders should be made, the idea should be propagated amongst the respective parties" {Emphasis supplied) D The Law Minister presiding over the deliberations of the Consultative Committee pointed out that the delay in. evolving a policy was due to the fact that he was ascertaining the views of the Chief Justice of India but a final decision was yet to be taken. In this connection, he observed thus : "The Law Minister mentioned that be had sought the views of the Chief Justice of India on the policy of having Chief Justices from outside, as that by itself would con­ siderably improve the functioning of the High Courts. He apprised the members of the approach of the Chief Justice of India in the matter of transfers and appointments of outsiders. A final decision in the 1matter of a policy of transfers was still to be taken." So far as the CJI is concerned, he was firmly opposed to the · wholesale transfers of all CJs from one High Court to another without objective reasons though selective transfers could be made in appropriate cases for objective reasons. On 18.3.198], the CJI observed that at least a few of the new appointments to every High Court were in fact made from outside the State. Jn April 1981 he opined that at least one-third of the new appointments to the High Court should be made from outside. So far as the second limb of the Policy in concerned, viz., that each High Court should have one-third of its strength of Judges '- . s.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, 1.) 191 from outside the State, the CJI clearly concurred with this view but A his main grievance seems to have been against the wholesale transfers of CJs so that each High Court had a CJ from outside. According to the CJI, such a policy was fraught with grave consequences and serious inconvenience which may be caused to most of the CJs. In spite of the stand taken by the CJI the Law Minister on behalf of the Central Government, tried his best to persuade him (CJI) to agree to a uniform policy of transfer of CJs-a policy which had found favour with eminent jurists, politicians, lawyers and parlia­ mentarians, but the CJI seems to have posed stiff resistence to the aforesaid Policy. The Law Minister participating in the discussions in the Rajya Sabha on 30.7.80 on the question of transfer of CJs from one High Court ~o another spoke thus : "Mr. Chagla and Mr. Palkhivala-they supported the approach that one-third of the judges should be from out- side so that it would be in the interest of national integra- D tion; regionalism will not come in, and also it would be in the interest of a caste ridden society. That was the approach they had taken. I will go only into the recent past. Even my predeces­ sor, Mr. Shanti Bhushan felt that a Chief Justice should be from outside on the same grounds which were urged by the Law Commission in its 14th Report. ... The policy is whether a Chief Justice should be from outside or not, and if so, whether the seniormost person based on the all-India seniority should be appointed wherever the vacancies occur, or any other mechanism has to be evolved which should be in the best interest of the society ... This very Bar Council­ except one or two members who have changed; otherwise, the personnel are the same-said : "yes, the policy should be that the Chief Justice should be from outside." The other question that was posed by the Law Commission was question No. 12 which said : "What is your view with regard to the suggestion that we should have a convention accor­ ding to which one-third of the judges of each High Court should be from outside the State" ? This very Bar Council answered in the affirmative." (Rajya Sabha Debates : Vol. CXV No. 6 dt. 30.7.80, pp. 219-221) ll 198 SUPREME COURT REPORTS Ii 982! 2 s.c.il. In his speech, the Law Minister also said few things about the manner in which the mechanism to give effect to the Policy may be devised. In a later speech on 24. 7. l980 in the Lok Sabha while dealing with the question of mechanism for giving effect to the Policy, the Law Minister observed as follows ; "Mr. Deputy Speaker, Sir, on the first question of mechanism I must frankly bring to the notice of this hon. House that even my predecessor Shri Shanti Bhushan j i seems to be of the view that a Chief Justice should be from outside because of the various factors. And I am glad that the hon. Member, Shri Agarwal, did support this approach. As I said we have not finally come to a conclu­ sion .. The matter of mechanism is an affair where we have to necessarily seek the guidance of the Supreme Court. And in this matter I can assure you that as and when we come to a final conclusion, we will see to it that the least injustice is done to the persons concerned. I am at the disposal of the Supreme Court to suggest any mechanism which they feel would be suitable in the interest of the independence of the judiciary. I am proposed to leave everything to the Supreme Court to decide the mechanism of the whole approach." (Emphasis ours) In order, however, to be fair to the CJI for having ex­ pressed a strong view , against the proposal for giving effect to a uniform policy of transfer of CJs, it may be necessary to go through the various letters exchanged between the CJI and the Law Minister to know the reasons and the circumstances under which the-CJI had voiced his opposition. To begin with, in a Note dated 15.5.80 (which is contained in one of the Jiles disclosed under the majority Order of this Court), the Law Minister once more wanted to ascertain the final view of the CJI thus : "While this file may be referred to the CJI for his advice, I feel that we should also examine about evolving the poiicy to appoint the Chief Justice of a High Court from the High C0urt other than the High Court to which ....._. s.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 799 the Chief Justice is to be appointed. I had passingly dis­ closed this issue some time back with the CJI. The fact remains that in the various High Courts the problems of caste and regionalism, etc., are looming large." In reply to this, the CJ! drew the attention of the Law Minister to the following facts which may be extracted thus : "It would become necessary in the very near future to evolve an All India policy for appointments of Chief Justices in the various High Courts. The difficulties in taking any ad hoc decision on that question are of such grave magnitude that it would be impossible at this stage to appoint an outsider as a Chief Justice either of the Delhi High Court or of the Andhra Pradesh High Court." H would appear from the contents of the Note extracted about that the CJI was opposed only against any ad hoc decisions without evolving an All-India policy for appointment of CJs. He had deliberately remained silent on th~ question of the Policy re· garding transfer of CJs. In his Minute dated 31.7.80 while expressing his opposition to the Uniform policy the CJI clearly stated that he had an open mind, the relevant portion may be extracted thus : ."The heart of the matter however is whether, as a general All India policy, a Judge of a High Court ought never to be appointed as the Chief Justice of that High Court. I am prepared to keep an open mind on this question because the pros and cons of the issue has still to be thrashed out. But the better view may be that transrers of sitting Chief Justices may be made only in appropriate cases, that _is to say, when a strong case for the transfer has been made out. At this stage it is unnecessary to say anything more on the subject except to clarify that though I recognise the need to evolve an All India policy for appointments of Chief Justices in the various High Courts, I do not think that it will be either feasible or proper to transfer each and every sitting Chief Justice of the High Court to another High Court, or to appoint an outside Judge as the Chief Justice whenever a vacancy of a Chief Justice arises." (Emphasis supplied) 0 \ 800 SUPREME COURT REPORTS -[1982] 2 s.c.R. It appears that the CJI himself appears to be in two minds­ whetber or not t~ accept the uniform policy-and was weighting the merits and demerits in the balanced scales of justice. Ultimately, it seems that he appears to have finally made up his mind to oppose the policy of wholesale transfer of CJs. This would be clear from his letter dated 7.12.80 addressed to the Law Minister where he had expressed his opinion fairly, frankly and without any reservation · thus : ···_ .. Though I am firmly opposed to a wholesale transfer of the Chief Justices of High Courts, I take the view, which I have expressed froni time to time, that such transfers may be made in appropriate cases for strictly objective reasons. Perwnal considerations must, in the matter of such trans­ fers, be wholly kept out." This, therefore, marks the end of the epoch so far as the CJI was concerned. After examining the entire history of the case, the I) · various opinions expressed by top legal luminaries, statesmen, politic{ans and jurists right from 1958 to · 1981, we are absolutely convinced that the idea of the Central Government of a uniform policy of transfer of CJs, so that each State has a CJ from outside, is a very essential, useful, sensible and a wise one which cuts at the roots of so many evils with which not only our country but even the E higher judiciary is faced. Some of these aspects have been dealt with by the Law Minister and other legal luminaries in the various extracts quoted above. u · - -- Secondly, such a uniform policy will be in the better interest of the concerned Judge himself because however disinterested or inde­ pendent he may be, he is bound to be influenced either conschusly or unconsciously by interested persons who choose to exploit him even ' , without his knowledge. A clear instance of this is to be found in the case of Justice K.D,N. Singh which has been fully clarified by the CJI in his counter·affidavit in Transferred Ca>e No. 24 of 1981. As, -·however, this is a very sensitive matter we would not like to go into the details or comparative merit or demerit of the Policy but by and large we are absolutely confident that such a Policy would enhance the prestige of the judiciary, ensure its i1dependence aod make the working of the head of the judiciary in the State more efficient and generate a greater confidence in -the pe.ople of the new State where be is transferred. The only objection which has beeri pointed out against this Policy fa ti:\e Linguas• problem but ti:\1t al>~ clues not appeu to b; s P. <lUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 801 an insurmountable obstacle because while laying down the policy the Government can start with transfers of CJs within the Zone> a; recommended by the Law Commission which will minimise the language difficulty. In making the transfers, there would be no serious objection if the CJ is allowed to indicate his choice regarding the State where he would he prepared to be transferred and the same may· be accepted a~ far as practicable. So far as recruitment of one-third judges at the initial stage is concerned, this will no doubt present s'Jme difficulties in the beginning because several cons­ titutional authorities would have to be consulted but this difficulty can be overcome either by the appropriate method adopted by the Circular or any mechanism similar to the same. We would like to suggest that the Chief Justice of each High Court should be asked to prepare a panel of suitable persons who are considered for appointment as High Court Judges both from the Bar and from f e. subordinate judiciary. Before including the name of the persons concerned their previous consent for being appointed outside the State may be obtained by the CJ. This can be done by determining the strength of the panel so that it may form one-third of the total strength of permanent judges already fixed by the Pre>ident or as may be fixed from time to time. The Civil List of Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts gives the sanctioned strength of permanent and Additional Judges. One-third of the strength of the permanent judges according to the vacancies that fall should be reserved for the persons found suitable and who are willing to serve outside the State. It ·would be better if the persons whose names are included in the Panel are appointed outside the State as per­ manent judges which would provide an'!attractive offer and give a better impetus to the persons aspiring for judgeship and would tempt them to serve outside the State. This procedure should be continued without any break through a phased programme and the ultimate result would be that after a few years, the outside judges in each High Court will pick up their seniority and would become eligible for being appointed as CJ of the High Court in which they were appointed Thus, after the retire­ ment of the present CJs or the transferee CJs a time may come when automatically every High Court will have a CJ from outside because the seniormost judge who was initially recruited from outside would, if found suitable in all respects,\•be appointed Chief Justice of the said High Court. Such a scheme would be a continuous implemen­ tation of the Policy, 802 SUPRBMB COURT REPORTS [I 982] 2 s.c.R. Moreover, once the Government takes a final decision consi­ dering the diverse views expressed by politicians, jurists, lawyers, parliamentarians and respectable citizens, in respect of having a uniform policy by which every CJ should be from outside the State, the Government can lay down such a policy by a Presidential Order. If that is done, there would be no just or lawful cause for the CJI to withhold his consent to implement such a uniform Policy because once a Policy is evolved and given effect to, the idea of making selective transfers would lose its significance and value and would perhaps be violative of Art. 14 of the Constitution because selective transfers would always ! result in some sort of discrimination, for in each case, the CJI would have to justify the classification made by him. It is true that neither the Law Commission set up in 1958 nor the one set up in 1978 had totally agreed with the first limb of the policy, i.e. transfer of CJs from one State to another so that each D State has a CJ from outside although they did find in unequivocal terms that there was a sufficiently vocal section of the public favour­ ing such a policy of transfers. This was perhaps because by that time all the various shades and aspects, mechanisms and methods of evolving such a policy had not been fully explored nor did the State policy till that time ripen into a wholesome policy after having E considered the various facets of the matter with frankness, forthright­ ness and objectivity. JI Indeed what had been noticed by the Law Commission in 1958, that is about more than two decades hence, has become absolutely essential today in view of the modern trends of casteism, nepotism and patronage in the higher echelons of judiciary. Further­ more, as a result of the insufficient emoluments and poor conditions of service, we are not able to muster men of high calibre and eminence for appointment to the High Courts. With great reluctance we have to observe that an atmosphere seems to prevail today in most. of the High Courts where Judges are being exploited and in some cases perhaps without their knowledge, which has brought the most sacred and sacrosanct institution of the judiciary into serious disrepute. The only honourable remedy for this malady is the implementation of the first limb of the Policy. Nevertheless, regarding the second limb of the Policy in regard io recruitment of one-third judges from. outside the State, as far ~$ ..... ,_, S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 803 possible at the initial Stage, both the Commissions have unanimously acclaimed and approved such a step. Brother Venkataramiah has taken the view that although the CJI was opposed to the wholesale transfers of all CJs, his opposition was only with respect to all these transfers being made at a particular time. In other words, Venkataramiah J. suggests that the CH was quite agreeable to the Policy being carried out if the CJs are trans­ ferred not in a block but by stages and in due course of time. We are, however, unable to agree with this argument because this ru11s counter to the clear intention expressed by the CJI in the letters discussed above. Moreover, it will be rather unfair to the CJI also to say that he had merely opposed wholesale transfers made at one time but had agreed to the Policy of uniform transfers if made by stages. The view taken by the CJI may not appeal to us or perhaps to the majority of the jurists but it cannot be said that there is absolutely no substance in the stand taken by the CJI. His point of view is also quite understandable but, with greatest respect to him, what he has missed is the great public interest, the policy subserves by promoting national integration and curbing fissiparous tendencies that have started raising their heads and completely excludes discri­ mination which may result in cases of selective transfers. Brother Venkatarmiah has also expressed his view that the transfers proposed by the en. which were quite a number of them, were actually in aid and implementation of the policy formulated by the Government and, therefore, even if there was no effective consultation, the transfers would be valid. We regret that we are unable to accept this view because it is the common case of all the parties that although the suggestion to evolve a Policy has been mooted no such Policy has yet been evolved or finalised because even according to the Law Minister, the mechanism is yet to be determined which would have to be left to the Supreme Court. This is, further supported by the statement of the Law Minister which was produced by the Solicitor-General where the Law Minister merely says that the Policy view was put across to the CJI who expressed his opposition to all the CJs of the High Courts being from outside. The Government, however, acceded to the transfers proposed by the CJI as (1) it was felt that not agreeing to these transfers may be construed as though the Government was departing from its view of having CJs from outside, l\nd (2} the _policy aspect could still be pressed into service later. 804 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [I 982] 2 S.C.R. Thus the statement of the Law Minister clinches the issue and establishes the fact beyond doubt that no uniform Policy has so far been evolved and the said Policy, if any, is still in the making. This being so, the question of the CJI proceeding to implement the Policy by proposing the transfers would not arise. B On other points, we entirely agree with Brother Venkataramiah and other Brother Judges that the Policy is good, reasonable, fruitful and constitutionally valid. Thus, a close and careful scrutiny fof the correspondence between the Law Minister and the CJI over a year on the issue of evolving a General policy of transfer of CJ s so that each State has a CJ from outside could not be finalised and what happened was that only sporadic transfers were recommended by the CJT. As indicated above Brother Venkataramiah has in his lucid judgment seems to have construed the letter dated 7.12.80 of the en to indicate merely that he was against wholesale transfers to be made at one stroke and what he suggested was that these transfers should be made in stages and not on a single day. In other words, Venkatararniah J, is of the view that the transfers recommended in the CJl's letters dated 7-12-80 and 20-12-80 were merely in implementation of the general policy of transfer of CJs so that every High Court has a CJ from outside. With due respect, we are unable ro spell out such an intention of the CJI from the clear contents of the letters which in fact and in purpose rejects the general policy of wholesale transfers of the CJs as suggested by the Law Minister. He has ultimately expressed himself very clearly and strongly that he was against such a universal policy of wholesale transfers and would be willing only to consider individual cases on their merits leaving apart, personal considerations and for objective reasons. Secondly, since it is the admitted case of the Government that while they were thinking of evolving a general policy of transfer of CJs, the policy had not yet taken any final shape nor did the Govern­ ment take any conclusive decision on this important matter, with due respect, therefore, we do not agree with the view taken by brother Venkataramiah J. on this point. As regards the Government's idea of evolving a general policy to effect transfers of CJs in a manner which puts every High Court under the CJ from outside the State, is undoubtedly a very sound ifnd acceptable policy as founq by us. We have pointed out from .._, S.P. GUPTA I'. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 805 the various Reports discussed above that eversince the date of the Report of the SRC was given tbe idea of having Judges from outside the State was clearly mooted. Furthermore, while we are examining the Policy sought to be evolved by the Government, at the present moment we cannot shut our eyes to the stark and hard realities of life. Eversince the linguistic provinces came into existence as a result of the SRC Report, attempts have been made to see that the linguistic division of the State does not create disintegration of our big country which is the largest democracy in the world. In fact, lawyers, Judges, politicians, jurists, members of the Bar and other statesmen have applied their minds and expressed themselves strongly in favour of the policy sought to be. evolved by the Government In view, however, of the changed circumstances, in our opinion, such a policy is not only proper but essential as being the prime need of the hour. We cannot but take notice of the fissiparaous and parochial tendencies that have started raising their heads threatening disintegration of the country. The dark clouds of separatism, conservatism and parochialism have started casting their shadows on the entire country and it is high time that such a sacred and sacro­ sanct institution like the High Courts should be protected and kept aloof from such evil forces. It is manifei;t that a CJ from outside will apply an independent approach both in discharging his judical duties as a Judge and in recommending appointment of member of the Bar or service to the High Court and his selection will not be inspired or tainted by any local or personal consideration because he would be an outsider in the High Court of a State where he presides. Further, even the litigant would have much greater confidence in such a CJ than in a local person. We would like to reiterate at the risk of repetition that having regard to the inadequate emoluments of the High Court Judges and their conditions of service which leave much to be desired, there has been a fall in the standards of efficiency and competency. Lawyers possessing great calibre and eminence are extremely reluctant to accept judgeship of a High Court. Thus, the choice and selection of suitable persons has become extremely difficult and experience has shown that in a number of High Courts suitable persons have not been appointed. It has been vehemently argued by Mr. Seervai as also by Mr. Sorabjee who followed him that their main concern is that indepen­ dence of judiciary should be maintained at all costs. Indeed, if they are really concerned that we should bµijd up an independentJudiciar~ 8 0 806 'SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 S.C.k. then it is absolutely essential th:, t new talents from outside should be imported in , every High Court either to man it or to head it so that they may generate much greater confidence in. the people than the local Judges. The position of a CJ is indeed a very high constitutional position and our Constitution contains sufficient safeguards to protect both his decision making process and his tenure. It is a well-known saying that power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. As man is not infalliable, so is a Chief Justice, though a person holding a high judicial post is likely to be incorruptible because of the quality of sobriety and restraint that the judicial method contains. Even so, if a CJ is from outside the State, the chances of his misusing his powers are reduced to the absolute minimum. We have pointed out that the power to formu-. late or evolve this policy clearly lies within the four corners of Art. 222 itself which contains a very wide power conditioned only by con­ sultation with CJI who is th! highest judicial authority in the coun­ try. It is always open to the President, which in practice means the Central Government, to lay down a policy, norms and guidelines according to which the presidential powers are to be exercised and once these norms are followed, the powers of the President would be beyond judical review. We might also mention that as against policy transfer selective transfers of CJs to High Courts other than the one where they are working or may be appointed, contains the colour of discrimination and arbitrariness because however careful the CJI may be if he starts picking and choosing CJs from outside the High Courts the element of discrimination or arbitrariness cannot be reasonably excluded. On the other hand, if a general policy applying to all and sundry (CJs) is evolved by which every State would have a CJ from outside no complaint of discrimination can ever be made. In fact, the very foundation of discrimination would disappear. The view taken by the CJI, with greatest respect to him, does not appear to be correct or acceptable and perhaps in his own interest selective transfers should not be made because even if in one or two cases discrimina­ tion is made due to oversight or bona fide lapse, it will amount to a great slur on such a high position as the CJl holds. On the other hand, if a uniform policy of appointing or promoting CJs to High Courts outside the State is followed it will promote national integra­ tion and curb the fissiparous and parochial tendencies and preserve and protect the purity of judicial administration. We cannot conceive of any better policy which would be in greater public jnterest than the policy of having CJs jq every State from outside. >--• s P. CTtiPTA I>. UNION (Paza/ Ali, J.) 807 We have already observed that whenever a general policy or radical change of this kind is made it has to be subject to just exceptions and the formulation of such a policy would also have to take within its fold exceptional circumstances applicable to a particular CJ or CJs-a matter which we shall discuss hereafter. Even as regards the constitutional validity of the general policy which may be evolved by the Central Government. This Court in Seth's case had clearly expressed the view that such a Policy would be in public interest. In this connection, Chandrachud J. (as he then was) speaking for the majority judgment observed as follows : "As re2ards the first, no onetcan deny that whatever measures are required to be taken in order to achieve national integration would be in public interest. Whether it is necessaary to transfer Judges from one High Court to another in the interests of national integration is a moot point. But that is a policy matter with which courts are not concerned directly. x x x Policy transfers on a wholesale basis which leave no scope for considering the facts of each particular case and which are influenced by one-sided governmental considera­ tions are outside the contemplation of our Constitution." Doubtless, there appears to be some apparent contradiction between the two passages extracted above from the judgment of Chandrachud J. On a closer scrutiny of these observations his view that policy transfers on wholesale basis would leave no scope for considering facts of each particular case cannot be read out of the context and have to be read in the light of the peculiar facts and circumstances of Seth's case in which transfers were made by the Government not in pursuance of a Policy or public interest but purely with political motives to punish Judges for sharing a parti­ cular ideology. This is, however, not the case here and therefore as we read the observations of Chandrachud J. he has not held the Policy of transfer to be not in public interest in order to promote national integration. For the reasons that we have already given above, we are unable to agree with the observations where the learned Judge has said that interest of national integration is a moot point. We have already shown from the opinions expressed by high constitutional and legal authorities that a policy of having CJ in every High CQurt A from outside is in great national interest and perhaps very necessary in order to curb and crush fissiparous tendencies which seem to sway our entire country. Bhagwati J. while adverting to this aspect of the case observed as follows : "It was admittedly part of mass transfers of 16 High Court Judges and though a suggestion was made by the Government of India in its affidavit in reply that the trans­ fers were made with a view to strengthening national integration but cutting at the barriers of regionalism and parochialism, the Government of India did not choose to disclose the principle on which these 16 High Court Judges were picked out for being transferred." These observations show that Bhagwati, J. did not dispute the correctness of the Policy of National integration but found fault with the manner in which it was applied by justifying the transfers on a ground which was not supportable in law. It is obvious that if the D transfers would have been made to strengthen national integration in order to cut the barriers of regionalism and parochialism, the Judge would have no hesitation in upholding the State Policy. Krishna Iyer, J. and one of us (Fazal Ali J.) also sounded a similar note and observed thus : E "But to promote the community's concern for impecc- able litigative justice policy-oriented transfer of judges after compliance with constitutionally spelt-out protocols may not be ruled out. x x x Salutary safeguards to ensure judicial independence with concern for the All-India character of the superior courts in the context of the paramount need of national unity and integrity and mindful of the avantages of inter­ State cross-fertilization and avoidance of provincial perviciousness were all in the calculations of the framers of the Constitution." Even Untwalia J. who had dissented from the majority judgment had admitted that the purpose of national integration was a good thing to be achieved and in thii connection observed thus "The purpose of national integration if otherwise it is a good thing to be achieved ... " "'> S.P. OUP't'A v. UNION (Ji'aza/ Aii, i.) 809 Thus, it would appear that even the judicial pronouncements of this Court in Seth's case extracted above fully favour the formu­ lation of such a policy. Added to this the commitment made by the Law Minister that once the Policy of wholesale transfers of CJs is evolved the mechanism would be left to the Supreme Court and the Policy be started from the grass-root level by taking consent of the persons nominated for appointment of Additional Judges who have not yet been made permanent, the policy can be fully worked out without any hitch or hindrance. The next question that arises for consideration is as to how the two limbs of the Policy, viz., (I) transfer of CJs from outside, and (2) recruitment of one-third of judges from outside the State at the initial level, can be effectuated. Here, we do not find any difficulty whatsoever. Art. 222 confers an express power on the President to transfer a judge (which includes the CJ) from one State to another. This power is not circumscribed or hedged by any conditions or stipulations excepting that the CJI has to be consulted. In determining as to how this power can be exercised, the President undoubtedly posseeses an implied power to lay down the norms, the principles, the conditions and the circumstances under which the said power is to be exercised so long as he does not overstep the limits or confines of the power enshrined under Art. 222. Since the implied power lies with the President it is not at all necessary that this power should be regulated by a legislation or an Act or a Rule or a bye-law or any other instruction. A declaration by the Presi­ dent regarding the nature and terms of the policy which virtually means declaration by the Council of Ministers is quite sufficient and absolutely legal and constitutional to effectuate the policy decided upon. Secondly, as the policy is a general one which applies to all and sundry without any discrimination or selection, it cannot be violative of Art. 14 of the Constitution because ·the policy will operate equally on all the Judges or the CJs without any difference or distinction. Thirdly, it is necessary to put the policy beyond the charge of unreasonableness or arbitrariness that the State policy must be subject to just exceptions which may be very few, so that the excep· tions do not become a rule or a ruse to destory the effect of the main policy itself. For instance, while evolving or formulating a $10 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19821 2 s.c.a. general policy the following exceptions can be made by the President- (I) that where the personal circumstances of a judge, purely on humanitarian grounds, are such as may endanger his life, e.g., be may be a heart patient and so he may not be transferred to a High Court which is situated in a hill station or at a particular height or he may be suffering from such disease which may imperil him there or such other circu_mstances of a very compelling or pressing nature, (2) where the judge or the CJ concerned is about to retire and is to serve only for a very short term before retirement, his transfer to some other court would not serve any useful purpose and would be very inconveni­ ent to him-such a period may vary from one day to six months but not more, (3) where due to some physical infirmity the CJ concerned has become immobile and cannot be moved beyond his home State, this may be a just and humanitariaa ground for bringing him under the exceptions to the policy, and (4) such other circumstances either similar to or identical with the circumstances mentioned above, which in the opinion of the CJI or the President requires due consideration on humanitarian grounds. It is manifest that even if a Policy has been finally evolved and formulated and transfers are sought to be made in pursuance of the policy, the President has to consult the CH or where the CJI initiates the proposal he is to consult the Judge concerned as also the President but the process of consultation would have to be confined to the four corners of the just exceptions indicated above and not beyond the same which form part of the Policy laid down by the President. At the same time, the exceptions should not be so broadly construed as to destroy the effect and fruitfulness of the Policy. Another aspect of the matter is as to whether or not the policy is legally justifiable and is in public 'interest so as to be legal and ;.. S.f>. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 811 constitutional. On this aspect of the matter unimpeachable materials have been placed before us to show that right from the framing of the Constitution uptodate public opinion has always favoured the transfer of judges as a matter of uniform policy. As late as 1949 when the Draft Constitution was made, Dr. Ambedkar, as already indicated, had expressed a pious wish that judges should be transfer­ red to other States so that they can apply an independent approach and generate more confidence being above all local or parochial interests. We must hasten to add that the President before formulating the Policy should consult the en and have his views because the laying down of the Policy would be under Art. 222 and consultation with the CJI being a necessary concomitant of the said power, even while laying down the Policy, the consultative process is essential. Although the en has at present shown his stiff opposition to the Policy we hope and trust that when the matter is reassessed and a Policy is finally formulated, the CTI would eschew his opposition in view of the various factors and circumstances indicated above as also in due deference to the view ;of some of the Judges of this Court who have decided these cases, which, as pointed out by us, is not only in great public interest but also in national interest to the coun­ try. Moreover, the Policy has been amply supported and sponsored not only by the Government but also by a very large body of publicmen including jurists, politicians, lawyers, parliamentarians and others. If despite these circumstances the CJI does not change his view and sticks to his opposition of the Policy, then we think this will be a fit and proper case where the President might overrule the en and enforce the Policy. We however solemnly hope and trust that such an eventuality would not arise. Before closing this Chapter, we would like to say a few words about the mechanism of giving effect to thia Policy. The Law Mi•ister has already made a statement in the Parliament as indicated above that he is prepared to leave the mechanism to be devised to the en or to the Supreme Court. If the Supreme Court, which represents cream of all legal and judicial master minds of 70 crores of the people of our country, is left to adopt the mechanism, viz., as to which CJ should be posted where and judge the suitability and the atmosphere of the place of posting, then we think that nobody 'can ever complain of any injustice or discrimination against the mechanism adopted by the Court. We might further state that only the mechanism is to be left to the Supreme Court which will require a small Constitutional amendment in Art. 222 which uses the word CJI alone. For the time being the mechaniom could be left to the CJI who, we hope and trust, will consult his colleagues before adopting the mechanism in each case. Before closing this chapter we should now say a. few words about the legal and constitutional effect of the Circular said to have been written by the Union Law Minister. In order to understand the real import of the said Circular, the same may be extract.ed in full : ''D.0. No. 66/10/81·Jus My dear Minister of Law, Justice & Company Affairs, India New Delhi-110001. March 18, 1981. D It has repeatedly been suggested to Government over the years by several bodies and forums including the States Reorganisation Commission, the Law Commission and various Bar Associations · that to further national integration and to combat narrow parochial tendencies bred by caste, kinship and other local links and affilia­ tions, one-third of the Judges of a High Court should as far as E possible be from outside the State in which that High Court is situated. Somehow, no start could be made in the past in this direction. The feeling is strong, growing and justified that some effective steps should be taken very early in this direction. 2. (a) In this context, I would request you to obtain from all the Additional Judges working in the High Court of your State their consent to be appointed as Permanent Judges in any other High Court in the country. They could, in addition, be requested to name three High Courts, in order of preference, to which they would prefer to be appointed as Permanent Judges: and (b) Obtain from persons who have already been or may in the future be proposed by you for initial appointment : their consent to be appointed to any other High Court in the country along with a similar preference for three High Courts. r .'"J..J.. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 813 3. While obtaining the consent and the preference of A the persons mentioned in paragraph 2 above, it may be made clear to them that the furnishing of the consent or the indication of a preference does not imply any commit- ment on the part of Government either in regard to their appointment or in regard to accommodation in accordance with the preferences given. B 4. 1 would be grateful if action is initiated very early by you and the written consent and preferences of all Additional Judge as well as of persons recommended by you for initial appointment are sent to me within a fort- night of the receipt of this letter. C S. I am also sending a copy of this letter to the Chief Justice of your High Court. With 1,1egards Yours Sincerely, D Sd/- (P. Shivshankar) To: l. Governor of Punjab. 2. Chief Ministers (by name) (except North-Eastern States)" In the first place, the contents of the letter have to be under­ stood against the background of the uniform Policy sought to be evolved by the President whicla we have dealt with above exhaus­ tively. Before we make any comments it seems to us that what was purely a useful and innocuous, meaningful and pointed docu­ ment has been described by the petitioners as a most mischievous act of the Law Minister which endangers and erodes the indepen­ dence of the judiciary. In our opinion, with due respect to the counsel for the parties, the Circular neither does nor does it intend to do any such thing. To begin with, the preamble of the Circular clearly gives the reasons and the background why the letter was written, viz., _that the unanimous view that has now emerged is that one· third of the Judges should as far as possible be from outside the State in which that High Court is situated. From the elaborate discussions in respect of the various circumstances and documents to which we have referred while dealing with the question of Policy, It is mani- 814 SUPREME COUR't REPOR'tS [1982] 2 s.c.Il. fest that nobody has ever objected to the second limb of the Policy, that is to say, taking one-third of the judges in a High Court from outside the State. We have shown that even the CH has expressed his entire agreement with this part of the Policy. The Circular merely seeks to provide an easy and practical, a rough and ready, and an ingenious and scientific mechanism to achieve this end. Let us assume that all parties agree that one· third of the Judges in each High Court should be taken from outside, which seems to be the absolute consensus that has emerged from the evi­ dence produced by both the parties. The question is how is this objective to be achieved ? One method may be as suggested by some Commissions that each High Court should maintain a panel of members of the Bar and the services who are suitable for appoint­ ment as Judges of the High Court and exchange these panels with the CJs of all High Courts. Before making the panel, it is manifest that the State Government also would have to be consulted, which is also the requirement of the statute. This is, however, a very complex and complicated procedure and will take quite a few years before the panel is formed. So far as Mr. Seervai is concerned, he argued that this cannot be done. We are, however, unable to agree with him that merely because it may not be very easy to evolve this limb of the Policy, it should be rejected as being impossible of performance. After all, eminent jurists like Justice Saiyid Fazl Ali, Justice R.R. Khanna, Mr. M.C. Setalvad and lot of others must be given the credit of possessing great knowledge of law and if they thought that this was an idea which was most impracticable, they would never have suggested it. The Law Minister by virtue of the Circular seeks to hit upon a device by which this limb of the Policy can be achieved. It is obvious that in almost all the High Courts apart from the permanent judges, additional Judges are working according to the strength fixed by the President in each High Court. The Circular does not cover the permanent judges of the High Court at all but it applies only to two kinds of Judgee-(1) persons who are about to be appointed as Additional Judges, and (2) persons who are working as Additional Judges and whose term is likely to expire. The Circular merely says that the CJs may obtain the consent of the aforesaid Additional Judges if they would like to be appointed as permanent judges in --.- 8.1>. GUPt A v. UNION (Faza/ Ali, J.) 815 any other High Court in the country and they could name three A High Courts of their choice. There is no compulsion on the Judges to give their consent : it is merely an option or suggestion which they may or may not accept. Secondly, consent is to be obtained from persons who had B already been or may in future be proposed for initial appointment as Additional Judges to give their consent to be appointed in any other High Court. Here also, there is no element of compulsion. Clause (3) of the Circular, which has been severely criticised by Mr. Seervai and those who followed him, merely says that furnishing of the consent or indication of the preference would not imply any C commitment on the part of the Government. While criticising this part of the Circular the counsel for the petitioners have however completely overlooked the most important circumstance that it was impossible for the Government to have made by commitment without ascertaining the views of the State Governments concerned, the CJs as also the en. It could only be after these functionaries D would have intimated their option that the ball could be set rolling and the CJs of the High Courts where they were proposed to be sent could be sounded for consultation as also the Government. Fnrthermore, the en would come into the picture only after the proposal has passed through the High Court and the State Govern­ ment concerned and it would be open to the CJI at this stage either to agree with this proposal or to drop it. We, therefore, fail to see what harm is done to the Judges, On the other hand, the Circular provides an additional facility to the Judges who may like to go out of the State in accordance with the Policy. It appears that in actual practice quite a few of the Judges have given their consent. Mr. Seervai vehemently contended that the tone and tenor of the Circular amounts to pressurising the Judges and putting them under coercion to give their consent at the peril of their being dropped at the initial stage. The plea of coercion or undue influ­ ence is to be pleaded by the persons on whom undue influence or coercion is used. None of the Judges have either by any statement or affidavit complained that they had given their consent under duress. Mr. Ser.rvai submitted that Judges are not used to indulge in litigation and if they chose to remain silent, the lawyers can take up 816 SUPREME COURT RllPORTS (1982) 2 S.C.R. their cause and prove that duress and coercion has been practised on them. We are really amazed that such an argument has been advanced before us which completely ignores the :elementary norms of law. Manifestly before the highest court, a Judge of a High Court cannot be governed by a law or rufo of evidence different from the one which applies to all citizens. It is now well settled by several authorities that allegations of coercion or undue influence must be expressly pleaded by the party who is the victim, and proved to the satisfaction of the Court. In the instant case, there is neither any plea nor any proof by the socalled victims. A mere statement in the petition that undue influence or coercion or duress was practised on the Judges is not sufficient for this Court to come to the conclusion that the consent of the Judges was obtained under duress or coercion. Mr. Seervai contended that although there was a clear indication in the potition, none of the Judges bas come forward to deny the same. This is indeed a most unusual way of proving a case of fraud or· undue influence. Suppose today we accept the arg~ment of Mr. Seervai and hold that by virtue of the Circular the Ji.idges who have given their consent did so under coercion or duress and tomorrow the very Judges who bad given consent come forward to this court protesting against our finding and inform us that they had voluntarily given their consent, what shall be the answer of this Court. On what principle of law or equity can we decide the plea of fraud, undue influence or coercion. This argument which is the sheet anchor of Mr. Seervai, with due respect to him, cannot be accepted for a moment. Another comment against the Circular was that by the indirect process of obtaining consent of the Judges concerned, the provisions of Art. 222 have been rendered otiose because when the matter goes to the CJI, he would be faced with a fait accompli and would have no discretion in the matter. This argument also, in our opinion, is wholly untenable. A ~erson of the status and calibre of the Head of the judiciary in India would not be worth his salt if he exercises his constitutional power of consultation merely on the consent of a judge without at all applying his mind. There is no question of presenting a fait accompli to the CJI because he has to consider all the shades, aspects and problems of the matter in its entirety and would also have to consult the judge concerned and if he feels that a proper case for transferring the Additional Judge to .other High Court ha$ not \Jeen made out, he can refuse to give his consent in S.P. OUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 817 which case in all probability the proposal would die a natural death. A We are, therefore, unable to accede to the contention that the Circular tries to interfere with the supreme authority of the CJI in the matter of consultation under Art. 222 Another circumstance that furnishes a complete answer to this problem is that no question of transfer is involved in the mechanism B sought to be devised by the Circular. The Additional Judges have only to be appointed for the first time in other High Courts and are not to be transferred. Even if the Judges concerned give their consent and are appointed in an outside High Court, they would not be transferee judges and therefore not entitled to the facilities which are available to transferee Judges like compensatory allow- C ance, visiting his home State every year, etc. Therefore, the entiro argument stands on a pack of cards. Lastly, the Circular issued by the Law Minister is not manda­ tory but purely directory. It is open to the Judges to refuse to answer the queries made from them by the CJs in pursuance of the Circular and no adverse inference can be taken against them, though the law will take its own course. We are clearly of the opinion that once the Policy is finally formulated and translated into action, it would enhance the image and independence of the judicial institutions and verily the judiciary would see its halcyon days where the judges would be able to function with drive and dedication in a free and independent atmos­ phere without the fear of any local or parochial influence entering into their verdict either consciously or unconsciously. The grateful nation shall pay its homage to our great Founding Fathers for giving unto this country a most ideal, flexible, sound and solid Constitution which has sustained the largest democracy in the world and has stood the test of times despite severe storms and crises like an impregnable rock. For these reasons, therefore, we are unable to agree with the counsel for the petitioners that the Circular in any way tarnishes G the image of the Judges or mars the independence of judiciary. This, therefore, disposes of Point No. 3 relating to Policy of General Transfers and the question of validity of the Circular. As regards the question of appointment of Additional Judges H under Art. 224, the interpretation of Art. 217, the questions of locus iind primacy, the exposition of the concomit11nts of consult11tive 8 process, I generally agree with my Brothers Bhagwati, Desai and Venkataramiah, JJ. who have elaborately dealt with these points. So far as the question of privilege is concerned, the matter was argued with all its ramifications by counsel for the parties. All my Brother Judges after hearing the arguments passed an interim Order on 16.10.81 directing disclosure of the documents concerning the secret correspondence between various authorities. I, however, found myself, with due respect to my Brother Judges, unable to agree with the view taken by them and passed the following Order on the same date : "I am afraid, I am unable to persuade myself to agree with and express my respectful dissent from the Order passed by Brother Bhagwati J. and other Brother Judges , directing disclosure of the contents of the documents. I am clearly of the opinion, after inspecting the documents and considering the pros and cons, various shades and aspects of the matter with all its ramifications, that it is not in public interest to disclose the contents of the docu­ ments and I accordingly uphold the plea of privilege taken by the Union of India. I am aware that my voice is a lone dissent but I am satisfied that I am in good company with my judicial conscience. Reasons for this Order will be given by me alongwith the judgment rendered in the cases." I now set out to give the detailed reasons which led me to dissent from the views taken by my learned colleagues. I had men­ tioned in my interim Order that mine was a lone voice of dissent but I felt consoled that I was in good company with my judicial conscience. To begin with, in dealing with the question of privilege, we G cannot view this important branch of law divorced from the socio· economic conditions of our own country nor can we overlook the special conditions-political. economic and social-prevailing in the largest democracy of the world. Any judicial reform however radical or meaningful it may be, must like a sage counsel be slow and gradual because it is the r last refuge for those who seek justice from the courts of law. One of the most prominent distinctive features of the laws of our country on the question of privilege is ..._- 1 ' ""-·· S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 819- that the doctrine of privilege is governed not merely by case law but by statute law as also bY Constitutional. provisions. These provisions are contained in ss. 123 and 124 of the Evidence Act, s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and Art. 74(2) of the. Constitution of India. In deciding the plea of privilege taken_ by ·the State or the party concerned, the provisions of the codified law, which have not been changed so far, must receive full and effective consideration at our hands. It is not for the firsr time that ·a claim of p~ivilege has been taken by the Government in this case but the law is now well settled by the decisions of this Court as also of various High 'Courts including the Privy Council. I would not' like to burden this judgment, which has already become unduly long, with the long course of decisions of the High Courts covering a period of more than a century but would ·like to confine myself to the authorities of this Court and some English and American cases on which reli­ ance has been placed by counsel for the petitioners. Before proceeding to the decisions, it may be necessary to extract the relevant provisions of the codified law of our country. Art. 74(2) which contains a constitutional mandate by preventing any inquiry into an advice tendered by the Minister to the President runs thus: "74. (2) The question whether any, and if so what, advice was tendered by Ministers to the President shall not be inquired into in any court." Section 123 and 124 of the Evidence Act may be extracted thus: "123. Evidence as to affairs of State : No one shall be permitted to give any evidence derived from unpublished official records relating to any affairs of State, except with the permission of the officer at the head of the department concerned, who shall give or withold such ..permission as he thinks fit. 124. Official communications: No public officer shall be compelled to disclose communications made to him in official confidence, when he considers that the public interest would suffer by the disclosure." Section 162(1) of the Code of Criminal Pr99~gµr~ runs thus: c- 820 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982] 2.s.c.'R: "162(1) No statement made by any person to a police officer in the course of. an investigation under this Chapter, shall, if reduced to writing, be signed by the person making it; nor shall any such statement or any record thereof, whether ~n a police diary or otherwise, or any part of such statement or record, be used for any purpose, save a:s here­ inaft.er provided, at any inquiry or trial in respect of any ?ffence under investigation at the time when such state­ ment was made." A plain reading of these provisions would show that these provisions are·expressecj in a negative form which is the clearest C · possible proof of the fact that the legislature has incorporated a' direct prohibition against the use of documents mentioned in the aforesaid provisions. Thus, a disclosure can be allowed only in exceptional cir­ cumstances where there is' no injury to public interest because 0 public interest is always paramount to private interest. In fact, these provisions clearly contain four important attributes of the doctrine of disclosure : (I) public interest, E (2) confidentiality, (3) candour, and (4) expediency. A reading of these provisions would also show that the Jegis- F Jature seems to have laid the greatest possible emphasis on public interest and confidentiality aspects of these documents. I shall now refer to some of the leading decisions of this Court which have construed the doctrine of privilege as contained both in s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and s. 123 of the Evidence Act, . and have laid down principles which should be adopted by courts G in allowing disclosure or upholding the plea of privilege. I would first refer to the case of State of Punjab v. Sodhi Sukhdev Singh(1) which may justly be regarded_ as the locus classicus regarding the doctrine of disclosure where Gajendragadkar J., H . with whom Sinha CJ and Wanchoo J agreed, obs~rved as follows : (I) [1961) 2 S.C.R. 371, ,- ... .---' S.P; GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, .!,) 821 ' " ... A valid claim for ·privilege made under s. 123 proceeds on the bas.is of the theory that the production of .the document in question would cause injury to public • interest, and that, where a conflict arises between public and private interest, the latter must yield to the former." It may be noticed here that Gajendragadkar J. was fully alive to the fact that even as a result of the non-production of the rele­ vant material or documents the litigant may feel dissatisfied but that will not affect the basic principle that public good an'l interest must override conRiderations of private good. · Here this Court made a distinct departure from the view taken by the American Courts where the concern .for the amount of prejudice caused to the litigant is so paramount as to form the bulwark and fundamental considera­ tion for directing disclosure and in some cases even injury to public interest has to yield to the requirements of the litigant. It is, there­ fore, clear that this Court has not accepted and, in my opinion rightly, the extreme view of the American courts This. Court in Sodhi Sukhdev Singh's case (supra) made the following observations : \ "Care ·has howeve_r, to be taken to see that interests other than that of the public do not masquerade in the garb of public interest and take undue advantage of the provi­ sion of s. 123. Subject to this reservation the maxim situs populi est supreme !es which means that regard for public welfare is the highest law is the basis of the provi­ sions contained in s. 123. Though s. 123 does not expressly refer to injury to public interest that principle is obviously implicit in it and indeed is its sole foundation." Having regard to the notion about governmental function and duties which then obtained, affairs of State· would have meant matters of political or administrative character relating, for instance, to national defence, public peace and security and good neighbourly relations. Thus, if the contents of the documents were such that their disclosure would affect either the national defence or public security or good neighbourly relations they could claim the character of a document relating to affairs of State. There may be another class of documents which could claim the said privilege not by reason of -'their contents . as such but by reason of the fact that, if the said documents were disclosed, they would. materially !lffect the freedom and 822 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 s.c.R. candour of expression of opinion in the determination and execution of public policies. In this class may legitimately be included notes and minutes made by the respective officers on the relevant files:· ·opinions expressed or reports made and gist of official decisions reached in the course of the determination or the said questions of policy. In other words, if the 'proper functioning- of the public service would be impaired by the disclosure of any document or class of documents such document or such class of docu­ ments may also claim the status of documents relating to public affairs. It is, however, necessary to remember that where the legislature has advisedly refrained from defining the expression "affairs of ·State" it would be expedient for judicial decisions to attempt to put the said expression into a strait jackefof a definition judicially evolved. It must be clearly realised that the effect of the docu­ ment on the ultimate course of litigation or its impact on the head of the department- or the Minister incharge of the' department or even the Government in power, has no relevance in making a claim for privilege under s. I 23. The sole and only test which should determine the decision of the head of the department is injury to public interest and nothing else. Thus our conclusion is that reading ss. 123 and 162 together the Court cannot hold an inquiry into the possible injury public interest which may result from the disclosure of the document in question. That is a matter for the . authority concerned to decide; but the court is competent, and indeed is, bound, to hold a preliminary inquiry and determine the validity of the objections to its production, and that necessarily involves an inquiry into the question as to whether the evidenc.e relates to an affair of State. under s. 123 or not," (Emphasis mine) \ S.P. GUPTA v. UNION· (Fazal Ali, J.) -r Duncan v. Cammell, Laird and Co. (1) was also noticed by this Court and it was pointed out that it was not necessary to consider the t~ue nature and effect of the principle as adumbrated in that case, because in India· we are coverned by the provisions of s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure which clearly confers powers on the court to determine the validity of objections raised in section 123 of the Evidence Act. Hence, there would be no occasion to exercise the inherent power of the Court. In this connection, this Court made the following observations in Sodhi Sukhdev Singh's case (Supra) : · "Without knowing more about the contents of the said documents it is impossible to escape the conclusion that C these documents would embody the minutes of the meetings of the Council of Ministers and would indicate the advice which the Council ultimately gave to the Rajpramukh. It is hardly necessary to recall that advice. given by the _Cabinet to the Rajpramukh or the Governor is expressly ·saved by Art. 163, sub-art. (3), of the Constitution; and in the case of such advice no further question need to be considered. The same observation falls to be made in regard to· the advice tendered by the Public Service Com- mission to the Council of Ministers." '· These observations come very close to the matters in dispute contained in the secret correspondence sought to be disclosed because here also they dealt with the Minute of the meeting of the Ministers, viz.,. the Law Minister, the CJI and the CJ, Delhi which form the . foundation, though not an actual part of the advice tendered to the President. These do~;uments were held to be fully privileged. Kapoor J, in a concurrent judgment in Sodhi Sukhdev Singh's case (supra), however, clarified the positio'n thus : "Thus the documents, which are protected from produc­ tion, are those the production of which would be prejudicial to the public interests or . those which belong to that class which as a matter of practice, are kept secret for the proper. maintenance of the efficient working of the public service. (Emphasis supplied) The learned Judge after summing up the entire English law on the subject observed as follows : (1) (1942) A.C. 624. r n 824 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 S.C.R. "Thus the law as stated in these old English cases shows that what was injurious to the public interest or prejudicial to the proper functioning of the public services was not to be disclosed and if the objection was based on these grounds it must prevail." · Construing the provisions' of s. 123 of the Evidence Act, the learned Judge observed thus : "The words of s. 123 are very wide; and the discretion to produce or not to produce a document is given to the head of the department and the court is prohibited from permitting any evidence to be given which is derived from any unpublished documents relating to affairs of State." Subba Rao J. also in a concurring judgment while maintaining the claim of privilege pointed out that the earlier decisions of English courts stated that the ground of privilege was sustained only in regard to the documents pertaining to ·matters of administration, defencJ for foreign relations whose disclosure would be against public interest. Ill the instant case, the documents in q4estion undoubtedly relate to matters of administration of high-powered constitutional functionaries and would, therefore," fall within the ambit of the Rule of Law laid down by the English COU!tS. Subba Rao J. (as he then was) took care to point out that the Evidence Act was enacted when the concept pf a Welfare State had not arisen b~t even after independence the interpretation of the words 'affairs of the State' cannot be given a separate meaning but have to be construed on the basis that our Constitution aims at setting up of a Welfare State. In this connection, the learned Judge observed as follows : "But when the words are elastic there is no reason why they should not be so construed as to include ·such activities also, provided the. condition of public injury is also satisfied. It is, therefore, clear that tne words "affairs of State" have acquired;a secondary meaning, namely, those matters of State whose disclosure would cause injury to the public interest. Stressing that. the cardinal test for upholding the plea of privilege should be that the disclosure of the documents would be injurious to the public interest the learned Judge observed as, follows : "I cannot, therefore, give a wide meaning to words ".records relating to affairs of State" so as to take in every ' s.t>. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) unpublished document pertaining to the entire business of State, but confine them only to such of the documents whose disclosure would be injurious to public interest. The learned judge furrher pointed out that there was no conflict between ss. 123 and I 62 of the Evidence Act even on the interpre- tation sought to be put on the doctrine of privilege by the learned Judge. In this connection he observed thus : "There is no conflict between s. 123 and s. 162 of the Act : the former confers a power on a head of a depart­ ment to withhold permission from the stand-point of State Administration, whereas s. 162 recognises the· overriding power of a court in the interest of higher public interest to C overrule the objection of privilege." Finally, while laying dQ.wn the working rules of guidance regarding matters of privilege. the learned Judge laid down the following guidelines : "Subject to the overriding power of the court to dis­ allow the claim of privilege in exceptional cases, the follow­ ing provide working rules of guidance for the courts in the matter of deciding the question of privilege in regard to unpublished documents pertaining to matters of State : (a) "records relating to affairs of ·state" mean documents of State whose production would endanger the -public interest; (b) documents pertaining to public security, defence and foreign relations are documents relating to affairs of State; (c) unpublished documents relating to trading, commercial or contractual activities of the State are not, ordinarily, to be considered as documents relating to affairs of State; but in special circumstances they may partake of that character.; (d) in cases of documents mentioned in (c) supra, it is a question of fact in each case whether they relate , to affairs of State or not in the sense that if they are disclosed public interest would suffer." -In Amar Chand Butail v. Union of India(1) another Constitution Bench adopted the same view which was taken in Sodhi· Sukhdev Singh' s (Supra). Gajendragadkar CJ speaking for the Court observed thus. (1) - '.'In view of the fact that s. 123 confers wide powers on the head of the departmen_t, ·this Court took the precaution (1) A.I.R. 1964 s.c. 1658 . / H' 826 SUPREME cOURT REPORTS [1982) 2 s.c.~. of sounding a warning that the heads of departments should act with scrupulous care in exercising their right under s. 123 and should never claim privilege only or even mainly on the ground that the disclosure of the document in question may defeat the defence placed by the State. Considerations which are relevant in claiming privilege on the ground that the affairs of the State may be prejudiced . by disclosure must always be distinguished from considera­ tions of expediency which may persuade the head of the department to raise a plea of privilege on the ground that if the document is produced, the document will defeat the defence made by the State." In this case, a clear distinction was sought to be drawn between the doctrine of confidentiality and that of expediency. In· other words, this Court dec.ided that where a particular documents did not relate to affairs of the State as such, but if the document was pro­ duced it may defeat the defence taken by the State, that alone would not be sufficient to uphold the plea of privilege. In the instant case, however, this doctrine does not apply at all. . In State of U.P. v. Raj Narain and Ors., (1) another Constitu­ tion Bench of this Court observed thus : "A witness, though competent generally to jive evidence, may in certain cases claim privilege as a ground for refusing to disclose matter which is relevant to the issue. Secrets of State, State papers, confidential official documents and communication. between the government and its officers or between such officers are privileged from production on the ground of public policy or as being detri­ mental to the public interest or service." (Emphasis supplied) "The several decisions to which refer,ence has already . been made establish that the foundation of the law behind Sections 123 and 162 of the Evidence Act is the same as in English law. It is that injury to public interest is the reason for the exclusion from disclosure of documents whose contents if disclosed would injure public :and national interest. Public interest which demands that evidence be withheld is to be weighed against the public interest in the administration of justice that courts should have. the ~ullest (1) [1975] 4 sec 42s. • '-.. ii.I>. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 827 possible access to all relevant materials. When public interest outweigh the latter, the evidence cannot be admit­ ted. The· Court will proprio motu exclude evidence the production of which is contrary to public interest. It is in . public interest that confidentiality shall be safeguarded. The reason is that such documents become subject to privilege by reason of their contents. Confidentiality is not .a head of privilege. It is a consideration to bear in mind. It is ·not that the contents contained materialSwhich it would be damaging to the national interest to divulge but ra_ther ,that the documents would be of class which demand protection." (Emphasis mine) The aroresaid observations of Ray CJ appear to be on all fours with the facts and circumstances· of the present case because the documents consisting of the secret correspondence, amply answer the description of the docun:ients which were being dealt with in that case. Mathew J. in his concurring judgment expressed a similar view and after dealing with a large number of English cases observed as follows :- ' "In other words, if injury to public interest is the foun- dation of this so called privilege, when once the Court has enquired into the question and found that the disclosure of document will injure public interest aµd therefore it is a documont relating to affairs of State, it would· be a futile ·exercise for the minister or the head or the department to consider and decide whether its disclosure should be permit­ ted as he would be making an enquiry into the identical question. · It is difficult to imagin• that a head of the department would take the responsibility to come to a conclusion different from that arrived at by a· court as regards tlie effect of the disclosure of the document on public interest unless he has or can have a different concept ·of public intere~t." The learned Judge, however, was prepared to make exceptions in cases of documents which related to common routine business which had no ·relation to interests o( the public. The Judge pointed out that a mere . veil of secrecy put on such socuments would not prevent the court from directing disclosure and observed thus : · "To justify a privilege, secrecy must be indispensable to iaduoo freedom of official communication or efficiency in 828 SUPREME COURt REPORTS (1982] 2 s.c.B.. the transaction of official business and. it must be further a secrecy which has remained or would have remained inviolable but for the compulsory disclosure." The documents in question fall squarely within the test . laid down by Mathew J. The Privy Council in Henry Greer Robinson v. State of South Australia(1) held that the foundation upon which the protection against disclosure of official record is based is that the information cannot be disclosed without injury to the public interest, and Lord Blanesburgh observed as follows : "As the protection is claimed on the broad principle of State policy and public convenience, the papers protected, as might have beeh expected, have usually been public official documents of_ a political or administrative character. Yet the rule is not limited to these documents. Its foun­ dation is that ·the information cannot be disclosed without injury to the public interests and not that the documents are eonfidential or official,' which alone is no reason for their non-production." Thus, in theinstant case the two-fold tests laid down by Lord · Blanesburgh are fully satisfied because (I) the .papers are in the nature of public official documents of administrative character, and (2) the disclosure of these documents will lead to serious injury to the public. In Duncan's case (supra) the following observations were made: " ...... but the rule that the interest of the State must not be put in jeopardy by producing documents which would injure it is a principle to be observed in administering. justice, quite unconnected with the interest or claims of the particular parties ·in· litigation, and, indeed, is a rule on which the Judge should, if necessary, insist, even though no objection is taken at all." "The minister in deciding whether it is .his duty to object, should bear these considerations in mind, for he (1) [1931] A. C. 704. .,....,. - >-.• S,P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 829 ought not, to take the responsibility of withholding produc· tion except in cases where the public interest would other· wise be damnified for example; where disclosure would be injurious to national defence, or to good diplomatic rela· tions or where the practice of keeping a class of documents secret is necessary for the proper functioning of the public service. When these conditions are satisfied and the minister feels it is his duty to deny access to material which would otherwise be available, there is no question but that tlk public interest must be preferred to any private consideration." (Emphasis supplied) This case goes even to the extent that if the Minister does not claim the plea .of privilege, it is for the Court itself not to allow disclosure where the disclosure would be injurious to national defence, good diplomatic relations or proper functioning of the public service. fhis decision, therefore, is fully in accordance with the principles .rnunciated by this Court as referred to above.' It was contended that the validity of Duncan's case has been considerably weakened by a later English decision in Conway v. ·Rimmer and Anr.(1) and therefore no reliance should.be placed on Duncan's case. We are, however, unable to agree with this argu­ ment because Conway's case has not only not overruled Duncan's case but has held that it was rightly decided. In this connection Lord Reid made the following observations : "I have no doubt that the case of Duncan v. Carnrnell, Laird and Co. Ltd. was rightly decided." Lord Reid reiterated the same principle which has been enunciated by the English courts and followed by this Court and observed thus : "It is universally recognised that there are two kinds 8 of public interest which may clash. There is the public G interest that harm shall not be done t~ the nation or the public service by disclosure of certain ·documents, and there is the public interest that the administration of justice shall not be frustrated by the withholding o( documents which must be produced if justice is to be done.'' (!) [1968) AC 910. . / The twin tests which flow from these observations fully apply to the facts and circumstances of this case. We are, therefore, u:;.­ able to regard Conway's case has having overruled the ratio in Duncan's case. On the other hand, even on the authority of Conway's case, the disclosure of the documents in question ought not to be allowed. Moreover, these observations clearly shows that the princi­ ples enunciated by Lord Simon in Duncan's case were approved. It is true that the ratio in Duncan's case after having been approved was explained away and limited to cases where disoiosure of docu­ ments was not in public interest and disclosure could be permitted only by striking a just balance between the public and the private interest. Thus, Conway's case does not fully support the contention· of Mr. Sorabjee. So far as this Court is concerned, it has not gone to the extreme limit to which Conway's case goes and, therefore, I would like to prefer the decisions of this Court to that of Conway's case wh.ere the law appears to have been somewhat overstated by Lord Reid. Reliance was also placed by Mr. Sorabjee in the case of Rogers v. Home Secretary(1) and particularly on the observations of Lord Pearson which may be extracted thus : "The court bas to balance the detriment to the public interest on the administrative or executive side, which would result from the disclosure of the document or information, 11gainst the detriment to the public interest on the judicial side, which would result from non-disclosure of a docu­ ment or information which is relevant to an issue in legal proceedings. Therefore, the court, though naturally giving great weight to the opinion of the appropriate minister conveyed through the Attorney General or his representa­ tive, must have the final responsibility of deciding whether or not the document or information is t.o be disclosed." Another passage which explains the ratio in clear terms may be extracted thus : "It is true that the public interest which demands -·that the evidence be withheld has to be weighed aga;nst the public interest in the administration of justice that courts should have the fullest possible access to all relevant (1) [19731 AC 388, ... ·' ' S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 831 material (Rex v. Hardy · (1794) 24 State Tr. 199, 808; Mai ks v. Beyfus (1890) 25 QBD 494; Conway v. Rimmer (1968) A.C. 910); but once the former public interest is held to outweigh the latt~r. the evidence cannot in any circum­ stances be admitted." Ultimately while taking a broad and practical view on the B question, Lord Salmon observed. thus : ' "In my view, any document or information that comes to the board from whatever source and by whatever means should be immune from discovery. It is only thus that the board ~ill obtain all the material it requires in order to· carry out its task efficiently. Unless the immunity· exists many persons, reputable or disreputable, would be dis­ couraged from communicating all they know to the board. They might well be in fear not only of libel actions or prosecutions for libel but also for their safety and may be their lives." Taking the facts of this case at their face value, I do not see how it can help the argument of Mr. Sorabjee on the question of disclosure of the d.ocuments. In fact, this· case also does not depart from the previous views taken by the House of Lords and the Privy Council regarding the importance of public interest or injury to public interest in respect of the documents sought to be disclosed. This· case, however, takes a step forward by insisting that the principles enunciated in Conway's case would show that a just balance should be struck between, the ground on which the Union of India claims privilege and the claim of the petitioners for disclosure. Applying the ratio of this case to the facts of the present case, it would be seen that if the documents are not disclosed, the petitioners would not suffer serious prejudice because the undisputed facts show that the Chief Justice o( Delhi High Court had for reasons given by him opined that the term of Justice Kumar ought not be extended. The CJI, however, expressed a contrary view. It was, therefore, fol' the President to choose any of the two views. Thus, disclosure of details would have undoubtedly caused serious damage to public interest by exposing not only the petitioner-Kumar ' but also the CJ, Delhi High Court and the CJI to public gaze and criticism which would be highly derogatory to the high position that these high constitutional functionarfes hold and would in future deter them from expressing any opinion on the merit of future appointments which might result in an insoluble stalemate. Thus1 c_ - R 832 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982) 2 S.C.R. A balancing the two fac;tors, there can be no doubt that the weight is on the side of the Union of India. Strong reliance was placed by Mt. Sorabjee in Sankey v. Whit/am & Ors.( 1) where Stephen J. relying on Rogers' case (Supra) and other cases d"'.elt on the doctrine of balancing process and B observed as follows : .H "If in the balancing process the circumstances of a particular ·case can affect the relative weight to be given to each of the respective public interests when piaced in the scales, the outcome in the present case seems to me to be clear." "The affidavits sworn by members of the present ministry and by senior public servants make it clear that all the claims to Crown privilege are class claims, not con­ tents claim: it is not suggested that to disclose the.contents of any of the documents, the Loan Council documents apart, will of itself result in detriment to the public interest fl.owing directly from the nature of what is disclosed." · (Emphasis mine) A perusal of the facts of this. case would show that in the said case the documents were really not of a secret nature so as to fall within the contours of the claim of privilege There was also a finding given by the court that the documents would not result in any detriment to public interest fl.owing directly from the nature of what is disclosed. Contrary appears to be the case so far as the documents·, which are the subject matter of disclosure, in the instant petitions are concerned. These observations do not help the peti­ tioners because they are based on a clear finding of fact that there was nothing remarkable about the documents in ord~r to tilt the scale in favour of non-disclosure. It was also held that the affidavits did not clarify whether the claim of privilege was class-claim and not contents-claim. As already indicated, the documents in this · case pertain to high official secrets revealed in the documents of high constitutional functionaries regarding matters which if disclo~ed would doubtless cause serious injury to the public and has in fact (1) 21 Australian L.R. 505. ·- S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pazal Ali, J.) 833 caused the most colossal damage not only to thi:i Government but A also to the judicial institution itself. In Sankey' s case the following observations were made : "An explanatory memorandum and schedule relating to a meeting of the Executive Council held on 7 January 1975. It should be explained that when a matter is brought before a meeting of the Executive Council a minute paper is prepared; it sets out the advice tendered to His Excellency th~ Goyernor-General in Council and is signed by the minister concerned. Each minute is accompanied by an explanatory memorandum which usually s~ts out the reasons for the advice. All minutes to be submitted to the Execu­ tive Council are listed on a schedule, which is signed by tl:io.se present at the meeting. If the Governor-General is not present at the meeting the minute and schedule are later sul:Jmitted to him for signature. The Commonwealth did n'ot claim privilege for the minute paper to which the explanatory memorandum and schedule now in question related." Gibbs, ACJ upholding' the. claim of privilege observed as follows: "Privilege was claimed for the documents in category I by the affidavit of Mr. Carmody, which stated that all members of the Executive Council are required to make on oath or affirmation of secrecy. The affidavit contained the follow­ ing : "The documents referred to .. relate to advice given and recommendations made to the Federal Executive Council and the deliberations and decisions of that Council as to the inner Workings of the Executive Government of the Commonwealth of Australia. In my opinion such documents belong to a class of documents which public interest requires should not be disclosed. Further, disclo- - sure of such documents would inhibit the proper function­ ing of the Executive Government ano non-disclosure of such documents is necessary for the proper functioning of the public service". In Murconi's Wireless Telegraph Co, Ltd. v. The Common­ wealth(1), Isaacs J. observed as follows : (I) 16 Commonwealth L.R. 178. 8 "Now, when that "State paper'', or, as here, a "State wireless instrument", is sought to be produced, and its official character is unquestioned, the plaintiffs' contention is, as I have already said, the court must still in some way and to some extent satisfy, itself by some further inquiry, that the object is within a privileged class, I suppose by reason of its being of a nature that may require conceal­ ment, because it can accept the minister's assurance as to public prejudice." In this case. also, the Court merely h'eld that where an instru­ ment is judged by th~ court to be of an official character the Minis­ ter's plea ·of public prejudice must be upheld. Even so, the facts of this case are clearly distinguishable from the facts of the present case. In Alfred Crompton Amusement Machines Ltd. v. Customs & Excise Commissioners,(1) Lord Cross of Chelsea while dwelling on the nature of confidentiality which is doubtless one of the aspects of privilege, observed as follows : "Confidentiality" is not a separate head of privilege, but it may be a very material consideration to bear in mind when privilege is claimed on the ground of public interest. What the court has to do is to weigh on the one hand the considerations which suggest that it is in the public interest that the document in question should be disclosed and on the other .hand those which suggest that it is in the public interest that they should not be disclosed and to balance once against the other." Here also it was held that while dealing with the question of confidentiality the most material consideration would be whether privilege was claimed on the ground of public interest and the duty . of the court is to balance the considerations of public interest against the injury which may be caused by disclosure and if it finds that the injury to public interest would be minimal, disclosure can be allowed. This case also does not in any way seem to be of any assistance to the petitioners. Mr. Sorabjee strongly relied on the famous American case of (1) [1974] AC 40~. ...... - .. ·'" . l >. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 835 United States Richard M. Nixon(1) and particularly on the following A observations made by the court : "Neither the doctrine or separation uf powers, nor the need for confidentiality of high level communications, without more, can sustain an absolute unqualified presi- dential privilege of immunity from judicial process under B all circumstances." These observations must be read in the light of the peculiar provisions of the American Constitution contained in Articles II and III. The doctrine of absolute candour so as to prevail over the unqualified privilege of immunity from judicial process is absolutely foreign to the nature and character of the provisions enshrined in Art. 74(2) of our Constitution and ss. 123 and 124 of the Evidence Act. Therefore, these observations cannot be called into aid by our courts in dealing with the question of privilege. I have already pointed out that this Court has clearly held that we ought not to be guided by American decisions because in framing our Constitution, we have chosen to select the English pattern even though the American Constitution was available and was in fact considered by the Founding Fathers of our Constitution. Thus, the United States decision referred to above must be understood in the light of its own facts and the special provisions E of the American Constitutional law under which there is a complete separation of powers unlike our Constitution where to some extent there is separation of power but by and large all the powers of the appointment of the higher judiciary and their transfer vest in the executive, viz., the President of India. In these circumstances, there­ fore, the doctrine of 'candour' or 'confidentiality' propounded by the American Supreme Court cannot be blindly applied to the pro­ visions of the Indian Constitution which has features of its own substantially different from those of the American Constitution as indicated while dealing with interpretation of Art. 222. The extreme limit to which the U.S. Supreme Court appears to i have gone is directly opposed to the- scope of ss. 123 and 124 of the Evidence Act as interpreted by this Court in Sodhi Sukhdev Singh' s case (Supra). This Court in Shyamla/ Mohanla/'s case (supra) has clearly held that the plea of privilege cannot be determined on the principles (1) 41 L Ed 2nd 1309. 836 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982] 2 S.C.R, enunciated by the American Judges which could not apply to our country. This is particularly so, when the habits and tempers of our people, their outlook and vision, and their concepts and way of life are quite different froni the ways of life of the American people. In Shynmlal Mohan/al v. State of Gujarat (supra) this Court B observed thus : 0 "In the United States of America where the immunity against self-inc;·imination is constitutional, the Fifth Amendment provides : "No person shall be compelled in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself." By judicial interpretation the rule has received a much wider application. The privilege is held to apply to wit­ nesses as well as parties in proceedings civil and criminal : it covers documentary evidence and oral evidence, and extends to all disclosures including answers which by them­ selves support a criminal conviction, or furnish a link in the chain of evidence, and to production of chattel sought by legal process. The rule of protection against self-incrimination pre­ vailing in the United Kingdom, or as interpreted by Courts in the United States of America has never been accepted in India. Scattered through the main body of the statute law of India are provisions which establish beyond doubt that the rule has received no countenance in India. Section 132 of the Evidence Act enacts in no uncertain terms that a witness shall not be excused from answering any questions as to any matter relevant to the matter in issue in any suit or in any civil or criminal proceeding upon the ground that the answer to such question will criminate,_ such witness, or that it will expose, or tend 0 directly or indirectly to expose, such witness to a penalty or forfeiture of any kind. This provision 5runs directly contrary to the protection against self-incrimination as understood in the common law in the United Kingdom." (Emphasis mine) On a parity of rea~oning it can be safely concluded that the statutory provisions of ss. 123 and 124 of the Evidence Act as also .. . , .. ' S.P. GUPTA ~·. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 837 those of Art. 74(2) of the Constitution have fully safeguarded high Government and official secrets and disclosure is prohibited in public interest unless the Court is fully satisfied that disclosure will not harm the public interest. Thus, this Court has clearly pointed out that on this aspect of the matter, the rule of protection against self­ incrimination as prevalent in the United lUngdom .or U.S.A. has never been accepted in India. This is yet an additional reason why I am not in a position to rely on the American doctrine of candour or the recent decisions of the English courts referred to above. Cross on Evidence (6th Edition) clearly states that documents may be withheld in public interest on account of their contents. In this connection the author observes as follows : "The judgment shows that the production of a docu­ ment may be withheld in the public interest either on account of its contents, or else because it belongs to a class which, on ground of public policy, must as a class be with­ held from production (e.g. cabinet minutes)." (p. 307) Wigmore on Evidence (Third Edition-vol. VIII) at page 801 summarises the conclusions regarding State secrets and official documents derived from American decisions on the question of privilege thus : "The privilege, when recognised, should therefore be subjected to the following limitation : (I) Any executive or administrative regulation purporting in general terms to authorize refusal to disclose official records in a particular department when duly requested F as evidence in a court of justice should be deemed void. (2) Any statute declaring in general terms that official records are confidential should be liberally construed to have an implied exception for disclosure when needed G in court of justice. (3) The procedure in· such cases should be : A letter of request (like a letter rogatory) from the head of the Court to the head of the Department (accompanying the subpoena to the actual custodian), stating the circumstances of the litigation creating the need for 838 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 S.C.R. the document followed (in case of refusal) by a reply from the 1 Departmental head stating the circumstances deemed to justify the refusal; and then a ruling by the Court, this ruling to be appealable and determinative of the privilege." The view of the author, therefore, fully reflects the summary of the decisions given by the American Courts on the question of privi­ lege. It may be noticed that clause 2 particularly recognises that where official records are declared to be confidential by a statute, the statute should be liberally construed to have an implied exception for disclosure when needed in a court of justice. The principle contained in clause (2) of the aforesaid extracts is clearly enshrined in ss. 123 and 124 of the Evidence Act without the exceptions which have been carved out by American decisions. On the other hand, the position under the Evidence Act is that official or confidential records or documents cannot be disclosed unless the court comes to the conclu­ sion that the disclosure will not cause any injury to public interest. The American doctrine of candour, as already stated, cannot be applied to the conditions in India in view of our own statute laws containing expre.ss provisions contrary to the principles enunciated by the American courts. David Foulkes in his book 'Introduction to Adminimative law' has observed thus : "It laid it down that Crown privilege Ca'> be claimed for a document on two alternative grounds : (a) that the disclosure of the contents of a particular document would injure the public interest, for example, by endangering national security or prejudicing good diplomatic relations; (b) that the document falls within a class which must be withheld from production to ensure the proper functioning of the public service." (p. 228) It appears that whereas the English, Australian and our own courts have consistently and without any exception categorically held that military or defence secrets are absolutely privileged and the contents of the document containing these secrets can never be divulged under any circumstances, the American courts seem to have taken a contrary view and while leaning on the side of non-disclosure even in the case of military secrets they have not excluded the possi­ bility of allowin.1c: disclosure under certain circumstances. This is - .. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Faza/ Ali, J.) 839 clearly spelt out by the decision of U.S. Supreme Court in United States of America v. Patricia J. Reynolds. (1) The American courts do not seem to follow the threefold tests laid down by our courts as also the English courts in judging the plea of privilege, viz., (I) documents containing military or defence secrets, (2) the direct conflict between public interest and individual interest, and (3) the doctrine of expediency regarding affairs of the State and injury to public interest or national interest. In fact, the correct legal position seems to be that whereas mere expediency may not be a ground to claim privilege so as to avoid production of a document which, if produced, may defeat the defence, where the documents consist of highly confidential matters in respect of constitutional functionaries like Chief Justices or High Court Judges, the Law Minister, the President of India, C.B.I, I.B. and such other Departments 'are concerned, the question of public injury, which may be caused, becomes a decisive factor in upholding the plea of privilege. The court is, however, not powerless to hold its own enquiry in order to test the bona fide of the plea at privilege. One form of such an enquiry may be, as pointed out in the cases referred to above, the inspection of the documents themselves by the court before disclosure. If after inspection the court finds that the plea of privilege is well-grounded and its disclosure will lead to great public injury, it will be justified in upholding the plea of privilege. It is true that recent English decisions have made a slight departure from the consistent and some what conservative view take11 by them in the earlier cases, but despite this change, the central F , theme and the contours and parameters within which the plea of privilege can be allowed have not been totally discarded. As far back as 1916 the Court of Appeal in England while dealing with the question of privilege clearly held that the protection of documents from discovery was not only based on the broad principles of State policy of public convenience but extended to public confidential documents of a political or administrative character. In this connection in Asiatic Petroleum Co. Ltd. v. Anzlo- Persian Oil Co. Ltd. (') Lord Swinfen Eady observed as follows : (I] 345 us!. (2) [1916] l KB 822, 829. 840 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 S.C.R. "Although the instances in which documents have been held to be protected from discovery on the broad principle of State policy and public convenience have usually been cases of public official documents of political or administrative character, yet the rule is not limited to these documents. The foundation of the rule is that the infor­ mation cannot be disclosed without injury to the public interest, and not that the documents are confidential or official, which alone is no reason for their non-production." In taking this view the court had relied on an earlier decision in Hennessy v. Wright.( 1) In the Corporation of the City of Glasgow v. The Central Land Board( 2) Lord Radcliffe observed thus : "I do not understand that the existence of the power involves that in Scotland, any more than in England, it is open to the Court dispute with the Minister whether his view that production would be contrary to the public interest is well founded, or to arrive at a view, contradic­ tory of his, that production would not in fact be at all injurious to that interest." "The power reserved to the Court is therefore a power to order production even though the public interest is to some extent affected prejudicially." This decision clearly spells out the proposition that though normally the claim of privilege made by the Minister should be accepted by the Court but at the same time some aspects of public interest may be considered where withholding disclosure or a docu­ ment may defeat the very claim of the plain tiff. Lord Radcliffe has, however, made it very clear that documents containing matters of high politics, diplomatic relations or such secrets would undoubtedly be privileged. Thus, so far as this case is concerned it fully supports the position taken by the Union or India in claiming the plea of privilege in respect of the documents concerned. (1) 21 QBD 509. (2) 1956 Sessions Cases 1/18. -· .. ... S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 841 In D. v. National Society for the Prevention of Cru?fty to Children(1) it was held that the administration of justice was a funda­ mental public interest though not an exclush1e public interest. Athough the facts of this case are quite different from the facts of the present case, yet the case cited above undoubtedly recognised administration of justice as a fundamental public interest. Once this B is so, then by the force of s. 123 of the Act, disclosure cannot be permitted and the Government would be entitled to take the plea of privilege. In none of these cases, the documents in respect of which privilege was claimed related to top secrets of high officers involving C Government decisions on important policy matters relating to higher judiciary as in the present case. In these circumstances, these cases are not of much assistance to the petitioners. In Science Research Council v. Nasse(2) a complaint was filed with the Industrial Tribunal alleging discrimiaation on grounds of sex and marital status. At the hearing a prayer was made for the petitioners for inspection and discovery of certain documents which were in the nature of confidential assessments of each employee. The Tribunal ordered the disclosure and the Appellate Tribunal also confirmed it. On appeal to the court of Appeal, a fresh affidavit was filed showing the nature of the confidentiality of the documents. The appellate court held that if the documents were disclosed it would amount to breach of faith and could lead to industrial trouble thus causing injury to public interest. The appellate court, however, set aside the order allowing the plea of privilege and held that the documents were not entitled to privilege. The decision of the appel­ late court was confirmed by the House of Lords in appeal where it was held that ~no principle of public interest immunity protected such confidential documents and they were not immune from disclo­ sure on the basis of confidentiality alone Great reliance has been placed by the petitioners on this aspect of the matter decided by the House of Lords. It is true that the plea of privilege on the ground of confidentiality was overruled but the decision given by the House of Lords cannot be divorced from the facts before them. What was sought to be disclosed were merely confidential reports of the employees concerned. No great constitutional or legal importance was attached to the documents as such or for that matter the docu- {I) [1977] l All,E.R. 589. (2) [1980] AC 1028. 842 SUPREME COURT REPORTS f 1982] 2 S.C.R A ments as we have in the instant case. In this connection, Lord Edmund-Davies observed as follows : "Whether a tribunal or court should decide that they themselves should inspect must always depend on the particular facts and issues, though it is difficult to see how they can ever properly conclude that discovery is "necessary" without such inspection. But where a court inspection is decided upon, there can be no hard-and-fast rule as to when it should take place. The Court of Appeal rightly held that discovery should not have been ordered in either of these two cases without the respective industrial tribunals or the appellate courts first inspecting the withheld documents. That unfortuntely not having been done, it follows that both appeals should be dismissed." Lord Fraser spoke in the same strain and held that confidentiality was not a separate head of privilege but may be a very material consideration to bear in mind when the question of privilege is raised. Thus, what the House of Lords held was that the element of confidentiality in the {documents was not so acute or sensitive as to create any public interest. On the other hand, public interest itself in the circumstances required disclosure. This case, therefore is of no assistance to the petitioners because the facts of the present case are essentially different from the facts of the case. In the instant case, after inspection of the documents it cannot be said that only private interests were involved and that there was no injury to public interest. The disclosure of the confidential notes and correspon­ dence between three very high constitutional functionaries, viz, en, Law Minister and the CJ, Delhi High Court containing matters on which no public debate could be allowed were undoubtedly matters of great public interest. On the other hand, the interest of Justice Kumar was a purely individual interest which must yield to public interest. On the face, therefore, of the ratio of this case, the plea of privilege would have to be upheld straightaway. Jn Burmah Oil Co. Ltd. v. Bank of England(1) the following observations were made by Lord Wilberforce : (l) [1980] A.C. 1090. ' • <!' • <I •. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pazal Ali, J.) 843 "It is, in my opinion, necessary for the proper function­ ing of the public service that the documents in Category A and Category B should be withheld from production, They­ are all documents falling within the class of documents relating to the formulation of Government policy. Such policy was decided at a very high level, involving as it did matters of major economic importance to the United King­ dom. The documents in question cannot properly be describ­ ed as routine documents. Those in Category A are all docu­ ments passing at a very high level, including communica­ tions intended for the guidance and recording the views of the Prime Minister or recording discussions at a very high level. The basis for an immunity claim, then, having been laid, it is next necessary to consider whether there is any other element of public interest telling in favour of produc· tion. The interest of the proper and fair administration of justice falls under this description. It is hardly necessary to state that the mere fact that the documents are or may be 'relevant' to the issues, within the extended meaning of relevance in relation to discovery, is not material. The question of privilege or immunity only arises in relation to 'relevant' documents and itself depends on other considera­ tions viz, whether production of these documents (admittedly relevant) is necessary for the due administration of justice." It may well be arguable whether, when one is faced with a claim for immunity from production on 'public interest' grounds, and when the relevant public interest is shown to be of a high, or the highest, level of importance, that fact is of itself conclusive, and nothing which relates to the interest in the administration of justice can prevail against it. A claim for public interest immunity having been made, on manifestly solid grounds, it is necessary for those who seek to overcome it to demonstrate the existence of a counteracting interest calling for disclosure of particular documents. When this is demonstrated, but only then, may the court proceed to a balancing process." 8 , .•. 844 ' SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 S.C.R. It was thus held. that the documents should be produced for in· spection by the House of Lords. As· the said case was not one where without inspection of ·documents it was possible to decide whether the balance of interest lay for or against disclosure, after inspecting the documents tlie majority of the Lords arrived at a finding of fact that none of the documents contained such confidential matters as could form the basis of' a plea pf privilege. Lord Wilberforce, however, dissented and held that the Minister's certificate would amount to public intere.st immunity, and the documents could not be inspected. This case also has absolutely no application to the facts of the present case because this Court after hearing the arguments of the parties on the issue of privilege by an interim order held that the court was entitled 'to inspect the documents and after inspecting the documents I am clearly of the view that having regard to the matter, the heavy stakes involved, the disclosure would amount to denigra­ tion of not only the judiciary but also the other constitutional functionaries who have figured in the case, resulting in the gravest possible injury to public interest and to the running of public services. In the aforesaid case, Lord Edmund Davies classed the docu- E ments into three categories, which may be extracted thus : "Category A These consist of communications between, to and from ministers (including ministers' personal secretaries acting on behalf of ministers) and minutes and briefs for ministers and memoranda of meetings attended by ministers. All such documents relate to the formulation of the policy of the government ..... " The minister thereafter sets out various aspects of government policy in relation to the financial difficulties of Burmah. G Category B These consist of communications between, to and from senior officials of the Department of Energy, of the Treasury, and of the bank including memoranda of meetings H . of and discussions between such officials and drafts pre- pared by such officials (including drafts of minutes and . briefs comprised in category A), all such communications ' - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal .(l.li;J.), ' . . .. I - 845 and· drafts relating to the formulation of one or more aspects, of the policy described iri category f".·" Category' C These consist of memoranda of telephone,Co!lversations and meetings between senior representatfves of major com­ panies and other businessmen on the one .. hand and a minister or senior officials of government departments and of the bank on the other and memor"nda of meetings of such o'fflcials ai;id briefs for ministers and drafts of such briefs, all recording or otherwise _referring to com­ mercial or financial inform-ation communicat,ed in confidence by Such' company representatives and businessmen." ,, After mentioning the categories, Lord Davies observed as follows:- "There can be no doubt that the 'court has power to inspect the documents privately. This much clearly laid down in Conway v. Rimmer (1) I qo not consider th.at existence of such power, in cases re~ponsibly regarded by the court as doubtful, can be treated as itself detrimental to the public interest. Indeed, I, am of opinion that it is ·cal'culated to promote the public interest, by adding to public confidence in the administration of justice." · · It is true that ihe majority opinion was that the plea of privilege should be 'overruled. but although the categories, mentioned above, consisted of confidential documents they all related to purely com­ mercial transactions and did not contain any' constitutional colour or any ~lemen,t of affairs of the State. The same cann-ot be said so far as the documents in the instant case are concerned. These documents are not only of great public importance but are directly concerned with the affairs of the State· in that the Council of Ministers while giving advice to the President for not'extending the term of Justice Kumar had expressly relied on these documents though it has not been shown to our satisfaction that these docu­ ments form part of the Memo. of Advice tendered to the President. In such a case, the documents would have been beyond any enquiry under Art. 74 (2), apart from the question of the application of ss. 123 and 124 of the Evidence Act. (I) [1968J A.C. 910. H .. 846 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 S.C.R. Another case relied upon by the petitioners was Neilson v. Laugharne(1) Lord Denning approached the question with his usual ingenuity and observed as follows : "This modern development shows that, on a question of discovery, the court can consider the competing public interests involved. The case is decided by the court holding the balance between the two sides. One of them is asserting that, in the interest of_ justice, the documents should be disclosed. The other is asserting that, in the public interest, they should not be disclosed. Confidentiality is often to be considered. So is the need for candour and frankness. Once it is decided that the public interest is in favour of non-disclosure, the decision is regarded as a precedent for later situations of the same kind." Lord Denning ultimately held that in his opm10n the documents were privileged. It may be noted that the documents in respect of which privilege was sought were merely .statements before the police. Thus, even though the documents were doubtless confidential, a possible view could be taken that the plea of privilege should not be allowed. In spite of these facts, the majority of the Law Lords agreed with Lord Denning and held that there was a real danger to public interest if disclosure was made. In this connection Lord Oliver observed thus : "Taking all these considerations into account, I think that there is a very real danger that the prospect of disclo­ sure on discovery of material gathered in the course of such an inquiry will inhibit the proper conduct of the inquiry and thus frustrate the purpose of the legislature in making statutory provision for it. In my ijudgment, there­ fore, the public interest requires that these documents should be protected as a class, and I accordingly concur in the conclusion of Lord Denning M.R. I agree that the appeal should be dismissed." Thus, although this case makes a slight departure from the view taken by the earlier cases it has not favoured the : extreme (I) [1981] l All ER 829. . - . . s.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Faza/ Ali, J.) 847 position which seems to have be!ln taken by the petitioners op the plea of privilege and which has been clearly negatived by the deci­ sions of our own court. Reliance was also placed by Mr. Sorabjee on a book 'Public Law ( 1980)' by I.G. Eagles where at page 275 the author makes the following observations regarding Cabinet papers : "If the reason for excluding cabinet or related docu­ ments is to safeguard the proper functioning of the higher organs of the state, then that reason is wholly inappro­ priate where what is charged is the grossly improper func­ tioning of these very org ms. The interest of the wider community in getting to the bottom of such charges is so great that it should not be impeded by a mere rule of evidence. Nor can the decision to admit or exclude be safely left to those who are themselves charged with mis­ conduct; (nor for that matter can it be left to their political associates or even their opponents)." With due respect to the learned author, the principles have been rather broadly stated and do not fit in either with the demo­ cratic set-up of our country or with the spirit of our Constitution. For instance, Cabinet decisions, however wrong or proper they may be, are, undoubtedly secret documents and if any such document forms part of the advice tendered to the President then there is a clear constitutional mandate by virtue of Art. 74(2) preventing the court from embarking on any inquiry into these documents. Thus, the question of disclosure cannot arise in such cases and the obser­ vations of the author become wholly inapplicable to the situations contemplated by our Constitution and the statutory laws. In these circumstances, therefore, I cannot accept the view of the author, extracted above. It would thus be seen that even from E1glish decision>, it is clear that the court itself should prevent disclosure of documents G whose production will be contrary to public interest even if no claim is made by a Minister or other high official on his behalf. This was held, as we have pointed out, in Swkey's case (supra) as also in Conway's case (supra) where Lord Reid has clearly 1stated that it is the duty of the court to prevent disclosure of documents even H without the intervention of a Minister, where serious injuries to the national interest is apparent. Thus both the leading cases of Eagland .A I l I E. H. 848 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982) 2 S.C.R. and Australia have not accepted the liberal doctrine of candour expounded by the American· authors. In the instant case, it is 1 manifest that the Union oflndia bas not taken the plea of privilege merely to hide the truth or to prevent the court frorr knowing the truth. In fact, both the Attorney-General and~the Solicitor-General had frankly conceded and voluntarily produced the documents before the court for inspection in order to judge whether the disclosure of documents would injure the public interest. This shows the bona fide of the stand taken by the Union of India. As, however, my Brother ' ' Judges after inspection decided to disclose the documents.. the Union of India gracefully accepted the decision. I might mention that this is not one of those cases where a litigant is trying to conceal a docu­ ment which may destroy his case.or scuttle his defence .. This seems to be the cardinal principle behind the doctrine of Candour adum­ brated by the American decisions. I have summarised the opinions of the English, American and Australian courts on the question of privilege. While applying the law to Indian conditions which are essentially different from those prevailing in England, America or Australia, two important factors - have to be borne in mind- (I) that so far as our country, is concerned we have chosen to base it on the British pattern with some additions, alterations or innovations to suit our. own local, social and economic conditions because our ways of living and thinking, our attitude towards life and its various phases and above all, the mode of governance of the country are very different from and have nothing in common with the United States of America. Whereas in America there is mass education, illiteracy is the common feature of the masses of our country. We are no doubt making fast prog~ess but it will require quite sometime before ·we become as advanced as the United States of America. Even though the recently decided English cases may have taken a much broader and a more liberal view, the founding fathers of our Constitution had before them the old view and this Court has consis­ tently followed the English decisions so far as the question of privilege is concerned. ,._. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) · (2) While- neither in England, Australia nor America there is any codified law laying down the principles and the grouuds on which privilege can be claimed, in India we have ss. 123 and 124 of the Evidence Act which govern the conditions under which a ·plea of privilege can be allowed or disallowed. 849 Another law which affects the question of privilege is s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure which has also to be read in conjunction with ss. 123 and 124 of the Evidence Act. Apart from these two sections there is also a constitutional provision which is enshrined in Art. 74(2) under which no enquiry can be made by any Court in respect of the advice tendered by the Council of Ministers to the.President. .In the instant case, the order impugned has been passed by the President on the advice of the Council of Ministers. Although it has been alleged in the note of arguments that the contents of the documents were part of the material on the basis of which advice was given to the President, it has not been shown to· our satisfaction that the correspondence contained in the documents formed part of the actual Memo. of advice sent to the President. If such evidence was produced before us then the matter wou!d have been put beyond· controversy because apart from the question of privilege arising. under SS. 123 and 124 of the EvidenceAct, the enquiry or disclosure would be barred by ·the constitutional mandate contained in Art. 74(2). In view of these drcumstances, therefore, before importing the doctrines or the liberal trend of modern cases across the seven seas, F we cannot overlook the,mandatory provisions of the Evidence Act and the Gode of Criminal Procedure. Furt)lermore, while in England and America the.democratic syst.em of Government has been existing for more than two or thr~e centuries, our democracy is only three decades old, which is a very small period In the life of a nation and we h~ve yet to develop: our '1aw by a process of adaptation and G · accommodation,· rejection ot mbdification or by a trial-and-error method. This Court while construing ss. 123 and 124 of tl}e Evi- dence Act was fully alive to the conditions prevailing in our country and the manner in which the public services were run and the Central Government or the State Governments took important decisions. H Any revolutionary decisions so as to expose high confidential matters to public gaze by following a policy of liberal disclosure of docu · 850 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982] 2 S.C.R, ments ignoring the provisions of ss. 123 and 124 of the Act would not only be detrimental to our progress but may cause serious obstruction in the practical running of day-to-day affairs of the Government or for that matter the governance of the country itself. For these reasons, therefore, while I have referred to the foreign decisions I would like to confine my decisions mainly to those English cases which apply to our present day conditions and to the principles laid down by our own courts in their leading judg­ ments which have been discussed and analysed in this judgment. While I am prepared to take a liberal view having regard to the fact that we have by our recent decisions widened the horizon of Art. 21 so far as the inspection of the documents by the court is concerned, but if after inspection of the documents the Court is satisfied that the tests laid down by this Court in several cases are not fulfilled then the plea of privilege must be upheld. Thus, after a full and complete analysis of the various factors indicated above, it is establishec beyond doubt that so far as this Court is concerned it bas chosen to follow the principle of English law with suitable adjustments and modifications in determining the plea of privilege under ss. 123 and 124 of the Act. This is, as it should be, because as pointed by Kapoor J. in Sodhi Sukhdev Singh's case (supra) that since the Evidence Act was enacted during the British rule and we have generally adopted the English system in procedural matters, we should not depar(from the basic and essential principles of of interpretation as laid down by the English law. I, however, respectfully agree with Subba Rao, J. that while construing ss. 123 and 124 and applying the principles of English law, we must do so against the background of the Socialist State and the egali­ tarian society which is the goal of our Constitution instead of con­ fining the contours of privilege in a strait-jacket; in suitable cases a liberal view can bf' taken by this Court without violating the express language or the general spirit of the statutory provisions of the Evidence Act. I might mention that so far no case has ever held that ss. l 23 and l 24 are unconstitutional and this could not be so because these p1ovisions deal with matters relating to great public interest. Even in _the course of arguments before us it has not been suggested that these sections are violative of any of the Articles of the Constitution. Mr. Garg appearing in Tarkunde's case had hinted that the aforesaid sections should be-interpreted in the light of Art. 21 but he has not categorically contended that the . --~ )..- . ..... )I . .. ,l ~,P, GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J,, 851 aforesaid sections are violative of any of the provisions of the A Constitution. Another important circumstance that has .to be taken into consideration is that even after more than three decades of our independence, the Parliament despite so many socio-economic changes all over the world has not thought it advisable or necessary to amend the provisions of the Evidence Act so as to liberalise or widen the scope or the policy of privilege contained in ss. 123 and 124 of the Act by incorporating the principles laid down in the recent English or American cases. This intrinsic circumstance demonstrably proves that the view taken by the Supreme Court over the years is correct and does not call for any amendment of the Evidence Act by the Parliament. On a parity of reasoning, the irresistible conclusion that follows and the natural presumption that arises is that our legislature did not intend to make a departure from the earlier English decisions either by ·incorporating or adapting the principles of American law on the subject. I might even go to the extent of saying that it will not be unreasonable to presume that the Founding Fathers of the Constitution and the Parliament thereafter having been fully aware of the view taken by the American courts fo. recent decisions has affirmatively chosen. to raject the liberal and somewhat dangerous doctrine of candour. For instance, as dis­ cussed above one of the American case11 has gone to the extent of holding that even military secrets can be disclosed in suitable cases. Our courts have clearly .held that so far as Defence secrets or good neighbourly relations with Nher countries are concerned, there is complete bar to the disclosure of these matters or documents relating to these matters which are clearly covered by s. I 23 or. s. I 24 of the Act. There is an·other fact of life which, however unpleasant, cannot be denied and this is that precious little are our masses or litigants concerned with which Judge is appointed or not appointed or which one is continued or not continued. The high sounding concept of independence of judiciary or ·primacy of one or the other of the Constitutional functionaries or the mode of effective consultation are matters of academic interest in which our masses are least inter­ ested. On the other hand, they are mainly concerned with dangerous . forces at work and evils reflected in economic pressures, inflationary, tendencies, gruelling poverty, emancipation of women, maintenance of law and order, food and clothing, breacl ~.ns\ butter, and abQve an. the serious problem of unemployment •. 8 852 • SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 s.c,R, It is only a sizeable section of the intellectuals consisting of the press and the lawyers who haye made a prestigious issue of the the independence of judiciary. I can fully understand that lawyers or other persons directly connected with the administration of'justice may have a grievance however ill-founded that improper selection of Judges or interference with· the appointment of Judges strictly according to constitutional provisions may mar the institution of judiciary and therefore they may to some extent be justified in vindi­ cating their rights. But at the same time, however biting or bitter, distasteful and diabolical it may seem to be, the fact remains that the masses in general are not at· all concerned with these legal niceties and· so far as administration of justice is concerned they merely want that their cases should be decided quickly by Judges who generate confidence. They are least concerned with individual Judges or the mode or manner of their appointment. Carried by the stormy and emotional debate of the lawyers appearing for the peti­ tioners and their egoistic slogan that independence· of judiciary was in danger, this Court ought not to have broken the ageold solid and sacrosanct tradition of upholding the plea of privilege which caused serious injury to the public interest. But lo and behold ! the result of the disclosure has revealed widespread dangers and ills, for any­ body in the street .without appreciating the niceties of law looks upon the judiciary as suspect. Did we disclose the documents to produce such disastrous results ? It is difficult to construct an edifice but very easy to demolish the same. But, alas ! we have demolished it and caused irreparable damage. for which our future generation will never forgive us. Whether I was right in upholding thr plea of privilege, or my Brothers in ordering disclosure of docu­ ments, only time will tell. Coming to the practical side of the dangerous consequences of disclosure which might highlight my view that after inspecting the documents, it was not in public interest to order disclosure of the contents of the documents, the following considerations have swayed with me : .. (a) appointment of High Court judges are highly confiden­ tial matters containing frank and free legal views ex. pressed by the CJ of the High Court, CJI and the Central Government represented by the Law Minister and the Council of Ministers. These authorities have expressed their views in the secret correspondence on ~he distinct 1l~sur11ni;:~ !Ind belief .that for the last two ;..- . .. .S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 853 centuries such documents have always been treated as secret, confidential and privileged and until today no disclosure of such documents has ever been allowed by any court. Thus, in my . opinion, any disclosure of the contents of the documents. would be extremely derogatory to the High constitutional position that these Constitutional functionaries enjoy and would in the long run prove counter-productive and destroy the sacrosanct consultative, process as envisaged by the Constitution. (b) If disclosure is allowed, it will bring into disrepute the judicial institution itself and lead to a continual pro­ ,cess of washing of dirty linen and perpetual mudsling­ . ing by allowing the so called wronged persons to make allegations and counter-allegations against the Govern­ ment and the CJ concerned as was sought to be done in this very case. It is true that even after the contents of the documents are disclosed, the petitioners cannot be allowed to travel beyond the material disclosed by the documents but even that material could be ex­ ploited and affect the secrecy of such high constitutio­ nal officers and raise a controversy which will ultimately lead to opebing a pandora's box which is neither in the interest of the judiciary nor even of the lawyers. I fail to see how in the long run the disclosure benefits the Judge. In the ultimate analysis such a course of action apart from involving the CJI and CJ, Delhi High Court and Law Minister into serious controversy would destroy the reputation of the judge himself howsoever loudly he might proclaim his innocence. Taking the case of the petitioner-Kumar at the highest and assuming that the petitioner is reinstated and he ·ultimately gets the satisfaction of his right having bee.n vindicated, can he deny that in view of the serious differences of opinion between the .CJ, Delhi High Court under whom he had worked and the CJI, a size­ able section of the people might still believe that the integrity of the Judge was not beyond doubt which may have prompted the CJ under whom he worked not to recommend his case for extension. Even if this im· pression is carried by a small section of the people, it will be a great slur on. ti:\<; functioning of the Judge. 854 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 S.C.R My personal conception of a Judge is that he should be above all criticism and controversy; be should be blameless and spotless, full of virtues and free from vices like a 'diamond in the sky', like Caesor's wife above reproach. It is in my opinion better not to be a Judge at all than to be a controversial Judge. (c) It is not that for the first time that the term of an Additionnl Judge has not been extended or a Judge has been dropped. The various schedules given by the respondents show quite a few instances where Add!. Judges were sent back after their period was over without any protest or objection. ' (d) Indeed, if a really conscientious judge would have been in the position of petitioner-Kumar he would. have silently walked out of the show in the larger interests of the great and sacrosanct institution which he was serving instead of insisting on disclosure and thereby drawing himself into a serious controversy to vindicate his supposed right. I have already pointed out that it is not for the first time that the term of an Addi­ tional JU<;lge has not been extended : in the past also Judges have been dropped and one of the schedules • given by the Solicitor-General is full of such inst~nces. Such Judges never raised any controversy regarding their not being reappointed and got reconciled them­ selves without any protest or objection perhaps in due deference to the maintenance of the purity of the great institution of justice. I cannot help commending the conduct of Justice Ismail who actually resigned and chose to quit his office instead of pursuing the matter further in the larger interest of the purity of administration of justice. The life of a judge is th it of a hermit and he must inculcate a spirit of self-sacrifice and should take his profession in this holy spirit. (e) The subsequent events following the disclosure of the documents which have been fully published by the press and other media clearly show that there has been a serious charact~r assasination of a high constitu- ..._. t . S.1>. GUPTA v. UNION. (Fazal Ali, J.) 8$$ tional functionary for merely expressing his opinion in a very frank and honest manner and that too behind bis back. The contents of confidential notes and letters have been exploited for their personal ends by interested parties. Thus, the apprehension and danger which I had predicted from disclosure has come to be true and henceforward there would be hardly any Head of a Department who can function properly of effec­ tively with the sword of Democles banging over his head. No high authority would now venture to record adverse annual confidential reports on the conduct of · his subordinates or express bis honest opinion how­ soever unsatisfactory the conduct of subordinate may be. There is yet another distressing feature 'of the dis­ closure of documents. It would appear that the CJ, Delhi High C~urt was castigated as being dishonest and prejudiced against Justice Kumar for having re­ fused to recommend his extension or reappointment. The same is being openly said in the Press regarding the CJI in respect of his adverse comments on Mufti Bahauddin, Acting Chief Justice_ of J & K High Court. While CJ, Delhi has given cogent reasons for not recqmmending the reappointment of Justice Kumar in his proposal to the Law Minister (a copy of which was sent to CJI) which was followed by a full and frank discussion . between CJ, ·oelhi and CJI, there is nothing to show that the materials or the data on which the CJI formed his opinion against Justice Mufti Bahauddin and as he says in his proposal found some substance in the complaints yet all this was done when Justice Bahauddin was neither a party to the present proceedings, nor was he ever heard in· his defence and yet he has b.een publicly condemned thanks to the disclosure. However, in the instant case, we are not· at' all concerned with the case of Justice Mufti Bahauddin but I have given this instance to show that if disclosure of confidential doucuments are liberally allowed by throwing public interest to the winds., what dangerous consequences can follow which may injure· innocent constitutional func­ tionaries. In the case of Justice Kumar, CJ, Delhi High Court and CJI have not revealed the source of their infor- SUPREME COURT REPORTS [I ~82) 2 s.c.R.. mation and in my opinion rightly because anyone who gave them the information must have done so in confidence and according to the· correspondence, it, appears that senior colleagues of the CJ, Delhi High Court and eminent lawyers had supplied the information to him and similar authorities had given some counter information to the en. Thus, such an awkward and embarr;ssing situation is bo~nd to develop if disclosures are liberally made as a result of which serious injury is caused to public interest. The most unfortunate part of the disclosure in this case is that persons who are not before the court have been involved in serious I: gal and political controversy which has, in my opinion, caused se~ious damage to the high judicial insti­ tutions of the country, posing a very serious problem to the Central Government a.nd the public services. The Solicitor-General made a feeble attempt to argue before me that since I have dissented from the majority view and upheld the plea of privilege I should not deal with the contents of the docu­ ments in my judgment. This argument, which appears to me to be somewhat extraordinary, cannot be accepted because the decision of the majority amounts to .the law laid down for the whole country under Art. 141 of the Constitution and is as such binding on me as on others. As a result of the mafority decision, the documents disclosed form part of the record and. if I shut my eyes to these docu­ ments merely because I have dissented frqm the majority view, it would perilously amount to being subversive of judicial discipline. I have, however, carefully waded through the documents and I do notthink that much can be made of the contents and recitals in the documents. These are my reasons for upholding the plea of privilege taken by the Union in the cases of Mr. Kumar and Mr. KBN Singh. A careful perusal of the letters written by the CJ, Delhi High Court to the Government as also to the CJI would reveal that the stand taken by CJ, Delhi has been consistent throughout. He has honestly and frankly taken the stand that in his view as the repu­ tation of Justice Kumar was not above board and his performance was rather slow, he was not prepared to recommend his reappoint- · ment after the expiry of his term. He has diselused in his letter the grounds for coming to this conclusion which were derived partly J.· . S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Aii, J.) s57 from knowledge which be got from senior lawyers or senior collea­ gues and partly from certain facts. After sending the letter he had a full discussion with the CJI on all the points which are contained in the first letter which the CJ, Delhi wrote to the Law Minister. The CJI, however, took the stand that on his inquiry made from the lawyers and Judges of the High Court, he had no reason to doubt the .integrity or honesty of Justice Kumar. It is also admitted that the CJ, Delhi had no animus against Justice Kumar and there was no reason why he should have expressed his opinion refusing to recommend his reappointment, without any sufficient reasons or due to enmity. The only argument advanced against the CJ, Delhi was that he had sent a letter to the Law Minister in which he had disclosed some data and details, and had requested him to keep them secret, and had also prayed that the letter may not be shown to anybody else as "it was meant for him.· The argument was that there is no evidence to show that the materials disclosed to the Law Minister were shown to the CJI. It is, however, not disputed that the CJ, Delhi wrote such a letter to the Law Minister after his discussion with the CJI and the possibility that he may have discus­ sed all matters including the materials put in writing to the Law Minister with the CJI cannot be excluded. At any rate, without going into further details as several cons­ titutional functionaries were involved, two facts emerge :- (I) that CJ, Delhi who had undoubtedly a better chance of observing the performance and the functioning of Justice Kumar,· was in a position to get first-hand knowledge of his reputation, has honestly believed that Kumar's reputation of integrity was doubtful. He has not revealed the sources from which he came to know about the reputation of Justice Kumar. The CJI, however, took a contrary view but he has also not disclosed the names of the lawyers or Judges who had . given him a contrary version. In my opinion both of them did not disclose the names because the Judges or the lawyers concerned must have given the information in confidence and they would have been seriously einbarrassed if their names were disclosed: · (2) These views ·were put before the Central Government and it was open to the President to accept one view or ' 858 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982) 2 s.c.R. the other. The President chose to 11ccept the view taken by the CJ, Delhi more particularly because he WaS in a position tO have first-hand information both I regarding the reputation and working of the Addi­ tional Judge. In these circumstances, it cannot be said that the action of the President was tainted by malice or that there was no effective consul­ tation. This aspect of the matter has be en elaborately dealt with by my Brothers Bhagwati, Desai and Venkataramiah, JJ with whom I am in general agreement. C I might just state that even if the documents were not disclosed, 0 the conclusion would have been the same because in the affidavits it was not disputed that ·the two CJs had taken a contrary vi~w regarding the doubtful reputation of Justice Kumar, nor was it &uggested that CJ, Delhi had any ill-will or animus against Kumar. The disclosure of the documents, however, unfortunately resulted in grave and serious consequences of far-reaching effect on the future of not only the judicial institutions but also almost all the Govern­ ment departments. While agreeing with Brothers Bh.agwati, Desai and Venkatara­ miah, JJ. regarding the interpretation of Art. 224, I·would, however, express my short opinion on the subject.. Although it is true that by fixing the strength of permanent and Additional Judges of each High Court, the Central Government appears to have created two parallel lines of recruitment so that the appointment of an Additio­ nal Judge was a sort of training ground for being appointed as a Permanent Judge whenever a permanent vacancy arose; It has already been pointed out by Brother Venkataramiah J. that this procedure was against the very spirit and tenor of Art. 224 which is extracted thus :- "224. Appointment of additional and acting Judges. (I) If by reason of any temporary increase in. the business of a High Court or by reason of arrears of work therein, it appears to the Pretident that the number of the judges of that Court 5hould be for the time being increased, the President may appoint duly qualified persons to be additional judges of the Court for such period not exceeding two years as he may specify. --. Jo- • ,.. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 859 (2) When any Judge of a High Court other than the Chief Justice is by reason of absence or for any other reason unable to perform the duties of his office or is appoint­ ed to act temporarily as Chief Justice, the President may appoint a duly qualified person to act as a Judge of that Court until the permanent judge has resumed his duties. (3) No person appointed as an additional or acting Judge of a High Court shall hold office after attaining the age of sixty-two years." If properly read, this Article envisages certain conditions C precedent before an appointment under_ Art. 224 can be made and also prescribes the nature and the term of the judge appointed. In• the first place, it requires that an Additional Judge can be appointed _only if- (I) there is any tern porary increase in the business or' a High Court, for instance, where by ·virtue of some new temporary law passed, a spate of litigation crops up but that ends with duration of the Act or with the completion ol the temporary reforms, etc.I contem­ plated by the statute. Such an appointment is a kind of an emergency appointment which is to last until the temporary increase or arrears are disposed of; (2) where by reasons of heavy ar"rears of work it becomes necessary to· appoint an Additional Judge, the appoint­ ment is made under Art. 224. The Article, therefore, contemplates only a tenure appointment to meet a particular contingency and is not meant to be permanent feature so as to form a training base for recruiting judges from the training base to the permanent cadre. This point need not detain us any further in view of the statement made by Mr. Mridul on behalf of the Law Minister that it has now been decided as a matter of policy by the Government not to appoint Additional Judges for a period of less then one year in special cases and two years normally. If this is done in future, then the spirit of the Constitution would be amply fulfilled and the controversy would be set at rest. A more important feature is that the nature of the appointment under Art. 224 ii; a pure tenure appointment for a fixed period and S60 SUPREME totm'r. ~EPOlnS [1982] 2 s.c.k. once the period expires, there is no question of extension of that period or reappointment. In other words, once the time for which a Judge bas been appointed expires, the appointment of the _Judge ceases to exist. That being so, whenever a judge is sought to be appointed afresh, the constitutional functionary will have to go back to Art. 217 even if a judge is to be appointed under Art. 224 and the question of suitability would be the first criterion. As in the case of initial appointment under Art. 217, so in the case of a fresh appointment after the period mentioned in Art. 224 expires, there is no legal right to be appointed nor does non-appointment give rise to any legal or constitutional infirmity so as to be the subject of a 'judicial review.· It is a different matter that if an additional judge is considered for a permanent appointment afresh, the fact that he has acquired some experience would undoubtedly be an important • factor to be taken into consideration while judging the suitability of the candidate concerned. At the same time, the constitutional functionaries cannot shut their eyes to the facts which may have come to their knowledge either against the Addition.al Judge or in his favour. Thus, the position is that even if an Additional Judge is not appointed afresh and somebody else is appointed, there is no ques­ tion of judicial review nor .is there any question of the non-appoint­ ment of an Additional Judge afresh casting any reflection or asper­ sion on: the reputation or character of an Additional Judge because he was appointed only for a particular period and for a particular purpose and is not on probation: Both Brother Desai and Brother Venkataramiah JJ. have stressed this aspect of the matter in their own way and I agree with their views. While dealing with the facts of Justice Kumar's C,!ISe, Brother Venkataramiah has observed that although there was full and effective consultation between the CJ, Delhi, the CJI and the Law Minister, therefore, the non-appointment of Mr. Kumar is not vitiated by any constitutional infirmity. At one place, however, Brother Venkataramiah has observed as follows :- "Perhaps it would have been acceptable if the case w~s that the Prime Minister was favourably disposed towards Shri S.N. Kumar but the Law Minister had tried to mislead her." (Emphasis mine) .. S.i'. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J~> . S6t With due respect to my learned Brother I am unable to agree with these observations which cannot be spelt out from the corres­ pondence between the constitutional functionaries mentioned above. In fact, a close and careful perusal of the c0rrespondence between all the constitutional functionaries, (CJ, Delhi, CJ!, and the Law · Minister) would clearly show that the role of the Law Minister has been very fair and just from start to finish. The Law Minister insisted on the materials before taking a decision against Mr. Kumar. These materials were supplied to the Law Minister by the CJ, Delhi. He had also discussions with the CJI. Even thereafter the Law Minister wante!i to plug all loopholes in order to satisfy hiinself fully before taking a final decision in the nfatter, and that is why he wrote to the CJ, Delhi to furnish a complete data and better particulars which was done by him (CJ, Delhi), through his letter dt. 7.5.31. .. It is. obvious that the CJ, Delhi expressed his desire that the full material which was supplied to the Law Minister may not be sent to the CJI but that was perhaps because the CJ, Delhi had oral discussions with the CJI in respect of all relevant material. The Law Minister also took care to ignore the CBI reports against Mr. Kumar because he wanted to proceed purely on legal and relevant materials before him. This shows the objectivity and the fairness of bis attitude in coming to a fi·nal decision. Merely because he bad advised the Prime Minister to accept the opinion of the Chief Justice of Delhi, it cannot be said that he tried to mislead the Prime Minister. In my opinion, to suggest even indirectly that the Law Minister attempted to mislead the Prime Minister, in view of the circumstances mentioned above, would br to make a most unchari- table remark against him amounting to inflicting an 'unkind cut indeed'. My Brother Bhagwati, J. has demonstrably shown that there is nbt a shred of evidence nor any reasonable basis for holding that there was a conspirary between CJ, Delhi and Law Minister to oust Mr. Kumar. The allegation of the alleged conspiracy is totally unfounded and smacks of absolute recklessness. Indeed if the Law l!l Minister wanted to drop Mr. Kumar without any further inquiry he G could have used the I.B. Reports-that he completely ignored them,· proves his honesty of purpose. Merely because while exercising a constitutional function the Law Minister preferred the opinion of· CJ, Delhi to that of CJI, no motive could be imputed to ,him, parti- cularly when we have rejected the doctrine of Primacy of CJI, as H dealt with by Desai J., with whom I fully agree. 862 • . SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 R.S.C • I entirely agree with the very clear and adroit exposition of the constitutional aspect of the Art. 224' by Brothers Bhagwati and Desai JJ. as also with the most elaborate, careful and detailed analysis of Kumar's case in the light of the correspondence disclosed. I also agree with the opinion expressed by Brother Venkataramiah J. but would like to add a few lines to highlight some aspects of the reasons given by Brothers Bhagwati and Venkataramiah JJ. which seem to me to be either inconsistent with the stand taken by them or do not accord with my view. Hence, I find myself bound to express my short opinion on these matters .only. Brother Bhagwati J after carefully analysing the facts of Kumar's case as spelt out from the correspondence disclosed and the affidavit filed by Mr. Kumar has returned a clear finding that the conduct of CJ, Delhi was throughoot honest and bona fide and he had acted as a responsible and honest CJ. I fully agree with this con­ clusion but Brother Bhagwati J. appears to have found fault with the CJ, Delhi for expressing his desire to the Law Minister to keep the contents of his letter dated 7.5.81 secret and not to place the same before the CJI. Brother Bhagwati, J . has himself pointed out that CJ. Delhi had given cogent reasons for requesting the Law Minister not to disclose the contents to CJI atld yet in his concluding portion while not doubting the bona fide of the CJ, Delhi, he seems to suggest that he (CJ, Delhi) ought to have shown greater courage of conviction so as not to have been cowed down by the apprehension that CJI might feel offended and in this connection observed as follows:- "We must, of course, observe .that in our opinon, howsoever strong and cogent might be the three reasons given by him, the Chief Justice of the Delhi should never have aske·d the Law Minister not to place his letter dated 7th May, 1981 before the Chief Justice of India ....... He should not have bothered whether by his action in putting the facts on record jn the letter dated 7th May, 1981 the Chief Justice of India would be offended and his relations with the Chief Justice of India would be spoilt." Perhaps in making these observatioons with great respect, . Brother Bhagwati J., did not fully appreciate the substantial and H compelling reasons why CJ, Delhi had made a somewhat unusual though fully justifiable request to the Law Minister not to place the letter before the CJI. As the data and material supplied to the Law - .. . • SJ'. GUl>TA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 863 Minister in the letter dated 7,5.81 had already been supplied to the C.tl or, at any rate; oraily discussed with him, it was not necessary for the Law Minister to have disclosed the contents of the said letter which would be more or less a surplusage and would have naturally embittered the relations between the two high constitutional func­ tionaries (CJ, Delhi and CJI). Secondly, if we put ourselves in the place of CJ, Deihl we would have done the same in the circumstances. Hete was a Chief Justice who was only recently made permanent and was to continue as CJ for quite some time and so Was 'the· Ci!. In these circum­ stances, it is natural and obvious that CJ, Delhi would not like to join issue With CJI at any stage or at every step which would create difficulties in the smooth tunning of the High Court.· . Thirdly, since CJ, Delhi was frank, forthright and firm·to stick to his stand despite pressures. till the last, disclosure of conten~s to CJI, was wholly unnecessary and, in my opinion, CJ, Delhi rightly D thought that there was no use entering in an endless controversy and a consistent legal tug of war with CJI for whom not only he but every Judge has the greatest respect. Finally, CJ, Delhi at the time when he niade the request could hardly imagine or conceive that the majority of our Brother Judges would perm!t disclosure of the documents leading to a public debate in respect of high official secrets which for the last two centuries had never. been disclosed. CJ, Delhi may have thought that if the matter leaked out, it was likely to be exploited by M"r. Kumar and his friends which would bring his court to serious disrepute. 1 I feel that in view of the conspectus of the circumstances mentioned above and those detailed by Brother Bhagwati J., CJ, Delhi was fully justified in requesting the Law Minister not to reveal the contents of his letter dated 7.5.81 and to let the matter rest where it was. It is true that occasions may arise when a judge in the discharge of his judicial functions has sometimes to perform an unpleasant duty but where awkward situations can be avoided with tact and wisdom, the exercise of power is most laudable and beyond criticism . For these reasons, therefore, I am unable to agree with the observations made by Brother Bha~wati J. on, this as\'ect of the matter only. H· 864 .SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( J 982] 2 S.C.R. As regards the documents pertaining to Justice K.B.N. Singh's case which have been disclosed I shall discuss them while dealing with Transferred case. No. 24 of 1981. Transferred Case No. 24 of of 1981. We now propose to deal with the case of D. N. Pandey and others in which Justice K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice of Patna High Court has now been transposed as petitioner No. 3. All the connec- . ted petitions in respect of the transfer of Justice K.B.N. Singh from Patna to Madras High Court involve common points. The:;,'peti­ tioner, Justice K.B.N. Singh was a practising Advocate of the Patna High Court and was appointed a Judge of the said High Court on September 15, 1966 and was made permanent Judge from March 21, 1968. Thereafter, he was appointed Acting Chief Justice of the Patna High Court for a short while and as permanent Chief Justice on July 6, 1976. He was administered the oath of office on. July 19, 1976. Since then, the petitioner continues to be the permanent CJ of Patna High Court. By virtue of a notification dated January 19, 1981, the peti­ tioner was informed that the President, after consultation with the CJI, was pleased to transfer him to Madras High Court as Chief Justice with effect from the date he assumes charge of th·at office. A similar notification was issued by which Justice M.M,'.K. Ismail, CJ Madras High Court was transferred as CJ of the Kerala High Court but as Justice Ismail proceeded on leave and ultimately retired from service the petition which was filed against the order trans­ ferring him to Kerala no longer survives. Miss Lily Thomas who appeared on behalf of Justice Ismail, however, confined her argu­ ments only to the question that the petitioner (Justice K.B.N. Singh) should not have been transferred to Madras. It appears that after the notification, Mr. M.G. Ramachandran, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu took great exception to the appoint­ ment of the petitioner as CJ, Madras High Court mainly on the ground that he was not conversant with Tamil language and, there­ fore, he would not be able to function properly in the jMadras High Court. We are, however, not concerned with thes 0 e matters at the present moment. Coming now to the facts which are germane for the purpose <,>f deciding these petitions, the same may be summarised thus. The .. : ,. li.1>. OtJl>tA v. tJNlON (FazaJ Ali, J.) 865 petition et was appointed acting Governor o'f Bihar from 31st January 1979 to 31st September 1979. The cir, who is respondent No. 2 in T,C. 24/81, visited Patna in February 1980, according to the peti­ tioner, for inaugurating the International Rotary Conference. The petitioner met the CJI in Patna and accompanied him to Nalanda and Rajgir. It was alleged by the petitioner that during his visit to Bihar, the Hon'ble CJI did not give him any inkling of his transfer to Madras or for that matter to any other place. It was for the first time on January 5, 1981 that he received a telephone call from the CJI informing him that Justice Ismail was being transferred to Kerala and the petitioner would have to go to Madras. He then asked the CJI why he had decided to send him to Madras to which the CJI replied that it was the Government's policy that had necessi­ tated his transfer from Patna to Madras. The petitioner states that he was quite upset and told the CJI that his mother who lives with him was seriously ill and bed-ridden and was not in a position to leave Patna without the risk. of her life and also mentioned other circumstances and difficulties and requested that his transfer may not be insisted upon. The CJI is alleged to have told him that he was making a note of these circumstances. Three-four days later the petitioner came to Delhi and called on the CJI and told him 'of his acute and insurmountable personal difficulties to wliich reference had been made by him during his telephonic talk with the CJI. The petitioner was with him (CJI) for about 10-15 minutes at his resi­ dence but he found the CJI absolutely non-commital in respect of · his transfer. The petitioner informed the CJI that he might be given a chance to remove any wrong impression that may have been created in his mind. The CJI, however, did not put any question or material to the petitioner. The petitioner alleges that his transfer was notified without his previous consent nor did he give his consent, nor was he even con­ sulted in any manner about his transfer to Madras. The petitioner _further submits that no reasons, groun,ds or material necessitating or justifying his transfer from Patna to Madras were ever disclosed to him or discussed by the Piesident or the Government of India or anyone acting on their behalf or even by the CJ I. He also denies that the transfer was necessary in public interest. This matter is a question of Jaw for the courts to examine. His main griev.ance was that had he been given a chance to express his opinion he would have pointed out his compelling personal circumstances and difficul­ ties, more particularly the advanced age of his mother who wa& more than 85 years and was bed-ridden for two years, 8 866 sui>ttEME cotJRt RE~oHs ii 9s2j 1 s.c.rl .. The petitioner took the plea that he was not conversant with Tamil language, which was the official language of the State of Tamil Nadu, and this would therefore be a serious impediment in his func­ tioning as the Head of judiciary in that State He further alleged that his transfer was made without any effective consultation between the Government of India and the CJI and that it was based on irre­ levant and non•existent factors which were never disclosed to him. Thereafter, he took some legal pleas regarding the validity of the · transfer, which as pure questions of law we have already dealt with whlie dealing with other cases. Then, he laid great stress .on the statement made by en at Jaipur on January 19, 1981 that the judges who were recruited with the understanding that they would not be transferred to other, States should not be asked after their appoint­ ment to go to other States and according to the petitioner the CJI said that in su.:h transfers the problem of language, education of their children could not be brushed aside. The petitioner seems to suggest that by agreeing or sponsoring his transfer to Madras, the CJI completely overlooked the .observations made by him in Jaipur. Another technical objection taken by the petitioner was that the transfer order was bad because no notification had been issued by the President determining the compensatory allowance until a Parliamentary legislation was passed as required by the provisions E of Art. 222. He then made reference to the recommendations of various Chief Justices Conferences held before his appointment. A number of other pleas were taken by the petitioner, but Dr. Singhvi appearing for him, in view of the delicate and sensitive questions. that aro~e, very rightly decided to argue the case on the convergence rather. than divergence of the issues raised by the petitioner in his F petition or in his affidavits. As a plea for disclosure. of the documents in the nature of correspondence which led to the transfer of the petitioner from Patna to Madras was also prayed for, a counter,.affidavit was filed G by Shri T.N. Chaturvedi, Home Secretary opposing the disclosure an\f taking the plea of privilege under ss. 123 and 124 of the Evi­ dence Act. The court by a majority of 6: I, . as in other cases, in this case also overruled the plea of privilege and directed disclosure of the documents concerning the correspondence but omitting the notes and some minutes which fell within the ambit of Art. 74(2) of H the Constitution. The Hon'ble CJI, who is respondent No. 2, filed in his counter-affidavit on 29.9.8 l, as directed by us, where he oenied or rebutted most of the allegations of fact made by the petitioner .. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 867 in his affidavit. The petitioner filed another rejoinder on 16.10.81 to the counter-affidavit of the CJI. So far as the CJI is concerned, he admitted the fact that he visited Patna in February ! 980 but denied that he had gone there only for the purpose of inaugurating the Rotary International Con­ ference. He averred that he visited Patna in the exercise of his official duties particularly in order to meet the Judges and the members of the Bar and had informed the petitioner regarding his visit to Patna on-23.2.1980. According to the CJI, inauguration of Rotary International Conference was merely an incidental matter which he did during his presence at Patna. He has also stated that even before his visit to Patna he had received a letter from the petitioner enclosing a list of some senior Advocates whom be would like to meet individually but the CJI asked him to add names of five more Advocates. On reaching Patna, the CJI met the members of the Bar indi­ vidually on 24.2.80 and on the next day in the evening he met the members of the Advocates Association in the High Court premises. He also admitted his visits to Nalanda and Rajgir. He further states that during his visit to Patna he did not give the petitioner any inkling about his proposed transfer to Madras because in February 1980 there was no proposal to transfer him anywhere. The proposal of his transfer matured almost one year after. The CJI further states that be did have a talk over the tele­ phone with the petitioner on 5.1.81 and apprised him of the likeli­ hood of his being transferred to Madras and asked him if he had anything to say. The CJI denied that he merely said that the petitioner was being sent to Madras in view of the Government policy but added that apart from the Government policy be bad expressly told him that it was proposed to transfer him to Madras because he was an experienced and senior Chief Justice. The CJI admits that the petitioner had informed him that his mother was bed-ridden and not in a position to go to Madras but he did not tell him (CJJ) about any other difficulty. The CJI further states that the petitioner had hinted that if his transfer was insisted upon he would prefer to resign. Thereupon, he (CJI) requested him not to act in haste and to give the matter a close thought. He also in­ formed the petitioner that he was making a note of the difficulty expressed by him. He also requested him to come to Delhi and discuss the question of his transfer. The CJI further states that the petitioner met him in Delhi 3-4 days later and was with him fo.r D· 868 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (J 982) 2 S.C.R. 10-15 minutes and acquainted him (CJI) of his acute and insur­ mountable personal difficulties in the event of his transfer to Madras. The CJI further admitted that the petitioner was at his residence on 8.1.1981 at 7.30 p.m. and during their discussion the question of his mother's advanced age and illness also c.-i.me up which was the only personal difficulty stressed by him (petitioner). The CJI told him that he was unable to agree with him because there were other dependable persons in the family, including his brother S.B.N. Singh, who could look after his mother. The CJI also states that the petitioner gave him an impression that perhaps some complaints may have been made against him to the CJI which he would like to remove, on which the CJI assured him that he did not believe that his conduct was in any way blameworthy but certain persons were exploiting their proximity to him which had created needless mis­ understanding and dissatisfaction. Other matters were also men­ tioned by the petitioner to the CJI which have no direct bearing on the issue. In para 5 of his counter-affidavit the CJI has averred that there was full and effective consultation between him and the President on the question of the transfer of the petitioner from Patna to Madras and that every relevant aspect of that question was discussed by him fully with the President both before and after he proposed the transfer. The other allegations made by the petitioner were denied. The CJ! also stated that he was personally aware since February 1980 that his (petitioner's) mother was advanced in age and was not in a good state of health. Admitting the allegation of the petitioner regarding his speech at Jaipur, the CJI mentioned in his affidavit that he had given thoughtful consideration to the per­ sonal difficulty narrated by the petitioner during bis meeting. Lastly, the CJI mentioned that as the petitioner was one of the seniormost High Court CJs, he could function efficiently even despite the language difficulty. G The petitioner filed a rejoinder affidavit on 16.10.81 (hereafter referred to as the 'second affidavit') where he reiterated the allega­ tions made in his first affidavit and denied some of the facts men­ tioned by the CJI. In his second affidavit he stated that the CJI had said it was the Government's policy to effect transfers in batches H of 2 or 3 judges. This statement is a little inconsistent with his pre­ \ious statement in his first affidavit where he had mentioned that he was informed by the CJI that it was the Government's policy. In .. S.P. OUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 869 that affidavit he did not say about the transfer in batches of 2 or 3, which seems to have been added in the second affidavit. ' This is a most difficult and delicate situation where two high Constitutional functionaries are involved and have given affidavits and counter-affidavits. In a matter of such a serious magnitude, the Court has to make a very careful and cautious approach having regard to the respectability of the persons who have sworn the affidavits. We would, therefore, like to avoid unnecessary details and, as rightly contended by Dr. Singhvi, confine our attention only to the points of convergence without touching the issues of divergence. Before, however, we deal with the admitted facts which emerge from the affidavits concerned, it may be necessary to refer to the well settled law on the subject of effective consultation which is necessary con­ comitant of a valid and constitutional order of transfer passed by the President. Art. 222 constitutes a clear mandate that the transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another can be made only in consul­ tation with the CJI. As the connotation of the word 'consultation' has now been well-settled by a long course of decisions of this Court, it is not necessary for us to multiply authorities on this issue. We shall, therefore, refer only to th0se decisions which lay down com­ plete and ·objective test for determining what constitutes effective consultation in a particular case. To begin with, we shall start with Seth's case which is the only decision directly in point and where the matter was discussed fully covering all shades and aspects of this important question. Before referring to that case a few introduc­ tory remarks may be necssary. We have already indicated above that on an interpretation of Art. 222 the proposal for transfer of a judge (which includes Chief Justice) from one High Court to another may emanate either from the President or from the CJI. Although according to the Memo. which was produced before us, the practice is that the proposal is to emanate from the President through the law Minister but, as we have already pointed out that the Memo, cannot override the provisions of Art. 222 being only in the form of a guideline, there is nothing to prevent the proposal emanating from the CJI. In either case, however the process of effective consultation is to be gone through according to the principles laid down and directions given by this Court. In the instant case, the admitted position is that the proposal for transfer of the petitioner for the first time 870 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [I 982] 2 s.c.R. emanated from the CJI by virtue of his letter dated 7.12.80. At that time the recommendation of the CJ[ was to transfer the peti­ tioner to Rajasthan which was later changed and by a subsequent letter dated 20.12.80 the CJI proposed that t)le petitioner be trans­ ferred to Madras and Justice Ismail from M adra5 to Kerala. This is the proposal which is in dispute in the present case. In Seth's case this Court proceeded on the footing that the proposal had emanated from the President and laid down detailed guidelines and principles which should be followed in order to make consultation effective. It is obvious that where the proposal err.a­ nates from the CH the same principles would apply though in the reverse process. In other words, what the President is required to do under Art. 222 if the proposal emanates from him has to be done by the CJI if he is the author of the proposal of transfer. The present CJI in his majority judgment has considered the matter fully and exhaustively and his judgment contains the most brilliant and scientific exposition of the doctrine of consultation. While dwelling on the attributes of effective consultation, Chandrachud, J. (as he then was) observed as follows : "It casts an absolute obligation on the President to con~ult the Chief Justice of India beforP transferring a Judge from O!le High Court to another. The word "may" in article 222(1) qualifies the last clause which refers to the transfer of a Judge and not the intervening clause which refers to consultation with the Chief Justice of India. The President may or may not transfer a Judge from one High Court 10 another. He is not compelled to do so. But if he proposes to rransfer a Judge, he must consult the Chief Justice of India before transferring the Judge. That is in the nature of a condition precedent to the actual transfer of the Judge. In other words, the transfer of a High Court Judge to another High Court cannot become effective unless the Chief Justice of India is consulted by the President in behalf of the proposed transfer. Indeed, it is euphemistic to talk in terms of effectiveness, because the transfer of a High Court Judge to another High Court is unconstitutional unless, before transferring the Judge, the President consults the Chief Justice of India. But \here can be no purposeful consideration of a matter, in the absence of facts and circumstances on the ·• ... S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 871 basi' of which alone the nature of a problem involved can A be appreciated and the right decision taken. It must, there- fore, follow that while consulting the Chief Justice, the President must make the relevant data available to him on the basis of which he can offer to the President the benefit of his considered opinion. lf the facts necessary to arrive at a proper conclusion are not made available to the Chief Justice, he must ask for them because, in casting on the President the obligation to consult the Chief Justice, the Constitution at the same time must be taken to have im- posed a duty on the Chief Justice to express .his opinion on nothing less than a full consideration of the matter on which he is entitled to be consulted. The fulfilment by the President of his constitutional obligation to place full facts before tile Chief Justice and the performance by the latter, of the duty to elicit facts which are necessary to arrive at a proper conclusion are parts of the same pro- cess and are complementary to each other The faithful observance of these may well earn a handsome dividend useful to the administration of justice. Consultation within the meaning of article 222(1) therefore, means full and ejj'ec- tive, not formal or unprodurtive consultation. Thus, deliberation is the quintessence of consultation. That implies that each individual case must be considered separately on the basis of its own facts. The word 'consult' implies a conference of two or more persons or an impact of two or more minds in respect of a topic in order to enable them to evolve a correct, or at least, a satisfactory solution. In order that the two minds may be able to confer and produce a mutual impact, it is essential that each must have for its consideration Juli and identical facts, which can at once constitute both the source and foundation of the final decision. (Emphasis mine) Similarly, Krishna Iyer J. speaking for 'himself and one of us (Fazal Ali J.) described the consultative process thus : "The consultation, in order to fulfil its normative function in Art. 222(1), must be a real, substantial 872 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982 J 2 S.C.R. and effective consultation based on full and proper materials placed before the Chief Justice by the Govern­ ment. Before giving his opinion the Chief Justice of India would naturally take into consideration all relevant factors and may informally ascertain from the Judge concerned if he has any real personal difficulty or any humanitarian ground on which his transfer may not be directed. Such grounds may be of wide range including his health or extreme family factors. It is not necessary for the Chief Justice to issue formal notice to the Judge concerned but it is: sufficient-although it is not obligatory-if he ascertains these facts either from the Chief Justice of the High Court or from his own colleages or through any other means which the Chief Justice thinks safe, fair and reasonable. Where a proposal of transfer of a Judge is made the Government must forward every possible material to the Chief Justice so that he is in a position to give an effective opinion." D Bhagwati J. (One of us) agreed entirely with the observations extracted above. In an earlier Constitution Bench decision of this Court in Chandramouleshwar Prasad v. Patna High Court & Ors.(1) while E dealing with the intent and purpose of Art. 233, the principles of which equally apply to consultation under Art. 222, Mitter J. observed thus : "Consultation with the High Court under Art. 233 is not an empty formaliry. So far as promotion of officers to the cadre of District Judges is concerned the High Court is best fitted to adjuge the claims and merits of persons to be considered for (promotion ..• Consultalion or deliberation is not complete or effective before the parties thereto make their respective points of view known lo the other or others and discuss and examine the relative merits or their views. If one party makes a proposal to the other who bas a counter proposal in his mind which is not communicated to the proposer r the direction to give effect to the counter proposal withoutanything more, cannot be said to have been issued afterconsultation." (Emphasis mine) [ ( 1) [I 970] 2SCR 666. ·• .... S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 873 This case was followed both by Chandrachud J. and Krishna A Iyer J, and one of us (Fazal Ali J) in Seth's case where it was held that the observations made in this case constitute the true meaning and content of consultation as envisaged by Art. 222(1) of the Constitution. In Chandra Mohan's case (supra) this Court made the following B observations regarding the process and purport of consultation : "That this constitutional mandate has both a negative and positive significance is made clear by the other provi­ sions of the Constitution wherever the Constitution intended to provide more than one consultant, it has said so : see Arts. 124 (2) and 217(1). Wherever the Constitution pro­ vided for consultation of a single body or individual it said so; see Art. 222. Art. 124(2) goes further and makes a distinction between persons who shall be consulted and persons who may be consulted. These provisions indicate that the duty to consult is so integrated with the exercise of the power that the power can be exercised only in con­ sultation with the person or persons designated therein. Analysing the ratio of the decisions in Seth's case and Chandra­ mouleshwer Prasad's case (supra) the following necessary concomi- tants of an effective consultation may be stated : E (I) that the conclutation contemplated by Art. 222 must be: full and effective and is an essential ingredient of the exercise of power under Art. 222. (2) that once when the President decides to transfer a judge, he must consult the CJI before transfer; the consultation before transferring a judge is, as it were, a condition pn,cedent to the actual transfer of the judge. (3) if the consultation with the CJI has not been done before transferring a judge, the transfer becomes unconstitutional. G (4) The President must make the relevant data and the necessary facts available to the CJI so that he (CJI) may arrive at a proper conclusion. In case any facts are wanting the same should be supplied to the CJI and B this is an imperative duty or obligfltion cast on the President who initiates the proposal. 874 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982] 2 S.C.R. (5) The fulfilment by the President of his constitutional obligation and performance of his duty by the en are parts of the same process and after this process is fully complied with, the consultation becomes Full and effec­ tive and not formal or unproductive. (6) That sufficient opportunity should be given to the authorities concerned to express their views so as to tender advice as deliberation is the quintessence of consultation. (7) After the data, facts or materials are placed before the consultee and the consultant, there should be a full and complete application of minds in respect of the subject to enable them to reach a satisfactory conclusion. In other words, the two minds must be able to confer and produce a mutual impact on the indentical facts which would constitute both the source and the foun­ dation of the final decision. (8) The (;JI owes a corresponding duty both to the President and to the Judge who is proposed to be transferred to consider every relevant fact before tendering his opinion to the President. (9) Before giving his opinion the CJI must take into consi­ deration all relevant facts and should informally ascertain from the Judge if he has any personal difficulty or any humanitarian ground on which his transfer is proposed to be made and having done so, must forward the same to the President. (These principles were laid down in Seth's case) (IO) Consultation or deliberation is not complete until the parties make their points of view known to the other or others and discuss and examine the relative merit of their views. If one party makes a proposal to the other who has a counter proposal which is not communicated to the proposer, the direction to give effect to the counter-proposal without anything more will not amount to consultation. (This was held in Chandramouleshwar' s case (supra) -- ... . . '\.- S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 875 We shall now state the admitted facts which emerge from the A two affidavits of the petitioner and the counter-affidavit of the CJI to show whether the tests mentioned above have been fully satisfied or not. It is clearly established both from the petitioner's affidavit and the counter-affidavit of CJI that during his (CJIJ visit to Patna there was absolutely no suggestion or proposal to transfer the peti- tioner from Patna to Madras. The petitioner categorically states B this in para 8 of his first affidavit (filed on 16.9.81). This fact is endorsed and admitted by the CJI in para 2(e) of his counter-affidavit where he says thus : "it is true that I did not tell him then that he was to be transferred from Patna. That was because in February 1980 there was no proposal to transfer him. He was trans· ferred nearly one year later.:• Thus, the first fact on which there is no controversy or diver­ gence is that during his visit to Patna in February 1980 the CJI did not give any indication to the petitioner regarding his transfer to D Madras as there was no such proposal. A persual of the two affidavits would clearly show that there is no averment either by the-petitioner or by the CJI that they ever met at any other place between February 1980 and January 5, 1981. It must, therefore, be taken to be established that after his visit in E February 1980 the first time CJI had a talk with the petitioner was only on 5.1.1981. In this connection, averments are to be found in para 8 of petitioner's first affidavit and in para 2(f) of CJl's counter affidavit where he states thus : ''It is true, as stated by Shri K.B.N. Singh in paragraph 8 of his affidavit, that I conveyed to him on the evening of January 5, 1981 over the telephone that it was proposed to transfer Shri Justice M.M. Ismail to Kerala and that he, Shri K.B.N. Singh, may have to go to Madras." Another conclusive fact which inevitably follows from the aforesaid two averments is that even when the CJI sent the proposal dt. 20.12.80 of the transfer of the petitioner from Patna to Madras and that of Justice Ismail from Madras to Kerala, there was neither any talk or discussion nor any consultation with the petitioner. We have highlighted this important fact because from the observations extracted above one of the essential ingredients emphasised by this Court and even by the CJI himself w~s that there should be a com- 876 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 s.c.R. A munication of ideas before the proposal of transfer emanates. We shall elaborate this aspect a little later. According to the petitioner he was told by the CJI on telephone that he was to be sent to Madras in pursuance of a Government policy. The CJI in his counter-affidavit in para 2(g) stated that he did not merely indicate Government policy but also stated that it was necessary to appoint an experienced and senior CJ in place of Justice Ismail. In the circumstances, therefore, we would prefer the statement of the CJI to that of the petitioner particularly in view of the fact that in his second affidavit the petitioner has introduced an additional fact to the effect that the CJI had told him that it was the Government policy to effect transfers in batches of two or three. This minor contradiction is, however not of much value because the fact remains that the petitioner was sounded by the CJI for the first time on 5.1.81 over the telephone. The petitioner states that he explained to the CJI that his mother was seriously ill and bed-ridden and was not in a position to be moved and added that if his transfer was insisted upon, he might be compelled to resign. The statement is to be found in para 8 of the petitioner's first affidavit. This fact is admitted by the CJI in para 2(h) of his counter-a::!idavit which runs thus: "It is true that Shri K.B.N. Singh told me over the telephone that his mother was bedridden and was not in a p0sition to go with him to Madras." The CJI however denies that the petitioner told him of any other personal circumstance by reasons of which he was unable to go to Madras. We will accept this statement of the CJI also in preference to the statement made by the petitioner. The CJI admits that the petitioner had indicated his intention to resign if his transfer was insisted upon but he cautioned him to consider the matter more thoroughly before taking a final decision. On this point also there does not appear to be any controversy as there is a large measure of agreement in the statements contained in the affidavits of the peti­ tioner and the CJI. We then come to the finale of the drama which ii the most important factor to determine a~ to whether or not tl1ere was an . ; - .. • • -- S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 877 effective consultation as contemplated by Art. 222. Before however we deal with aspect of the matter we might mention that in the present case the letter dated 7.12.80 sent by the CJI to the Law Minister clearly shows that it was the CJI who had initiated the proposal unlike in Seth's case where the proposal was initiated by the President through the Law Minister. If this was the position then the fqrmalities and the duties that the President had to comply were now to be observed by the CJI, that is to say, it was for the CJI to consult the Judge concerned, consider his difficulties and then come to a final conclusion. Further, it was also for the CJI to have placed the entire facts, data, difficulties and viewpoints mentioned to him by the petitioner, before the President. Even if the CJI was not impressed by the difficulties expressed by the petitioner the materials and data given to him either 0rally or in writing had to be commui­ cated to the President because the possibility of the President taking a different view cannot be reasonably excluded. According to the averments made by the petitioner in para 8 of his &econd affidavit, he was not with the CJI for a period of more than 15 minutes. He further denied that ·apart from his mother's advanced age and illness no other facts were mentioned before the CJI. According to him, he had told the CJI that being the eldest son it was a sacred obligation to keep his mother with him and having regard to the close attachment with her, he could not leave her, with any of his brothers or other members of the family which was divided and partitioned. It may be relevant to note that in para 9 of his first affidavit the petitioner merely stated that he told the CJI of his acute and insurmountable personal difficulties without detailing them. He also admits that he was with the CJI at his residence on 8.1.81 for 10-15 minutes. He further mentioned that the CJI might have received complaints against him and he wanted to remove the wrong impression created against him. Para 9 of his first affidavit which contains details of the discussions he had with the CJI, does not at all mention the further facts which the petitioner has mentioned in para 8 of his second affidavit about the sacred obligation, his mother's illness, inability of other members • of her family to look after her. In view of this ommission we would accept the affidavit of the CJI which is fully corroborated by what the petitioner himself stated in his first affidavit. Although we may not go to the extent of saying that the subsequent statement of the petitioner made in para 8 of his second affidavit was an afterthought but in the circumstances it is sufficient to state that we would prefer to rely on the affidavit of the CJI as tbe subsequent facts were not indicated in the first affidavit of the petitioner. On the other 878 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982) 2 s.c.a. hand, the CJI in para 3 of his counter-affidavit replying to the state· ment of the petitioner that he (CJI) may have received baseless complaints, averred that he tried his best to convince him (petitioner) that he did not believe this bis (petitioner's) conduct was blame­ worthy and left him free to explain any matter which according to him had created dissatisfaction about the working of the High Court. Thereupon the petitioner narrated to him that there were number of persons inspired by commercial and other extraneous consi­ derations who tried to influence him (petitioner) administratively or judicially. The en however assured him that certain persons were exploiting their proximity to him which had created needless misun­ derstanding and dissatisfaction. These details, mentioned by the CJI, have not been contradicated or denied by the petitioner and we fully accept what the CJI had said in para 3 of his conter­ affidavit. As regards others matters, the CJI does say that other issues were also discussed on the evening of January 8, 1981 but they had no bearing on the matters in issue. In para 4 of his counter-affidavit the en admitted the statement of the petitioner, made in para 10 of his first affidavit, that he did not convey his consent to the proposal of his transfer, but the en added that he was consulted about his transfer to Madras. The consultation re­ ferred to by the en is obviously to the telephonic talk on 5.1.81 and the personal meeting between them on the evening of 8.1.81. These are the points of convergence on which by and large there does not appear to be any serious controversy and even if there is any, we have preferredto rely on the affidavit of the CJI as in the normal course of business we must, so long as the law permits. The most crucial averment by the CJI which forms the bul­ wark of the essential ingredient of effective consultation is to be found in para 5 of his counter-affidavit which runs thus: "I deny the statement in paragraph 13 of the affidavit of Shri K. B. N. Singh that his transfer to Madras was made without effective consultation between ·me and the Government of India. There was full and effective consul­ tation between me and the President of India on the ques­ tion of Shri K. B. N. Singh's transfer from Patna to Madras as the Chief Justice of the Madras High Court. Every . ' .. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 879 relevant aspect of that question was discussed by me fully with the President both before and after I proposed the transfer ...... Every relevant circumstance, including the personal difficulty mentioned by Shri K. B. N. Singh was considered by me carefully and objectively before coming to the conclusion that he should be transferred to Madras. I was personally aware since February 1980 that his mother was advanced in age and was not in a good state of health." So far as the first part of the affidavit is concerned that is a pure question of law, viz. whether on the facts effective consultation was proved or not. The CJI categorically states that every relevant aspect of the question was discussed by him fully with the President both before and after he proposed the transfer. It may be noticed that the name of · petitioner figures in the first proposal sent by the CJI to the Law Minister on 7.12.80 wherein he had clearly recommen­ ded that the petitioner be transferred as CJ, Rajasthan High Court. This proposal was, therefore, not merely an information but a regular proposal by which the CJI had recommended Justice K.B.N. Singh to be transferred to Rajasthan. We have already pointed out that between February 1980 and January 5, 1981 there is no evidence at alL nor any allegation or avcrment either in the affidavits of the petitioner or of the CJI to indicate that he had either orally or in writing ascertained the views of the petitioners when he (CJJ) by his aforesaid proposal recommended the transfer of Justice K.B.N. Singh to Rajasthan as Chief Justice. It must, therefore, taken to be established that there was no discussion at all nor any consultation between them when for the first time the ball was set in motion through the proposal of recommendation sent by the CJI to the Law Minister on 7.12.80. Even so we may not attach much significance to this fact because this proposal ultima- tely fell through and was substituted by a later proposal sent on 20.12.80. In his Jetter dated 20.12.80 the CJI wrote to the Law Minister that in view of the fact that a vacancy G would occur in the office of CJ, Madras High Court he proposed that Justice K. B. N. Singh be transferred as CJ, Madras High Court. This is the proposal which is in dispute in the present case. It is common ground that even between 7th and 20th December 1980, there was no talk or consultation between the petitioner and H the CJI. The position is that until 5.1.81 the petitioner was not given 880 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 s.c.R. A any idea or inkling about his being transferred to Madras High Court. Admittedly, for the first time the petitioner was informed by the CJI over the telephone on 5.1.81. This was followed by a meeting and detailed discussion by the CJI with the petitioner at the former's residence in Delhi on 8.1.81 at about 8.00 p.m. The fact before the proposal recommending the transfer of Justice K.B.N. Singh to Rajasthan or to Madras, there was no con­ sultion between the CJI and the petitioner, conclusively proves one of the first ingredients of the consultative process, viz. con­ sultation by the CJI with the proposed transferee should always be held as a first step towards making the consultation constitutionally effective was not observed. This was held, as extracted above, by CJI in Seth's case where he has gone to the extent of holding that if there is no such consultation before the transfer, then the transfer becomes unconstitutional. This, therefore, appears to be the first constitutional infirmity in the consultative process as contemplated by Art. 222. This now brings us to January 8, 1981 when there was a full discussion between the petitioner and the en. We shall accept the statemennt of the en made in bis counter-affidavit, in toto that he had discussed the matter threadbare with the petitioner and consi­ dered his difficulties. This limb of the consultative process was no doubt fully complied with as required by the constitution. Then we come to the third aspect of the consultative process. According to the en he has met the President and discussed every aspect of the matter, disclosed to him by the petitioner. Unfortuna­ tely, the en does not disclose the exact constitutional authority with whom he had discussed these matters, although it,,would have been much better if he had done so and that would have put the entire matter beyond any controversy. On this point, Dr. Singhvi as also Mr. B.e. Ghosh appearing for one of the petitioners vehemently contended that as the CJI was making a statement in an affidavit before a court of law, there was no justification for him to use the word 'president' and he should have mentioned the name of the exact authority with whom he had disscussed the matter, failing which this part of the affidavit should be rejected as being vague. Having regard to the very high position that the CJI • • - "' . \•· S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.) 881 occupies, his word is entitled to the greatest weight and respect, we would draw all presumptions within the bounds of law in favour of the CJI and presume that by using the word 'President', the CJI obviously intended the constitutional authority, who was being con­ sulted generally before or after the proposals for transfers were made viz., the Law Minister. We will also go even to the extent of holding that perhaps he may have had some discusdon with the Law Minister also. What facts he may have revealed and. in what way he put forward the point of view of the petitioner we are not able to say, because the affidavit of the CJI is absolutely silent on this point. Giving however the widest possible connotation to the words used oy the en. viz., 'every relevant aspect of question', would include all the personal difficulties which were mentioned to him by the petitioner, we are yet faced with another serious difficulty. In Seth's case the CJI has himself clearly held that deliberation is the quintessence of consultation. Thus, according to the CJ! bim­ sel f even if he had disclosed or placed all the materials before the Law Minister, he ought to have been given sufficient time for deli­ beration over the matters so as to be able to make up his mind, whether to agree or disagree with the CJI, and to advise the President accordingly. It may be that the personal difficulties may not have weighed with the CJI but the possibility of the Law Minister being impressed by them cannot be excluded. But as things stood, we· find that the Pri .ne Minister had already signed the file relating to transfer on 9-1-81 and it can safely be presumed that the file must have been sent by the Law Minister to the Prime. Minister either sometime in the morning of 9th or late at night on 8th. This would leave no time at all to the Law Minister or the Prime Minister to deliberate on the various personal issues raised by the petitioner in his discussion with the CJI. Indeed, if prior to sending the formal propJsal recJm.nending the transfer of the petitioner the en would have taken the precaution of as 1 certaining his views there would have been sufficient time for the Law Minister or the President to deliberate. It was strongly urged by the petitioner that from the statement of the Law Minister produced by the Solicitor-General before us it would appear that no minutes were recorded and the CJI had only mentioned to the Law Minister about his proposal to transfer the 0 882 S1JYR£ME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 s.c.R. petitioner. Thus, rrom the facts it should be inferred that there was no discnssion between the en and the Law Minister about the per­ sonal difficulties of the petitioner. It is true that from the file prcjuced before us no minutes seem to have been recorded about the discussion which the CJ[ had with Law Minister either on the 8th night or before that but that by itself would not exclude oral discussions having taken place after the detailed talk the en had with the petitioner on the evening of Stb. This, therefore, does not ·advance the case of the petitioner any further. · Apptyllig the ratio of Chandramouleshwar' s case {supra) to the facts of this case, the position may be stated thus-here the CJI made a proposal for transfer of the petitioner to Madras but this proposal was not communicated to the petitioner who may· have had a counter-proposal in his mind which also was not communicated to the President who was the person who decided the matter . finally. Thus, even though we may not disbelieve every letter and every word contained in the counter-affidavit of CH and give him the iull benefit of all possible legal presumptions, we come to the inescapable ccnclusion that the constitutional requirements of an effective conclusion have not been proved beyond reasonable doubt inasmuch as- (l) the petitioner was not consulted before the fot1Dal proposal, recommending him for transfer to Rajasthan and then to Madras, was sent to the Government. (2) that there is no mention at all in any of the proposals dated 7·12-80 or 20-12-80 regarding any discussion having been held with the petitioner. \ (3) that there is nothing to show that the President or the concerned constitutional authority had sufficient time to deliberate over the pros and cons of the transfer particularly in view of the difficulties placed by the petitioner, (4) the case squarely falls within the ratio laid down in Clumdramouleshwar' s case (supra) discussed above which had been approved by the en himself and ,~, S.P. OUPTA v. UNION (Faza/ Ali, J.) 883 Krishna Iyer J. and one of us (Fazal Ali J.) in Seth's A case. In view of the circumstances discussed above the consultative process as contemplated by Art. 222 is clearly vitiated which renders the order impugned passed by the President ·constitutionally invalid. We must hasten to add that we have taken the greatest possi- ' ble care to see that no finding is given or observations made by us which may either directly or indirectly cast any kind of aspersion on the recitals in the counter-affidavit of the CJ I nor is there any cir­ cnmstance proved in this case which may amount to such an asper· sion. As already observed by us we have accepted the affidavit of the CJI in toto giving the due respect that it deserves. We have decided this case purely on the constitutional infirmities present in the consultative process and that too on the basis of the observa·. tions made and the decision given by. the CJI himself in Seth's case. The last point of law that was urged by the petitioner was that the transfer was constitutionally invalid because one of the essential "" conditions of Art. 222 had not been fulfilled in this particular case. · It was argued that Art. 222(2), which is extracted below, requires a Presidential Order by which the transferee Judge would be entitled to such compensatory allowance as the President may by. order fix : · "222(2). When a judge has been or is so. transferred, he shall, during the period be serves, after the commence­ ment of the Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, · as a judge of the other High Court,. be entitled to receive in addition to his salary such compensatory allowance as may G be determined by Parliament by law and, until so deter- mined, such compensatory allowance as the President may by order fix.'' It was contended that this mandatory provision· of Art. 222 (2) ·has not been complied with, w~. however, find absolutely no substa· 884 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 S.C.R, nee in this argument because while A rt. 222 (2) does require that on transfer from one High Court to another, compensatory allowance may be paid; it does not state that the Presidential Order should issue pari passu the order of transfer. Such an order could follow transfer. Moreover, as the petitioner never cared to join his new assignment and before he could do so the writ petitions were filed and proceed­ ings were stayed, there was no occasion for the President to pass the order directing compensatory allowance to be paid to him until the validity of the transfer of the petitioner was finally adjudged by this Court. This is not a case where a judge or a CJ having been trans­ ferred had joined his new assignment and started working and still no Order of compensatory allowance was made by the President. Before finally closing this Chapter we might mention that another reason given by Brother Venkataramiah J. for upholding the impugned Order was that under S. l 14(e) of the Evidence Act there is a pres um pt ion that official acts must be deemed to have been actually done, this Court must presume that if there was any infirmity in the consultation the same must have been complied with. With great respect to our learned Brother, we are however unable to agree with this argument. The presumption applies only where there is no challenge to the constitutional validity of an official act. Where an act is found to be per se unconstitutional, the question of raising a presumption does not arise because once it is held, as found in this case, that the consultation did not fulfil the constitutional require­ ments, the order impugned would become void ab initio and 1non.est. We are fortified in our view by a decision of this Court in F Collector of Customs, Baroda v. Digvijaysinhgji Spinning & Weaving Mills Ltd.( 1) where Subba Rao J. (as he then was) made the follow­ ing observations :- "The High Court in effect drew a presumption in favour of the regular performance of an official act. But this presumption is only optional. In a case like this when the validity of an order depends upon the fulfilment of a condition, the party relying upon, the presumption should at least sl,ow that the order on the face of it is regular and is in conformity with the provisions of the stat\lte." (1) (1962] 1 SCR 896. . ' J' • .. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Fazal Ali, J.J 885 An identical view was taken in an earlier case repoted in AIR 1943 FC 75. In the instant case in view of our clear finding that the essential ingredients of effective consultation as required by Art. 222 not being proved, the question of drawing a presumption under S. 114(e) of Evidence Act does not arise. For the reasons given above we hold that the Order of the President transferring the petitioner, Justice K.B.N. Singh from Panta to Madras is constitutionally invalid and we hereby quash the notifi­ cation dated 19-8-81 passed by the President. The fact that the Order of transfer in this particular case has been held to be invalid and quashed, will not preclude the Govern­ ment from making fresh orders of transfers after formulating a general policy of transfers on the lines and the manner indictated by us so that every High Court has a Chief Justice from outside and at the initial stage one-third of the strength of the Judges is recruited from outside the State. Thus, the position is that while I have expressed my separate opinions on Art. 222 (T.C. No. 22/81), the Circular and the policy of Transfer, question of Privilege and Transferred Case No. 24/81 and have made some observations on other questions also but subject to the observations made I would entirely agree with Brother Bhagwati, Desai and Venkataramia'1 JJ. in respect of Arts. 217 and 224, on primacy with Brother Desai J. and regarding Kumar's case (T.C. No. 20/81) and the question of locus with Brother Bhagwati J. The result is that petitions ansmg out of transferred cases Nos. 19, 20, 21 and 22 of 1981 are accordingly dismissed. Writ Petition No. 274 of 198 l, Transferred Case Nos 2 and 6 of 198 ! are accordingly disposed of. Special Leave Petition (civil) No. 1509/81 is dismissed as withdrawn. Petitions arising out of Transferred. case No. 24/8 l are allowed but without any order as to costs., 886 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19821 2 s.c.R. TULZAPURKAR, J. On March 18, 1981 Hon'ble Shri P. Shiv Shankar, Minister for Law, Justice and Company Affairs, Govern­ ment of India addressed the following Circular letter to the (I) Governor of Punjab and (2) Chief Ministers (by name) (except North-Eastern States) : "D.O. No. 66/10/81-Jus My dear, Minister of Law, Justice & Company Affairs, India, New Delhi-11000 I. March 18, 1981 It has respeatedly been suggested to Government over the years by several bodies and forums including the States Re-organisation Commission, the Law Commission and various Bar Associations th at to further national integration and to combat narrow parochial tendencies bred by caste, kinship and other local links and affiliations, one third of the Judges of a High Court should as far as possible be from outside the State in which that High Court is situated. Somehow, no start could be made in the past in this direc­ tion. The feeling is strong, growing and justified ti. at some effective steps should be taken very early in this direction. 2. In this context, I would request you to- (a) obtain from all the Additional Judges working in the High Court of your State their consent to be appointed as Permanent Judges in any other High Court in the country. They could, in addition, be requsted to name three High Courts, in order of preference, to which they would prefer to be appointed as Permanent Judges; and (b) Obtain from persons who have already been or may in the future be proposed by you for initial appointment their consent to be appointed to any other High Court in the country along with a similar preference for three High Courts. 3. While obtaining the consent and the preference of the pers011~ )ll\:ntiOQ\lQ ip paragraph 2 above, it may be ~.i>. OUPTA v. UNI~N (Tuizapurkar, i.) made clear to them that the furnishing of the consent or the indication of a preference does not imply any commitment on the part of Government either in regard to their appoint­ ment or in regard to accommodation in accordance with the preferences given. · 4. I would be grateful if action is initiated very early by you and the written consent and preferences of all Addi­ tional Judges as well as of persons recommended by you for initial appointment are sent to me within a fortnight of the receipt of this letter. 5. I am also sending a copy of this letter to the Chief Justice of your High Court. With regards, Yours sincerely, Sd/- (P. Shivshankar)" It further appears that prior to as well as after the issuance of the aforesaid Circular letter.by the Union Law Minister on March 18, 1981, in several High Courts, including High Courts of Allahabad, Bombay and Delhi. the President · of India acting under Art. 224 granted short-term extensions for three months, six months or a year to sitting Additional Judges whose initial terms were about to expire but since such. short-term extensions became a frequent phenomenon. particularly after the issuance of the aforesaid Circular letter, it created great consternation in the legal and judicial circles in the country. These two actions of the Union 'Government, namely, the issuance of the Circular letter dated March IS, 1981 and the grant of short-term extensions led to legal action being taken challenging the same which is the subject matter of the instant adjudication. Having regard to their high position as a consitutional func­ tionary all the sitting Additional Judges in various High Courts, though agitated by these two actions of the Union Government understandably felt reluctant to adopt legal steps against the same (barring the exception of Mr. Justice S. N. Kumar who as a party-respondent to the writ petition filed in Delhi High Court has actively supported the challenge to these actions and has also challenged the further action of dropping him SUPREMB COURT REPORTS (19821 2 s.c.A. out-right that occurred during the pendency of the pettition) but the legal profession which was vitally interested in the maintenance of an indepenent and fearless Judiciary-with its concomitant power of judicial review-a basic feature of our Constitution and also a necessary postulate for the legal profession, felt terribly disturbed and thought of taking action challenging the same and the sequel was the filing of four writ petitions one in Allahabad High Court, two in Delhi High Court and one in the Bombay High Court, all of which were transferred to this Court, being Transferred Case No. 19 of 1981 Shree Gupta's Writ petition No. 4845/81 in the Allahabad High Court), Transferred Case No. 20 of 1981 (Shri Tarkunde's Writ Peti­ tion No. 882/81 in Delhi High Court), Transferred Case No. 21 of 1981 (Shri Kalra's Writ Petition No. 636/81 in Delhi High Court) and Transferred Case No. 22 of 1981 (Shri Iqbal Chagla's Writ Petition No. 527/81 in the Bombay High Court). Excepting the Transferred Case No. 21 of 1981 where only short term extensions are challenged, in the other three cases both the actions have been challenged. According to the petitioners both the aforesaid actions of the Union Government forming part of a Scheme constitute a direct attack on ihe independence of the Judiciary, which is a basic feature of our Constitution, and being .i~legal and unconstitutional are liable to be and deserve to be quashed or struck down. As regards Circular letter it is pointed out that it is in two parts; (i) in relation to sitting Additional Judges in all the States of India(ex­ cept Noth-Eastern States) it seeks to obtain their consent in substa­ nce to their transfer as Permanent Judges to ·states other than their own and(ii)in relation to the proposed appointees(either from the Bar or services) for initial appointment (either as Additional or Perma­ nent Judges) it seeks to obtain their consent for being appointed to any other High Court in the country '.meaning other than their home-State High Court); and in this behalf it also seeks from them their choice by naming three High Courts ia order of preference to which they would prefer to go; and this is being done with a view to implement the policy of having one-third of the Judges of a High Court, as far as possible, from out side the State in which that High Court is situated on grounds of furthering national integration and combating narrow parochial tendencies, bred by caste, kinship and other local links and affiliations. According to the petitioners this Circular letter seeks to effect, in substance and reality, a mass transfer of sitting Additional Judges as also of .. - .. - S.1'. GUPTA v. UNION (Tu/zupurkar, J. ) 889 the proposed appointees based on a policy decision unilaterally taken by the Law Minister/Uni0n Government and as such violates the requirements of Art. 222 (1) of the Constitution as laid down by this Court in Shankal Chand Seth' s(1) case inasmuch as such mass trans­ fers on alleged grounds of policy are outside its scope and further it reduces the efficacy of the consultation with the Chief Justice of India contemplated therein to a meaningless formality by presenting a transfer proposal to him as a fait accompli, the same being backed by the consent of the concerned Judge or the proposed appointee to his transfer. It is also contended that the Circular Jetter is illegal as being without authority of law. Thirdly, as far as the sitting Additional Judges are concerned, it is contended that. inasmuch as para 3 of the Circular letter makes it clear that even if consent is given and preference is indicated there is no commit­ ment on the part of the Government either to appoint them as Permanent Judges or accept their preference, the said letter con­ tains, by implication, a threat, to them that if they do not give their consent they will not be either continued as Additional Judges or confirmed as Permanent Judges, the said statement in para 3, by necessary implication, also contains a threat that the Government would watch their performance in matters to which the Government, Government Bodies and Corporations are parties be­ fore them and would appoint them as Permanent Judges only if they were found to toe the Government line and as such it constitutes gross interference with administration of justice and is subversive of judicial independence; moreover, the consent is sought to be obtained under threat, coercion and duress and also in advance and in abstract and the same would be no consent in law. As regards the proposed appointees it introduces any additional qualification for being appointed as additional or Permanent Judge not warranted by the Constitution. Fourthly, it is contended that the said statement in para 3 of the Circular letter also shows that there was no justi­ fication for writing the said letter at all and the same was written mo/a fide for a collateral purpose, namely, to by-pass Art. 222 and confront the Chief Justice of India with a fait accompli when the proposal to transfer such Judge would be forwarded to him; fur­ ther to exercise the power of appointing additional Judges not for the purpose for which that power has been conferred but for the pur­ pose of carrying out the so-called "policy" o the Goverment is also ma/a fide in the sense that th: power is being exercised for a collateral purpose foreign to the purpose indicated in Art. 224. Fifthly, the petitioners have contended that the Circular letter, under fl) [1978] ISC R 423. 890 SUPREME COtiRT REPORTS [1982j 2 s.c.ii. which absolute power and discretion is claimed to the effect that there is no obligation on the part of the Union Government to con­ tinue the sitting Additional Judges after the expiry of their initial term notwithstanding pendency of arrears of work or to make them permanent as and when permanent vacancies become avail­ able and to appoint different persons for different periods as Additional Judges in the vacancies of sitting Additional Judges after their initial terms have expired, is a clear abuse of the power conferred by Art. 224 (I) of the Constitution, because the power being purposive is coupled with a duty to exercise the same when the conditions precedent mentioned in the provision exist and the Circular letter which claims such absolute power is violative of the provisions of Art. 224; in any case the course proposed in the said Circular letter in exercise of such absolute power claimed thereunder is contrary to the established constitu­ tional convention and practice (specified later) that has grown over the years in the matter of appointment of A,dditional Judges and confirming them as Permanent Judges and, therefore, bad in law inasmuch as Art. 224 (I) has been interpreted and worked having regard to the said convention and practice. Sixthly, the petitioners have contended that the Circular letter is violative of Art. 14 inas­ much as it makes invidious discrimination against those who would be refusing to furnish their consent as they will suffer a disadvan­ tage, while those who would be furnishing their consent will be at an advantage and even within the class of those who would be furnishing their consent it gives to the Government unfettered and unguided power or discretion to pick and choose i. e. select some for being shifted to High Courts other than their home State High Courts and to retain and appoint others in their home­ State High Courts-which power can be exercised either by way of punishment or by way of favouritism; and in this behalf reliance is placed on the Law Minister's statement made in Parliament in response to a Calling Attention Motion by some Hon'ble Members on 16th April, 1981 to the effect "it is not the intention of the Government _to appoint all Additional Judges to outside Courts". Without prejudice to these contentions, it is lastly contended by the petitioners that in the appointment of Additional Judges of one High Court as Permanent Judges of another High Court or in the appointments of the Members of the Bar practising in one High Court as Additional or Permanent Judges of another High Court pursuant to the consent obtained under the said Circular letter. the consultation with the Governor of that other State and particularly with the Chief Justice of that other High Court would be illusory and an empty formality and as such the said Circular + -- + ... U>, GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) Mt letter is violative of the . Art. 217 of the Constitution. For these reasons the petitioners have prayed for the quashing of the said Circular letter as also of the consent, if any, obtained thereunder. as being illegal, unconstitutional and void and its withdrawal, non. use and non implementation by the Government. As regards short·term extensions for three months, six months or a year granted to sitting Additional Judges upon the expiry of their initial term, which have become a frequent phenomenon after the issuance of the Circular letter dated March 18, 1981, the petitioners have contended that such short·term extensions are directly subversive of the independence of Judiciary and not contem­ plated by the Constitution. According to the petitioners the power to appoint an Additional Judge "for such period not exceeding two years as the President may specify" in Art. 224(1) has invariably been exercised by appointing Additional Judges initially for a period of two years, which has come to be regarded as the 'normal term', that when the said period is about to expire if there is no vacancy of a Permanent Judge in that Court it has been the practice to continue such Judges for a further term of two years and if a perma­ nent vacancy arises to confirm the seniormost among them as a Judge of that High Court. The petitioners have contended that such a constitutional convention and practice has grown over the years and the provisions of Art. 224(1) have been worked in accor­ dance with such convention and practice. It·is further pointed out that when a member of the Bar is appointed as an Additional Judge of a High Court an undertaking is usually given by him to the Chief Justice that if and when a .Permanent Judgeship of the Court is offerred to him he will accept it but if he declines to do so he will not practise before that High Court or any Court or Tribunal subor­ dinate to it; (at any rate, such an undertaking is obtained in the Bombay High Court), the postulate of such undertaking is that an Additional Judge appointed from the Bar should not be allowed to revert to the Bar and, far from being dropped, will be offered a permanent vacancy as and when it arises in that court. In other words a member of the Bar who accepts the appointment of an Additional Judge has legitimate expectation that he will be confirmed as Permanent Judge of that High Court when a vacancy occurs and in the past he has been confirmed except in the rarest of cases. According to the petitioners the power claimed under Art. 224(1) not to continue the Additional Judge, even if temporary increase in the Court's business persists or pendency of arrears justifies such continuance, after the expiry of the initial term 892 SUPREME COURT REPORTS. [1982] 2 s.c.R. and not to make him permanent even if a vacancy of permanent post occurs and to appoint another person as Additional Judge by ignoring the legitimate expectancy of the sitting incumbent whose initial term has expired, apart from involving an unjustified departure from the well recognised and established practice, amounts to breach of faith with the concerned Judge and further to ask such Additional Judge who has given such undertaking to agree in advance to a trans­ fer (or even to accept fresh appointment) to other High Courts as a Permanent Judge also involves similar breach of faith . with that Judge; such departure and breach of faith amounts to a clear abuse of power and the purported exercise of the power in that manner would be illegal and void. So also the claim made by the Govern­ ment that Art. 224(1) only fixes the maximum period of two years at a time, tbat the Article does not limit the discretion of the Government in the matter of the period for which an Additional Judge can be appointed except in regard to the ceiling of two years, and that the appointment can be for a shorter period and that period is not justiciable is untenable in law and clearly wrong because, apart from involving an unjustified departure from the well recog­ nized and established practice, it introduces an element of insecurity of tenure having serious repercussions on the independence of Judiciary and also undermines people's confidence and faith in it. It may be stated that the petitioners have cited specific instances of Additional Judges having been granted short·term extensions for three months, six months or a year in Allahabad, Bombay and Delhi High Courts and have also cited instances of Additional Judges being dropped in the purported exercise of such absolute power claimed under Art. 224( I). Grievance has specifically been made in respect of the individual cases of three Judges of the Delhi High Court, (a) Mr. Jmtice 0.N. Vohra (as he then was), (b) Mr. Justice S.N. Kumar (as he then was) and (c) Mr. Justice S.B. Wad. It is pointed out that these three Judges were initially appointed with effect from 7.3.1979 as Additional Judges in the Delhi High Court for a term of two years but on the expiry of the said initial term each one of them was granted a short-term extension of three months with effect from 7.3.1981 and at the expiry of their said period of three months on 6.6.198 l the first two have been dropped out-right and Mr. Justice Wad has been granted an extension for a further period of one year with effect from 7.6.1981. Such short-term extensions for three months granted to all the three after the expiry of their initial term of two years, as also the short-term extension of - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) one year granted to Justice Wad with effect from 7.6.1981 have been challenged as being illegal and unconstitutional and the out-right dropping of the first two Judges has been challenged also on the ground of malafides both legal and factual in Transferred Case No. 20 of 1981; however, relief is claimed only in respect of the dropping of Mr. S.N. Kumar and not of Mr. O.N. Vohra. Jn the context of their challange to short-term extensions the petitioners have submitted that Art. 216 of the Constitution casts a primary obligation upon the President mandatorily to provide adequate strength of Permanent Judges to cope with the normal business in every High Court so as to ensure its disposal within reasonable time and to review such strength from time to time so that arrears do not accumulate and justice to litigants is not unduly delayed, while the power to appoint Additional Judges under Art. 224( I) (a provision substituted in its present form by the Constitution Seventh Amendment Act, 1956) and the exercise thereof are only dependent upon the fulfilment of either of the two conditions mentio· ned therein, namely, (a) temporary increase in the business of a High Court or (b) arrears of work therein; and it is only upon the fulfilment of either one or the other or both the conditions in a High Court that the President can appoint duly qualified persons to be Additional Judges of that Court for such period not exceeding two years as he may specify, but if the said conditions are not fulfilled and the objective facts unmistakably demonstrate that the increase of business is not of a temporary character but is a permanent increase every year or that the arrears have increased and accumula · ted to an appreciably disturbing level with no reasonable prospects of substantially reducing the same over a period of years, the Presi­ dent cannot resort to Art. 224( 1) but has to increase the permanent strength by making permanent appointments under Art. 217. In any case Additional Judges cannot be appointed while keeping per­ manent posts vacant as is happening at present frequently. The petitioners have further submitted that in view of undisputed data of the regular increase in the normal business of almost all High Courts and mounting arrears therein-a reality being within the knowledge of the President-the decision to keep a large number of sitting Judges as Additional Judges would be arbitrary and unconstit1.1tional and a clear case exists for declaring them to be deemed to have become permanent or directing the President to make them permanent by appropriately increasing permanent strength in the concerned High Courts and this Court should pass appropriate orders in this behalf. SUPREME cotJR.t REPORTS [19&21 2 s.c.it. The contesting respondents (who are mainly the Union of India and the Union Law Minister) through Counter-Affidavits filed by Shri K.C. Kankan, Deputy Secretary, Department of Justice, Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs, have resisted the writ petitions on several grounds. In the first place it is contended that the petitioners (barring Shri S.N. Kumar who as party-respondent in Transfer Case No. 20 of 1981 has supported the challenge and sought relief) who are legal practioners have no direct interest in the subject matter of the writ petitions and cannot be regarded as the persons aggrieved by the impugned actions of the Government and therefore have no locus standi and as such the petitions are liable to be dismissed. Secondly, it is contended that though Shri S.N. Kumar could be regarded as a person aggrieved by the impugned actions of the Government, he being a sitting Additional Judge from whom consent under the Circular letter was sought and was granted a short-term extension, his tenure having come to an end by effiux of the period for which he was appointed he is no longer concerned with the impugned Circular letter nor with the short-term that had been granted to him and after he has ceased to be a Judge of the Delhi High Court he does not have any vested or enforceable right against the President or the Union Government in the matter of either continuation as an Additional Judge or appointment as a Permanent Judge and, therefore, bis challenge as a party-respondent to the governmental action is not maintainable; in other words, even on the assumption that the Government's actions are not warranted by the constitutional provisions, the invalidity or uncons­ titutionality thereof does not give any corresponding right to him to sustain the petition; in any .event the tenure fixed by the warrant of his appointment as an Additional Judge having expired Sbri S.N. Kumar has no enforceable right either to continue as an Additional Judge or to be appointed as Permanent Judge inasmuch as the power to appoint a person a Judge of a High Court is discretionary with the President and such discretion cannot be controlled by judicial review by issuance of a mandamus and he is not entitled to any relief. As regards the impugned Circular letter it is contended that it does not deal with transfer of sitting Additional Judges or of the proposed appointees from one High Court to another nor does it seek to obtain consent for such transfer but in relation to sitting Additional Judges it seeks to obtain their consent for being appoin­ ted as Permanent Judges to another High Court and in relation to the proposed appointees it seeks to obtain their consent for their -- I - I .,. ~.t>. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 895 initial appointment (either as Additional or Permanent) to a High Court other than their home-State High Court and the action pro­ posed to be taken thereunder is for purposes of Art. 217 of the Constitution; it is the case of the contesting respondents that when an Additional Judge on the expiry of his initial term or extended term is appointed as a permanent Judge it is a fresh appointment by warrant under Art. 217 and there is no question of any transfer being involved in such a case and obviously in the case of a proposed appointee (either from the Bar or services) when he is being initially appointed there is no question of any trans­ fer in his case either; in othar words, according to the contesting respondents Art. 222(1) of the Constitution is not attracted at all and as such there is no question of the Circular letter violating the requirements of the said article, much less there being any intention on the part of the contesting respondents either to by-pass Art. 222(1) or to reduce the efficacy of consultation of the Chief Justice of India contemplated therein in any manner. It is emphatically denied that any mass transfers or individual transfers based on any policy decision are being effected under the impugned Circular letter. It is denied that the Circular letter is intended to affect the indepen­ dence of the judiciary in any manner or that the Circular letter contains any threat of the type suggested or at all to the sitting Additional Judges while seeking their consent. It is also denied that the consent that is sought to be obtained under the Cireular letter is being obtained under threat, coercion or duress or that the same is in abstract and it is pointed out that for making fresh appointments of sitting .Additional Judges, ·after the expiry of their term, to another High Court and for making initial appointments of the proposed appointees to a High Court other than their home-State High Court their consent would naturally be required under Art. 217 and it is such consent that is being obtained from them under the Circular letter. It is further denied that the statement contained in para 3 of the Circular letter shows that there is no justification for writing the said letter at all or that the same was written ma/a fide for collateral purposes as suggested or otherwise; it is pointed out that the legal and constitutional position even before the sending of the Circular letter was that there was no commitment on the part of the Govern­ ment to appoint every Additional Judge as the Permanent Judge and the true purport of para 3 of the said letter is that the furnishing of consent will not change that position and will not now imply a commitment and it was necessary to make the legal and constitutional position clear lest a different impression was created as also to avoid any kgal arguments based . on the theory of promissory estoppel. () 896 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19821 2 s.c.11. According to the contesting respondents it is for the purpose of implementing the policy of having one-third of the Judges of a High Court from outside that the Circular letter has been issued and it is a preliminary step in the direction of obtaining and collecting data and information from persons who would be willing to get appointed in other High Courts so that such information could be made available to the Chief Justice of India as also to the State authoritie> and the Chief Justices of .the concerned High Courts for effective consultation as envisaged in Art. 217 and as such the Circular letter is perfectly legal and within the authority of Jaw. It is denied that the Circular letter confers unbridled or unguided power on the Executive to pick and choose certain Judges for being transferred or shifted to other High Courts; it is pointed out that such a contention is wholly mis-conceived for two reasons, namely, that the letter does not speak of transfers at all but appointments to other High Courts and secondly it cannot arm the Executive with any powers, for whatever powers the Executive has are derived from the provisions of the Constitution and that the Law Minister's statement in the Parliament on 16th April, 1981 has to be understood in the context in which it was made. It is further denied that in appointing Additional Judges of one High Court as Permanent Judges of another High Court or in appointing Members of the Bar practising in one High Court as Additional or Permanent Judges of another High Court pursuant to the consent given under the Circular letter, the consultation with the Governor of that other State or with the Chief Justice of that other High Court would become illusory or an empty formality because the data and particulars of the person proposed to be appointed collected from other sources can and would be made available to the Governor of that other State as also to the Chief Justice of that other High Court and it is not the requirement of Art. 217 that the constitutional functionaries mentioned therein should be aware of such data and particulars of their personal know­ ledge; in fact, even the Chief Justice of the home-State High Court, it is conceivable, may not have personal knowledge in that behalf and may have to collect the data and particulars from other sources. In other words, it is contended that if the data and particulars of the person proposed to be appointed is collected by a Chief Justice from other sources, his advice does not become illusory or an empty formality and as such the Circular letter cannot be said to be vio­ lative of Art. 217. As regards short-term extensions for three months, six months, of il yeilr grilnted to sitting Additional Judges upon the expiry of the ·• - I ... - !l.ti. otJtitA \i, tJNI01'1 (Tulzapurkar, J.) 891 Initial term and the other submissions made by the petitioners in regard to the President's powet undet Arts. 216, 211 and 224(1) the contesting tespondettt!i have relied Upon the provisions of these Arti­ cles ror their true and proper construction; according to them reading Arts. 217(1) and 224(1) together the position in law is clear that no Additional Judge has any legal or constitutional right to be continued as an Additional Judge on the expiry of his initial or extended term or to be made a Permanent Judge even if a vacancy occurs in a permanent post in his High Court. Strictly speaking, the tenure of an Additional Judge is fixed by the warrant of his appointment and on the expiry of the period mentioned in the warrant he ceases to be a Judge of the High Court and in either extending him for a further term as an Additional Judge in the same High Court or in making him permanent in the vacany in a permanent post, a fresh appointment is involved, and the consul­ tative process envisaged in Art. 217(1) is attracted; in other words he is in the same position as a proposed appointee for initial appointment and the same position obtains if it is intended to make him a Permanent Judge in some other High Court. It is further contended that the provisions of the concerned Articles being very clear and unambiguous no convention or practice that might have grown in the matter of appointment of Additional Judges and confirming them as Permanent Judges (which is denied) can alter or affect the interpretation of the said provisions. Even an undertaking of the type indicated 'by the petitioners if obtain­ ed from a member of the Bar while appointing him as an Additional Judge cannot affect the true meaning and construction of the concer· ned provisions. It is further contended that assuming (without admitting) that an Additional Judge of a High Court gives the kind of undertaking mentioned by the petitioners, particularly of the type that is said to be usually obtained from him in the Bombay High Court, no illegality takes place in asking him if he would agree to be appointed as a Permanent Judge in any other High Court, as he shall be so appointed only in pursuance of his consent. It is further contended that if on true construction of these two Articles it is clear that an Additional Judge has no vested legal or constitutional right to be continued or to become permanent then it must be open to the President to appoint different persons, who are fully qualified, to be Additional Judges during different periods for disposing of the arrears, though such appointments will have to be necessari­ ly made in accordance with the constitutional requirements of Art. 217. The contesting respondents have contended that the volume of work in a High Court is of rc;)c;vl111ce in deciding whethel' 898 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 s.c.i. Additional Judges should be appointed and the same is of no ·rele­ vance with regard to a particular person to be appointed. Regardiug short-term extensions that were granted it is explained that they became necessary pending completion of inquiries into the com­ plaints that had been received against the concerned Additional Judges and the constitutional functionaries desired to satisfy them­ selves in that behalf before taking a final view. As regards the individual cases of the three Judges of the Delhi High Court it is pointed out that so far as Justice Wad is concerned he has now been granted a long term of one year with effect from 7.6.1981 and he can have no grievance and as regards the out-right dropping of Shri O.N. Vohra and Shri S.N. Kumar it is denied that the same is illegal or unconstitutional or mala fide either in law or in fa ct; and it is pointr.d out that since Shri Vohra is not seeking any relief before the Court the action of dropping him need not be pronounced upon by this Court and so far as Shri S.N. Kumar is concerned, action being proper no relief can be granted to him. It is disputed that this Court can grant the relief by way of declaring the sitting Additional Judges to be deemed to have become permanent or by directing the President to make them permanent by appropriately increasing the permanent strength in the concerned High Courts. As stated at the outset by these writ petitions filed under Art. 226 of the Constitution the legality or constitutionality of the two actions of the Union Government, namely, the issuance of the Circular letter dated March 18, 1981 and the grant of short-term extensions to sitting Additional Judges in various High Courts, is being challenged and the first question raised by the contesting res­ pondents relates to the locus standi of the petitioners, who are legal practitioners in Allahabad, Bombay and Delhi High Courts, to maintain their petitions seeking relief against these two impugned actions. Jn my view the question of locus standi of the petitioners in these cases has become academic inasmuch as admittedly in the writ petition filed by Shri Tarkunde in Delhi High Court (being writ petition No. 882/81) Mr. Justice S. N. Kumar (as he then was), impkaded as a party-respondent, has supported the challenge and sought reliefs in respect of these impugned actions and as such the challenges made will have to be gone into and decided by this Court. In the case of Dwarkadas Srinivas v. The Sholapur Spinning & Weav­ ing Co. Ltd. and others(1) the constitutionality of the impugned Ordi­ nance II of 1950 as well as of the Act XXVIII of 1950 which re- (1) [1954) SCR. 674. - -L ·• - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 899 placed it, whereunder the management of the Mills was taken over and run by the Directors appointed by the Central Government, was challenged by Shri Dwarkadas Srinivas (plaintiff), a preference share-holder of the Company and he also sought relief by quashing the demand made for calls in respect of unpaid share capital by the nominated Directors; a contention was raised about the locus standi of the plaintiff to maintain the suit on the ground that it was the Company who ought to have filed the suit as it was affected by the impugned Ordinance and the Act. This Court took the view that the contention was of no avail because the Company had been impleaded as a defendant to the suit and its old Directors had made an application to the Court supporting the case of the plaintiff on the ground that the Ordinance and the Act were void as they in­ fringed the Company's fundamental right under Art. 31(2) of the Constitution. At page 714 of the report Justice Mahajan (as he then was), who delivered the main judgment of the Court, observed thus : "I am further of the opinion that the question of the locus standi of the plaintiff to raise the plea that the Ordi­ nance being void against the Company the Directors had no authority to make the call, is really of academic interest in this case because here the company has been impleaded as a defendant. Its old directors have made an application to this Court supporting the case of the plaintiff on the .ground that the Ordinance is void as it infringes the com­ pany's fundamental right under Article 31(2)." Iii view of this legal position the learned Attorney-General for the Union of India made a statement at the Bar that he would not be pressing the contention relating to locus standi of the petitioners. However, Counsel for the Union Law Minister, one of the contes­ ting respondents, argued the contention at great length, by referring to a large number of decided cases English, American and Indian as well as by relying on passages and extracts from treatises of well­ known authors, on the ground that in the other three writ petitions none of the concerned sitting Additional Judges had come forward to support the challenge and the maintainability of these writ peti­ tions will have to be decided by this Court. Since the said conten­ tion has been fully and elaborately discussed ·and dealt with by my brother Bhagwati in his judgment, I purpose to deal with it very briefly. 0 900 SUPREMB COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 s.c.R. Counsel for the Union Law Minister. has urged that the peti­ tioners who are legal practitioners have no direct interest in the subject-matter of the writ petitions and cannot be regarded as 'person aggrieved' by the two impugned actions, which really affect, if at all, the sitting Additional ludges, who would be the aggrieved persons and it is not as if they are under any disability to approach the Court for redress, as is shown by the fact that one of them has done so and supported the challenge. It is contended that though as practising lawyers either in their individual capacity or as repre­ senting some of the Lawyers Associations the petitioners may be professionally interested in having a fearless and independent Judi­ ciary for proper administration of justice that by itself is not suffi­ cient to give them the 'standing' to prosecute the petitions for the reliefs sought, which really concern the sitting, Additional Judges and not the lawyers. It is further submitted that even in 'public interest litigations', (usually called 'public injury cases') though a liberal approach is adopted by the Courts to reach all forms of injustice, the personal injury test is not ruled out but at times the test of 'sufficient connection or 'special interest' is applied but in the ins1ant case the petitioners neither qualitatively nor quantita­ tively have sufficient connection or special interest to prosecute the petitions, the result of which would not affect them either directly or even indirectly. Since several decisions cited at the Bar on the question of locus standi show that the attitudes of the Courts in England, United States and this country have not been uniform but have varied from case to case any attempt at laying down a general principle for universal application would be futile. I would, how­ ever, prefer to confine my attention to a few decisions of this Court, which, according to me, throw sufficient light on this issue. It may be stated that in two decisions, namely Adi P Gandhi'(') case and Dabholkar' s(') case the question of locas standi was considered in the context of the interpretation of the expression "persons aggrieved" occurring in ss. 37 and 38 of the Advocates Act of 1961. Jn the former case, in relation to certain disciplinary proceedings which had ended in no action being taken against the advocate con­ cerned, the question was whether the Advocate General of the State was an "aggrieved person" within the meaning of s. 37 of the Act (I) [1971] 1 S.C.R: 863. (2) [1976] 1 S.C.R. 306. - - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 901 for the purpose of preferring an appeal under that section and this Court by majority held that he was not and his appeal was incompe­ tent while the minority took a contrary view. After this decision had been rendered, ss. 37 and 38 (which provided for an appeal to the Bar Council of India and an appeal to the Supreme Court res­ pectively) of the Act were amended by expressly giving the right of appeal to the Advocate General and the Attorney General suggesting hy implication a legislative approval and acceptance of the minority view in that case. In the latter case, the errant advocate having succeeded before th~ Bar Council of India, the State Bar Council preferred an appeal to this Court under s. 3 8 and the question arose whether the State Bar Council was a 'person aggrieved' within the meaning of s. 38 and a Bench of 7-Judges of this Court held upon a survey of the provision:; of the Act and its scheme and purpose that the State Bar Council was a 'person aggrieved'. Krishna Iyer, J. while delivering a concurring judgment quote_d with approval Lord Denning's observations on the Attorney General's standing in the well known case of the Attorney­ General of the Gambia v. Pi err a Sarr N Jie(1) to the following effect : "... The words 'person aggrieved' are of wide import and should not be subjected to a restrictive intepretation They do not include, of course, a mere busy-body who is interfering in things which do not concern him; but they do include a person who has a genuine grievance because an order has been made which prejudically affects his interest. Has the Attorney-General a sufficient interest for this pur­ pose? Their Lordships think that he has. The Attorney­ General in a colony represents the Crown as the guardian of the public interest. It is his duty to bring before the Judge any misconduct of a barrister or solicitor which is of suffi­ cient gravity to warrant disciplinary action." Thereafter he proceeded to plead for a wider view being taken of locus standi in public interest litigations and derived support for his plea from certain observations of Professor S.A. de Smith and Pro­ fessor H.W.R. Wade, which he quoted, and then went. on to observe thus: "The possible apprehension that widening legal stand­ ing with a public connotation may unloose a flood of litigation which may overwhelm the judges is misplaced (1) [1961] A.C. 617. 902 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 S.C.R. because public resort to court to suppress public mischief is a tribute to tthe justice system. In this very case, to grant an exclusionary wind-fall on the respondents is to cripple the Bar Council in its search for justice and insis­ tence on standards." In Municipal Council Ratlam v. Shri Vardhichand and Ors.(1 ) this Court upheld the right of the residents of a certain locality in Ratlam town to adopt proceedings under s. 133 of the Criminal Procedure Code against the Municipal Council compelling it to provide certain basic amenities like sanitary facilities on the roads, public conveniences for slum dwellers who were using the road for that purpose and to abate nuisance by constructing drain pipes with flow of water to wash the filth and stop the stench. While per­ mitting such legal action ventilating public grievances Krishna Iyer, J. observed thus : "The truth is that a few profound issues of processual jurisprudence of great strategic significance to our legal system face us and we must zero in on them as they involve problems of access to justice for the people beyond the blinkered rules of 'standing' of British India vintage. If the centre of gravity of justice is to shift, as the Preamble to the Constitution mandates, from the traditional individu­ alism of locus standi to the community orientation of public interest litigation, these issues must be considered. In that sense, the case before us between the Ratlam Municipality and the citizens of a ward, is a path-finder in the field of people's involvement in the justicing process, sans which as Prof. Sikes points out (Melvyn P. Sikes, Administration of Justice), the system may 'crumble under the burden of its own insensitivity'. The key question we have to answer is whether by affirmative action a court can compel a statu­ tory body to carry out its duty to the community by cons­ tructing sanitation facilities at great cost and on a time­ bound basis. At issue is the coming of age of that branch of public law bearing on community actions and the Court's power to force public bodies under public duties to imple­ ment specific plans in response to public grievances." (I) [1981] I SCR 97. -- - ..,.. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 903 In the Fertilizer Corporation Kamgar Unions(1) case the question for consideration was whether the workers in a factory owned b' Government could question the legality and or validity of the sale of certain plants and equipment of the factory by the management and though the Court ultimately did not interfere because it did not find the sale to be unjust and unfair or mala fide on the maintainability of the challenge the Court has made certain observations having a bearing on the aspect of the workers' locus standi. Chief Justice Chandrachud at p. 65 of the Report has observed thus : "Hut, we feel concerned to point out that the maintain­ ability of a writ petition which is correlated to the existence and violation of a fundamental right is not always to be confused with the locus to bring a proceeding under Article 32. These two matters often mingle and coalesce with the result that it becomes difficult to consider them in watertight compartments. The question whether a person has the locus to file a proceeding depends mostly and often on whether he possesses a legal right and that right is violated. But in an appropriate case, it may become necessary in the changing awareness of legal rights and social obligations to take a broader view of the question of locus to initiate a proceeding, be it under Art. 226 or under Art. 32 of the Constitution. If public property is dissipated, it would require a strong argument to convince the Court that representative segments of the public or at least a section of the public which is directly interested and affected would have no right to complain of the infraction of public duties and obligations. Public enterprises are owned by the people and those who run them are account­ able to the people. The accountability of the public sector to the Parliament is iQ.effective because the Parliamentary control of public enterprises is "diffuse and haphazard". We are not too sure if we would have refused relief to the workers if we had found that the sale was unjust, unfair or mala fide." Since the question as regards 'access to justice', particularly under Art. 226 of the Constitution, was dealt with Krishna Iyer, J. at some length, Chief Justice Chandrachud did not consider it necessary to (I) [l9ol] 2 S.C.R. 52. dwell upon that topic. On that aspect Krishna Iyer, J. has at p. 74 of the Report made the following observations : "Public interest litigation is part of the process of parti­ cipative justice and 'standing' in Civil litigation of that pattern must have liberal reception at the judicial door­ steps. The floodgates argument has been nailed by the Australian Law Reforms Commission : 'The idle and whimsical plaintiff, a dilettante who litigates for a lark, is a specter which haunts the legal literature, not the court room.' (Prof. K.E. Scott : "Standing in the Supreme Court : A Functional Analy­ sis" (1973) 86.) Again at p. 77 of the Report this is what he has observed : "If a citizen is no more than a wayfarer or officious intervener without any interest or concern beyond what belongs to any one of the 660 million people of this country, the door of the Court will not be ajar for him. But he belongs to an organization which has special interest in the subject matter, if he has some concern deeper than that of a busy-body, he cannot be told off at the gates. although whether the issue raised by him is justiciable may still remain to be considered. I, therefore, take the view that the present petition would clearly have been permissi­ ble under Art. 226." In the instant case the impugued Circular as well as the short­ term extensions, according to the petitioners, are directly subversive of judicial independence, which is a basic feature of our Constitu­ tion, in the upholding of which not merely the sitting Additional Judges but also the lawyers practising in various High Courts are keenly interested. In fact, in the task of administration of justice the role of Judges and the role of lawyers are complementary to each other and the practising lawyers as a class are an integral part of justicing machinery rendering assistance to the Judges in the dis­ charge of their function of reaching justice to the litigants appearing before the Courts; in other words the practising lawyers who are nothing short of partners in the task of administration of justice undertaken by the Judges, are vitally interested in the maintenance of a fearless and an independent Judiciary to ensure fair and fearless - j .. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 905 justice to the litigants. That being the position, can it be said that the petitioners either in their individual capacity or as ·representing some cf the Lawyers' Associations (as is the case in the Bombay petition) are way-farers, interlopers, officious interveners or busy­ bodies without any interest or concern of their own in the subject­ matter? In my view, the petitioners either in their individual capacity or representing Lawyers' Association have not merely sufficient interest but special interest of their own in the subject­ matter of the writ petitions and they cannot be told off at the gates and the petitions at their instance are clearly maintainable. The next contention urged on behalf of the contesting res­ pondents has been that though Shri S.N. Kumar could be regarded as a person aggrieved by the two impugned actions of the Govern­ ment, he being a sitting Additional Judge from whom consent under the Circular letter was sought and was also granted a short-term extension, the issues raised in the case are not ju,ticiable at his instance, much less at the instance of the petitioners. The conten­ tion is that Shri Kumar's term having come to an end by efflux of period for which he was appointed he is no longer concerned with the impugned Circular-letter nor with the short-term extension that had been granted to him and after he has ceased to be a Judge of the Del.hi Hlgh Court he does not have any vested or enforceable right against the President or the Union Government in the matter of either continuation as an Additional Judge or appointment as a permanent Judue and, therefore, his challenge to the governmental action is not maintainable. In this behalf Counsel contended that in either extending an Additional Judge for a further term or in making him a Permanent Judge in the vacancy of a permanent post, a fresh appointment is involved by issuance of a fresh warrant under Art. 217(1) and the position of an Additional Judge on the expiry of his initial or extended term is exactly the same as that of a pro­ posed candidate for initial appointment in that neither has any enforceable right to be considered for the post, much less to be appointed to it. Counsel pointed out that Art. 217( I) confers power upon the President to appoint High Court Judges subject to the consultations mentioned therein but the President has a discretion in the matter which cannot be controlled by judicial review by issu­ ance of a mandamus; in any event, non-appointment of a proposed candidate for initial recruitment or non-continuance of an Additional Judge on the expiry of his term does not give rise to any enforceable obligation against the President/Union Government and in favour of the person who is not appointed or not continued and, therefore, 8 .906 SUPREME COURT REPOTTS [ 1982] 2 s.c.R. even a breach of the constitutional mandate, such as total lack of consultation or lack of full and effective consultation or consultation getting vitiated by malafides, merely amounts to a case of complete non-sequitor. In other words, Counsel contended that even on the assumption that the Government's actions are not warranted by the constitutional provisions, the invalidity or unconstitutionality thereof does not give any corresponding right to Shri S.N. Kumar to sustain the petition. The aforesaid contention of Counsel for the contesting respon­ dents directly raises two questions : (i) whether the proposed appoint­ ees (either from the Bar or services), who are being recommended for their initial appointments, and the sitting Additional Judges, whose cases for their continued appointments either as Additional Judges or as Permanent Judges on the expiry of their initial term are to be decided, stand in the same class or category or is there any differ­ ence-a valid difference between the two and (ii) whether the non­ appointment either at the stage of initial recruitment or at the stage of continuance furnishes any actionable wrong for issuance of a mandamus? In the context of these questions Articles 217(1) and 224(1) will have to be considered. Art. 217(1) runs thus: "217(1) Every Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State, and in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High Court, and shall hold office, in the case of an additional or acting Judge, as provided in article 224, and in any other case, until he attains the age of sixty two years." Article 224 runs thus : "224.(1) If by reason of any temporary increase in the business of a High Court or by reason of arrears of work therein, it appears to the President that the number of the Judges of that Court should be for the time being increased, the President may appoint duly qualified persons to be addi­ tional Judges of the Court for such period not exceeding two years as he may specify." It cannot be disputed that Judges of the High Court occupy a high constitutional position and a special machinery is provided for -- .. - " S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 907 their appointment. For obvious reasons, the post of a High Court Judge is not filled in by inviting applications through advertisements nor by holding test interviews; funher, the minimum qualifications for appoinment as a Judge (prescribed in sub-Art. (2) of Art. 217) would be possessed by numerous advocates and by a fair number of service Judges but even so, the special machinery for making appointments is indicated in Art. 217(1), obviously designed to re­ cruit persons of great ability, high character and unquestioned inte­ grity to the Bench. All these factors go to show that at the stage of initial recruitment under Art. 217(1), no one has a right to be appointed a Judge of the High Court nor the right to be considered for such appointment and, therefore, it does appear that the writ of mandamus at the instance of an aggrieved person would not lie. But at the same time I am quite sure whether simply because a mandamus directing the President to reconsider the case of a non­ appointee may not lie it would be correct to say that in the case of non-appointment at the stage of initial recruitment the mandate of consultation becomes otiose, superficial or inconsequential, or that a positive breach thereof may not provide any relief whatever to the aggrieved person but since that question does not arise in the instant case I would rather leave it open for decision in an appro­ priate case and proceed on the basis that a mandamus for recon­ sideration of his case would not lie as the aggrieved person does not have the right to be considered. But question is whether the sitting Additional Judges, whose continuance either for an extended term or as Permanent Judges is to be determined on the expiry of their initial term, stand in the same position as that of proposed appoin­ tees for initial appointment ? It is true that, unlike a Permanent Judge whose tenure is fixed by reference to his age, the tenure of an Additional Judge when appointed under Art. 224(1) is fixed by the warrant of his appoint­ ment and on the expiry of the period mentioned in the warrnnt he ceases to be a Judge of the High Court. It is also true that this continuance as an Additional Judge for any further term or as a Permanent Judge in the vacancy of a permanent post cannot be thought of unless for continuance as Additional Judge either one or the other or both the pre-conditions mentioned in Art. 224(1) obtain in that High Court, and for continuance as a Permanent Judge the normal business of the High Court justifies the filling up of the vacancy in the permanent post. In other words pendency of work must justify such continuance-temporary increase in the business of the High Court or arrears of work therein or both for extension 908 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 s.c.R. of his term and normal business (current institutions) for making him permanent. The question whether obtaining of the pre-condi­ tions mentioned in Art. 224(1) or the pendency of normal business is alone enough for such continuance or any other requirement (suitability as adjudged during the consultation under sub-Art. (I) of Art. 217) is also necessary is a different aspect, which I propose to deal with later and need not be mixed up with the question under consideration at the moment. In other words, granted the pre­ conditions in Art. 224(1) and also the pendency of the normal business, the question is whether an Additional Judge whose term is about to expire has any enforceable right to be considered (even assuming that suitability is also required to be taken into account at this stage) for his continuance either as an Additional Judge for a further term or as a Permanent Judge if a vacancy in the perma­ nent post is available ? In order to deal with the aforesaid question, Art. 224(1), inser­ ted in our Constitution by the 7th Amendment Act, 1956, will have to be considered in proper perspective having regard to the reasons and purposes for which and the circumstances in which it came to be enacted. Prior to that, in the Government of India Act, 1915 the provision to appoint Additional Judges to any High Court 'as may be required' by the Governor-General in Council was contained in the proviso (i) to Sec. 101 (2) while in the Government of India Act, 1935 the provision was to be found in Sec. 222(3) which was almost in similar terms as the present Article except that the power was conferred on the Governor-General acting in his discretion.' When the Constitution was framed the provision Draft Article 199 was deleted because of the strong plea made against it by several Members of the Constituent Assembly including eminent authorities in this field like Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru, Shri K.M. Munshi and others, mainly on the ground that Members of the Bar recruited as Additional Judges will revert to the Bar on the expiry of their term and such reversion to the Bar was manifestly dangerous to the fair administration of justice and opposed to public interest. In 1956 it was felt that the provision for recalling retired High Court Judges to function on the Bench for short periods (loosely called Ad-hoc Judges) was found to be neither adequate nor satisfactory and the same (original Art. 224) was deleted and replaced by "a provision for appointment of Additional Judges to clear off arrears" (vide · statement of Objects and Reasons) and the present Art. 224(1) came to be enacted. In other words the existence of a large volume of mounting arrears in several High Courts and the necessity to clear - -- S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 909 off the same provided the basis for inserting the provision in the Constitution. That this is the rationale of the provision for appoint­ ment of Additional Judges has been clearly indicated by the Madras High Court in Kandasami Pillai v. Muthuvenkataba!a( 1) where in the context of the provision contained in the Government of India Act, 1915 that Court held that "the object of the proviso to S. 101 (2) of the Government of India Act, 1915, clearly was to provide for occasions when the permanent strength of the High Court is unable to cope with the work of disposal, but the work is not sufficient to justify the appointment of . another permanent Judge, by enabling additional Judges to be appointed from time to time for such fixed periods not exceeding two years as may be found necessary; the proviso mu&t therefore be read as meaning that appointments may be made from time to time for such period, not exceeding two years, as may be required from time to time on each occasion when the power is exercised." (vide Head Note in the Report). Thus, the very purpose and raison d' etre of Art. 224(1) being the existence of arrears of work and clearance thereof, it stands to reason that sitting Additional Judges who have already been selected and appointed for the very purpose must be considered for continued appointments if the arrears obtain and go on mounting in their High Courts. Secondly, on a comparison of Arts. 216 and 224(1), it will appear clear that the former deals with the appointment of Perma" nent Judges to dispose of the normal business whereas the latter deals with appointment of Additional Judges whenever there is either a temiJorary increase in the normal business of a High Court or arrears of work therein. It seems the work in a High Court has been classified into three categories. namely, (a) Normal business indicated by the current annual institutions (suits, writs and other proceedings), (b) Sudden temporary increase in business over and above the normal institutions, such as filing of hundreds of peti­ tions challenging an enactment, like for instance Money Lenders Act, which will disappear when the validity or otherwis~ of the enactment is pronounced upon and (c) Arrears of work meaning the normal or ordinary work which the permanent strength has not been able to cope with and dispose of within a reasonable or stated period, say one or two years and has accumulated; and it is clear that Art. 216 has to be resorted to for the first category of work and Art. 224( I) for the other two categories. But it was not disputed (I) [1917] 33 Mad.L.J. 787. 910 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 S.C.R. bdore us that Art. 224(1) appears to have been construed and worked by; all concerned under sorre misapprehension in the sense that it has been resorted to even in situations where Art. 216 ought to have been resorted; for, since the insertion of Art. 224(1) in the Constitution it has been the invariable practice to appoint every Judge (whether from the Bar or Services) initially as an Additional Judge for two years and then to make him permanent in due course. i.e. as and when a permanent vacancy arises in that High Court. Such a practice, though contrary to the clear intendment of the said two Articles, followed by')he President or the Union Govern­ ment has given rise to a legitimate expectancy on the part of the sitting Additional Judges (whether from the Bar or Services) to be considered for their continuance either for an extended term or for making them permanent on vacancies arising in permanent posts. fn fact after following such practice over the years and thus putting all the Additional Judges into the belief that they will be confirmed in normal course it does not behove the appointing authority to say that the sitting Additional Judges have no right to be considered for their continuance either for an ext~nded term or for making them permanent. Clearly, by reason of the said practice though followed under some misapprehension they have such a right. Thirdly, so far as the sitting Additional Judges recruited under Art. 224(1) from the Members of the Bar are concerned, they would be having such legitimate expectancy and the right to be considered for continuance for two additional reasons, namely (a) a well estab· lished constitutional convention or practice has grown over the years since after the insertion of the provision in the matter of appoint­ ment of such Additional Judges and confirming them as permanent Judges-the convention or practice being, that notwithstanding the words "for such period not exceeding two years as the President may specify" occurring in Art. 224( I), the appointing authority has invariably exercised the power under that Article by appointing Additonal Judges initially for a period of two years, which has come to be regarded as the 'normal term', that when the said period is about to expire if there is no vacancy of a permanent Judge in that Court to continue such Judges for a further term of two years and if a permanent vacancy arises to confirm the senior most among them as a Judge of that High Court, and (b) the undertaking taken from them at the time of their initial appointment that "if and when a permanent Judgeship of that Court is offered to them they will accept it and not decline the same." It may be stated that so far as the Born bay High Court is concerned a further undertaking is J. S.P. OUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 911 obtained by the Chief Justice of that High Court from such Judges to the further effect that "if they decline to accept such permanent Judgeship though offered or in case they resign from the Office of Additional Judge even before the question of their confirmation is taken up they will not practice in that High Court or in any Court or Tribunal subordinate to that High Court." It may be pointed out that since 1956 barring very few or exceptional instances the aforesaid convention or practice has almost invariably been followed and the same has grown out of two weighty considerations : (I) that it is not in public interest to permit them to revert to the Bar, and (ii) not to lose or fritter away the experience and expertise gained by them in administering justice during their initial term, and as regards the undertaking mentioned-above the same became necessary because at the time of the insertion of Art. 224(1) into the Constitu· tion no provision wa~ inserted imp:>sing any ban or prohibition on practice by such Additional Judges after expiry of their term, as was thought of in 1949 when Draft Articles 199 (dealing with Additional Judges) and 196(b) (dealing with ban on their practice) were consi· dered together and deleted together. It will be pertinent to mention here that during the Parliamentary debate over the relevant Bill which sought to introduce Art. 224(1) into the Constitution great anxiety was shown by several Members to see to it that such Addi· tional Judges, when recruited from the Bar were not permitted to revert to the profession on the expiry of their term and a categorical suggestion was put forward that when a Member of the Bar was appointed as an Additional Judge it must be done with a view to make him permanent in due course and if that was not possible an Additional Judgeship should not be offered to a Member of the Bar. In fact in Lok Sabha, Shri Tek Chand, M.P. from Ambala-Simla had opposed the recruitment of any Member of the Bar as an Addi­ tional Judge and suggested that such recuritment should be confined to District Judges, whik in the Rajya Sabha Shri P.N. Sapru from Uttar Pradesh strollgly pleaded that in appointing Additional Judges care should be taken to appoint Members of the Bar who were not likely to revert to the profession on the expiry of their term, that is to say "appoint a man whom you are going to appoint as a Permanent man". These views expressed during the debate on the Bill have been referred to merely to bring out the genesis out of which the aforesaid convention or practice grew and the undertaking commenced to be taken from Members of the Bar. Even as late as on June 29, 1967 in a Note prepared by him Justice K.N. Wanchoo had also stated thus : "When a Member of the Bar is appointed an Addi­ tional Judge, it must be with a view to make him permanent in due course. If that is not possible, Additional Judgeship should not be offered to a Member of the Bar. I agree that an undertaking should be taken from Members of the Bar that they will accept a permanent Judgeship when offered to them in due course ............ " (Note quoted in the Shah Commission's Interim Report-I Para 7.23 at page 52) If the genesis of the aforesaid convention or practice as well as the undertaking is nothing but public interest in the sense that public interest is served : (al by not permitting them to revert to the Bar on the expiry of their term, and (b) by not losing or frittering away the experience or expertise gained by them in administering justice during their initial term, then it is these very aspects of public interest which form the compelling reasons to consider their cases for their continuance either by extending their term or making them perma­ nent in preference to outsiders or freshers. It is not as if that these two aspects of public interest giving rise to the convention or practice and the undertaking are merely factors to be taken into account while deciding upon their continuance but along with the · disability emanating from the undertaking these aspects confer upon them a legitimate expectancy and the enforceable right not to be dropped illegally or at the whim or caprice of the appointing authority but to be considered for such continuance in that High Court. There has been no answer from the side of the contesting respondents and in fact it was not disputed by Counsel on their behalf that the practice to appoint every Judge (whether from Bar or Services) initally as an Additional Judge for two years and then to make him permanent in due course ,.without considering the question as to which one of the two Articles was attracted has been followed by the appointing authority and 'therefore, it it clear that on this ground alone it can be held that the sitting Additional Judges have an enforceable right not to be dropped illegally or at the whim or caprice of the appointing authority but to be considered for their continuance either by extending their term or making them perma­ nent until this practice is changed and a proper practice is introduc­ ed which can be done only after having made a complete and correct assessment about the requisite strengths of Permanent as well as Additional Judges for every High Court depending upon statistical - - ....._, - .--. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tufzapurkar, J.) 913 data to be collected throwing light on 'normal business, 'temporary A increase' and 'arrears of work' after fixing rate of disposal per Judge per year and defining what should be termed as main cases, miscel· laneous cases or interlocutory cases etc. As regards the constitutional convention or practice and the un­ dertaking which have been pressed into service in relation to Bar re­ cruits as Additional Judges for basing their right to be considered for their continuance on the expiry of their initial term, the learned Attorney-General appearing for the Union of India raised a two fold contention. Regarding the former he urged that a constitutional con­ vention or practice, howsoever wholesome, can not affect, alter or con- trol the plain meaning of Art. 224(1) which according to him gives absolute power and complete discretion to the President in the matter -0f continuance of sitting Additional Judges on the expiry of their initial term, the pendency of arrears being relevant only for de- ciding whether or not Additional Judges should be appointed and not relevant with regard to a particular person" to be appointed. As regards the undertaking he pointed out that the usual undertaking obtained from a Member of the Bar in all High Courts-and for that matter even the additional undertaking that is being obtained in the Bombay High Court if properly read will sh ow that it merely creates a binding obligation -0n the concerned Member of the Bar but does not create any -0bligation or commitment on the part of the appointing authority to make the offer of permanent Judgeship to him. It is difficult to accept either of these contentions of the learned Attorney General. It was not disputed before us tha(constitutional conventions and practices have importance under unwritten as well as written Cons­ titutions and the position that conventions have a role to play in interpreting Articles of a Constitution is clear from several decided cases. In U.N.R. Rao v. Smt. Indira Gandhi(1) Chief Justice Sikri observed thus : "It was said that we must interpret Art. 75(3) accor- ding to its own terms regardless of the conventions that prevail in the United Kingdom. If the words of an Article are clear, notwith­ standing any relevant convention, effect will no doubt be given to the words. But it must be remembered that we are interpreting a Consti­ tution and not an Act of Parliament, a Constitution which establishes a Parliamentary system of Government with a Cabinet. In trying to understand one may well keep in mind the conventions prevalent at the time the Constitution was framed." In State of Rajasthan v. Union of India( 2) also the importance of a constitutional convention (!) [197!1 Suppl. SCR 46. (2) (1978] 1 SCR 1. 914 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (198 2] 2 S.C.R. or practice by way of crystalising the otherwise vague and loose content of a power to be found in certain article has been empha­ sized. In the State of West Bengal v. Naripendra Nath Bagchi(1) the entire interpretation of the concept of "vesting of control" over District Courts and Courts subordinate thereto in the High Court was animated by conventions and practices having regard to the history, object and purpose thatl ay behind the group of relevant articles, the principal purpose being, the securing of the independence of the subordinate Judiciary. It is true that no constitutional convention or practice can affect, alter or control the operation of any Article if its meaning is quite plain and clear but here Art. 224(1) merely provides for situations when Additional Judges from duly qualified persons could be appointed to a High Court and at the highest reading the Article with s. 14 of the General Clauses Act it can be said that the power conferred by that Article may be exerci­ sed from time to time as occasion requires but on the question as to whether when the occasion arises to make appointment on expiry of the term of a sitting Additional Judge whether he should be continu­ ed or a fresher or outsider could be appointed by ignoring the erstwhile incumbent even when arrears continue to obtain in that High Court the Article is silent and not at all clear and hence the principle invoked by the learned Attorney General will not reply. On the other hand, it will be proper to invoke in such a situation the other well settled principle that in construing a constitutional provision the implications which arise from the structure of the Constitution itself or from its scheme may legitimately be made and looking at Art. 224(1) from this angle a wholesome constitutional convention or practice that has grown because of such impli­ cations will have to be borne in mind especially when it serves to safeguard one of the basic features which is the cardinal faith underlying our Constitution, namely, independence of the judiciary. In other words a limitation on the otherwise absolute power and discretion contained in Art. 224(1) is required to be read into it because of the clear implication arising from the said cardinal faith which forms a fundamental pillar supporting the basic structure of the Constitution, as otherwise the exercise of the power in the absolute manner as suggested will be destructive of the same. That it is not sound approach to embark upon 'a strict literal reach' of any constitutional provision in order to determine its true ambit and effect is strikingly illustrated in the case of Art. 368 which came up (I) [1966] l SCR 771. - - - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J. ) 915 for consideration before this Court in Keshavanand Bharti' s(1) case A where this Court held that the basic or essential features of the Constitution do act as fetters or limitations on the otherwise wide amending power contained in that Article. In Australia limitations on the law-making powers of the Parliament of the Federal Com­ monwealth over the States were read into the concerned provisions of the Constitution because of implications arising from the very Federal nature of the Constitution : (vide-T/ze Lord Mayor· Councillors and Citizens of the City of (1-f elbourne v. The Common wealth & Anr.(2) and the State tJf Victoria v .. Th~ Commonwealth of Australia.(3) As regards the undertakings of the type mentioned above, it is true that strictly and legaliy speaking these undertakings only create a binding obligation on the concerned Member of the Bar and not on the appointing authority but it cannot be forgotten that when such undertakings were thought of, the postulate under- lying the same was that there was no question of the appointing authority not making the offer of permanent Judgeship to t.he concer- ned Member of the Bar but that such an offer would be made and upon the same being made the sitting Additional Judge recruited from the Bar should not decline to accept it and revert to the Bar. r am therefore clearly of the view that the aforesaid convention or practice and the undertaking serve the cause of public interest in two respects as indicated above and those two aspects of public interest confer upon these sitting Additional Judges recruited from the Bar a legitimate expectancy and the enforceable right not to be dropped illegally or at the whim or caprice of the appointing autho- rity but to be considered for continuance in that High Court, either by way of extending their term or making them permanent in preference to freshers or outsiders and it is impossible to construe Art. 224(1) as conferring upon the appointing authority, absolute power and complete discretion in the matter of appointment of Additional Judges to a High Court as suggested and the suggested construction has to be rejected. In view of the above discussion it is clear that there is a valid classification between proposed appoin- tees for initial recruitment and the sitting Additional Judges whose cases for their continuance after the expiry of their initial term are to be decided and the two are not in the same position. The next question hotly debated at the Bar has been whether while exercising the power under Art. 224(1) of the Constitution at ( 1) [1973] Suppl. SCR I. (2) 74 C.L. Reports p. 31. (3) 112 C.L. Reports 353. 916 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 s.c.R. the time of determining whether the sitting Additional Judges should be continued either by way of extending their term or by way of making them permanent it is open tJ the President (Appointing Authority) to resort to the consultative process under Art. 217(1) on the aspect of suitablility again or the exercise of the power should be strictly governed by the consideration as to whether the pre­ conditions mentioned in Art. 224(1) obtain in the concerned High Court and pendency of work justifies the filling up of the permanent vacancies or not ? Counsel for the petitioners have contended that while deciding upon the continuance of the sitting Additional Judges of a High Court, who have already been selected and appointed as , such, the consultative process mentioned in Art. 217(1) is not attracted for the purpose of considering suitability again, the same having been gone througa on~~ and for all at the stage of their initial recruitment and the appointing authority has merely to see whether one or the other or both the pre-conditions obtain or not and on being satisfied about their existence it must continue the sitting Additional Judges for a further term and if vacancies in the per­ manent posts are available to make them permanent in that High Court on being satisfied that pendency of normal business justifies the same. In support of this contention reliance has been placed on the fact that for all purposes the sitting Additional Judes of a High Court are in no way different from its Permanent Judges as regards (a) qualification for the appointment; (b) salary and other service conditions; (c) criteria for their selection; (d) their position, juris­ diction, powers and privileges; (e) oath of office to be taken by them and (f) the grounds and procedure for their removal and it has been pointed out that Additional Judges are not on probation and cannot be regarding or dealt with as probationers. Principally, the bringing in of the consultative process ·under Art. :'.17(1) on the point of suitability again at the stage of deciding upon their continu­ anc~ is objected to on three grounds : (a) it amounts to making their continuance dependent upon the evaluation of their capacity, character, integrity and fitness as emerging from their work, perfor­ mance and behaviour during their initial term and runs counter to the well-settled position that they are not on probation, (b) if in that process they are dropped because of suspected misbehaviour or reported lack of integrity, it would, in substance and reality, mean their removal merely on the basis of n:ports, rumours and gossip jeopardising their security and independence without resorting to the regular process of removal laid down in Art. 124(4) and (5) read with Art. 218 and the Judges (Inquiry) Act No. 51 of 1968, and (c) it is bound to affect the quality or character of justice administered - - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 917 by them during their initial term or at any rate towards the end of their term because human nature being what it is their work, perfor­ mance and behaviour will be guided by the anxiety to keep them­ selves on the right side of the Chief Justice of the High Court, the Chief Justice of India and the appointing authority and every litigant will be entitled to complain that as against the State he has been denied equal protection of the laws and equality before law; in other words, violation of Arts. 14 and 21 is involved and in this behalf reliance has been placed on Krishna Gopal v. P.C. Sethi(1) and In Re The Special Courts Bill, 1978.(2) On the other hand Counsel for the contesting respondents have urged that since in either granting an extension to these Additional Judges on the expiry of their initial term or in making them perma­ nent a fresh appointment is involved the consultative process covering suitability under Art. 217( I) is clearly attracted; even otherwise, going through the consultative process at this stage is both necessary and desirable inasmuch as an erroneous appointment of an unsuit­ able person produces irreparable damage to the faith of the commu­ nity in the administration of justice causing serious injury to public interest though failure to appoint a deserving person is not likely to inflict such irreparable injury and therefore it is but proper that at the time of their reappointment these sitting Additional Judges should pass the test of suitability (i.e. capacity, character, integrity and fitness) under Art. 217(1) and it is unthinkable that if all the constitutional consulting functionaries are of the agreed view and the appointing authority shares the same view that by reason of what has happened in the mean time an erstwhile Additional Judge is no longer fit to be appointed he should nonetheless be appointed. Counsel for the contesting ·respondents refuted each one of the grounds urged by the petitioners in support of their objection to bringing in the consultative process inclusive of suitability again at the stage of reappointment of the sitting Additional Judges. Regard­ ing the aspect of probation, Counsel accepted the position that Additional Judges are not and cannot be said to be on probation but according to him what is meant by that is that, unlike a proba- · tioner who is liable to be removed during his probationary period if he is found unfit or unsuitable and who is confirmed only upon satis­ factory completion of the probationary period, the sitting Additional Judges, not being on probation, have an indefeasible tenure though (1) [1974] 2 SCR 206. (2) (1979] 2 SCR 476. for short periods fixed in their warrants of appointment and during the fixed tenure they can be removed only by following their regular process laid down in the Constitution and Judges (Inquiry) Act, I 968; any further appointment is always the result of a fresh consi­ deration and fresh consultation with the consulting functionaries mentioned in Art. 217(1) To suggest that they should be reappoint­ ed as a matter of course if the pre-conditions of Art. 224(1) subsist or pendency of work justifies their confirmation and then take steps for their removal under Art. 124(4) and (5) read with Art. 218 and Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 would be manifestly unsound, if not absurd. Counsel disputed that if as a result of the consultative process undertaken they are dropped it amounts to their removal because, according to him, it becomes a case of non-appointment after their inital term has expired. Counsel strenuously disputed that bringing in the process of consultation under Art. 217(1) inclu­ sive of suitablity again at the stage of reappointment would affect the quality or character of justice administered by them during their initial term or towards the end of their term as suggested hy the petitioners and no question of any violation of Art. 14 or 21 as involved and the two decisions relied upon by Counsel for the petitioners do not support that contention. I have already come to the conclusion that there is a valid classification between the proposed appointees for initial recruitment and the sitting Additional Judges whose cases for their continuance on the expiry of their initial term are to be decided and have further held that unlike the former the latter have a legitimate expectancy and an enforceable right not to be dropped illegally or at the whim or caprice of the appointing authority and to be considered for their continuance either as Additional Judges or as Permanent Judges in their High Court. From this conclusion certain consequences logically ensue. First, if the sitting Additional Judges have this enforceable right to be considered for their continuance, it must follow that the eventual non-continuance, if any, can become a justiciable issue open to judicial review, if such non-continuance is based on extraneous or non-germane considerations or is ma/a fide in law or in fact, and in that sense it will not be a case of non­ appointment as is the case qua the proposed appointees at the stage of their initial recruitment. Secondly, it also follows that in substance and reality in extending their term or making them permanent in their High Court no 'fresh appointment' in the sense of initial or fresh recruitment is involved, except for the formality of issuing a fresh warrant of appointment and taking a fresh Oath. If that be the -- J-. - ' .-- S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 919 correct position then all the submissions made on behalf of the A contesting respondents on the basis that granting them extension or making them permanent involves a 'fresh appointment' must be rejected and logically speaking the consultative process in so far as suitability under Art. 217(1) is concerned is not attracted at all. Even so, in view of the aspects of public interest that have B been pressed into service, the question may be considered as to whether, when their continuance on the expiry of their initial term is being determined, the test of suitability under the consul- tative process of Art. 217(1) should be invoked or gone through afresh ? The question thus posed assumes great significance but is ticklish and defines easy solution in view of the cogent and C almost convincing rival submissions made on either side as summarized above but the answer to the same will have to be found only on objective considerations. At the outset it may be stated that it was not disputed before us that sitting Additional Judges are not on probation and cannot be regarded or dealt with as probationers. Question is what is the implication of admitting D the position that "an Additional Judge is not a Judge on probation'~ as has been done by Shri Kankan in his counter-affidavit dated July 22, 1981 (filed in the Transfer Case No. 20 of 1981)? It is true as has been pointed out by the learned Attorney General that they are not probationers in the sense that they have an indefeasible tenure E though for the periods fixed in their warrants of appointment and that during such fixed tenure, like the Permanent Judges, they can be removed only by following the rugular process for it as indicated in the Con stitutfon and the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 but in the . context of their having an enforceable right not to be dropped illegally and to be considered for their continuance, will it be F possible to confine the concept of probation to these two aspeet mentioned by him ? Does it ~ean that for deciding upon . their continuance they should be treated as on probation ? The learned Attorney-General did not mince words when he contended that they should pass the test of suitability again at the time of declcling upon their continuance because he asserted that what has ,happened int.he G mean time during their short tenure (meaning their work, perfor- mance and behaviour as throwing light on their capacity, character, integrity and fitn'ess) should be taken into c~nsideration. It cannot be disputed that aspects like slow disposal, unsatisfactory perfor· mance; inefficien'cy, incompetency, suspected misbehaviour. and/or H reported la.Ck of integrity all converge on suitability and therefore all ·C 920 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [I 982J 2 S.C.R. these will have to be taken into consideration as suggested by him. However, the full implication of the admission made on behalf of the contesting respondents is that Additional Judges are not appoin­ ted to try out their fitness pending their further continuance either as Additional Judges or as permanent Judges; they are appointed, having passed the suitability test at the initial stage, to dispose cases instituted in the High Court in accordance with their Oath "Without fear or favour, affection or ill-will" from the very first day of their assuming office, though the occasion to appoint them arises because of a sudden increase in the work of High Court or arrears of work therein; in fact appointment of Additional Judges on probation would be destructive of judicial independence. If, therefore, the Additional Judges are not on probation in any sense of the term, how can their continuance either as Additional Judges or Permanent Judges be made to depend upon the evaluation or assessment of their suitability as emerging from their work, performance and behaviour during their initial term ? Clearly the answer would be in the negative. On this reasoning aspects like slow disposal, unsatis­ factory performance, inefficiency and incompetency get easily ruled out but the real problem that requires to be faced is what should happen whom aspects like suspected misbehaviour and/or reported lack of integrity on their part during their short tenure come to the fore? This is the knottiest problem that has engaged my long and anxious consideration. Baldly put, the question is : Should an Additional Judges whose misbehaviour or lack of integrity has come to the fore be continued as an Additional Judge or confirmed as a Permanent Judge ? The answer at the first impulse and rightly would be in the negative but the question requires deeper consideration. If the misbehaviour or lack of integrity is glaringly self-evident the. question of his continuance obviously cannot arise and in all probabilities will not engage the attention of the appointing autho­ rity, for, the concerned Judge in such a situation would himself resign but when we talk of misbehaviour or lack of integrity on the part of an Additional Judge having come to the fore, by and large the instances are of suspected misbehaviour and/or reported lack of integrity albeit based on opinions expressed in responsible and respec­ table quarters and the serious question that arises is whether in such cases the concerned Additional Judge should be dropped merely on opinion material or concrete facts and material in regard to allegations of misbehaviour and/ or lack of integrity should be insisted upon ? In my view since the question relates to the continuance of a high constitutional functionary like the Additional Judge of High Court - ,.L, - s.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 921 it would be jeopardising his security and judicial independence if action is taken on the basis of merely opinion material. Moreover, no machinery having legal sanction behind it for holding an inquiry-­ disciplinary or otherwise against the concerned Judge on allegations of misbehaviour and/or lack of integrity obtains in the Constitution or any 1aw made by the Parliament, save and except the regular process of removal indicated in Art. 124( 4) and (5) read with Art. 218 and the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968. Therefore, the important question that arises in such cases of suspected misbehaviour and/or reported lack of integrity is who will decide and how whether the concerned Judge has in fact indulged in any misbehaviour or act of corruption ? In the absence of satisfactory machinery possessing legal sanction to reach a positive cone! us ion on the alleged misbeha­ viour or an act of corruption the decision to drop him shall have been arrived at merely on the basis of opinions, reports, rumours or gossip and apart from being unfair and unjust to him such a course will amount to striking at the root of judicial independence. The other alternative, namely, to continue him as an Additional Judge for another term or to make him permanent if a vacancy is available and then take action for his removal under the regular process indi­ cated in Art. 124(4) and (5) read with Art. 218 and Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 may sound absurd but must be held to be inevitable if judicial independence, a cardinal faith of our Constitution, is to be preserved and safeguarded. Not to have a corrupt Judge or a Judge who has misbehaved is unquestionably in public interest but at the same time preserving judical independence is of the highest public interest. It is a question of choosing the lesser evil and in inevitable course has to be adopted not for the protection of the corrupt or dishonest judge but for protecting several other honest, conscientious and hard-working Judges by preserving their independence; it is a price which the Society has to pay to avoid the greater evil that will ensue if judicial independence is sacrificed. Considering the question from the angle of public interest therefore, I am clearly of the view that while considering the question of continuance of the sitting Additional Judges on the expiry of their initial term either as Additional Judges or as Permanent Judges the test of suitability contemplated within the consultative process under Art. 217(1) should not be invoked-at least until such time as proper machinery possessing legal sanction is provided for enabling a proper inquiry against an alleged errant Judge less cumbersome than the near impeachment process contemplated by Art. 124 ( 4) and (5) of the Constitution. 8 However, the third ground of objection to bringing in the consultative process covering suitability under Art. 217(1) at the stage of deciding upon their continuance does not impress me much. It is difficult to accept the contention that bringing in the suitability test under Art. 217(1) at that stage is bound to affect the quality or character of justice adminstered by the sitting Additional Judges during their initial term or towards the end of their term. In fact, so far on every occasion the consultative process inclusive of the suitability test under Art. 217(1) has been resorted to while consider­ ing the question of granting extension to the Additional Judges or making .them permanent on the expiry of their initial term and no one has suggested that because of this their work, performance or behaviour was or has been guided by the anxiety to keep themselves on the right side of the Chief Justice of the High Court, the Chief Justice of India or the Appointing Authority. Instances are not wanting when within the first few days of their assuming office they have deliverec-1 judgments dissenting from their Chief Justice as also of having rendered decisions un-palatable to the Executive when their term was about to expire. If the basic assumption made while putting forward the argument is not well-founded then there will be no question of any violation of Arts. 14 and 21 being involved. The two decisions on which reliance has been placed also do not support the contention urged on behalf of the petitioners. In the former decision (P.C. Sethi's case) (supra) though the Chief Justice's order transferring the election petition from a Permanent Judge and allo­ cating it to an ad hoc Judge appointed under Art. 224A was set aside on the facts of the case, this Court at page 215 of the report observed thus :- It seems indeed desirable that election petitions should ordinarily, if possible, be entrusted for trial to a permanent Judge of the High Court, even though we find that addi­ tional or acting judges or those requested under Article 224A of the Constitution to sit and act as judges of the High Court, if assigned for the purpose by the Chief Justice, are legally competent to hear those matters." If anything the observation suggests is that there is nothing illegal or improper if Additional or Acting or ad hoc Judges hear and dispose of election petitions, though in that particular case because of 'special facts and circumstances' obtaining therein the Chief Justice's order was interfered with. In the other case (In re The Special Courts Bill, 1978 (supra) Cl.'7 of the Special Courts Bill -- - s.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 923 provided that Special Courts were to be presided over either by a sitting Judge of a High Court or by a person who had held the office of a Judge of a High Court to be nominated by the Central Govern- ment in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and this Court pointed out a couple of infirmities in that Clause, namely, a retired Judge of the High Court unlike a sitting Judge did not enjoy security of tenure and would be holding his office as a Judge of the Special Court during the pleasure of the Government and it was conceivable that such a Judge presiding over the Special Court, if he displayed strength and independence might be frowned upon by the Govern- ment and there was nothing to prevent the Government from termi- nating bis appointment as and when it liked. It was further pointed out that though his appintment was required to be made in consul­ tation with the Chief Justice of India there was nothing in the Bill to show that his termination will also require similar consultation and even if it were assumed that such consultation would be made even for his termination the process of consultation, with its own limitations, would be a poor consolation to an accused whose life and honour was at stake. It is true that these infirmities in CI. 7 of the Bill were pointed out by this Court to emphasize the aspect that appointing a retired High Court Judge as a Judge of the Special Court who is to be nominated by the Central Government to try a special class of cases may not inspire confidence not only in the accused but in the entire community. It is also true that on these infirmities being E pointed out the then Central Government accepted the suggestion of the Court that only a sitting Judge of a High Court would be appoin- ted to preside over a Special Court and that such appointment will be made with the concurrence of the Chief Justice of India. How- ever, all these observations and views that emerge from the opinion or advice which this Court gave to the President in a Reference under Art. 143(1) of the Constitution, on which Counsel for the petitioners placed great reliance, must be understood in the context of the Special Courts Bill which had been drafted by the then Central Government for the purpose of trial of special type of offences allegedly committed by persons holding high public or political offices in the country in the peculiar circumstances that obtained during the last Emergency and for some period prior thereto, under which a special expeditious procedure for trial other than the normal procedure contained in the Criminal Proeedure Code has been prescribed and those observations and views, therefore, would be inapplicable to the issue raised before us, for parity of reasoning, in the absence of parity of situation, is of no avail. However, for th11 924 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 S.C.R. A reasons indicated earlier, in my view, at the time of deciding upon the continuace of the sitting Additional Judges on the expiry of their initial term the consultative process should be confined only to see whether the pre-conditions mentioned In Art. 224(1) exist or not or whether pendency of work justifies their confirmation or not and the test of suitability contemplated within the consultative process B under Ari. 217(1) cannot and should not be resorted to at all. The next question that requires consideration is whether in the consultative process contemplated by Art. 217(1) is any primacy intended to be given to the views or advice to be tendered by the Chief Justice of India in the matter of appointment of a High Court Judge or whether from amongst the three consulting functionaries the President (appointing authority) is entitled to choose or perfer the views or advice of anyone to those of the other or others ? It may be stated that this question really arises only in regard to the views or advice tendered on the suitability aspect and not on the aspect touching the existence of the pre-conditions of Art. 224(1) or pendency of work justifying confirmation, because the former aspect is a matter of subjective assessment while the latter depends on· objective facts over which no difference is likely to arise. I would also like to observe that the aforesaid question cannot at all arise in view of my conclusion that the test of suitability falling within the consultative process under Art. 217( I) cannot and should not be resorted to, while deciding upon the continuance of sitting Additional Judges. Obviou~ly the question cannot arise in cases of non-appoint­ ments qua proposed appointees at the time of their initial recruitment, for such non-appointments are cases of non-sequitur. My conclusion thus completely obviates dilemma posed in the question. However, I shall be considering this question on the assumption that I am wrong in my view that the test of suitability is attracted and should not be invoked at the time of deciding upon the continuance of the sitting Additional Judges. The question of primacy obviously has to be considered by keeping in mind the object or purpose of providing for such consultation which was explained by Dr. Ambedkar in the Constituent Assembly thus :- ''There can be no difference of opm10n in the House that our judiciary must both be independent of the execu­ tive and must also be competent in itself. And the question is how these two objects could be secured. There are two different ways in which this matter is governed in other countries ...... {Here follows a reference to the practices - - . s. P. GUPTA v. UNION Tulzapurkar, J.) 925 obtaining in Great Britain and the United States) ........... . The Draft Article, therefore, steers a middle course. It does not make the President the supreme and the absolute authority in the matter of making appointments. It does not also import the influence of the Legislature. The provision in the article is that there should be consultation of persons who are ex-hypothesi, well qualified to give proper advice in matters of this sort, and my judgment is that this sort of provision may be regarded as sufficient for the moment. With regard to the question of the concurrence of the Chief Justice, it seems to me that those who advocate that proposition seem to rely implicitly both on the impartiality of the Chief Justice and the soundness of his judgment. I personally feel no doubt that the Chief Justice is a very eminent person. But after all, the Chief Justice is a man with all the failings, all the sentiments and all the prejudices which we as common people have; and I think, to al/ow the Chief Justice practically a veto upon the appointment of judges is really to transfer the authority to the Chief Justice which we are not prepared to vest in the President or the Government of the day. I therefore, think that, that is also a dangerous proposition." (Vide Constituent Assembly debates 1949. Vol 8, page. 258) (Emphasis supplied) In other words the object of providing for such consultation clearly is that the same should act as a controlling or limiting factor on the discretion vested in the President while performing his executive function of making appointment of High Court Judges and neither) the President nor the Chief Justice should have a power to veto a proposal. Further, this question will have also to be considered in the light of what this Court has said . about the almost binding character of the resultant advice flowing from the consultative process. In Sankalchand Sheth' s case (supra) dealing 'with the efficacy of consultation with the Chief Justice of India under Art. 222(1) Krishna Iyer, J. at page 502 of the report, observed : "It must also be borne in mind that if the Government departs from the opinion of the Chief Justice of India it has H to justify its action by giving cogent and convincing reasons for the same and, if challenged, to prove to the satisfaction 926 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982) 2 S.C.R. A of the Court that a case was made out for not accepting the advice of the Chief Justice of India ........... Of course, the Chief Justice has no power of veto, as Dr. Ambedkar explained in the Constituent Assembly." In Shamsher Singh's case(1) the Court was dealing with consultation B with the High Court under Art. 234 read with Art. 235 and in that behalf Krishna Iyer, J at p. 873 of the report has observed : ·G "In all conceivable cases consultation with that highest dignitary of Ihdian justice will and should be accepted by the Government of India and the Court will have an oppor· tunity to examine if any other extraneous circumstances have enterec:l into the verdict of the Minister, if he departs from the counsel given -by the Chief Justice of India. In practice the last word in such a sensitive subject must belong to the Chief Justice of India, the rejection of his advice being ordinarily regarded as prompted by oblique considerations vitiating the order." Keeping both the above aspects in mind one has to consider the question of primacy and in order to consider the same it will be necessary to set out Art. 217( 1) which runs thus : "217( I) Every Judge of the High Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State and, in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High Court, and shall hold office in the case of an Addi­ tional or Acting Judge as provided in Art. 224 and in any other case until he attains the age of 62 years." On the question as to whether any primacy is intended to be accorded to the views or advice that would be tendered by the Chief Justice of India. during the consultative process over the views or advice of the other two consulting functionaries (Governor of the State and the Chief Justice of the High Court) or whether all the three consulting functionaries are of co-ordinate authority so as to acccord equal efficacy to each one's views or advice, the Article is clearly silent and simply because the expression 'consultation' has (I) [1975] I S.C.R. 814. - r-. ....... . - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 927 been used, it does not mean that the President has absolute authority or discretion in the matter because as explained by Dr. Ambedkar consultation has been provided with the object of limiting the authority or discretion of the President. Question is whether when the three functionaries differ in their views or advice had not the President a choice to prefer the views or advice of one of the three? Counsel for contesting res~ondents contended that the President must have the right to make a choice as no one functionary has been given any primacy and in support Counsel strongly relied upon the fact that during the constituent assembly debates a specific amend­ ment was moved by Mr. B. Pocker Saheb from Madras to the original Draft Article 193( I) (which was in identical terms as the present Article in so far as is material) to the effect that the every Judge should be appointed by the President "on the recommendation of the High Court concerned, after consultation with the Governor of the State concerned and with the concurrence of the Chief Justice of India"' clearly seeking to give higher importance or status to the Chief Justice of India in the matter (vide Constituent Assembfy Debates 1949, Vol VIII page 658) but the &aid amendment was rejected and the Draft Article became the present Art. 217(1). It was urged that the rejection of the amendment is a clear pointer indicating that the Constituent Assembly wanted to give coordinate authority to each one of the three consulting functionaries and no primacy was intended to be given to the views or advice of any particular functionary . In the· first place in the very nature of things it is difficult to accept the submission that all the three consulting functionaries under Art. 217(1) must be regarded as of co-ordinate authority for the simple reasons that on aspects like capacity, character, merit, efficiency and fitness which converge on the suitability of the person proposed for appointment the Governor of the State will be least informed and will have nothing to say whereas the Chief Justice of the High Court and Chief Justice of India, being best informed, are well equipped to express their views and tender advice; further it is an accepted position which has been alluded to by the Law Commission in its 14th Report, that it is because of the financial aspect (salary and emoluments of a High Court Judge being charged on the Consoli­ dated Fund of the State) and information about the antecedents, local affiliations and like other matters, capable of objective proof. concerning the proposed appointee which the State Executive would be possessing, that consultation with the Governor haseenb provided 928 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 S.C.R. for. It is, therefore, difficult to regard the Governor of the State as being of co-ordinate authority with the other two consulting functionaries especially on the aspect of suitability which is the primary thing in the matter of making appointment of High Court Judges.· Secondly, in my view. Mr. Pocker Saheb"s rejected amend· ment has nothing to do with the primacy question at all because . it was concerned with the effort at complete exclusion of the execu­ tive interference in the matter of appointment of the High Court Judges .. If the amendment had been accepted the result would have been that the appointment shall have been made with the initiation of the proposal ·by the Chief Justice of the H;gh Court, the consul­ tation with the State Executive being retained because of the financial aspect and information regarding antecedents, etc. and only upon the concurrence of the Chief Justice of India, which, in other words, means the Chief Justice of India would have had the power to veto any-proposal. In my view, conferring a power of veto on the Chief Justice of India is entirely different from the prim1cy being given to his views or advice over and above the views or advice of the other consulting functionaries, as a limiting factor on the President"s discretion. Dr. Ambedkar also understood the proposed amendment of Mr. Pocker Sahib in this manner and pleaded for its rejection on the ground that it sought to confer a power of veto on the Chief Justice of India which he thought was undesirable. The rejection of the amendment, therefore, has no bearing whatsoever on the question of primacy with which the Court is concerned at the moment: Thirdly, once it is realised that the scope and ambit of fa:! and effective consultation requires that all the material facts and records concerning the proposed candidate must be made available to both . these consulting functionaries by placing the same before each during the consultative process and that each consulting · functionary must consider the same or identical material and exchange eachone's views thereon with the other there js no merit left in the argument that the Chief Justice of the High Court has a closer opportunity to assees the suitability of the proposed appointee; surely it is not a case of watching the demeangur of a witness so as . to put the assessment cir the Chief Justice of the High Court on any higher footing.· Having regard to these aspects, particularly the last one, one will have tci consider \Vhethcr any primacy could be and should be given to the views and advice tendered by the Chief Justice of India to the President in the matter of appointing High Court Judges. l must confess that the Article does not expressly suggest that any primacy is to be accorded to his advice during the consul- }-- s. P •. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 929 tative process undertaken in Art. 217(1) but, in my view, the scheme of consultative process contemplated by that Article evisages consi­ deration of identical facts and materials bearing on the suitability of the candidate by both the consultingfunctionaries,~namely, the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India, as also an exchange of their views on such material, and thereafter placing of the entire material together with each one's vieWs thereon and the tendering of the advice or final recommendation by the Chief Justice of India to the President whose decision should be guided by such advice or final recommendation so tendered. If such be the scheme envisaged by Art. 217(1)-and I am of the opinion it does envisage such a scheme, then cl early by implication primacy is intended to be given to the advice that would be tendered by the Chief Justice of India to the President. In any event, I would suggest that evolving such a scheme regarding the consultative process under Art. 217(1) would be in fitness of things as primacy shall have been given to the advice or final recommendation to be tendered by the Chief Justice of India who happens to occupy the highest .constitutional position as the head of the Indian Judiciary. It may be noted that giving primacy to the advice of the Chief Justice of India in the matter of appointment of High Court Judges is not to give power to veto any proposal as was contemplated by Mr .. Pocker Saheb's amendment nor would giving such primacy to his advice mean that the Chief Justice of India would be enjoying unfettered arbitrary powers, for, if his advice has proceeded on extraneous or non-germane considera­ tions the same shall be subject to the judicial review just as the President's final decision is so subject if he were to disregard the advice of the Chief Justice of India unless the same is justified for cogent and convincing reasons. But the point I would like to em­ phasise is that construing Art. 217(1) as envisaging the scheme of the nature indicated above would go a long way in preserving judicial independence rather than not according primacy to Chief Justice of India's advice and permitting the President to act 'as an arbiter between the divergent views of the two high constitutional func­ tionaries and leaving him to prefer the views of one to the other. ' Having considered the question of· primacy as aforesaid, I would like to make a couple of observations on the basis that the suitability test is required to be passed by the sitting Additional Judges over again at the time of deciding upon their continuance either as Additional Judges or as Permanent Judges. The consul· tative proC1 ss even on this occasion must be full, complete and . effective as is the case with the consultative process that is required o. •H 930 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 S.C.R. to be gone through under Art. 222(1) when the question of transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another High Court is consi­ dered. Further, the procedure to be followed at the time of undertaking such consultative process must also ensure fair play qua the concerned sitting Additional Judge. In other words, though the principie of natural justice in its full vigour is not contemplated, the sitting Additional Judge should not receive a raw deal at the bands of the consulting functionaries. and either one or the other or if necessary both should hear him, especially if any adverse material 1, is weighing in their minds against him, just as in a case under Art. 222(1) the personal difficulties and other grounds of objec­ tions of the proposed transferee are considered by the consulting functionary. In other words, in my view the scope and ambit ~ of the consultr.tive process under Art. 217(1) and 222(1) are and must be the same. I shall next deal with the question of short term extensions which have been challenged by the petitioners as being directly subversive of the independence of Judiciary and, therefore, not contemplated by the Constitution. The contesting respondents in that respect have placed strong reliance upon the provision contained in Art. 224(1) to suggest that such short-term extensions are contem­ plated and fall within the power conferred upon the appointing authority under that Article. It is true that Art. 224(0 confers power on the President to appoint duly qualified persons to be Additional Judges of a High Court if the pre-conditions mentioned therein exist "for such period not exceeding two years as he may specify". Relying on the phrase "for such period not exceeding two years as be may specify" occurring in the Article, the contesting respondents have claimed that that phrase only fixes the maximum period of two years at a time, that the Article does not limit the discretion of the appointing authority in the matter of the period for which an Additional Judge can be appointed except in regard to , the ceiling of two years and that the appointment can be for a shorter period which period is not justiciable and what has been urged is that the period must of necessity get co-related to the continued existence of the pre-conditions relating to the volume of work for which the appointments are to be made, Such a literal construction is difficult to accept because no provision of the Cons­ titution can be interpreted in a manner which will be in conflict with any of the basic features of the Constitution and the cardinal principle of independence of Judiciary is one such basic feature; 0 - ... s.P, GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 931 therefore, the construction to be put on the phrase in the Article must be consistent with the said principle. It cannot be disputed that security of tenure ensures judicial independence and tenures for short-terms like three months, six months or nine months bring in insecurity directly impinging on judicial independence and also tend to shake the faith of the community in the administration of justice and, therefore would be unconstitutional. Moreover, granting short· term extensions for periods Hke three months, six months, or nine months 'pending inquiry into the complaints' said to have been received against some of the sitting Additional Judges, as has been admiKed by Shri Kankan in his counter-affidavit on behalf of the . contesting respondents, would be clearly outside the contemplation of the Constitution for no machinery having legal sanction behind it has been provided for either in the Constitution or any other law authorising such inquiry or investigation into the complaints against sitting Additional Judges and the practice of giving short-term extensions on such ground must be deprecated and regarded as unconstitutional. I have already held that the suitability test is not attracted while deciding upon th~ continuance of the sitting Addi·· tional Judges but assuming that it is requited to be gone through the process must be completed well in advance of the date of expiry of their initial term or if for any reason it cannot be so completed the concerned Additional fodge must be given extension for at least one year. In this behalf I would again like to refer to the constitutional convention or practice that has grown over the years, notwith­ standing the phrase "for such period not exceeding two years as he may specify" occurring in Art. 224(1), which is to appoint Additional Judges initially for a period of two years, which has come to be regarded as the 'normal term' and on the expiry of this term to continue them for a further period of two years and so on till they are confirmed as Permanent Judges, subject, of course, to the pre· conditions continuing to obtain in that High Court and it has been pointed out that Art. 224(1) has been worked in that manner over the years. In any case. n" extension for less than a year should ever be granted irrespective of whether volume of work justifies it or not simply with a view to give the Judge concerned fixity of tenure for that period. Further, it is extremely desirable and necessary that orders granting extensions to sitting Additional Judges or making them permanent are issued and intimated to the concerned Judges and not merely to the Constitutional authorities as was suggested during the vacation hearing, well in advance of the date of expiry of their term and not at the eleventh hour keeping them on tenter­ hooks till the last moment. After all the sitting Additional Judges 932 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 S.C.R. are high Constitutional functionaries possessing the same position, powers and privileges as the Permanent Judges, and deserve due consideration and respectful treatment at the hands of the appoint­ ing authority. , Apropos their challenge to short-term extensions the petitioners have contended that Art. 216 of the Constitution casts a primary obligation upon the Presiden~ mandatorily to provide adequate permanent strength to every .High Court to cope with its normal business so as to ensure its disposal within reasonable time and to review such strength from time to time so that arrears dp not ·accumulate and justice to li.tigants is not unduly delayed, while the power to appoint Additional Judges under Art. 224(1) is only to meet, (a) temporary increase in the business of the High Court or (b) arrears of work therein, and the complaint is that the appointing authority or the Union Government has failed to discharge its mandatory obligation under Art. 216 and has gon~ on appointing Additional ·Judges even when a substantial increase in the normal business is there in almost every High Court justifying the reviewing of the permanent strength of those High Courts. The contention has been that the objective facts obtaining in many High Courts unmistakably demonstrate that the increase of business is not of a temporary character but is a permanent increase every year and that the arrears have increased and accumulated to an appreciably disturbing level with no reasonable prospects of substantially reduc­ ing the same over a period of years and, therefore, the President cannot resort to Art. 224( I) but has to increase the permanent strength by making permanent appointments under Art. 217 read with Art. 216. In any case it is urged that Additional Judges cannot be appointed while keeping permanent post vacant as is happening at present frequently. The submission of the petitioners therefore has been that in view of such reality, obtaining in various High Courts the action on the part ·of the appointing authority in keeping a large number 0f sitting Additional Jud!jes as Additional Judges would be arbitrary and unconstitutional and a clear case exists for declaring them to be deemed to have become permanent or for directing the President to make them permanent by appropriately increasing the permanent strength in the concerned High Courts and it will be within the powers of this Court to pass appropriate· orders or give necessary directions in this behalf. In support of these submis­ sions statements containing statistical materials pertaining to Bombay High Court and Delhi High Court were relied upon .and on the - ! I ! S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 933 question of Courts' power to grant appropriate reliefs reliance was A placed upon two decisions of this Court, namely, Shewpujanrai ·lndrasanrai Ltd. v. The Collector of Customs and Ors. (1) and Y. Mahaboob Sheriff and Ors. v. Mysore Stat~ Transport Authority and Ors.(2) On the other hand,. Counsel for the contesting respondents denied that the appointing authority has failed to discharge its obli­ gation to provide adequate permanent strength in the High Courts. It was not disputed that the volume of work in almost every High Court has increased tremendously and heavy arrears have accumulated and are ever mounting but it is pointed out that whenever any Chief Justice of any High Court had asked for a.n increase either in the per­ manent strength or in the strength of Additional Judges such request was always considered and responded to satisfactorily. On the ques; tion of liquidating arrears it has been pointed out that the problem is not merely related to the strength of either permanent or Additional Judges obtaining in a High Court but depends on numerous other factors and several suggestions in the directiOn of finding a solution to that problem have been under active consideration of the Union Government. Counsel, however, strenuously disputed th:it in this area appertaining to executive function of the· appointing authority and/or the Union Govern.ment this Court can grant relief by way of declaring the sitting Additional Judges to be deemed to have become permanent or by directing the President to make them permanent by appropriateJy increasing the permanent strength in the concerned High Courts as has been prayed for by the petitioners. On a consideration of the two relevant Articles, namely, 216 and 224(1) it seems to me quite clear that Art. 216 unquestionably casts a mandatory obligation on the President (appointing authority) . to provide adequate strength of permanent Judges in every High Court to cope with and dispose of its normal business and further to review periodically such permanent strength. The word "shall" and the further words "such other Judges as the President ma" from time to time deem it necessary to 'appoint" occurring in the A;ticle are a clear pointer in that direction. Art. 224(1) as has been stated earlier, confers power on the President to appoint Additional Judges only to meet the situation arising from (a) temporary increase in the business of the High Court, or (b) arrears of work therein. In other words (I) [19591 2 S.C.R. 821 at 840 and 841. (2) [1960] 2 S.C.R. 146. 934 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982) 2 s.c.R. if the increase in the work or business of the High Court is not of a temporary character but a permanent increase every year resort will have to be made to Art. 216 and not to Art. 224(1). Further I· would also like to observe that ordinarily it will not be proper to appoint an Additional Judge in a High Court while keeping a perma­ nent post vacant or unfilled. But beyond making these observations which should guide the exercise of the power both under Art. 216 and Art. 224(1) by the appointing authority I am satisfied that it will not be proper for this Court to give the directions or reliefs sough. t by the petitioners for the reasoas which I shall presently indicate. In the first place it cannot be disputed that appJinting Judges to a High Court either as permanent Judges or Additional Judges is purely an executive function entrusted by the. Constitution to the appointing authority and it will not be proper for this Court to usurp that function to itself or is1ue any directions in that behalf unless forced by glaringly compelling circumstances. Secondly, no directfon or relief as sought is possible unless a full, complete and correct assessment about the requisite strengths of Permanent I as well as Additional Judges of every High Court as on a particular date is made available to the Court. Thirdly such assessment about the requistite strengths for every High Court must depend on statistica~ data to be collected thtowing light on 'normal business', 'temporary increase', and 'arrears of work' in each Hfgh Court after fixing the rate of disposal per Judge per year and defining what should be regarded as 'main cases', 'miscellaneous cases' or 'interlocutory cases' etc; the norm in regard to such matters being a variable· criterion requiring refixation depending on facts, circumstances and situation as and when they devefop. It would therefore, be extre­ mely difficult for this Court to issue directions or grant reliefs of the nature sought by the p~titioners. Moreover, relief by way of declaring the sitting Additional Judges to be deemed to have become permanent is sought on the footing that the President sb.ould be deemed or taken to have done what. be ought to have done in the circumstances of the case but it will be difficult to accept the p·osition that when the President has appointed a duly qualified person as an Additional Judge for two years be should he deemed to have appoin­ ted him as the permanent Judge under Art. 216. Though no parti­ cular Article is referred to in the warrant of appointment reference in the warrant to the fact that the person has been appointed "an Additional Judge" and the mentioning of the short-period therein will clearly negative any intention on the part of the President to appoint ·him a permanent Judge, notwithstanding the duty having arisen in ~· - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 935 the circumstances of the case to 111ake a permanent appointment., For these 'reasons I do not think that this Court should issue the directions or grant reliefs sought by ·the petitioners in this behalf and it is hoped that the observations made above will guide the future course of action of the appointing authority. The next question on which a great deal of argument was advanced at the Bar by Gounsel for the p::titioners is whether before effecting a transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another his '.consent' to such transfer should he obtained or not, that is to say, whether the words "with his consent" should be read into · Art. 222(1) of the Constitution or because a. transfer involves a 'fresh appointment'. Article 222 (1) runs thus : "The President may, after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, transfer a Judge from one High Court to any other-High Court." It must be observed that this question was considered and decided by this Court in Sankalchand Sheth's case (supra) in the negative by a majority of 3:2 but according to Counsel for the petitioners the majority view requires reconsideration and since these cases were heard by a larger Bench of seven Judges he addressed the. Court elaborately on the point. Before a dealing with the various aspects of the contention urged by the Counsel for the petitioners in this behalf it will be desirable to set-out in brief the background in which that question arose for consideration and in what manner the same was dealt with in that case both by the Gujarat High Court at the initial stage and by this Court in appeal. During the last Emergency a mass transfer of Permanent Judges from one High Court to another was attempted in the name of national integration and in May 1976 it had been proposed to transfer 56 JudgC<s of the various High Courts and as the first instalment 16 Judges, including Cb.ief Justices, were in fact transferred. Justice Sankalchand Sheth, one of the transferees, was shifted from Gujarat High Court to the High Court of Andhra Pradesh. 'He filed a writ petition in the Gujarat High Court against the Union of India and Chief Justice A.N. Ray challenging the order of transfer as void :and inoperative, inter-alia on grounds of promissory estoppel, no effective consultation: and want of consent on his part which should be read into Art. 222(1). The Union of India in its affidavit in reply supported the impug11ed order, inter-alia, on the ground that the power of the President to transfer a Judge was absolute save and except that he had to co11sult the Chief Justice of India and as this had been done the transfer was ·u ·D 936 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982) 2 s.c.R. valid; that there was no question of promissory estoppel and that no consent was required. No reasons were given for the transfer but the policy of transfer was justified on the ground of national inte­ gration. No ·affidavit in reply was filed by the Chief Justice of India who was the 2nd respondent .to the petition. The matter was heard by a Full Bench of Gujarat High Court which unanimously rejected the petitioner's plea of promissiory stoppel. By a majority, consisting of Metha and D.A. Desai, JJ. the Full Bench rejected the petitioner's contention that 'consent' must be read into Art. 222(1) and also the contention that as a transfer of a Judge involves fresh appointment such appointment could not be made without the Judge's consent. A.D. Desai, J. however, in a minority view, upheld the petitioner's contention as regards 'consent' on both the grounds, that is to say, he held that 'consent' must be read into Art. 222(1) and that since a transfer of a Judge involves a fresh appointment it could only be done with the Judge's consent. However, all the three Judges unanimously held that the order of transfer was void as it had been made without the requisite consultation with the Chief Justice of India as contemplated by Art. 222(1) on its true interpre­ tation. Feeling aggrieved by this judgment of the Gujarat High Court the Union of India preferred an appeal to this Court under Certificate granted by the High Court, which was heard by a Cons­ titutfod' Bench of five Judges of this Court. On a statement being made by the learned Attorney-General for the Union of India to the effect that on the facts and circumstances of the case on record the then Government did not consider that there was any justification for transferring Justice Sheth from Gujarat High Court and propo· sed to transfer him back to that High Court, Counsel for Justice Sheth stated that his client was prepared to withdraw his writ petition with the leave of the Court. Though the appeal got settled as above to the satisfaction of Justice Sheth, the Constitution Bench desired to consider important issues arising in the case which related to the aspect of judicial independence involved in transfer of High Court Judges and after hearing arguments from Counsel on either side delivered its judgment expressing its views on the issues involved. It may be stated that the plea of promissory estoppel was not pressed and was not considered by this Court. On the aspect of 'consent' of the Judge concerned qua Art. 222(1) the Bench was divided in its opinion, the majority of the Court (Chandrachud, Krishna Iyer and Fazal Ali, JJ) upon a consideration of the wording of the Article itself in the context of the scheme, other provisions and - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 937 all relevant aspects held that as a matter of construction 'consent' could not be read into Art. 222(1) and further that consent of the Judge who was transferred was not necessary as transfer involved no fresh appointment; the majority further held that the power to transfer could not be exercised by way of punishment but could ~e exercised only in public interest and after consultation with the Chief Juetice of India and that public interest and consultation with the Chief Justice of India were sufficient safeguards against the abuse of power under Art. 222( I) and with these built-in-safeguards it was unnecessary to read 'consent' in that Article. Bhagwati, J. upheld both the contentions of the original petitioner, namely that as a matter of construction 'consent' should be read into Art. 222(1) and secondly consent of the concerned Judge who was transferred was necessary as a transfer involved a fresh appointment. Untwalia, J. held that ·although consent could not be read into Art. 222(1) as a matter of co'nstruction, such consent was necessary because the transfer of a Judge involved a fresh appointment. It may be stated that before arrivin.g at the aforesaid conclu­ sions the Judges have expressed their considered views on several aspects concerning the power of transfer vested in the President under Art. 222(1) in the -context of the concept of independence of judiciary to which a brief reference will be appropriate. In the first place all the Judges have emphasised the fact that the framers of our Constitution had taken the utmost pains to secure the independence of the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts and in that behalf several provisions in the Constitution were referred to-a position which was not disputed by the Attorney-General for the Union of India. Further, all the Judges rejected the claim made on behalf of the Union Government that the power conferred on the President under Art. 222(1) was absolute or that if he were to "consult" the Chief Justice of India there was an end of the matter and the order of transfer could ·riot be questioned. The Court held that the power ·of transfer conferred on the President under Art. 222(1) was subject to two built-in-safeguards : (i) that it must be exercised in public interest alone and not in order to punish a Judge or to make him toe the Government line and (ii) that it must be exercised after full, complete and effective consultation with the Chief Justice of India; in other words an order of transfer would become a justiciable issue and. be liable to be quashed or set-aside if (a) it was not in public interest or (b) ·it was passed without full, complete and effective consultation or (c) if the opinion or advice 938 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982] 2 s.c.a. of the Chief Justice of India was ignored or brushed aside without cogent reasons. On the sco~ and efficacy of consultation contem­ plated under Art. 222(1) two learned Judges Chandrachud, J. and Krishna Iyer, J. dealt with those aspects at some length and the other learned Judges have substantially expressed their agreement with their views on the point. The effect of the observations ori the scope of consultation can be briefly stated thus : Consultation with the Chief Justice is obligatory and a condition precedent to lhe exercise of that power by the President; such consultation must be a real, substantial and effective consultation and in order that it should be so, all relevant facts in support of the proposed action of transfer· must be placed before the Chief Justice and all his doubts and queries must be adequately answered; the consultation casts an obligation and a duty on the Chief Justice to elicit information not· merely from the President and the Judge concerned but from such quarters as he thinks fit on . all relevant aspects bearing on the desirability, advisability and necessity of the proposed transfer including factors personal to the Judge concerned such as his health, extreme family factors involving dislocation etc. so as to leave him no grounds to complain of arbitrariness or unfairplay. On the efficacy of the resultant advice tendered by the Chief Justice, Krishna Iyer, J observed at page 502 of the Report thus : "Secondly, although the opinion of the Chief Juslice of India may not be binding on the Government it is entitled to great weight and is normally to be accepted by the Government because the power 1under Art. 222 cannot be exercised whimsically or arbitrarily." Again after quoting a passage from the judgment in Chandramou­ lehwar' s(1) case and after referring to his own judgment in Shamsher Singh's case (supra) in -which he struck the same chord, he observe.d thus: "It must also be borne in mind that if the Government departs from the opinion of the Chief Justice of India it has to justify its action by giving cogent and convincing reasons for the same and, if challenged, to prove to the satisfaction of the Court that a case was mad.e out for not accepting the advice of the Chief Justice of India." (1) [1970] 2 SCR 666. - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 939 The learned Judge has further gone on to .observe thus : ·"The dangers of arbitrary action or unsavoury exercise has been minimised by straight-jacketing of the power of transfer. Likewise, the high legal risk of invalidation of the Presidential .order made. in the teeth of the Chief Justice's objection, runs in an added institutional protection. For, it is reasonable for the Court, before which a Judge's transfer 'is ·challenged, to take a skeptic view and treat it as suspect if the Chief Justice's advice has been ignored." It may also be stated that according to Chandrachud, J just as the safeguard of public interest kept transfers. by way of punish­ ment outside the purview of Art. 222(1) the safeguard of effective consultation also indicated that policy transfers on a whole-sale • basis were also outside the scope of that Article. As regards the plea of nati~nal integration on the basis of which the transfers of 16 permanent Judges were sought to be justified, Chandrachud, J expressed the view that it was a moot point whether it would be necessary to transfer Judges from one High Court to another in the interest of national integration but since it was a policy matter the Court was not concerned, with it directly but suggested that consi· dering the great inconvenience, hardship and possibly a slur which a transfer from one High Court to another High Court involves, the better view would be to leave the Judges untouched and take other measures to achieve that purpose, and further . added that if at all on mature and objective appraisal of the situation it was still felt that there should be a fair sprinkling in the High Court judiciary of persons belonging to other States, that object could be more easily and effectively attained by makii;ig appointments of outsiders initially but he categorically observed that the record of the case before the Court did not bear out the claim that any of the 16 High Court Judges had been transferred in order to further the cause of national integration and the true position was far from it. On the question of non-consensual transfers being within the Article Krishna Iyer, J. summed up the position thus : "Logamachy may confuse, philosophy may illumine, teleology may shed interpretative she.en. We have consi- H dered the design, the source, the impact and the engineering aspects of Article 222. At the end of the journey we feel p 940 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 s.c.R. clearly that the powl.lr of non-consentaneous transfer does exist. Salutary safeguards to ensure judicial independence with concern for the All-India character of the superior courts in the context of the paramount need of national unity and integrity and mindful of the advantages of inter­ state cross-fertilisation and avoidance of provincial pervi­ ciousness were all in the caiculations of the framers of the Constitution. A power is best felt by its aware presence · and rare exercises." Counsel for the petitioners principally urged two grounds before qs which according to him necessitate a reconsideration of the majority view in Sankalchand Seth's case about non-consensual transfers being within the purview of Art. 222(1). which I propose to discuss one after the other. In the first place according to Counsel one of the principal reason's why the majority felt that there. was no need to read the words "with his consent" into Art. 222(1) was that • the power to transfer thereunder could not be exercised ,by way of punishing a High Court Judge, which aspect was exclusively govern­ ed by Art. 218 read with Art. 124( 4) and (5), but had to be exer· cised only in public interest and after effective coasultation with the ChieOubtice of India and that public interest and such consultation were sufficient safeguards against the abuse of power under that Article but the safeguard of public interest so as to prevent the exercise of the power by way of punishment will be found to be illusory if the examples of transfers in public interest as have been given by Chandrachud, J. in his judgment are carefully scrutinised; for, according to Counsel the illustrative cases of transfers in public interest as given by the learned Judge on analysis will be found to involve misbehaviour' mentioned in Art. 124(4) and therefore fo those illustrative cases though the transfers may appear to be in public interest in one sense they would be really by way of punish­ ment and as such there is a contradiction at the heart of the judg­ ment. Reliance in this behalf was placed on the following passage occurring in the judgment of Chandrachud, J. at page 446 : "Experience shows that there are cases, though fortu­ nately they are few and far between, in which the exigencies of administration necessitate the transfer of a Judge from H one High Court to another. The factious local atmosphere sometimes demands the drajiing of a Judge or Chief Justice from another High Court and on the rarest occasions which - - - K ' .. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 941 can be counted on the fingers of a hand, it becomes neces$ary to withdraw a Judge from a circle of favourites and.non­ ! avourites. The voice of compassion is heard depending upon who articulates it. Though transfers·in such cases are pre­ eminently i'n public interest, it will be impossible to achieve that purpose if a Judge cannot be transferred without his consent. His personal interest may lie in continuing in a Court where his private interest will be served best, where­ as, public interest may require that this moorings ought to be severed to act as a reminder that . "the place of justice is hallowed place." It is pointed out that in the cases mentioned above, if the veil of the language of judicial courtesy was lifted, it will appear clear that the power of transfer that would be used would be to punish a Judge for misbehaviour, for which, as the judgment points out, action has to be taken only under Art. 218 read with Art. 124(4) and (5). For instance, a transfer brought about by '.'the factious local atmos­ phere" put in plain language means that a Judge or Chief Justice is failing to administer justice impartially by favouring or disfavouring 'a faction; similarly, where a transfer is effected in order "to with­ draw a Judge from circle of favourites and non-favourites" it would be a clear case of the Judge being guilty of gross misbehaviour in clear violation of his judicial oath. It is, . therefore, urged that though in such cases, the transfers may apparently be in public interest they are really by way of punishment and as.such the safeguard of public interest is of no avail. In fact, according to Counsel transfers of such Judges would run counter to public interest as these Judges should not be inflicted on other High Courts to vitiate the atmos­ phere there. Counsel further urged that if regard be had to the ordinary dictionary meaning of tlie word 'punishment' it is clear that punishment means : "pain, damage or loss inflicted" (without any retributive or judicial character) and in this sense every transfer of a High Court Judge from one High Court to another without his consent would amount to punishment since it inflicts on hm:: per­ sonal injury, loss or damage in the sense of uprooting him from his moorings, his being required to have two establishment, suffering a dislocation in family affairs, etc., apart from the slur involved in I being so transferred. It is further pointed ·out that the main safe- guard is of public interest and the safeguard of effective consultation is secondary arising out of and in furtherance of the main safeguard and as such if the principal safeguard fails the secondary safeguard, 942 SUPRl!Mll COURT REPORTS [1982] 2 s.c.R. which is in furtherance of it, would also fail. If, therefore, both the safeguards, the principal as well as the secondary, become illusory and if punishment is involved in every transfer without consent then one of the principal reasons suggested by the majority for not read­ ing consent into the Article must disappear and there would be the need to read 'consent' into the Article so as to obviate the element •of punishment. It is difficult to accept the aforesaid line of argument as necessi­ tating the reconsideration of the majority view in Sankalchand Sheth' s case (supra) for the reasons whbh I shall presently indicate. But before dealing with the contention I would like ·to observe that I am in agreement with Counsel for the petitioners that the illustrative cases given in the passage quoted above are in substance where Judges could be. said to be guilty of. misbehaviour falling under Art. 124(4) and that their transfer to other High Courts, apart. from being by way of punishment, would amount to doing great dis service to public interest. In this context I would like to emphasize that the safeguard of public interest read into Art. 222(1) is not intended for protecting any black-sheep in the judiciary but for protecting the numerous honest, conscientious hard-working Judges and I have always been of the confirmed view that no corrupt or dis­ honest Judge, and nor a Judge, who contrary to his oath of office, indulges if' any kind of favouritism while discharging his duties­ who could be likened to a rotten egg, should -be tolerated m the judicial basket and he deserves to be dealt with under Art. 218 read with Art. 124(4) and (5) but not by transferring him to another High Court, for, such a transfer would be contrary to public interest. That is why I would reiterate that a transfer by way of punishment for misbehaviour is clearly outside the purview of Art. 222(1) and similarly, any transfer with an oblique motive or for an oblique purpose, such as for not toeing the line of the Executive or for rendering decisions unpalatable to the Executive or for having for· some reason or the other fallen from the grace of the Executive, would also be outside its purview and liable to be struck down, if oblique motive or purpose is established. Turning to the contention, it must, in the first place be pointed out that the mere fact that the illustrative cases of transfers given by Chandrachud, J. in his judgment as being in public interest are in substance and reality cases of transfers by way of punishm~nt - ... .>' s.P. GUPTA v. UNI (Tulzapurkar, J.) 943 does not mean that there can be no cases of transfers purely in public interest without any element of punishment being involved. Cases of transfers .in public interest pure and simple without involv­ ing any element of punishment are conceivable with the result that the safeguard of public interest dwelt at length in the judgment cannot be said to be illusory or otiose. When Art. 222, as inserted anew by Drafting Committee in the Revised Draft Constitution prepared on November 3, 1949, was discussed in the Constituent Assembly on November 16, 1949. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar indicated the purpose of inserting the provision in the Revised Draft and gave at least two instances of transfers which would purely be in public interest. This is what he said : "T1e Drafting Committee felt that since all the High Courts so far as the appointments of Judges is concerned form now a Central subject it was desirable to treat all the Judges of the High Courts throughout India as forming one single cadre like the I.C.S. and that they should be liable to be transferred from one High Court to another. If such power was not reserved to the Centre the administration of justice might become a very difficult matter. It might be necessary that one Judge may be transferred from one High Court to another in order to strengthen the High Court else­ where by importing ,better talent which may not be locally available. Secondly, it might be desirable to import a new Chief Justice to a High Court because it might be desirable to have a man unaffected by local politics or local jealousies. We thought, therefore, that the power to transfer should be placed in the hands of the Central Government. We also took into account the fact that this power of transfer of Judges from one High Court to another may be abused. A Provincial Government might like to transfer a particular Judge from its High Court because that Judge had become very inconvenient to the Provincial Govern­ ment by the particular attitude that he had taken with regard to certain judicial matters or that he had made a nuisance of himself by giving decisions which the Provincial Government did not like. We have taken care that in effecting these transfers no such considerations ought to prevail. Transfers ought to take place only on the ground 944 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) J S.C.R. of convenience of general administratidn. Consequently, we have introduced a provision that such transfers shall take place in consultation with the Chief Justice of India. who can be trusted to advise the Government in a manner which is not affected by local or personal prejudices." (vide : Constituent Assembly Debates Vol. 11 p. 580). It is thus clear that transfers under Art. 222(1) have to be made only in public interest the ground being convenience of the general administration and the two instances given by Dr. Ambedkar (vide : the underlined portion in first para) would clearly fall within the ambit of this ground and such transfers would be purely in public interest without any element of punishment being involved therein. Yet another instance of a transfer which' could be said to be purely in public interest would be where the same is effected for remedying unsatisfactory working conditions obtaining in a High Court for reasons beyond the control of the Judge concerned and for which he js not responsible in any manner; similarly if a particular Judge by reason of his nature and temparament is unable to get along with the Chief Justice.or any of his colleagues in a High Court his transfer would be in public interest and not by way of punishment in the sense· in which that expression is to be understood in the context of the power to transfer· under the Article. In such cases the power to transfer a Judge from one High Court to another without his consent would be appropriate and justified. Coming to the aspect"of punishment put forward by Counsel for the petitioners it must be observed that when it is said that the power of transfer under Art. 222(1) cannot be and should not be exercised by way ·of punishment what is intended to be conveyed is that the judge concerned should not be 2ransferred for misbehaviour falling under Art. 124(4). or with oblique motive or for oblique pur­ pose indicated above, which alone would be by way of punish­ ment in the co1 rect sense of that expression in the context of the power as contained in the Article and not that he should not be subjected to the kind of punishment which is inherent in the transfer. In my view, there is a clear distinction between the punishment involved in making the transfer for misbehaviour or out of oblique motive and the punishment which 'is inherent in the order of transfer in the sense of infliction of personal injury, loss or · damage arising out of his moorings being severed, he being required to have two establishments of his suffering a dislocation in his - ' l - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 945 family affairs, etc. Further, it is not as if this latter aspect of punishment which is inherent in an order of transfer is being totally ignored before passing the order of transfer, for, precisely~these very aspects concerning the Judge proposed to be transferred are required to be taken into consideration and given due weight by .the Chief Justice of India during the consultative process which he is required to undertake for observing the second safeguard of full and effective consultation. It is, therefore, not. possible to accept the contention that the two safeguards of public· interest and effective consultation subject to which the power of transfer is to be exercised are either illusor; or unreal and if they afford real protection to the Judge concerned agabst the abuse of power as suggested in the majority view there would be no need to read consent into Art. 222(1). The other ground which necessitates the reconsideration of the majority view, according to the Counsel;for the petitioners, is that while rejecting the contention of the original petitioner that a trans­ fer of a Judge from one High Court to another involves "a fresh appointment" and, therefore, his consent to the transfer would be necessary, both Chandrachud,·J. and Krishna Iyer, J. have proceeded on the basis that the Government oflndia Act 1935 did not contain any provision for the transfer of a Judge and contrasted s. 220(2) pro­ viso (c) of that Act with Art. 217(i)(c) of the Constitution and took the view while enacting the latter provision the framers of the Consti­ tution had made a distinction between "appointment" and 'transfer' by using these two expressions in contra-distinction with one another while providing that "the office of a Judge shall be vacated by his being appointed by the President to be a Judge of the Supreme Court or his being tran~ferred by the President to another High Court with­ in the territory of.India" (see : Art. 217 (I)(c)). In other words, by contrasting the provision contained in s. 220(2) proviso (c) of the Government ofindia Act 1935 with Art. 217 (I)(c) of the Consti­ tution both the learned Judges took the view that the expression­ 'appointment' in the first part : of. the latter provision meant 'fresh appointment' while the expression 'transfer' used in the latter part did not mean fresh appointment .and for taking such a view and that the two expressions had not been interchangeably used reliance was placed on the supposed absence of any provision for a transfer of a Judge in the Government of India Act, 1935.' But Counsel has sub­ mitted that Government of India Act, 1935, did contain a provision for the transfer of a Judge and in that behalf reliance was placed c· 946 SUPREMB COURT RBPORTS · [1982) 2 s.c.R. upon the fact that proviso (c) to s. 220 (2) was introduced with retrospective effect from April I, 1937 bys. 2 of the India (Miscella­ neous Provisions) Act, 1944 enacted by the British Parliament and it was pointed out that though the actual proviso (c) used the word 'appointment', the Marginal Note of s. 2 ran thus : · "Judges to vacate office on 'transfer" and even during the discussion that took place on the Bill, Earl of Munster addressing the House of Lords and the Secretary of State for India Mr. Amery addressing the House of Commons while explaining the provision that was being inserted with retrospective effect stated that the said provision was being made providing for vacating !ht< office of a . Judge on his transfer to another High Court or to the Federal Court. In other words, what· bas been urged by counsel for the petitioners ·is that the Marginal Note to s. 2 of the India (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1944 as well as the debates in the House of Lords and House of Commons clearly indicate that proviso (c) which was added with retrospective effect to s. 220(2) of the Government of India Act, 1935 really dealt with transfer of a High Court Judge when he was either appointed to another High Court or to the Federal Court, that is to say, the expression 'appointment' had been used really to connote a transfer, suggesting an interchangeable use of the two expressions by the British Parliament and, therefore, the basis adopted by the learnedPudges for drawing a distinction between 'appointment' and 'transfer ' would disappear and, therefore, the conclusion arrived at would not be correct. Counsel fairly stated that Reports of British Parliamentary Proceedings compiled by Hansard were not available to him when Sankatchand Sheth's case (supra) was argued by him before this Court but have since been made available now and he was making his submission before us. There may be some force in the submission but in my view the submission is not adequate to necessitate a reconsideration of the majority view for two reasons. In the first place the assumed basis (which is now found to be wrong for making the distinction between 'appointment' and 'transfer' in Art. 217(1)(c) was merely used for refuting an argument of the original petitioner that since ins. 220(2) proviso (c) of the Govern­ ment of India Act, 1935 appointments to Federal Court were clubbed with the appointments "to another High Court" and since the Judges consent was necessary in both the cases the Court should read the corresponding provision of the Constitution in Art. 217 (l)(c) to mean that a process of the transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another involves a fresh appointment and in that connection it - - .. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (T'u/zapurkar, J.) 947 was said that the Government of India Act, 1935 did not contain any provision for a transfer of Judge. Secondly, apart from that reason, several other reasons have been indicated in the judgment why a transfer of a Judge does not involve a fresh appointment, such as non-issuance of a fresh warrant of appointment, no consul· tation as contemplated under Art. 217 taking place but only of the kind contemplated by Art. 222(1), etc. The first reason does smack. of formality but the second cannot be regarded as unsubstantial, for the nature of the two consuitations is different and the fact that only that kind of consultation contemplated nnder Art. 222(1) takes place emphasises the position that it is not a fresh appointment. In view of this position the second ground on which the reconsider­ ation of the majority view is sought is of no avail. Having regard to the aforesaid' discussion, in my view, no caie could be said to have been made out for reconsidering the decision of the majority in Sanka/chand Sheth's case (supra), according to which non·consensual transfers are within the purview of Art. 222(1). The other submissions in support of the conte11tion that 'consent' should be read into that'Article as a matter of construction or that consent of the concern€d Judge is necessary as a transfer involves fresh appointment, which were reiterated in brief before us, have all been dealt with and answered by the learned Judges who pronounced the majority view in Sankalchand Sheth's case (supra). I am, there­ fore in agreement . with the majority view that non-consensual transfers are within the purview of Art. 222(1). Before parting with the decision in Sankalchand Sheth's case (supra) I would like to refer to certain observations made by Chandra­ chud, J. in connection with policy transfers as I feel that they need some clarification and apropos those observations I would like to deal with and make my observations with regard to the two policies which appear to have been accepted in principle, though not fully formulated and formally· declared by the Union Government in ·connection with the transfer of High·Court Judges. In Sankalchand Sheth's case (supra) a view has been expressed by Chandrachud, J. that the . safeguard of effective consultation . suggests that policy transfers on wholesale basis are outside the purview of Art. 222(1) and in tbis behalf the pertinent observation's made by him are as follows:- "Thus, deliberation is the quintessence of consultation. That impli\!~ that each. i11djvidual case must be considereq A. 948 SUPREME COURT REPORTS · (1982) 2 s.c.R. separately ·on the basis of its own facts. Policy transfers on a wholesale basis which leave no scope for considering the facts of each particular case and which are influenced by one sided governmental considerations are outside the contemplation of our Constitution." (vide p; 454 of the Report). The last sentence in these observations is likely to create a wrong impression that if large number of transfers are made pursuant to a general policy these would be outside the purview of Art. 222(1) of the Constitution but that is not what is really intended to be conveyed. The emphasis clearly is on wholesale transfers without considering each individual case on its own merits being outside the purview of Art. 222(1) and more so when such wholesale or mass transfers are influenced by one-sided governmental considerations which would be outside the purview' of the A_rticle. In other words, it is clear that even if a transfer is effected pursuant to a general policy adopted by the Government the same must satisfy requirements of Art. 222(1), that is to say, it must be in public interest and made after full and effective consultation. Ordinarily no general policy will be adopted unless it clearly serves some public interest and hence when a transfer is stated to be pursuant to such general policy it will be a difficult task for the Judge concerned to establish that it has been made for extraneous considerations but all the same-a transfer based on a general policy will have to satisfy the require­ ments of Art. 222(1) and if extraneous considerations are establish­ ed the same will have to_ be struck down. In this context I would like to refer to one aspect which was debated at the Bar, whether before any such general policy is adopted by the Government any consultation with the Chief Justice of India is necessary or questions of policy are exclusively to be deciped by the Government? It· is true that Art. 222(1) merely refers to consultation of the Chief Justice of India on specific individual proposals for transfer as and when these are made and nothing is mentioned therein as regards consultation with him on points such as whether and if so what policy or policies should be adopted . for . effecting transfer of Judges from one High Court to another. It is also true that ordinarily policy matters would be decided upon by the Government. But propriety requires and perhaps smooth workin? thereof ma~ ne~ssitate consultation with ~he <;:hic;f Justice:: - - .. S.P. GUPTA v. NION (T'ulzapurkar, J.) 949 who is the highest administrative head of the country's Judiciary especially as the policy or policies to be adopted are in relation to transfer of High Court Judges. But, as stated earlier, even after a general policy in the matter of transfers of High Court Judges is framed and adopted wh~never a transfer is to be made in pu.rsuance of such policy the proposal, before it culminates into an order, will have to satisfy the requirements of Art. 222(1). Coming to the two policies which the Union of India seems to have accepted in principle though not fully formulated by fixing the mechanism or modality of procedure, it may be s.tated that one such policy is to have one-third of the Puisne Judges in a High Court from outside the State-a policy which has been referred to · in the Circular dated March 18, 1981 and the other is the policy to have Chief Justices of all the High Courts from outside-a policy that became the subject-matter of debate in Shri K.B.N. Singh's case. With;ut going into the merits or demerits of either of them and without going into the question whether there are proper or justifiable grounds for adopting either of them, that is to say, whether either of them serves any public interest or- not, I would like to deal with a couple of aspects touching these policies which I feel it is necessary to clarify at this stage. It was suggested at one stage during the arguments that individual selective transfers are prone to be punitive in character but once a general policy is adop­ ted there will be no scope for raising a contention that the transfer made in pursuance thereof is a punitive transfer. In fact, the argu­ ment went to the length of equating individual selective transfers with punitive transfers and policy transfers as being always above board. Such an extreme contention is difficult to accept. It will not be correct to say that a policy transfer, that is to say, a transfer based on or made in pursuance of a general p.Jlicy would necessarily be non-punitive in character nor would it be correct to say that every selective transfer i.s necessarily punitive. Taking the policy of having one-third Puisne ·Judges in a High Court from outside, it will be clear that in the absence of any mechanism or modality of procedure giving guidelines as to how that one-third complement will be chosen for implementing it, such a policy would obviously be fraught with the danger or vice of discri­ mination; further, if a. vacancy a'rises in that complement of that High Court then filling it up in the absence of proper guidelines would again be arbitrary. Similarly, even the policy of having the Chief Justices of all the Hig4 <;:ourts from outside staqds the risk: of .G " 950 SUPREME CO~RT REPORTS (1982] 2 S.C.R. r being abused by the Executive in the absence of proper guidelines being provided in the matter of regulating which Chief Justice shall be posted in what particular High Court; this assumes significance in federal polity like ours. It is t bus clear that a policy transfer withuot fixing the requisite mechanism , or modality of procedure which ensures complete insulation against the Executive interference could be a punitive transfer in the sense of having been effected with some oblique motive. Even with proper mechanism or modality of procedure a transfer can be made for extraneous considerations' and will be liable to be struck down if it is so established. But admit­ tedly no mechanism or modality of procedure of any kind bas been fixed or decided upon so far and, therefore, bow can it be asserted that every policy transfer made in pursuance of either of these two · policies-wo_uld necessarily be above board? In other words, merely adopting a general policy, which is or may be broadly supportable for reasons of public interest, would not be sufficient to insulate transfers hr High Court Judges against Executive interference unless adequate mechanism or modality of procedure in that behalf is also fixed and followed in practice. Conversely, a selective transfer in an appropriate case for strictly objective reasons and in public interest of general administration could be non-punitive. In other words, each case of transfer, whether based on :i policy_ or a selective trans· fer, will have to be judged on the facts and circumstances of its own for deciding whether it is punitive fo character in the sense of having been effected with some oblique motive or not. Coming to the impugned Circ~lar letter dated March 18, 1981 it is clear that the petitioners on .the one band and the contest­ ing respondents on the other are at great variance with each other on the true nature, content and effect thereof whereas according to the petitioners the Circular letter seeks to effect, in substance and reality, a mass transfer of sitting Additional Judges as also of the proposed appointees based on a policy decision unilaterally taken by the Law Minister and or the Union Government and in that behalf seeks to obtain tpeir consent under threat, coercion and duress, according to the contesting respondents no such transfers are intend­ ed at all but the Circular letter merely seeks to obtain consent from sitting Additional Judges for their appointment as Permanent Judges of other High Courts on the expiry of their initial term or extended term and consent from the. proposed appointees for their initial or first appointment to High Courts other than their home-State High \:ourts and the action proposed to be tak~n thereunder is for t4i; - .. ( ... S.1>. GUPTA v. UNlON (Ttilzapurkar, J.) 9si purposes of Art. 217 of the Constitution and no threat, coercion or duress is involved in obtaining such consent. The impugned Circular letter has already ·been set out verbatim at the commence­ of this judgment and a careful analysis of the contents thereof brings out the following seven aspects very clearly : 1 n the first place the action proposed ·in para 2 thereof (of obtaining consent) is being taken with a view to implement a policy suggested by several bodies and forums "to have one-third of the Judges of a High Court, as far as possible, from outside the State in which that High Court is situated" for "furthering national integration an'd combatting narrow parochial tendencies bred by caste, kinship and other local links and affiliations"; secondly the letter records that as'no start could somehow be made in the past in that direction the feeling was strong, growing and justified that some effective steps should be taken very early in that behalf; thirdly, para 2, which specifies the action to be taken, is in two parts; (i) in relation to sitting Additional Judges in all the States of India (except North-Eastern States), it seeks to obtain their consent "to be appointed" as Permanent Judges to High Courts in States other than their own and (ii) in relation to the proposed appointees (either from the Bar or services) for initial appointment (either as Additional or Permanent Judges) it seeks to obtain their consent for being "appointed to" in any other High Court in the country (meaning other than their home-State High Court); fourthly, in this behalf it also seeks from them their choice by naming three High Courts in order of preference to which they would prefer to go; fifthly, the sitting Additional Judges and the proposed appointees from whom such consent and preferences are sought are to be told clearly that furnishing of the constent or the indication of a prefer· ence does not imply any commitment on the part of the Government either in regard to their appointment or to accommodation in accor­ dance with the preferences given; sixthly, the letter strikes a note of urgency and requests the addressees thereof to initiate action very early and after obtaining the written consent and preferences from the persons concerned to forward the same to the Law Minister within a fort-night of the receipt of the letter; lastly, the Circular letter has been addressed by the Law Minister to the Governor of Punjab and all Chief Ministers of the States (except North-Eastern States) requesting them to obtain such consent and preferences from all Additional Judges as well as the proposed appointees, with merely a copy of the letter being sent to each of the Chief Justices of the concerned High Courts. Counsel for the contesting respondents pointed out that.when an Additional Judge is appointed under Art. 224 (1) jiis tenure is fixed by the warrant of his appointment and on the expiry of the period mentioned in the warrant he ceases to be a Judge of the High Court and he has no vested right either to be continued or to be made .. perma11ent and in_ either extending hini for a further term as an B · Additional J udje or in making him permanent in· the vacancy of a permanent post, a fresh appointment is involved by issuance of a . ~ fresh warrant under Art. 217 (1) and as such there is no question of any transfer being involved in such_ a case, while in the case of a proposed appointee (either from the Bar or services) when he is being initially appointed obviously there is no question of any transfer in his case either and it is from such persons that consent is being sought under para 2 of the Circular letter and the same is for 'afresh appointment' in the case of the former and 'an initial appointment' in. the case of the latter under Art. · 217 (l) of the Constitt1tion. Counsel further pointed out that para 2 of the Circular letter uses the expression "to be appointed" in the case of sitting' Additional Judges as also in the case of proposed appointees and the word "transfer" has not been used at all and as such counsel contended that the Circular letter does not deal. with the topic of transfer of Judges at all. Reliance io this behalf is also placed on the Law Minister's statement in Parliament made on. 16th April, 1981 in response to the Calling Attention Motion by Shri Rashid Masood and other M.Ps. and the answers given by him to the questions put to him by several Members during the discussion that followed, wherein he clarified the position that consent from sitting Additional Judges was sought under the Circular letter for their fresh appointments under Art. 217 and not for their transfers and Art. 222 was not attracted at all. It was further contended that para 3 of the Circular letter merely clarified the legal and constitu­ tional position that obtained even before the sending of the letter • that there will be no commitment on the part of the Government either in regard to the appointment or in regard to the accommoda­ tion in accordance with preference given and that such clarification of the legal position was necessary lest a wrong impression was created that furnishing of eonsent or indication of preference would imply such a commitment as also to avoid any legal arguments based on the theory of promisory estoppel and no threat, coercion or duress could be inferred from the contents of para 3 of the Circular letter. The question is whether this is the true nature and effect of - the Circular letter. - .. s.P. GUPTA v. UNION (1'ulzapurkar, J.) 95j It is true that according to its dictionary meaning the word 'transfer' means 'removal from one place or position to another', but it is not such physical shifting of a person from one place to another with which the Court is concerned in the case; the Court is concerned with the concept of transfer contemplated in Art. 222 (1) of the Constitution which says: "The President may, after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, transfer a Judge from one High Court to another High Court".· This clearly refers to the transfer of a person, who is already a Judge of a High Court. As stated earlier, para 2 of the Circular letter refers to two categories of persons, namely, sitting Additional Judges and the proposed appointees (either from the Bar or services) and it would be clear that in the case of the latter who are being initially appointed Judges, either as Additional or Permanent, to .some High Court there would be no question of any transfer in their case as contem­ plated in Art. 222 (I). It is difficult to accept the petitioners · / contention that in regard to these proposed appointees recommended for their initial appoin tnient the . Circular letter seeks to obtain their consent for their transfer, though in being appointed to other High Courts they would within the dictionary meaning of that expression be shifted and perhaps uprooted from their usual place of . work, namely, their home-state High Courts. The question really is whether in the case of the former category, namely, sitting Additional Judges whose cons~nt is sought for · 'being appointed' to High Courts other than their own High Courts a transfer is involved and whether the Circular letter in substance and reality effects their transfers as contended by the petitioners. In the earlier part of this judgment it has been pointed out that a valid classification subsists between proposed appointees who are being recommended for their initial appointments and sitting Additional Judges whose initial or extended term is about to expire. In the case of the former they have no right to be considered for the post of a High Court Judge nor have they, even after being recommended on completion of the consultative process by the three constitutional functionaries mention­ ed in Art. 217 (1), any right to be appointed and, therefore, have no remedy against their non-appointment but in the case of the latter the position is entirely different. It is true that under Art. 224 (1) read with Art. 217 (I) the tenure of an Additional Judge fixed by his warrant of appointment comes to an end at the expiry of the period mentioned in the warrant and he ceases to be a Judge of the High Court, but .for reasons already discussed in the earlier part of this judgment he has a legitimate expectancy and an enforce­ able right not to be dropped illegally or at the whim or caprice of 954 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982] 2 S.C.R. the appointing authority but to be considered for being continued as Additional Judge or made permanent in that High Court. The convention or practice and the undertaking taken from the member of the Bar at the time of his initial appointment make it clear that he has such enforceable right to be considered for being continued or made permanent in that very High Court. That is how Art. 224 (1) ha8 all along been understood and worked. He is not in the same. position as a proposed candidate for initial appointment. In substance and reality in extending his term or making him permanent in that High Court no "fresh appointment" is involved, except for the formality of issuing a fresh warrant of appointment and taking a fresh oath. If in the case of such sitting Additional Judge his consent is sought for being 'appointed to' another High Court it is virtually and in substance seeking his consent for his transfer from his own High C~urt to another High Court' falling within the concept of transfer contemplated in Art. 222 (1). It is true that para 2 of the Circular letter uses the expression "to be appointed" but it is not the nomenclature or label used that would be decisive of the matter but one has to look to the substance and looked at the Circular from this angle it is clear that in so far as sitting Additional • Judges are concerned their consent is sought for transferring them from their own High Court to other High Courh and the attempt in substance is to transfer them under the guise of making fresh appointment on the expiry of their initial or extended term. Further, considered in the light of the historical background, there appears to be some force in the petitioners' contention that the Cir­ cular letter is another attempt on the part of the Union Government this time to effect mass transfers of sitting Additional Judges, the previous attempt to effect mass transfers of Permanent Judges during the last Emergency having failed. (One such transfer was success­ fully challenged and all the transferred Judges, except those who were unwilling, were repatriated to their own High Courts). This Court in Sankalchand Sheth' s case (supra) has laid down the safeguard of public interest and the stringent condition of full and effective consultation with the Chief Justice of India which are required to be observed before the power of transfer under Art. 222 (1) can be exercised and the Circular letter appears ·to be an attempt .to circumvent the safeguard and the stringent condition by resorting to transfers of sitting Additional Judges under the garb of making fresh appointments on the expiry of their initial or extended term. Reliance on the Law Minister's statement made in Parliament on 16th April, 1981 clarifying the position that consent from sitting - - .. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 955 Additional Judges is being sought under the Circular letter for their fresh 'appointment' and not for their transfers and that Art. 222 was not 'attracted at all will be of no avail in view of the conclusion reached above that it is not a case of fresh appointment but in substance their consent is being sought for their transfer. This apart, the fact that the Circular letter was intended to effect transfers of sitting Additional Judges be..:omes amply clear from what transpired during the debate that followed the Calling Attention Motion of Shri Rashid Masood and other M.Ps. and particularly from admissions made by the Law Minister himself under stress of questions in the nature of cross-examination put to him by Members of Parliament. It will be pertinent to mention that the subject matter of the Calling Attention Motion moved by · Shri Rashid Masood and other Members as a matter of urgent public importance is captioned in t~e relevant proceedings of Lok Sabha Debates as "Circular letter to Chief Ministers of States about the consent from Additional Judges for transfer to other High Courts". This clearly suggests that even Members of Parliament regarded the Circular letter as dealing with the topic of obtaining oonsent from sitting Additional Judges for their transfer from their own High Courts to other High Courts but apart from what several Members of Parliament felt about it, even the Law Minister, while asserting that the Circular letter dealt :with th~ subject of fresh appointments of sitting Additional Judges on the expiry of their initial term or extended term and not their 1ransfer and the consent thereunder was merely sought for making their fresh appoint­ ments under Art. 217 (1), explained the genesis and reasons which prompted him to issue the Circular and in that behalf stated that the various complaints were pouring in about prejudiced attitudes bred by kinship and other local links and affiliations etc., that political links had also. been mentioned in certain cases· and various State authorities had expressed their reservations about the continuance of some Additional Judges and it was felt that in some cases of this kind if Additional Judges could be made permanent in other High Courts there could be no valid objections to. sus:h appointments as their service would then be outside the local setting in which they had the roots. Such a statement on the part of the Law Minister by way of explaining the genesis and reasons for the issuance of the Circular letter undoubtedly lends considerable force and support to the petitioner's contention that 'furthering national integration and oombating parochial trends' is merely a garb used and the real intention is to transfer such sitting Additional Judges who have become unpalatable to the State authorities because of ' 'o , 956 SUPREME COURT REPORTS {1982) 2 s.c.ll. · alleged political links obviously not to their liking; or whom the concerned State authorities have come to regard as black-sheep from their point of view. At one stage during the deba'te when the facts, that the Law Commission in its 80th Re?ort had made a distinction between initial appointees and the sitting Additional J1!_dges in the context of their recommendation of having -0ne third of the Judges of the High Court from outside and that it had suggested that their recommendation should be implemented in the case of the former, were brought to the notice of Law Minister this· is how the Law Minister reacted: "May be that according to him (Hon'ble Member who brought the aforesaid facts to his notice) the Additional Judges would not come within the purview of the initial appointment. Then I would put it in a different form. I have given the reason as to why we have to ask for the Additional Judges (consent) also. Things being what they are, I would like to ask the Hon'ble Member, when com­ plaints come where it is not possible to convincingly prove, then, what should be done with such Additional Judges i Are they to be dropped ? · I take a safer approach, namely, if they are appointed elsewhere, then this allegation which persists c_ould be avoided."· This statement clearly suggests that in regard to sitting Additional Judges against whom complaints are received but it is not ·possible to convincingly prove them the Law Minister clearly contemplated the shifting of sµch Judges elsewhere so as to avoid allegations being persisted against them and presumably for doing so an opportunity presents itself when their term is about to expire. Then follow two important sets of question an~ answer which put the matter beyond doubt that even the Law Minister admitted in terms that what is being done under the Circular is a transfer of Additional Judges. The following are the questions and answers : 'Shri Satish Aggarwal.' "Excuse me, Mr. Law Minister. You have stated a particular situation, where there is evidence but not sufficient, what should be done : a transfer can be made. It is only applicable in cases which are ad hoc. But what about cases when complaints are there with regard to those who are permanent Judges ? That does not solve the problem. You are applying your stick - - r - .. S.P. OUl>TA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 957 only to those who have finished a two or three years period." Shri P. Shiv Shankar : "I have never said 'ad hoc.' Where the additional Judges are there, each complaint will have to be considered on its own merit and a decision could be either to drop a person based on evidence or to see if lie could betransferred.'' Shri Bapusaheb Parulekar : "You have stated : 'I may add that it is not the intention of the Government to appoint all Additional Judges from outside the State.' What is the criteria ? You can victimise any person if this is the policy of the Government. Is it not ?" Shri P. Shiv Shankar : "I can assure my friend, it is not a· question of victimisation. As I said each case will be considered on its own merit. It is not the intention that everyone should be transferred, That is all. (Interruptions). Perhaps he is going back to the same ground on the ques­ tion of sporadic transfer of Chief Justice and Judges· and so on. The position is very simple. Supposing there is any material bearing on a particular case, that would be . considered on its own merit. It is not the intention that everyone should be transferred. I think I have covered all the points raised.'.' It is significant that though in the· first ·set of question and answer both the Hon'ble Member and the Law Minister have used the expression. 'transfer' in the context of what is· being done to the Additional Judges on receipt of complaints against them and evidence in respect thereof is not sufficient, in the second set the Hon'ble Member specifically used the expression 'to appoint' in the context of Additional Judges intended to be brought from outside but even then the Law Minister in his reply stated that "it is not the intention that everyone should be trans! erred." This shows that under the stress of questions truth has come out that the Circular is intended to effect transfers of sitting Additional Judges from their own High Court to another High Court fa respect of whom complaints have been received but evidence in support is insufficient and that will be done at the time of expiry of their initial or extended term. The reference to other portions of the Law Minister's statement and answers given by him on the Floor 958 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [982] 2 s.c.a.. of the House has been made with a view to ascertain the real intention behind the issuance of this Circular letter because it is the Law Minister alon_e, and not a Deputy Secretary in his department, who can depose about it and the Law Minist_er in spite of being impleaded eonominee a . party to the proceedings has chosen not to file his own affidavit in the case. On the question whether the consent sought thereunder from the sitting Additional Judges is induced by threat; coercion or duress or not, regard will have to be had to four or five aspects about the Circular letter that emerge clearly on the record. In the first place instead of seeking their consent through the Chief Justices of the concerned High Courts, which would have been in keeping with decorum and dignity of the high office held by them, the Circular letter in utter impropriety .requests the Executive Head (the Governor of Punjab and all Chief Ministers. of the States) "to obtain from all the Additional Judges ... their consent to be appointed as Permanent Judges in any . other High Court" together with their order of preferences, which smacks of demonstrating the power of the Executive over the Judiciary. Secondly, the tenor of the letter in executive arrogance presumes that the consent sought will be forthcoming from all the sitting Additional Judges in as much as the possibility of consent not forthcoming from some or any of them has not been considered or dealt with in the letter. Thirdly, paragraph 3 of the letter, by necessary implication, contains a threat to the Additional Judges that they would not be continued as Additional Judges or confirmed as Permanent Judges and inay be dropped unless they furnish their consent in as much as without more it merely states that furnishing of consent as well as indication of the preferences does not imply any commitment on the part of the Government either in regard to their appointment or accommodation in accordance with the preferences given; such misgiving which naturally arises from this kind of a statement ought to have been "removed by clearly indicating the consequences of non-furnishing 'of the consent. It ought to have been stated clearly and categorically that non-furnishing of the consent will not be held against any Additional Judge and wilf not come in his way of being continued or being made permanent and further that furnishing of consent by an Additional Judge will not enable him to steal a march over those who have either not furnished or refused to furnish their consent in the matter of making them permanent. · Both these things were vital and ought to have been stated in order - - ' ,-. - .. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 959 to remove all misgivings and omission to do so clearly leads to the inference . that the statement in para 3 of the letter, by implication, contains a threat to the Additional Judge of the type Indicated above. The explanation given on behalf of the contesting respondents that para 3 was by way of merely cfarifying the legal and constitutional position obtaining in the matter even before the sending of the Circular letter, namely, that there was no commitment on the part of the Government' to appoint every Additional Judge as a Permanent Judge and that it was necessary to ·make legal and constitutional position clear lest a different impression was created as also to avoid any legal argument based on the theory of promisory estoppel is hardly convincing; for, if para 3 was inserted only with a view to clarify the legal and constitutional position it. was all the more necessary to state the consequences of non-furnishing of the consent in the manner indicated above to r~emove all misgivings. Fourthly, the Circular letter is obviously intended to have adverse impact on the sitting Additional Judges' right on the expiry of their initial term or extending term,-:--it being merely a right to be considered for being continued or made permanent. Fifthly, the timing of the Circular is significant in considering its effect and impact on the sitting Additional Judges; the Circular letter . has been issued by the Law Minister"on March 18, 1981 at about the time when politicians and persons occupying high positions had been indulging in a campaign of denigrating the nigher Judiciary, treating every Court decision adverse to Government as a deliberate and motivated attack on the Executive. A Chief Minister of a pro· minent State had described it as the "Dictatorship of the Court" while a Cabinet Minister in the Central Government had bracketed the J ueliciary with the opposition parties and had been complaining that they were not cooperating with the Government; the highest Executive Head at the Centre had prior to March 18, 1981 ·publicly stated: "The former Janta Regime had made a lot of appointments in the Judiciary on political basis . that a · dilemma , faced by the ruling party ,was whether these persons appointed .on political basis in Judicial Services should be allowed to continue and if they ar.e continued how can we expect justice from them ? What is their credibility ?" It is true that in this behalf the petitioners have relied upon extracts from Newspaper reports of such statements and utterances but when . these have been made part of their pleadings by the petitioners (vide para 2 of Shri Tarkunde's petition and para 43 (0) of Shri Gupta's petition) ~ duty is cast on the conte~ting respondents to deal with the same . ' . . - . . . . ' .. ' l) 8 in reply and from the counter-affidavits filed in reply by Shri Kankan on their behalf it will appear clear that there is no denial that such statements and utterances were made by the persons concerned. In reply to para 2 of Shri Tark.unde's petition, Shri Kankan has merely averred that "the views stated to have been expressed by the Chief Minister of a State and a Cabinet Minister would have been their personal views and do not and could not have conveyed the policy of the Government", while there is no specific reply to para 43 (0) of Shri Gupta's petition at all but an omnibus general submission in regard to para ·43 (H) to para 43 (Q) has been made by Shri Kankan by stating thus : "with regard to paras 43 (H) to 43 (Q) I submit that these paras are full of surmises and conjectures". From this state of pleadings it will appear clear that there is no denial that the concerned Chief Minister and the Cabinet Minister and the highest Executive Head at the Centre·had made the Several statements and utterances attributed to them as quoted from the extracts of the Newspaper reports and at the highest Shri Kankan .desired to suggest that these statements and utterances were their personal views and not of the Government. It cannot be disputed that such statements and utterances from persons . occupying high positions in the Government help create an atmosphere of fear-psychosis for the not-so-sterner stuff in the 'judiciary; secondly, even taking the assertion of Shri Kankan that these statements and utterances. -represented their personal views at its face value (which it is difficult to do) one cannot be sure when these personal views imperceptibly or unobtrusively become the views of the Government and the basis of a Government policy, as has happened here, for, the Circular letter does reflect partly some of the views contained in · this statements ·and utterances. The question is what impact the Circular letter will create on the minds of the sitting Additional Judges whose terms would be coming to an end on the expiry of the. periods specified in their ·warrants in the light of the atmosphere of fear: psychosis created by such statements and utteranCt(S made by persons occupying· high posi­ tions in the Government ? The answer is too obvious to be stated. Reading 'it as a whole and in the light of the aspects discussed above, the Circular letter clearly exudes an odour of executive dominance and arrogance intended to have coercive effect on the minds of the sitting Additional Judges by implying a threat to them that if they do not furnish thefr consent to be shifted else-where. they will not be continued nor made permanent but would be dropped. The Circular Jetter, th\:refore1 which sc,:e~s to o1;>tajn t4e consent of the;: sitting - ... y . - S.i'. GtJPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 961 Additional Judges to their transfers from their own High Court to another High Court induced by threat, coercion or duress clearly amounts to Executive interference with the Judiciary and impinges on its independence and as such is illegal, unconstitutional and void and the consent if any either already obtained thereunder or that may be obtained; would be equally void, Once the conclusion ls reached that the Circular letter seeks to effect in substance and feality transfers of sitting Additional iudges from their own High Courts to other High Courts oli the expiry of their initial tetrn ot extended term and .the consent sought from them thereunder is for such transfer and not for their 'fresh appointment' as permanent Judges of other High Courts, the challenge to the same . as being violative o(Art. 222( I) of the Constitution becomes quite apparent. . It was sought to be urged at one stage that if on t~ue construction of Art. 224(1) the sitting Additional Judges during their tenure are outside the pale of transfer under Art. 222(1) then the question of the impugned Circular being violative of Aft. 222(1) does not arise. It is difficult to accept this contention because even assuming that Art. 224(1) is construed in the manner suggested the Circular aims at transferring the sitting Additional Judges not during their tenure but just on the expiry of their term and if their contin­ uance as permanent Judges (and not as Additional Judges because the Circular talks of appointing them as Permanent Judges) does not involve a fresh appointment as held above, the question of.challenge to the Circular as being violative of Art. 222(1) very much survives. In Sankalchand Sheth's case (supra) this Court took the view that full and effective consultation by the President with the Chief Justice of India under Art. 222( I) of the Constitution implies that each individual case must be considered separately on the basis of its own facts and "policy transfers on a whole-sale basis which leave no scope for considering each particular case and which are influenced by one sided Governmental considerations are outside the contem­ .plation of our Constitution" (vi de observations of Cbandrachud, J. as he then was, at page 454 of the Report). The transfers of sitting Additional Judges contemplated by the Circular (for which their consent is sought thereunder) are based on the policy to have one third ·of the Judges of a High Court from outside without each individual case being considered on its own facts and merits and therefore such transfers based on policy accepted or adopted by the Law Minister and/or the Union Government would be outside the purview of Art. 222(1). In any case,-and this is important-it cann?t be disputed that by procuring the consent of the sittin~ 962 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 S.C.R. Additional Judges for their transfers from their own High Court to another before undertaking any consultation with the Chief Justice of India clearly reduces the full and effective consultation contem­ plilted under that Article to a mere formality, if not to a mockery, for, it is obvious that such consultation and the advice which Chief Justice will be tendering following upon such consultation will not be of any use or avail as the consent to such transfer shall have already been procured from the concerned Additional Judges. The consul­ tation and the resultant advice of the Chief Justice will be robbed of its real efficacy in face of such pre-obtained consent. The Circular which has such effect is clearly violative of Art. 222( I); in fact it will have to be regarded as having been issued mala fide for a collateral purpose namely to by-pa11s Art. 222(1) and confront the Chief Justice of India with fait-accompli when the proposal to transfer such Addi­ tional Judge would be forwarded to him and as such the same is illegal and unconstitutional and deserves to be struck down. The 'next challenge to the impugned Circular letter based on Art. 14 also seems to be well-founded and the same is irrespective of whether the Circular Jetter deals with transfers of Additional Judges or their fresh appointments and the initial appointments of the pro· posed appointees. Briefly stated the contention is that in regard to the sitting Additional Judges it makes an invidious distinction bet­ ween those who would not be furnishing their consent and those who would not be doing so or would be refusing to furnish their consent, in-as-much as the former would be at an advantage . while the Jetter will suffer a disadvantage and even within the class of those who would be furnishing their consent it gives to the Government unfettered and unguided power or disc etion to pick and choose, that is, to select some for being shifted to High Courts other than their own while retain and appoint others in their own High Courts-which power can be exercised either by way of punish­ ment or by way of favouritism. It is further pointed out that the Circular letter will encourage an ig11ominous race amongst self-seek­ ing Judges to look to the Government for appointment as Permanent . Judge~ out of turn or select placis which are centres of power. Counsel further contended that even in regard to the proposed appointees (either from the Bar or Services) recommended for their initial appointments, though no question whatsoever may arise in case of .non-appointment, discrimination is bound to result in the case of those who are appointed and who have furnished their con· sent inasmuch as from amongst such con11enting appointees the (Jovernment has unfett~red and unguided power to select som~ for - .. / - - .. -,, S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 963 being appointed to other High Courts and to appoint others to their home-state High Courts. Thus discrimination is writ large on the face of the Circular letter and the seeds of destruci"ion of judicial independence are inherent therein. Dealing with the case of sitting Additional Judges first, it can­ not be disputed that the Circular letter intends to confer advantage to those who would be furnishing their consent and make those who would not be giving their consent or would be refusing to give their consent suffer a disadvantage. This position emerges very clearly from what has been stated by Shri Kankan in paragraph 6 of his counter-affidavit filed in reply to_ Shri Iqbal Chagla's petition. This is what he has categorically asserted: "It is_ not, however, the intention of the letter that a permanent or further appointment will be denied to a Judge only on the ground that he has not given his consent; in fact, a further appointment to an Additional Judge ·has recently been given even though he had not given his consent. By no stretch of construction or from the facts and circumstances existing can it be sought to be inferred that failure to give consent would necessarily involve an Additional Judge ceasing to be a Judge." The first sen­ tence clearly means that the ground that an Additional Judge has not given his consent could along with other grounds be the basis of denying to him a permanent or a further appointment and this is put beyond doubt by ·the last sentence where it is stated that failure to give consent would not necessarily invol•e the dropping of an Additional Judge which means failure to give consent may involvo the dropping of such Additional Judge. In other words, there is no doubt that failure to furnish consent under the. Circular letter is bound to put the concerned Additional Judge to disadvantage of not being extended or not being made permanent or of being dropped altogether and correspondingly it confers some advantage on those who would be furnishing their consent, That the Circular letter was not a preliminary step in the direction of collecting data and information from sitting Additional Judges which coul.J be placed before the Chief Justice ·or India when the consultation process under Art. 217( I) would be gone into, ai; has been now stated by Shri Kankan for the contesting respondents, but was arid is intended to be acted upon forthwith by conferring an advantage on those who would be furnishing their consent is clearly borne out by the stand taken by Shri "Kankan on behalf of the contesting respondents at the stage of the appeal preferred by them against the interim relief granted by the learned Single Judge in Shri Iqbal Chagla's ·writ petition; by the interim relief g_(~.n.ted by the learned •B 964 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 s.c.R. Single Judge the contesting respondents were restrained by an injunction from implementing the Cir~ular letter or from acting in any manner upon the consent if obtained from any person following on or arising from the said Circular letter and while challenging this order of interim relief as being erroneous and ought not to have been made at least on the ground of balance of convenience, Shri Kankan in para 3 of his affidavit dt. 23rd April, 1981, (filed in the Bombay High Court) asserted that the balance of convenience lay in refusing to grant an injunction rather than to grant one because it was claimed that persons who would be willi.ng to give their consent to be appointed as Judges in High Courts other than their own should not be deprived of the chance of such appoint­ ment merely by reason ofthe petitioners' having moved the Hon'ble Court questioning the validity of the Circular and that it would be against the public inter.est to delay or hold up appointments of persons as Judges to other High Courts by reason of pendency of the writ petition. It is thus clear that the contesting respondents were and are interested in forthwith acting upon the consent that would be obtained from the sitting Additional Judges under the Circular letter by giving them a chance in the matter of their appointments as Permanent Judges in preference to those who would not be furnish­ ing their consent. The Circular letter thus makes invidious discrimi­ nation against those sitting Additional Judges who would not be furnishing their consent as they will suffer a disadvantage, while those who would be furnishing their consent will be at an advantage. Secondly, the Circular letter see.ms· to confer unfettered and unguided power on the Government to indulge in picking and choos­ ing even within the class of those Additional Judges who shall have furnished their consent in the sense it will be up to t be Government to select some from that class for being shifted to High. Courts other than their own and to retain and appoint others in thc;ir own High Courts. In this behalf reliance bas been placed upon the statement made by the Law Minister on the floor of the Parliament on April 16, 1981 to the effect that it is not the intention of the Government to appoint all Additional Judges to outside High Courts This state­ ment clearly suggests that the Government will be indulging in pick­ ing and choosing while appointing some Additional Judges to outside High Courts and retaining and appointing others in their own High Courts and in the absence of any guidelines the power can be exercised arbitrarily, either by way of punishment or by way of favouritism as pointed out by the petitio1rers. ' "• • . ' I • ' - - . L. ...... - ·'( S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 965 As regards the proposed appointees (either from the Bar or services) recommended for their initial appointments, there will be no question of discrimination in the case of those who have not been appointed at all but in the case of consenting appointees dis· crimination is bound to arise because of unfettered and unguided power or discretion vesting iri the Government to pick and choose from amongst the consenting appointees, for, in their case also it will be up to the Government to decide and select some for being appointed to High Courts other than their home-State High Courts and appoint the others in their home-State High Courts. Having regard to the aforesaid position it is abundantly clear that invidiou> discrimination is writ large on the face of the Circular letter and the same is clearly violative of Art. 14 and as such unconstitutional and liable to be struck down . In the result the impugned Circular. letter, in my view, deserves to be struck down for the aforesaid three reasons. . - Coming to the specific individual case of Shri S.N. Kumar (res­ pondent No 3 in Transfer Case No. 20 of 1981) it may' be stated that the gravamen of the challenge is directed against the President's action in dropping him outright on the expiry of his extended short term on June 6, 1981, i.e. during the pendency of the case before this Court and the action is challenged by the petitioners as well as by Shri S.N. Kumar as being violative of Art. 224 (1) as also Art. 217(1) and hence illegal, unconstitutional and void. Principally, it is contended that the decision of the appointing authority not to continue but to drop him is vitiated by legal mala-fides inasmuch as assuming that the case is governed by Art. 217( I) there . has been no full o.r effective eonsultation between the President and the other constitutional functionaries, particularly the Chief Justice of India as contemplated by that Article and therefore the said decision must be regarded as void and non-est. The contesting respondents have joined issue by asserting that there was full and effective consultation a-s required by Art. 217(1) . At the outset it may be stated that the petitioners had pleaded (vide para 11 (w) of Shri Tarkunde's petition) that the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court and the Chief Justice of India had recommend­ ed extension to three Judges (including Shri S.N. Kumar) for the .'( . full period of two years but there was a half-hearted and vague H denial thereof by Shri Kankan in his Counter-affidavit dated July 22, 1981 who merely stated that the ;\foresaid statement that both the Chief Justices had recommended extension to the concerned three Judges for two years was untrue and incorrect, without specifying whether, if not both, any one had done so and if so who had recommended it, and further if the recommendation was not for all the three Judges it was for whom and if not for two years for what period? A vague denia I like this meant no denial at all. Shri S.N. Kumar in his 'Counter Affidavit dated July 17, !981 had also asserted that the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court had told him and a number of his colleagues that he (Chief Justice) had recommend­ ed the extension to the concerned three Judges (including himself), to which there was a reply from Shri T.N. Chaturvedi, Secretary (Justice) Government of India, in his Affidavit dated August 25, 1981 to the effect that in the nature of things the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court could not have told Shri S.N. Kumar that he had made a recommen<:lation in his (Shri S.N. Kumar's) favour and Shri Chaturvedi further averred categorically : "I state that as a matter of fact there was real and effective consultation with the two Chief Justices and the President preferred the views of the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court which were not favourable for a further appoint· ment of.S.N. Kumar:" By implication it became obvious that there was complete divergence between the two Chief Justices in their views on the point of Shri S.N. Kumar's continuance and that the Chief Justice of India had made a recommendation favourable to Shri S.N. Kumar. In such state of pleadings a question naturally arose whether this divergence has arisen oi;i. a consideration of the same or identical material by both the Chief Justices or otherwise ? Meanwhile, a Newspaper Report appearing in the issue of Hindustan Times of July 10, 1981 under the. caption "Govt. over­ ruled Chandrachud's. views'', not merely stated that, though the Chief Justice of India had dismissed the allegations against Shri S.N. Kumar as "unsubstantiated" and had recommended his confir­ mation, the Government had placed greater reliance on the views of the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court but went fQrther and asserted, the reporter claiming to have had a look into the files, that certain correspondence ~between the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court and · Union Law Minister had been marked for "Law Minister's eyes" suggesting thereby that the same was meant for being kept away from the Chief Justice of India. On the aforesaid Newspaper Report being made a part of his pleading by Shri Tarkunde by annexing a copy thereof to his Rejoinder Affidavit dated August .3, 1981, Counsel for the petitioners repeatedly sought information from the learned Attorney General appearing for the .Union of India on the + y -- I i - -- ·--- s.P_. GUPTA v._ UN(ON (Tulzapurkar, J.) 967 point whether any . part of the correspondence between the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court and the Union Law Minister had been kept away from 1he Chief Justice of India as, if that were true, it would directly vitiate the consultation contemplated by Art. 217(1) but instead of making any statement furnishing the correct informa­ tion on the point the learned Attorney General claimed privilege even in regard to ;such information. It was in these circumstances that this Court on October 16, 1981 directed disclosure of relevant documents contained in the file relating to Shri S.N. Kumar concern­ ing his short term extension and eventual non-continuance for the purpose of ascertaining whether there has or has not been full, complete and effective consultation between the appointing authority on the one hand and the constitutional functionaries on the other, particularly the Chief Justice of India. On the question of privilege claimed by the contesting respondents in respect of the relevant files and documents my learned brother Bhagwati has dealt with and discussed the issue elaborately and exhaustively after referring to all the relevant authorities cited at the Bar and since I am agreeing with his view on the point I am not dilating on it at all. I adopt all that he has stated on the issue in his judgment. The position needs to be made perfectly clear that the disclosure has been ordered by the Court only for the limited purpose mentioned- above and. not for deciding upon the merits or demerits of the grounds on which each of the Chief Justices made his own recommendation nor is the Court concerned with the truth or otherwise of the facts or materials on the basis of which each one acted. After the disclosure was made Counsel for Shri S.N. Kumar was understandably anxious to address the Court on the merits and demerits of the grounds which prompt­ ed the two Chier' Justice to make their divergent recommendations and desired to vindicate his client's honour and fair name before the Bar of this Court but we prevented him from doing so by-cate­ gorically telling him that it was not the function of this Court to go into the merits or demerits of the grounds or truth or falsity of the material and that the disclosure had a limited purpose and if upon · the scrutiny of the disclosed material the Court came to the conclu­ sion that there was no full or effective consultation with the Chief Justice of India the appointing authority's decisionldropping his client may have to be quashed and the matter may have to be sent back to the appointing authority for fresh consideration and passing appro­ priate orders after undertaking the requisi~e consultation under Art. 217(1) again and in that process fair-play will require that his c!ien t gets full opportunity to have his say in vindication of his ·honour and fair name. The main question, therefore, that arises for 968 SUPREME COURt RilPbRts [ 1982] 2 s.c.tt. our consideration is whether it could be said on a perusal of dis­ closed documents that full and effective consultation as contemplated by Art. 217(1) between the President on the one band and the Constitutioual · functionaries on th<; other, particularly the Chief Justice of India, had preceded the impugned action of dropping Shri S. N. Kumar outright. It is clear that if the answer is in the affirmative the impugned action will have to be upheld, but if it is in the negative the sarri,e will have to be regarded as vitiated by legal ma la fides and will have to be struck-down. Having regard to the decisions of this Court in Chandramoule­ shwar Prasad's case (supra) and Sankalchand Sheth's case (supra) it can now be regarded as well settled that consultation implies a con­ ference of two or more persons or an impact of two or more minds in respect of a topic in order to enable them to evolve a correct or atleast a satisfactory solution and that in order that the two minds may be able to confer and produce a mutual impact it is essential that each must have for its consideration full and identical facts, which can at once constitute both the source and foundation of the final decision. It is equally well settled that consultation or deliberation! is not com­ plete or effective before the parties thereto make their respective • points of views known to the other or others and discuss and examine the relative merits of their views. In the latter decision Chandrachud, J. as he then was has at page 453 of the Report observed : "It must therefore follow that while consulting the Chief Justice, the President must make the relevant data available to him on the basis of which, he can offer to the President the benefit of his considered opinion . ,. ,, ,, ,, ,. . The fulfilment by the President of his constitutional obliga­ tion to place full facts before the Chief Justice and the performance by the latter of the duty to elicit facts which are necessary to arrive at a proper conclusion are parts of the same process and are complementary to each other". Again, Krishna Iyer, J (for himself, Bhagwati and Fazal Ali, JJ) has (at p. 495 of the Report) observed thus : "We consult a physician or a lawyer, an engineer or an architect and thereby we mean not casual but serious, deli­ berate seeking of informed advice, competent guidance and considered opinion. Necessarily, all the materials in the - - y '' - .. s.P. GUPTA Ji. UNION (Tufzapurkar, J.) 969 possession of one who consults must be unreservedly placed before the consultee. Further, a reasonable opportunity for getting information, taking other steps and getting prepar­ ed for tendering effective and meaningful advice must be given to him. The consultant, in turn, must take the matter seriously since the subject is of grave importance. The parties affected are high-level functionaries and the impact of erroneous judgment can be calamitous". (Emphasis supplied) It is in the light of these well settled principles concerning consul­ tation that the disclosed material will have to be scrutinised for deciding whether in the instant case there has been full and effective consultation between the President and the Chief Justice of India in the matter of the impugned decision that was taken in regard to · Shri S.N. Kumar. In all I3Udocuments compnsmg correspondence between the Chief Justice of Delhi High -Court and the Union Law Minister, between the Chief Justice of India and the Union Law Minister and between tlie Chief Justice of D~lhi High Court and the Chief Justice of India and some notings made by the Union Law Minister have been disclosed. A perusal of this material clearly shows that, though initially the non-recommendation of extension to Shri S.N. Kumar was thought of on four grounds : (a) his behaviour in Court, (b) his slow disposal, (c) his doubtful integrity based on unverified and uninvestigated complaints and (d) adverse IB reports, ultimately the decision to drop him, according to the Union Law Minister's noting dated May 27, 19~l, was based-on and confined to the aspect con­ cerning his 'reputation and integrity' and the correspondence clearly shows that the two Chief Justices held exactly divergent and opposite views regarding the said ground on which the final decision was based: The correspondence and notings bring out the following facts very clearly: (a) the Delhi Chief Justice's view regarding Shri S.N. Kumar's integrity was based on (i) serious complaints (both oral and in writing) received by him against Shri S.N. Kumar, including some received from the Union]Law Minister himself and (ii) doubts expressed by some responsible Members of the Bar and some of his colleagues about his integrity; and while admitting that he had no investigating agency to. find out whether the complaints were genuine or not, he informed the Union Law Minister that he could not recommend Shri S.N. Kumar's continuance as injhis view "reputation of integrity is just as important las the person actually " , 970 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 s.c.R. being abo•e board"; (b) the Chie( Justice of India felt that the material mentioned by the Delhi Chief Justice for <loubting Shri S.N. Kumar's integrity was too vague and his independent inquiries from the Members of the Bar and the Bench of the Delhi High Court showed that Shri S.N. Kumar was a man of unquestioned integrity and justified a favourable recommendation for his continuance; (c) the Chief Justice of India by his letter of the March 14, 1981 had requested the Delhi Chief Justice to furnish him with "further details" and "concrete facts" in regard to the allegations against Shri S.N. Kumar and the Union Law Minister also, in view of the insist~nce of the Chief Justice of India, had by his letter of April 15, 1981 called for such "concrete material" with hisEcomments thereon from the Delhi Chief Justice so that the . basis on which he had formed his view about Shri S.N. Kumar's reputation for integrity would be available to Government; (d) no "further details or concrete facts or material" as desired by the Chief Justice of India were ftrnished to him by the Delhi Chief Justice but the Delhi Chief, Justice ~ent a lengthy Jetter of five pages dated May 7, 1981 to the Union Law Minister marked "Secret-for personal attention only" whieh contained "further details and concrete material~" including references to specific cases (with suits Numbers and titles) wherein according to him Shri S.N. Kumar's integrity had been doubted; and (e) the Delhi Chief Justice had, both before and after the issuance of the aforesaid letter, during his discussions with the Law Minister requested the latter that his letters marked as above may be kept secret for his personal attention only, that is to say, these may be avoided from being brought to the notice of the Chief Justice of India and he also explained to him the reasons for the same and the Law Minister's notings show that he responded to that request; in fact, by his letter of May 29, 1981 addres~ed to the Delhi Chief Justice, which happens to be last letter in the file, the Union Law Minister has placed on record the fact that, as per the request of the Delhi Chief Justice, letters marked "Secret-:-for ;iersonal attention only'', including the Jetter of May 7, 1981, had been kept confiden­ tial from the Chief Justice of India and had not been shown to him. G In other words, ·it is abundantly clear from the correspondence and _ notings that "further details" or "concrete facts or material" regarding Shri S.N. Kumar's integrity, though specifically asked for by the Chief Justice of India, were not furnished to him and the letter dated May 7, 1981 which contained such further details and H; concret_e facts or. materials was deliberately kept out of his way. 'y . , - ) ' r. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION lTulzapurkar, J.) 971 Counsel for the contesting respondents, however, pointed out that after the Chief Justice of India bad sent bis letter of March 14, · 1981 to the Delhi Chief Justice calling for "further details" and "concrete facts", the two Chief Justices had a meeting on March 26, 1981 and an oral discussion bad taken place· between the two, and counsel contended that during this oral discussion the Delhi Chief Justice must have given these "further details" and "concrete facts or materials" to the Chief Justice of India and such i~ference becomes probable from tbefact that long.before the letter dated May 7, 1981 was disclosed under this Court's order dated October 16, 1981, Sbri S.N. Kumar bas in bis counter-affidavit dated July 17, 1981 made a reference among others to three suits being Summary Suits Nos. 1408/79, 1409/79 and 1417/79 which happen to be very three suits wherein, according to Delhi Chief Justice, his integrity bad become questionable and presumably be got particulars of these suits from the Chief Justice of India when the Chief Justice of India had a lengthy.discussion with him about his work and other general matters. True, there was a meeting and oral discussion between the two on March 26, 1981 but it is impossible to accept the aforesaid contention of the Counsel that in the oral discussion "further detaiis" and "concrete facts or material" must have been disclosed to the Chief Justice of India for three reasons. First, what trans­ pired between them during the said discussion has been referred to and recorded by the Chief Justice of India in his letter of May 22, 1981 addressed to the Union Law Minister and this is what he has· said in that letter : "The Chief Justice (meaning Delhi Chief Justice) met me on March 26, 1981, when he told me that Justice S.N. Kumar was very slow in his disposal and that he doubted his inte­ grity because even after Justice S.N. Kumar's allocation of work changed from the Original Side to the Appellate Side he still continu• ed to hear the part-heard cases on the Original Side." As regards the latter aspect the Chief Justice of India had all along maintained that that conduct on Shri Kumar's part by itself could not be regarded as blame-worthy in view of long standing practice obt~ining in that behalf in Delhi High Co:irt, and without more from that alone no inference of corruption or lack of integrity could be drawn. In other words, details of the com.plaints received against Shri S.N. Kumar cir particulars of specific cases wherein Sbri Kumar's integrity had become· suspect were not mentioned to the Chief Justice of India otherwise the Chief Justice or India would have referred to this aspect while recording what transpired between them. The Delhi Chief Justice's letter to the Chief Justice of India on March 28, 1981, immediately following upon the meeting and oral 972 SUPREME COUkT REPORTS ( 1982) 2 s.C.R. discussion is of no use because beyond stating that he had an oppor­ tunity "to discuss this delicate matter with yotl" and further stating that as regards the complaints about Justice S~N. Kumar's integrity and general conduct '"the matter has already been discussed between us" no further details are recorded as to what transpired between them during their meeting. Even in his letter of even date (March 28, 1981) addressed to the Union Law Minister the Delhi Chief Justice merely records baldly thus-"I have since had an opportunity to discuss the entire matter in detail with the Chief Justice of India" without mentioning what was discusssed. Therefore, the only record of what was discussed between them is to be found in the letter of May 22, 1981 written by the Chief Justice of India to the Union Law Minister and as stated earlier this record of what transpired between them in the meeting does not show that "further details" and "concrete facts and materials" in relation to complaints about lack of integrity of Shri S.N. Kumar were disclosed or discussed by the Delhi Chief Justice with the Chief Justice of India. Secondly, if during the oral discussion "further details" and "concrete facts or . materials ' which find a place in the letter of May 7~ 1981 had been disclosed, discussed or placed before the Chief Justice of India it was simply pointless for the Delhi Chief Justice to mark his letter dated May 7, 1981 'Secret-for personal attention only' and further to request the Union Law Minister to keep it away from the Chief Justice of India and for the Union Law Minister to comply with such request. Admittedly the letter was kept confidential from him and was not s~own to him. The very fact that this letter dated May 7, 1981 was kept away from him at the insistance of the Delhi Chief Justice clearly shows that "further details" and "concrete facts or materials" asked for by the Chief Justice of India were not placed before him. Thirdly, just as the Chief Justice of India during his discussion with Shri S.N. Kumar put to him and got his explanation regarding aspects like his behaviour in Court, his slow disposal his, dealing with Original Side part-heard matters notwithstanding change in his assignment from the Original .Side to Appellate Side etc., he would have also put to him and got "his explanation about the "further details" and "concrete facts or material" in regard to the allegatjons against his integrity, had he (the Chief Justice of India) known such "further details" and "concrete facts or materials" and this has not happened. The reliance on Shri S.N. Kumar's counter affidavit dated July 17, 1981 wherein a reference has been made by him to the three Summary Suits Nos. 1408, 1409 and 1417 of 1979 is of no avail, for, if his counter-affidavit in that behalf is carefully scrutinised it wiil appear clear that he has made a refere~c ,1 ' I S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 973 to these three suits alongwith six or seven others suits and all in. connection with explaining ~he charge of impropriety on his part in taking up these part-heard matters even after his assignment had . been changed from the Original Side to the Appellate Side and he · explained it on the basis of a long standing practice obtaining in that behalf in Delhi High Court. He has not referred to these suits by way of explaining the allegations of corruption or behaviour raising doubt about bis integrity. Any one who goes through the disclosed material carefully cannot fail to come to the conclusion that vital material in the shape of "further details" and. "concrete facts" was deliberately kept away from the Chief Justice of India; · The conten- . . ... . tion has, therefore, to be rejected. · . --.......... __ __ If the reasons, which prompted the Delhi Chief Justice to keep away his communication of May 7, 1981 containing vital material in the shape of "further details" and "concrete facts" from the Chief .. Justice of India, are · scrutinised· and these have been mentioned in the Law Minister's noting of May 19, 1981 and .his letter of May 29, 1981-it"will·appear clear that apart from being vague they show a lack of proper perception on his part of the true nature of the obligations cast. on him under the Constitution. In substance the sum total of his reasons comes to this :-(i) that he did not want to· be embarrassed by the likely disclosure of the contents of his commu­ nication dated May, 7, 1981 to Shri S.N. Kumar as had happened in the case of his e.arlier communication dated 19th February, 1981 to the Chief Justice of India and (ii) that as he could not desist from expressing without fear or favour what he felt about certain matters (in relation to Shri S.N. Kumar) he communicated all that he wanted to say about him to the Union Law Minister through his letter of _May 7, 1981.but at the. same time because he was particular that his relations with Chief Justice of India should not be spoiled he desired that the contents of that communication should not be shown or made known to the Chief Justice ·of India. As . regards· (i), all that can be said is that it is surprising how he expected the Chief Justice of India not to put to Shri S.N. Kumar and seek his explanation on whatever he had come to kriow against him ·from any source includ­ ing the Delhi Chief Justice, in fact, before supplying any material to the Union Law Minister he himself ought to have apprised S.N.· Kumar of all the material and all that he had heard about him and'held discussion with him to ascertain his version thereon and then conveyed both sides of the picture to . the other functionaries. As ·regards (ii), it must be first observed that ·full and effective con­ sultation as contemplated by Art. 217(1) required of him to place all relevant and material facts about Shri S.N. Kumar before the Chief 974 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 s.c.R. Justice of India even at the cost of spoiling of his relations with the Chief Justice of India if it came to that and secondly, it was an unreal as well as erroneous apprehension on his part that a full disclosure of facts and material about Shri S.N. Kumar accompanied by his frank and honest opinion thereon would have spoiled his relations with the Chief Justice of India; in any event maintaining good and cordial relations with the Chief Justice of India was thoroughly irrelevant in the context of discharging constitutional obligation. Having regard to the well-settled principles concerning consultation referred to above it is clear that both the· Union Law Minister as well as the Delhi Chief Justice have failed to discharge their cons{itutional obligation in the matter of consultation contem· plated under Art. 217(1). In the first place, contrary to the principles laid down-by this Court in Sankalc hand Sheth' s case (supra) that the President must make the relevant data available to the Chief Justice of India for obtaining his considered opinion, the Union Law Minis­ ter did not forward the complaints which he had received against Shri S.N. Kumar to the Chief Justice of India (which he forwarded to the Delhi Chief Justice); secondly, the Chief Justice did not forward "further details" and· "concrete facts or materials" touching Shri S.N. Kumar's integrity to the Chief Justice of India inspite of the latter having specifically called for the same, and thirdly between them the Union Law Minister and the Delhi Chief Justice saw to it that the communication of May 7, 1981 (from the Delhi Chief Justice to the Union Law Minister) which contained "further details" and "concrete facts or materials in regard to the allegations of lack of integrity against Shri S.N. Kumar was kept confidential from the ChiefJustice of India and was not shown to him. It is thus amply clear from the record that ,the facts which were taken into considera­ tion by the Union Law ~·linister and the Delhi Chief Justice and which provided the basis to the. appointing authority to arrive at the impugned decision were not placed before the Chief Justice of India, and, therefore, there was neither full nor effective consultation bet­ ween the President and the Chief Justice of India as required by Art. 217(1) of the Constitution. There is another aspect relating the procedure that has to be foll~wed while undertaking such full and effective consultation namely, that the procedure must iensure fair play qua the concerned Judge. That the sc~pe and ambit of con$ultation includes fair-play qua the concerned Judge is clearly laid down in Sankalchand Sheth's case (supra) in the context of question· of the Ju<;!ge's ~ransfer and the same position must obtain in regard to consultation under y ' . - .. s.i>. oi:Ji>TA ii. tiNION (Tulzapurkar1 J.) 91$. Art. i 17(1) in the Icon text of the question of the continuance of an Additional Judge on the expiry of. bis initial or extended term, especially when it has been held that the such Additional Judge has a legitimate expectancy and a right to be considered for co,itinuance either for another term or as a Permanent Judge and the considera- • tion of his case would suffer grave infirmity and illegality unless the consultation is again full and . effective, that is to say, all facts con­ cerning him are before all the functionaries undertaking the consulta" tion including his version on facts allegedly adverse to him. In other words, the procedure to be followed in such consultation under Art. 217(1) qua an Additioni+I ~udge must ensure fair-play !n rel!ltion to him. If a person has a right to be considered how can such right be effective unless he has an opportunity to meet or explain the alleged adverse material against him. Sans such opportunity his right to be considered will be illusory and unreal. The question is whether the procedure followed in Shri S.N. Kumar's case ensured fair-play qua him. It is clear from the record that "further details" and "concrete facts or materials" in regard to the allegations of lack of integrity against Shri S.N. Kumar were not put to him nor was his explanation thereon sought; and there is no reason why Shri S.N. Kumar's averment that the said material was never disciosed to him nor put to him by anvbody should not be accepted. The question of Chief Justice of India disclosing or putting to him the said material obviously does not arise, for he himself was not apprised of such "further details" and "concrete facts or materials" but the same constituted the basis on which the Delhi Chief Justice and the Union Law Minister acted leading to the impugned decision and therefore it was up to the 'Delhi Chief Justice to have apprised Shri S.N. Kumar of such. material by telling him.that the same is likely to be held against him and by' seeking his explanation or version thereon and it was up to the :Union· Law Minister to see to it that such procedure was followed through the Delhi Chief Justice before advising the appointin'g authority to act on the same. The record does not show that anything of the kind was done and in. that sense also there wa> no full and. effective consultation which vitiates the impugned decision. In short in Shri S.N. Kumar's case it is quite clea,r that both these high constitutional functionaries, namely the un;on Law Minister and the Delhi Chief Justice abdi­ cated their constituti onal responsibility or to use Justice Krishna Iyer's language they utterly failc;q tq <;lischar~e their "accountability to the ju$tice constitut;ncy ," 0 916 3UPRBMB COURT RBPORTS [ 19821 2 s.c.R. The result is that the impugned decision against Shri S.N . .Kumar is vitiated by legal ma/a fides and as such must. be held to be void and non-est and his case must go back to the President for re-consideration and passing appropriate orders after the requi­ site consultation ris undertaken afresh, with due observance of adequate fair-play, Writ Petition No. 274of1981. and Transferred Cases Nos. 2, 6 and 24 of 1981. In the above matters, with the resignation of Shri M.M. lsma,il Chief Justice of Madras High Court which has become effective, this Court is only concerned with the challenge made to the transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice of Patna High Co11rt to Madras High Court. Initially by a writ petition No. 2224 of I 98 I filed in the Patna High Co'11rt the challenge was made by two lawyers, Shri D.N. Pandey and Shri Thak11r Rampeti Sinha, the Secretary and President respectively of Bihar State Socialist Lawyers Associa­ tion which Shri K.B.N. Singh was impleaded as respondent No. 3 but after it was transferred to this Court and became the subject matter of transfer Case No. 24 of 1981 at his request by this Court's order dated September 15, 1981 Shri K.B.N. Singh was transposed as co-, petitioner and he has filed a self-contained comprehensive affidavit dated September I 6, 1981 making all the necessary averments and submissions in support of the challenge. The brief facts c'ollcerning Shri K.B.N. Singh's transfer are there : while he was practising as an advocate of the Patna High Court, Shri K.B.N. Singh was appointed as Judge of that High Court on September 15, 1966; he was made permanent fodge of that High Court on March 21, 1968; he was first appointed Acting C~ief Justice and later-on Permanent Chief Justice of that Court by the President­ ial Notification dated July 7, 1976 and he assumed charge of that office on July 19, 1976. For about 9 months, i.e. from January to September 21, 1979 he functioned as an Acting Governor of State of Bihar whereafter he resumed work as the Chief Justice. By the impugned Notification dated January 19, 1981 the President, after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, was pleased to transfer J:!i~ as the <;:hief Justice of the Hi$h Coµrt of Madras wit!:\ effect y I - .. .Y - - "'· §.P. GUPTA JI, tiNiON (tuizapurkar, J.) 977 from the day he would assume charge of his office. It is this trans­ fer that is being challenged by Shd K.B.N. Singh and other peti­ tlonets on four or five grounds, namely, (a) Art. 222(1) does not ret'er to a Chief Justice and hence the impugned transfer is outside Its purview; (b) since the said Article properly construed covers only Consensuai transfers the irnpugued transfer, which is admittedly non­ consensual, is bad in law; (c) it has not been effected in public interest; (d) it has been effected without full and effective consulta­ tion contemplated by Art. 222(1) and (e) the procedure followed in effecting the same did not ensure fair-play in relation to him and· the transfer is punitive in character. On behalf of the contesting res­ pondents, amongst wMm is included the Chief Justice of India who has been impleaded as party-respondent No. 2, the challenge is refuted under each of the heads. It is contended that the transfer of a Chief Justice falls within the purview of Art. 222(1), that non­ consensual transfers also fall within its scope and purview, that the impugned transfer bas been effected in public interest, that there . wasfull and effective consultation between the President and the Chief Justice of India as contemplated by Art. 222(1) and that the procedure followed in effecting the same was quite fair and that the impugned order had been made after giving Shri K.B.N. Singh full opportunity to place his point of view and difficulties before the Chief Justice and after these were objectively considered. It is cate­ gorically denied that it is a punitive transfer. At the outset it may be stated that Counsel for Sbri K.B.N. Singh and the other petitioners did not seriously press the contention that the transfer of. a Chief Justice from one High Court to another ·was not within the purview of Art. 222( l) for the reason that it was difficult to maintain that a Chief Justice was not included or could not fall within the expression "a Judge of a High Court"; similarly, having regard to the conclusion reached in the earlier part of the judgment that consent cannot be read in Art. 222( l' .and that the said Article covers non consensual transfers it is unnecessary to deal with the second contention again at this stage. The real questions that arise for determination in regard to the transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh, therefore, are whether the transfer has been ordered in public interest, whetQ.er there has been full and effective consultation bet­ ween the President and the Chief Justice of India as required by Art. 222( I) and whet~r the procedure that ,was followed ensured fair-play in the sense that Shri K.B.N. Singh was heard fully and his say wa~ taken into consideration before effectin~ 4is transfer, 918 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 s.c.R. On the aspects or the scope and limits or the power to transfer a Judge under Art. 222(1) and the built-in-safeguards to prevent its abuse this Court in Sankalchand Sheth' s case (supra) has , clearly laid down that the said power is circumscribed by two impor­ tant safeguards, namely, : (I) the exercise of the power is conditioned by the requirements of public interest and cannot be exercised by way of punishment and (2) cthere must be a full, complete and effec­ tive consultation between the President and the Chief Justice of India before an order under that Article can be made. Chandrachud, J. (as he then was) has observed (at p. 456 of the Report) thus : "Article 222(1) postulates fair play and contains built­ in-safeguards in the interests of reasonableness. In the first place, the power to transfer a High Court Judge can be exercised in public interest only. Secondly, the President is under the obligation to consult the Chief Justice of India which means and requires that all the relevant facts must be placed before the Chief Justice. Thirdly, the Chief Justice owes a corresponding duty, both to the President and to the Judge who is proposed to be transferred, that he shall consider every relevant fact before he tenders his opinion to the President. In the discharge of this constitutional obligation, the Chief Justice would be within his rights, and indeed it is his duty whenever necessary, to elicit and ascertain further facts either directly from the Judge concer­ ned or from other reliable sources. The executive cannot and ought not to establish rapport with the Judges which is the function" and privilege of the Chief Justice. In substance and effect, therefore, the Judge con"cerned cannot have reason to complain of arbitrariness or unfair play, if the due procedure is followed." It is by reference. to these principles that the question will . have to be considered whether the impugned transfer is vitiated on any of the three grounds mentioned above. Learned Counsel for the petitioners (including Shri K. B. N. Singh) urged that the three grounds or aspects really get . intermixed and will have to be considered together in light of the relevant mat­ erial on record and according to counsel the material on record clearly shows that the impugned transfer stands vitiated by the in­ jp firmities indk11ted each of the; said wounds. Counsc;I contended that - 'r - ,. '.-, - -- S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (T'ulzapurkar, J.) 979 a mere recital in the Presidential Notification that the transfer has been ordered by the President "after consultation with the Chief Justice of India" is not enough and will not avail the contesting res­ pondents and when the factum of full and effective consultation. has been put in issue the respondents have to show demonstrably that there has been such full and effective consultation as contemplated by Art. 222(1) and the material produced is lacking in this behalf particularly when the normal procedure was reversed in that the proposal for transfer in the instant case emanated from the Chief Justice of India and further there was nothing to show whether the communication received from the Chief Minister of Madras con­ taining grounds of his objection to the ·proposed transfer had been placed before· the Chief Justice of India. It was further contended that it has not been shown that the transfer is in public interest or what category of public interest is being served thereby. It was pointed out that there is a divergence between the transferring authority (the President) and the Chief Justice of India as to the reasons for which the impugned· transfer has been made; whereas according to the transferring authority it was in pursuance of a policy of having all Chief Justices in every High Court from outside, according to the Chief Justice of India it was a selective transfer made in an appro­ priate case for strictly objective reasons, but the tramfer could not be for the reasons of the policy because that policy had not been then and has not been even now finally formulated or adopted and if it is a selective transfer it has been by way of punishment and therefore bad in law. It was also contended that no reasons or gmunds necessitating or justifying the transfer nor materials in support there­ of were ever disclosed or discussed with Shri K.B.N. Singh by any one on behalf of the transferring authority or by the ·Chief Justice of.India, that the advanced age and serious illness of his mother and his other difficulties were not properly considered and as such ' fhe procedure followed lacked fair-play and for all these reasons the impu~ned transfer deserves .to be quashed or set-aside. In view of the aforesaid contentions raised by the Counsel for the petitioners it will be necessary to indicate briefly the relevant material on the record and ascertain what facts or aspects emerge clearly therefrom so as to adjudicate upon the V!!lidity or otherwise of the grounds of attack levelled against the impugned transfer. The entire relevant materi.al requiring analysis and consideration consists of: (a) Self-contained compre4eqsive ~ffidavit dated September 16,. -D 980 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 s.c.R. 1981 of Sbri K.B.N. Singh filed after be was transposed as a co­ petitioner containing all the relevant averments arid submissions in support of the challenge; (b) Counter-affidavit dated September 24, J 981 of Sbri Kankan filed on behalf of the Union of India; (c) Rejoinder-Affidavit dated September 28, 1981 of Sbri K. B. N. Singh in reply to Shri Kankan's counter-affidavit; (d) Counter-affidavit dated September 29, 1981 of the Chief Justice oflndia, re>pondent No. 2 (e) Rejoinder-affidavit dated October 16, 1981 of Shri K.B.N. Singh in reply to the counter-affidavit of Chief Justice of India; (f) Relevant correspondence between the Chief Justice of India on the one hand and the Union Law Minister and the Prime Minister on the other and between the Chief Minister of Madras and the Union Law Minister contained in a file pertaining to the impugned transfer disclosed by the Union Government pursuant to this Court's order dated November 2, 1981; (g) Relevant notings in file No. 50/6/80-Jus pertaining to the appointment of Chief Justices of Delhi High Court and Andhra Pradesh High Court in the context of the proposed general policy of having all Chief Justices in various High Courts from outside also disclosed pursuant to this Court's order .dated November 18, 1981. Reading items (f) and (g) together the following facts or aspects emerge very clearly on the record : (I) a general policy to have Chief Justices of all the High Courts from outside was being evolved by the Union Government, who had almost decided to accept the basic principles underlying it but had not finally formulated or adopted the same because the mechanism or modality of procedure had yet to be decided upon and fix:!d and the notings in file No. 50/6/80-Jus clearly show that the appoint­ ments of the two Acting ChiefJustices as ·Permanent Chief Justices of Delhi High Court and Andhra ·Pradesh High Court were made on the understanding that they will be liable to be transferred "if eventually a decision is taken that every Chief Justice must come from outside"; (2) that the Government's view in regard to such policy was put across to the Chief Justice of India but the Chief Justice of India was "firmly opposed to a whole-sale trans­ fer of the Chief Justices of the High Courts" and had stated, "~ take the view, wh~ch I b21, ve expressed from time to time y J, :._, - ; - -- -- -I I .. S.P. GUPTA v. UNiON (tulzapurkar, J.) 981. that such transfers may be made iii appropriate cases for strictly objective reasons"(vide letter dated December 7,1980 from the Chief Justice of India to the Union Law Minister). Reading the correspondence at item (f) above, the following additional facts or aspects emerge clearly : (3) that transfers of some of the Chief Justices had been engaging the attention of the Chief Justice of India for the past few months; and he had made perso­ nal inquiries in this behalf and had met several lawyers and Judges of the concerned High Courts and on the· . basis of the data which he had collected and which he had considered with the greatest objectivity he had suggested transfers of certain Chief Justices inclu­ ding that of Shri K. B. N. Singh (vide letter dated December 7, 1980) ; (4) that initially on December 7, 1980, the recommendation was to transfer Shri K. B. N. Singh to Rajasthan High Court to take the place of Shri K. D. Sharma, Acting Chief Justice there, who was proposed to be transferred as the Chief Justice of the Kerala High Court, but after the Union Law Minister had pointed out certain diffi­ culties in the chain of the connected transfers, the Chief Justice of India gave a fresh thought to the problem and by about December 20, 1980 in supersession of his previous proposals the Chief Justice of India recommen­ ded that Shri M. M. Ismail Chief Justice of the Madras High Court should be transferred as the Chief Justice of the Kerala High Court and Shrl K.B.N . . Singh should be transferred as t~e Chief Justice of the ·Madras High Court ; I (5) that these suggested transfers including that of Shri K.B.N. Singh, apart from being discussed in the corres­ p·ondence were also discussed orally in meetings and over telephone by and between the Chief Justice of India on the one hand and the Union Law Minister and the Prime Minister on the other an inference arising from the corresponndence at item (f) itself. 982 SUPREME COURT REPOTTS [1982] 2 s.c.:l.t · Reading items (a) to (e) above; and particularly the self­ oontained comprehensive affidavit of Shri K.B.N. Singh, counter­ affidavit of the Chief Justice of India and rejoinder-affidavit of Shri K. B. N. Singh in reply thereto together and proceeding on the basis of points of convergence only and excluding or ignoring the points of divergence between ihem arising from their respective affidavits, the following additional facts or aspects emerge very clearly : (6) that much prior to his suggesting the transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh from Patna to Rajasthan High Court on 7-12-1980, the Chief Justice of India had paid a visit to Patna High Court in February, 1980 after disclosing to Shri K.B.N. Singh the purpose of his visit and had during thafvisit met on February 24, 25 and 26, 1980 the Hon'ble Judges of that High Court and the Mem­ bers of that Bar individually, the Members of the Advocates' Association collectively and the Judges of the District Court at Patna and held discussions with them, and on his objective assessment of the situation and the data collected he concluded that dissati~factory working conditions obtained in the High Court; (7) that in regard to the proposai to transfer Shri K.B.N. Singh from Patna to Madras High Court, Shri K.B.N. Singh and the Chief Jm;tice of India had discussions with each other on two occasions-one on the 5th January, 1980 over phone and the other on January 8, 1981 at the residence of the Chief Justice of India. What transpired between the two on these two occa­ sions is very material and again leaving points of serious divergence and proeeeding on the points of broad convergence between the two it can safely be stated that this is what transpire.cl between them : On January 5, 1981 the Chief Justice of India inform­ ed Shri K.B.N. Singh over phone that it was propo­ sed to transfer Sbri M.M. Ismail to Kerala and that he (Shri K.B.N. Singh) may have to go Madras; on fur~ ther query as to the reason for it, the Chief Justice of India referred to Government policy but further specifically conveyed to him that it was proposed to transfer Shri M.M. Ismail from Madras and it was · 'r< ( - .. - .. $. P. GUPTA v. UNION ('f'ulzapurkar, J.) 983 necessary to appoint an experienced and senior Chief Justice in his place; during the telephonic talk Shri K.B.N. Singh told the Chieflustice oflndia that his mother was seriously ill and bed ridden and was not in a position · to move out of Patna and accompany him to Madras and further told him that if his trans­ fer was insisted upon he would prefer to resign where­ upon the Chief Justice of India requested him not to act in haste and to give the matter a close thought; the Chief Justice of India also added that he (Chief Justice) was making a note of the personal difficulty mentioned by him and that it will have to be taken into consideration before a final decision was taken; the Chief Justice of India also requested him to go over to Delhi to discuss the question of his transfer. During the meeting that tbOk place at the residence of the Chief Justice of India on 8th January, 1981 !lt about 7.30 p.m. the proposed transfer was further discussed and when during the discussion the question of his mother's advance age and illness cropped up, the Chief Justice of India told him that he was unable to agree with his view on the matter as there were other dependable persons in his family who could look after his mother, that in any case his brother Shri S.B.N. Singh, who was practising in the High Court, was quite capable of looking after his mother, to which Shri K.B.N. Singh replied that his mother had a special attachment to him and that he could not leave her to the care of his brother and other members of the family; during the discussion Shri K.B.N. Singh told the Chief Justice of India that it was possible that baseless compla.ints, which were the bane of Bihar, might have been made to him, and if so, he would like to remove any wrong· impression tha.t might have been created, whereupon the Chief Justice of India told him that he never went by baseless ccmplaints and he did not believe that his (Shri K.B.N. Singh's) conduct was blame-worthy but that if he wanted to explain any matter, which according to him, had crea­ ted dissatisfaction about the working of the High Court, he was free to do so; further, during the dis· cussion the Chief Justice of India assured him that he 984'. SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 S.C.It did not bold that he (Shri K.B.N. Singh) himself was to blame but certain persons were exploiting . their prox,imity to him which had created needless misunder­ standing and dissatisfaction. It may be stated that Shri K.B.N. Singh in bis rejo.inder aflidavit has admit­ ted that during the discussion the Chief Justice of India did mention to him that certain persons were exploiting their· proximity to him and that there was misunderstanding and dissatisfaction in the High Court; (8) the Chief Justice of India has in terms stated on oath that there was full and effective co°;isultation between '1im and the President of India (meaning the President act- ( ing on advice of Council of Ministers) on the question of Shri K.B.N. Singh's transfer from Patna to Madras and that every relevant aspect of that question was discussed by him fully with the President (acting as such) both before and after he had proposed the transfer and that ever-y relevant circumstance, incluc\ing the personal difliculty mentioned by Shri K.B.N. Singh was considered by him carefully and objectively before coming to the conclusion that be should be transferred to Madras; he has further stated that the paramount · consideration in the impugned transfer was public interest and that it was not i:>Y way of any punishment at all and that he came to the conclusion on a dispassionate assessment of the relevant facts and circumstances, including the language difficulty involved, • that Shri K.B.N. Singh was suited for being transferred to Madras High Court and that it was necessary so to transfer him. The Union of India through the counter-affidavit of Shri Kankan bas denied that the impugned order was passed without effective consultation between the President of India (meaning acting on the advice of Council of Ministers) and the Chief Justice of India and asserted that relevant considerations were taken into account by the President (acting as above) and that the imp\lgned transfer has been made only in public interest and is not punitive in character. To the aforesaid facts or aspects that emerge clearly from the relevant materials on the record two more facts will have to be added as having come on - .. - S.P. GUPTA ·v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 985 record through the statements made by the learned Solicitor-General in answer to pointed queries made ·by the Court.to elicit requisite information and such a course was adopted by the Court with a view to avoid burdening the record with additional files con­ taining the notings which were, however, produced for Court's inspection and these facts 'are : (9) that pursuant to the executive instructions contained in the 1972 MEMORANDUM dealing with the proce­ dure to be adopted in connection with the appoint­ ment and transfer. of Judges of. High Courts the Union Law Minister ·had ascertained the views of the concerned Chief Ministers, namely, the Chief Minister of Madras, the Chief Minister of Kerala and the Chief Minister of Bihar on 3rd, 4th and 6th January, 1981 respectively, in the matter of the proposed transfers; (10) that ·the effective decision on the impugned transfer was taken by . the Prime Minister on 9th January, 198·1 whereafter the ·necessary and relevant papers were forwar­ ded to the President of India and the impugned Notifica­ tion was issued on 19th January, 1981. At the outset, I wotild like to observe that a ·needless·COR· tr()versy was raised as to whether the impugned transfer has been a policy transfer. (i.e. a transfer pursuant to the policy of having Chief Justices of all the High Courts from out.side) or·a selective transfer and a great deal of confusion was added to it by the state­ ment which the learned . Solicitor-General appearing on behalf of the 'Union of'lndia was instructed to make .during the h~aring As discussed and explained in the earlier part of this judgment it can­ ·not be accepted as an invariably correct proposition that a policy transfer would always be .non-punitive in character or that a selec­ tive transfer would necessarily be a punitive transfer. It has been pohted out earlier .that a policy to have one-third of the 'Puisne Judges ofa High Court from outside, in ·the absence of any 'tnechanism or modality of procedure giving guidelines as to how •that onetthird number will be chosen for implementing it, would ·obviously be fr mght with the vice of discrimination; similarly even the policy of having the Chief Justices of all the High Courts from outside stands the risk of being abused by the :i;!xecutive in the D. 986 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [I 982] 2 S.C,R., absence of proper guidelines being provided in the matter of regulat­ ing whic;h Chief Justice· will be posted in what particular High Court. A policy transfer, therefore, without fixing the requisite mechanism or modality of procedure that ensures complete insula­ tion against executive interference, could be a punitive transfer in the sense of having been effected with some oblique motive whereas a selective transfer in an appropriate case for strictly objective reasons and in public interest could be non-punitive, with the result that each case of transfer, whether based on a policy or a selective transfer, will have to be judged on the facts and circumstances of its own for deciding whether it is punitive in character in the sense of having been effected with some oblique motive or not. :In the instant case, having regard to the facts mentioned at Nos. 1 and 2 above, the impugned transfer must be regarded as a selective transfer and not based on the policy in the comtemplation of the Union Govern­ ment, notwithstanding the reference to 'Government Policy' made by the Chief Justice of India during his telephonic talk with Shri K.B.N. Singh on January 5, 1981. Since the impugned transfer order in the ultimate analysis is of the transferring authority (the President) this Court wanted to know from the learned Solicitor General as to what were the reasons which prompted the transferring authority to pass the impugned order and therefore, a clarification was invited, but the statement that was made by him on November 12, 1981, o( course, under instructions from proper quarters, instead of clarify­ 'ing the position made it more puzzling. The statement in subs­ tance was that the Chief Justice of India bad suggested certain transfers, including the impugned transfer, in pursuance of his own view that transfers should be made in appropriate cases strictly for objective reasons but the Government had acceded to the transfers proposed by him as "(!) it was felt that not agreeing to these trans­ fers may be construed as though the Government is departing from the view of having Chief Justices from outside; (2) the policy aspect could still be pressed into service later". The statement gives the impression that the transferring authority agreed to the transfers because it did not want to depart fr0m its view of having Chief Justices from outside but at the same time it categorically states that it was felt that the policy could be pressed into service later; the second part of the statement clearly suggests that the policy, which had not been till then clearly formulated, could be a'nd was to be pressed into service later meaning thereby that the instant transfers were not in pursuance of the policy. Perhaps what is - .. ,x , S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) - 987 sought to be conveyed is that each one of the instant transfers was a selective transfer appropriately made strictly for objective reasons and justified by reasons for which the Chief Justice of India had. recommended them but at the same time they indirectly helped the Government in achieving the same result which would have been achieved had the transfers been made in pursuance of the policy which the Government intended to have. That this was intended to be conveyed by the statement of 'Nov.ember, 12, 1981 has been made clear by the learned Solicitor General later on, for, in his written note filed before this Court on November 18, 1981, he has made the following categorical statement : "The impugned transfer, though not in pursuance. of a policy decision, yet ls a step forward which is consistent with the view of appointing Chief Justices from outside. The impugned transfer order, is, however, valid in that it satisfies the requirements of Art. 222". · In other words, even as a selective transfer the Union Government found it justified for reasons given by the Chief Justice of India and valid under Art. 222 (I) but at the same time accepting his advice and recommendation amounted to taking a step forward in the direction of their intended policy. But even if it were assumed at the highest that the two parties to the consultation (the Transferring Authority and ·the Chief Justice of India) had different reasons for agreeing to the ultimate result this cannot vitiate the consultation con­ templated by Art. 222 (!), for, consultation, as has been pointed out by this Court in Sankalchand Sheth's case (supra), requires the parties thereto to make their respective points of view known to each other and discuss and examine the relative merits of their views and as has been put aptly by Krishna Iyer, J. at page 496 of the report "Consultation is different from consentaniety. They may discuss but may disagree; they may confer but may not concur." But, apart from this aspect of the matter it seems sufficiently clear that the impugned transfer has been a selective transfer in the instant case and it will have to be decided whether it properly falls within Art. 222 ( 1), the same having been made after observ.ing the safe­ guards of public interest and effective consultation and after following the procedure that ensured fair play The main question that arises in the case is whether the impugned transfer, being a selective transfer, has been really made in public interest or by way of punishment. In this behalf Counsel for. Shri K.B.N. Singh 4as raise\! a two-fold contention wtiich has to 0 988 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982} 2 s.c:R. be squarely dealt 'with. In the first place it has been urged that merely asserting that the said tran·srer has been made in public interest without categorising the public interest served thereby would be of no avail; and secondly, it is clear on record that during his visit to Patna in February, 1980 the Chief Justice of India had collected some data and information which showed that certain persons were exploiting their proximity to Sbri K.B.N. Singh and this bad created considerable misunderstanding and dissatisfaction in the working of the High Court which seems to have necessitated or justified Shri K.B.N. Singh's transfer and this certainly implies some reflection on Shri K.R.N. Singh's behaviour and the inference is inescapable that the transfer is by way of punishment and that too is made without disclosing the data or particulars to him amounting to unfair-play. It is not possible to accept either of these two contentions for the reasons which I will presently indicate. It is not correct to say that the contesting respondents have been merely 'asserting baldly that the impugned transfer has been made in publio interest without categorising the public interest served thereby. Actually two categories of public interest have been indicated by the Chief Justice of India in bis counter-affidavit; so far as the shifting of Shri K.B.N. Singh from Patna High Court is concerned the reason indicated is that cert.ain persons were exploiting their proximity to Shri K.B.N. Singh which had created considerable misunderstanding and dissatification in the working of the High Court and surely reinedying dissatisfactory working conditions in a High Court serves one kind of high public interest; and so far as his posting at Madras High Court is concerned, the Chief iustice of India felt that it would be in fitness of things that an experienced and senior Chief Justice like Sbri K.B.N. Singh be posted as the Chief Justice of one of the premier High Courts in the country. It is difficult to countenance any suggestion that either of these consi­ derations which weighed with the Chief Justice of India does not serve public interest. The first contention, therefore, must be rejected. Coming to the punishment aspect strenuously pressed by Counsel for Shri K.B.N. Singh I would like to observe that it will not be correct to draw an inference of the concerned Judge's con­ nivance or complicity in . every case where persons close to him exploit their proximity to him while handling their matters in the High Court and in the absence of any connivance or complicity on his part, such exploitation of close proximity would not imply any reflection on the Judge concerned. It is conceivable that undesirable iu;:tivities are indulged in without !lis ~nowJ~d~ci or consent~nay even )<, ' - s.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) . ' 989 against his wishes and sometimes despite counter measures adopted by him, and yet such exploitation of close proximity and the undesirable activities would spoil the atmosphere and lead to dissatisfactory working conditions in the High Court. In such a case if the atmosphere has to be improved and dissatisfactory working conditions have to be remedied it may become inevitable to transfer the concerned Judge without any blame attaching to him whatsoever; it is obvious thllt such a transfer will not carry any reflection on him. Further if the data or information, which leads to the discovery of dissatisfactory working conditions in the High Court, were also to indicate the concerned Judge's connivance or complicity in the exploitation then only the question of putting the same to him will arise but not otherwise. The instant case seems to be of that type, for, during his discussion with Shri K.B.N. Singh the Chief Justice of India had repeatedly told him that it was not his practice to take into account any baseless complaints, that he did not believe that his (Shri K.B.N. Singh's) conduct was blameworthy in any manner and even when he mentioned this particular aspect about certain persons exploiting their proximity to him which had led to needless misunderstanding and dissatisfactory working con­ ditions in the High Court he specifically assured hili;l that he was not to blame for it nor responsible for it. No material appears to have been placed before Chief Justice of India by anyone even remotely suggesting that there was any connivance or complicity on · the part of Shri K.B.N. Singh in the matter of exploitation of pro· ximity leading to dissatisfactory working conditions in Patna High Court and there is no reason why the statement of the Chief Justice of India that Shri K.B.N. Singh was not responsible nor was to blame for it should not be accepted. In the absence of any con­ nivance or complicity on his part in the matter of the exploitation, no reflection on Shri K.B.N. Singh is implied simply by reason of his transfer, which must be regarded as having been made, with a view to remedying the dissatisfactory working conditions in that High Court and no unfair play was involved in the proceduce followed by the Chief Justice of India. In the circumstances it is clear that the impugned transfer has been in public interest and not by way of punishment. · · On the question whether there has been full and effective con­ sultation between the transferring authority (the President) and the Chief Justice of lridia it is true that a mere recital in the 990 . StJl>REME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 S,C,ll impugned Notification dated 19th J~nuary, 1981 about such consulta­ tion will not be of much avail especially wheh the factum of such full and effective consultation has been put in issue but here the contesting respondents' case on that aspect does not rest merely on the recital to be found in the impugned Notification but they have produced sufficient material on record to show that there was full and effective consultation as contemplated by Art. 222 (I} before the impugDed order was made. Pn the question as to whether there was consultation between the transfecring authority on the one hand and the Chief Justice of India on the other and if so, what transpired during such consultation. Sbri K. B. N. Singh obviously has no personal knowledge and one will have to consider what one or both the parties to the consultative process have to say on the matter. It is well-known that in writ proceedings the affida­ vits counter-affidavits and rejoinder-affidavits filed by the parties con· stitute not merely their pleadings but also partake of the character of evidence ·in the case and it is from this angle that the counter-affidavits filed on behalf of the contesting respondents, parti­ cularly that of the Chief Justice of India, a party to the consultative process, will have to be examined. Keeping the recital •about the consultation with him that is to be found in the impugned Notifica­ tion aside, t11ere is a positive statement on oath made by the Chief Justice of India in his counter-affidavit dated September 29, 1981 that there was full and effective consultation between him and the . President of India on the question of Shri K.B.N. Singh's transfer from Patna to Madras and that every relevant aspect of that ques­ tion, which would include the language difficulty involved as well as the personal difficulty of Shri K,B.N .. Singh, was discussed by him fully with the President both before and after he had proposed the transfer and it is obvious that this statement of the Chief Justice of India partakes of the character of the evidence seeking to prove the factum and contents of the ·consultation. Far from there being· anything on record which may detract from this averment, there is positive other . material on record to corroborate the same. The correspondence file disclosed by the Union Government clearly shows that lhe question of Sh.ri K.B.N. Singh's transfer was dis­ cussed and considered fully by and between the Chief Justice of In.dia on the one band and the Union Law Minister and the Prime Minister representing the transferring authority on the other not merely through correspondence but also orally in meetings and over telephone. Presumably basing himself on this correspondence file Shri Kankan in his counter-affidavit dated September 24, 1981 has "" . I S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapur~ar, J.) 991 denied that the impugned order was passed without effective consul­ tation between the Chief Justice of India and the President of India (of course meaning --the President as the constitutional head acting on the advice of Council of Ministers) and has further asserted that the relevant considerations were taken into consideration by the President (acting as such). It was argued that the data collected by the Chief Justice of India during his visit to Patna High Court in February, 1980 does not seem to have been placed before either the Union Law Minister or the Prime Minister but such an argument has to be rejected· because the Chief Justice of India's letter dated December 7, 1980 to the Union Law Minister,· wherein the referenct to the col.lection of such data by the Chief Justice of India as a result of his discussion . with several lawyers and Judges of the con­ cerned High Courts and to his having considered the same with greatest objectivity has been made, itself states ' that the same was written "in furtherance of" the discussion which both of them had on the previous day i.e. on December 6, 1980, on many an impt>r­ tant matter concerning the High Courts. It was also argued that the statement of the Chief Justice of India in his counter-affidavit that he had discussed the question of impugned transfer with the President of India is vague inasmuch as it has not been clarified as to with whom from the side of the transferring authority he had these discussions, whether with the 'l.Jnion Law Minister or with the Prime Minister or with the {'resident himself personally; this argument has also to be rejected, for the relevant correspondence disclosed by the Union Government clearly shows that the Chief Justice of India had these discussions about the impugned transfer both with the Union Law Minister, and the Prime Minister and neither the . Chief Justice of India nor Shri Kankan has suggested that the Chief Justice of India had discussed the question personally with the President of India. When the correspondence indicates clearly the two functionaries from the side · of the transferring autho­ rity with whom the Chief Justice of India had discussions and there being no whisper either from the Chief Justice of India or from Shri Kankan that there were personal discussions with the President, it is ridiculous to suggest that the statement of the Chief Justice of India in that behalf is vague. With this material on record I did not appreciate the necessity ?r desirability of any clarificatory statement coming from the President that the issue was never discussed by the Chief Justice of India with him personally. What is more, it is surprising that in face of such correspondence showing discussion on the subject with. the Union Law Minister the Solicitor General 992 SUPIU!ME COtJRT kE1>01ltS [1981) 1 s.c.1: should have been instructed to make a statement which he did on November 11, 1981 to the effect "the Chief Justice of India mentioned to the Law Minister about his proposal to transfer Shri K.B.N. Singh". The twist given in the statement that the Solicitor-General was instructed to make cannot escape this Court's attention. Why was it necessary? Be that as it may the material on record clearly shows that the impugned transfer was fully discussed by the Chief Justice of India with the Union Law Minister and the Prime Minister. It was also faintly argued that the last discussion between the Chief Justice of India and Shri K.B.N. Singh having taken place in the evening at about 7.30 p.m. on 8th January, 1981, the matter could not have been discussed further between the Chief Justice of India and the transferring authority before the effective and final decision was taken by the Prime Minister which is said to have been done by her on 9th January, 1981. The argument is merely required to be stated to be rejected, for even after the last discflssion between the Chief Justice of India and Shri K.B.N. Singh ' was over there was ample time and opportunity for the Chief Justice· of India to pilt across all that transpired between him and Shri K.B.N. Singh together with his reaction thereon either to the Union Law Minister or .the Prime Minister or to both orally either in a meeting or on the telephone before the final and effective deci-• . sion on the impugned transfer was taken by the Prime Minister. From the materi~I produced on record, therefore, it is abundantly clear that there was full and effective consultation between the trans­ ferring authority on the one hand and the Chief Justice of India on the other in regard to the impugned transfer as contemplated by Art. ·222(1) before the effective decision thereon was taken, and if the consultation has been full and effective as contemplated by Art. 222( I),. as is shown by the material produced on record, the contention that the normal procedure ought not to have been reversed and th'e proposal should· have emanated from the President1 and not from the Chief Justice of India as is the case here loses its significance. Moreover, there is no hard and fast rule as to from whom a proposal for transfer should emanate. On the last aspect as to whether the procedure followed by the Chief Justice of India ensured fair-play in relation Shri K.B.N. Singh or not the material on· record clearly shows that the Chief Justice of India had discussed all the relevant aspects concering the impugned. transfer· with Shri K.B.N. Singh including his personal difficulty' pertaining to his mother's advanced age and' )" i i "· ·. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tulzapurkar, J.) 993 serious illness. That the Chief Justice of India took a different view about .it does not mean that any unfair-play was involved. After all in his view p.ublic interest outweighed the considerations of personal difficulty as well as the language difficulty which were put before him. As discussed earlier there being no charge nor any imputation against Shri K.B.N. Singh there was no question of giving him an opportunity to meet any. It is thus clear that the procedure that was followed ensured complete fair-play qua Shri K.B.N. Singh. It was next contended by Counsel for Shri K.B.N. Singh that the Executive Instructions in Para 12 of the Memorandum of 1972, containing the procedure to be adopted in connection with transfers · of High Court Judges issued by the Central Government, in the matter of consultation or ascertainment of the views of the Chief Ministers of the States involved in a transfer had not been followed ·in this case. The contention was, however, not pressed when the learned Solicitor-General after consulting the relevant files, made a statement at the Bar that in the instant case the Union Law Minister had consulted and/or ascertained the views of the Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu, Kerala ·and Bihar on 3rd, 4th and 6th January, 1981 respectively in. the matter of the proposed fransfers. Further, in my view the question whether the Tamil Nadu Chief Minister's letter pointing out language difficulties was actually placed before the Chief Justice of India or not would not be material if the Chief Justice of India was apprised o~ the grounds of o_bjection based on language difficulty and he had considered them and the material shows that the Chief Justice of India had taken into consideration the objections based on language difficulty. Counsel for Shri K.B.N. Singh in the last resort faintly· urged that simultaneously with the passing of the impugned order the pro­ visions of Art. 222(2) ought to have been complied with and since no order fixing compensatory allowance to Shri K.B.N. Singh was passed upon his transfer the impugned transfer order would be in­ valid. It is impossible to accept such a contention, for, Art. 222(2) does not provide that the order fixing compensatory allowance to the transferee Judge has to be issued simultaneously along with the transfer order; all that it provides is that when a Judge has been or is transferred after complying with the requirements of sub-Art.(1) he shall, during the period he serves as a Judge of the other High Court, be entitled to re!ieive, in additi<:>ll to his sala1?', such compe~- 8 ll 8 . 994 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982) 2 s.c.R. satory allowance as may be determined by Parliament by law and, until so determined, such compensatory allowance as the President may by order fix. It is obvious that such an order fixing the com· pensatory allowance could follow and would have followed in the instant case within reasonable time but there the occasion to make such order got postponed because of the stay ·of transfer that was ordered by this Court. In the result it is clear that the impugned transfer must be held to be a valid transfer under 'Art. 222( I) of the Constitution. Before parting with these cases I would like to place on record my sense of appreciation and gratitude to all the learned Counsel who have rendered great assistance to the Court by' arguing their· respective points with exceptional ability and skill. ·I have always held the view that the quality of a judgment rendered by a Court varies in direct proportion to the quality of assistance received by it from counsel appearing before it and whatever little I have been able to do in these cases it is mainly due to the excellent assistance received from counsel and I thank them. At the same time I cannot help keeping on record a feeling of uneasiness which I entertained during the hearing of ·Shri K.B.N. Singh's case because of the manner in which that case was conducted by the contesting respon­ dents through the learned Solicitor General, for which I hasten to add, that the Solicitor General is not at all responsible, though on occasions he was required to do sorpe tight-rope walking, obviously under instructions. On more occasions than one I was left in. doubt whether they were really interested in having the transfer order upheld. The statement which the Solicitor General was instructed to make on November 12, 1981 in which a twist was given sugges­ ting, contrary to the documentary record, that the Chief Justice of India· had, instead of "discussing" the proposal of transfer, "mentioned" the same to the Law. Minister, ca!!not be otherwise explained. I have !ii ready mentioned that I have failed to appre~ ciate the desirability or necessity of the statement made on behalf of the President of India disowning the "personal discussion" with the Chief Justice of India on the issue of transfer, especially when the latter had not raised a whisper about such personal discussion. After all is said and done, it must be observed that while acting administratively the attitude and behaviour of the Chief Justice of India was befitting the paterfamilias of the Judiciary. The way he dealt with the cases of Shri S.N. Kumar and Shri K.B.N. Singh has 1 - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Tu!zapurkar, J.) 995 bee, objective and judicious-by refusing to rely on unconfirmed reports, rumours or gossip in the case of the former. and by follow­ ing a procedure that ensured fair play in the case of the latter. The other aspect, I would •like to refer to is the manner in which a section of the Press bas behaved in this case. I am constrained to observe that a section of the Press while reporting the proceedings of this Court in this case seems to have, without fully realising the scope and purpose of the disclosure ordered by the Court, exceeded its limits of fair reporting and fair comment by discussing the merits and demerits of the grounds on which recom­ mendations were made concerning the Judges or the truth or falsity of the disclosed material; assuming that this Court was intending to adjudicate on the merits or demerits ·of the gr11unds of the recommendations made or on.tnith or falsity of the materials even then how could the Press, before this Court has finally adjudicated upon the issues involved, pronounce its verdict-which it almost did-on the high constitutional functionaries involved by holding a trial by Press ? The disclosure, which became necessary in the highest public interest of administration of justice-for seeing that injustice was not perpetrated and justice was meted .out to high judicial functionaries under the Constitution, was not intended for being useJ for such purpose. Such behaviour of a section of the Press has been most distressing and bas unnecessarily affected the image of Judiciary and · the high constitutional functionaries involved. In conclusion I would pass the following order : (I) Writ Petitions in Transferred Cases Nos. 19-22 of 1981 F are allowed. (2) The impugned Circular letter dated March 18, 1981 is quashed and struck down as impinging .on judicial independence and as being violative of Articles 22Z(l) and 14. (3) In future extensions to sitting Additional Judges should normally be for two years and no extension to •any Additional Judge for less than a year be ever ·. granted, 996 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( J 982] 2 S.C.R. (4) The decision to drop Shri S.N. Kumar is quashed and his cas,• is sent back to the President for reconsideration ano passing appropriate orders after the requisitw con­ sultation is undertaken afresh, ·with due observance of adequate fair play. · (5) 'Since Sbri K.B.N. Singh's transfer is held to be valid, Writ Petition No. 274 of 1981 and those in transferred Cases Nos. 2 6 and 24 of 1981 are dismissed. (6) Each party will bear its ·own costs in these cases. - r s:P. GUPTA V.>UNIO:N (Desai, J.) 997 . DESAI, J. March 18, 1981, till law courts and lawyers in their present form and structure survive, would be remembered as a day that raised ~ storm of controversy leading to a spate of writ peti-tions in different High Courts in the country. The Law Minister of the Government of India selected that fateful day for iswing a circular, forwarded it .to the Chief Ministers of all States and the .• ;-<, Governor of Punjab requesting them to obtain the consent of additional judges working in the High Court in their respective \ ·.»· States with preference limited to three stations, for being appointed as permanent judges in High Court other than the High Court in which they are, at present, appointed and functioning. A similar consent was also to be obtained from those· who may be recommen­ ded in future for appointment as judges of the High Court. It appears that the first salvo was fired by Shri S.P. Gupta, Advocate practising in the Allahabad !Jigh Court who filed a writ petition in the . Allahabad High Court impleading President of India, Union of India, Chief Justice of. India, Chief Justice of Allahabad High Court and Governor of State as respon­ dents praying 'for a writ, direction or order in the nature of manda­ mus directing the President to appoint judges of the High Court in accordance ~ith the constitutional scheme etc. There was also a pr~yer for a ,ijirection to appoint three named judges as permanent judges but t6is prayer was not pressed. This petition was filed, it appears, on the very day on which the circular was issued. After it was admitted, the petition was twice amended with the leave of the Court, the first order being dated· May I, 1981 and the l>econd being July 20, 193·1. Respondent I, President of India, Respon­ dent 3, Chief Justice of· India and Respondent 5, Governor of Uttar Pradesh .were subsequently dropped and their names from the array of respondents were deleted. This petition stood. transferred to this Court by the order dated May I, 19$1, 11;nd i~ w11~ re~istered as Transferred Cas~ NC?, I? of 1981. G· 998 SUPREME C::OURT REPORTS [1982] 2 S.C.R. After the issue of the impugned circular dated March 18, 1981, some events occurred which may be briefly noticed. ·The initial term of appointment of three additional judges of Delhi High Court, Mr. O.N. Vohra, Mr. S.N. Kumar and Mr. S.B. Wad expired on March 6, 1981, and each of them was appointed as an additional judge for a period of three months. This short-term extension presu­ mably provoked Shri J.L. Kalra and some others, practising advocates, to file Writ Petition No. 636 of 1981 on March 26, 1981, in the High Court of Delhi impleading Union of India as the sole respon­ dent. A number of prayers have been made in this petition, one C which deserves mention is that a direction be issued that Shri N.N. Goswami, Shri Sultan Singh and Shri O.N. Vohra, three additional judges of the High Court of Delhi be appointed as permanent judges and a further direction that the term of Shri S.N. Kumar and Shri S.B. Wad, additional judges functioning in the same ·Court be extended for a period of two years. By an order made by this Court on May 1, 1981, ~his writ petition stood transferred to this Court and is registered as Transferred Case No. 21 of 1981. As a sequel io the issuance of the impugned circular dated March 18, 198 J , a special general meeting of the Advocates Association of western India was held at Bombay on April 3, where a resolution was adopted questioning the propriety of obtainin:i the consent of additional judges to be appoined as permanent judges in F other High Courts in advance and further resolved to lodge a strong protest with the Union of India. A. similar resolution appears to be adopted by the Bombay Bar Association at its Extraordinary General Meeting held on April 7, 1981. Ultimately Shri Iqbal M. Chagla and three other advocates filed a Writ Petition No. 527/81 in the High Court of Bombay questioning inter alia that the circular issued by the Law Minister on March 18, 1981 ·be declared ultra vires· and voi"d and as a consequence, consent, if any given, and consequent action, if any, taken, be declared null and void. An injunction was sought restraining the respondents from Implementing the impugned c;irc;ular and an interim relief in terms of this prayer i - - .-\. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 999 was also sought. The respondents impleaded were the Law Minister, Union of India and ten additional judges of Bombay High Court. This Petition was admitted and rule nisi wa' issued and ad interim injunction was granted. This led to filing of an appeal by Union of India before a Division Bench of the Bombay High Court. Sub­ sequently by an .order of this Court, this case stood transferred to this Court under Article I 39A and is registered as Transferred Case No. 22 of 1981. Shri V.M. Tarkunde, former Judge of Bombay High Court and Senior Advocate practising in the Supreme Court, General Secretary of the Citizens for Democracy and President of the People's Union for Civil Liberties filed writ Petition No. 882 of I 9s.I in the High Court of Delhi on April 22, 1981, im.pleading initially Union of India as the sole respondent. It appears that subsequently the Law ·Minister and one Mr. P.K. Kathpalia, Additional Secretary, Depart- ment of Justice were impleaded as respondents 2 and 3 respectively. The petitioner also filed CMP. No. 13425/81 requesting this Court to direct that Mr. Justice O.N. Vohra and Mr. Justice S.N. Kumar be impleaded as respondents. CMP. was allowed by the order dated July 7, 1981. Shri.O.N. Vohra and Shri S.N. Kumar, Additional Judges of Delhi High Court who were given extension for three months commencing from March 6, 1981, to June 5, 1981, were impleaded as· respondents 4 and 5'. Of the two additional judges so impleaded respondent 5 Shri S.N. Kumar has participated in the proceedings and has appeared through his counsel Shri R.K. Garg. The principal question raised' was that independence of judiciary being the basic and fundamental feature of our constitution, any action of the executive which would be subversive of the inde­ pendence of judiciary, must be declared unconstitutional. It was stated that the circular of the Law Minister of March 18, 1981, directing the Chief Ministers of States to obtain consent of an addi­ tional judge for being posted as permanent judge in other High ~Court giving him an option to disclose his preference limited· to three stations and a similar consent to be obtained in 'advance from a person to be recommended for appointment as a judge of the High Court is subversive of the independence of judiciary. It was submitted that the extension of the term of an · additional judge or bis appointment as a permans:nt judge cannot be left to the un­ fettered discretion of 'the executive because it would make a serious inroad on the independence of )udiciar~. ;\n<;>ther important ~on" R II 1000 SUPREME COURT REPORTS , (1982] 2 S.C.R. tention raised in the petition was whether short-term extension of additional judges is permissible under Article 224 and whether it is open to the executive to appoint additional judges leaving vacancies in the permanent strength of the High Court judges unfilled, even though the arrears are mounting. A specific contention was raised with specific reference to the position of the Delhi High Court alleging that it would be contrary to the constitutional intendment underlying Article 216 to maintain half the strimgth of the Delhi High Court as additional judges. This petition under an order made by this Court stood transferred to . this Court under Article 139A and is registered as Transferred Case No. 20of1981. In all these petitions, Mr. K.C. Kankan, Deputy Secretary in the Department of Justice, Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs has filed bis counter-affidavit with regard to the circular of. the Law Minister and other contentions. It was stated that the prese,nt Government is vitally concerned in maintaining the indepen­ dence of judiciary and in the administration of justice according to the rule of law. With regard to the circular dated March 18, 1981, issued by the Law Minister, it was submitted that the circular is not meant to be covert method to transfer judges from one High Court to other High Court circumventing the requirements of Article 222(1) or ratio of the decision in Union of India v. S. H. Sheth.(1) It. was in terms stated that the failure of the judge to give consent would not be a relevant factor while considering him for appointment as a permanent judge or for a second term as an additional judge, as the case may be. It was stated that the appointment of additional judges for two years or for shorter period bas been done after following the constitutional provision in this regard and keeping the public interest in view. With regard to tqe second appointment of an additional judge after the expiry of the first ·term, it was stated that it is a fresh appointment and fresh warrant has to be issued and judge bas to take a fresh oath as prescribed and, therefore, the full round of consultation under Article 217 will have to be gone· through. Reference was made to the guidelines prescribed for the disposal of cases by a High Court Judge and these guidelines provide a yardstick for calculating the nun 1 ber of additional judges. It is also stated that the strength of the Delhi High Court was raised in June, 1979, and a proposal of the Chief J1,1~tice of Delhi High ~1) p978] 1 S.c;R. 4231 - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, 1.) 1001 Court for sanction of two extra judges was approved. Short term appointments were sought to be justified on the plea that there were valid reasons for such short term appointments and privilege was claimed against disclosure of papers relating to appointment of additional Judges. It was specifically denied that the circular was pieant to be .utilised for transfer of judges circumventing the require­ ments of Article 222. It was stated that complaints have been received about the prejudicial attitude of certain judges including additional judges, bred by kinship and other local links and affilia­ tions. Political links have also been mentioned in certain cases and various State authorities have expressed their reservations about continuance of some additional judges. These matters were generally mentioned to- the constitutional authorities. There is an averment in the affidavit that it is not the intention of the Government to appoint every additional judge in another State. This is specifically referred to because a serious controversy developed that the Govern­ ment wants to arm itself with power to pick aqd choose judges for transfer outside the State and that this would provide an opportunity for extending political patronage so that judges, to avoid harassment of being appointed to a High Court outside their . State may lean towards the Government for their survival. Explaining the raison d'etre it was stated that the purpose behind the circular dated March 18, 1981, was to take steps in the direction of having outsider in the High Court to help in the process of national integration and also to improve the functioning of various High Courts by having in each High Court the presence of a number of judges who would not be swayed by local considerations or affected by the issues which arouse passions and emotions. Support was drawn for this state­ ment from the 14th Report of the Law Commission and from the latest 80th Report of the Law Commission presided over by Mr. H.R. Khanna and from the study group set up by the Adminis­ trative Reforms Commission. It was in terms admitted that the additional judge is not a judge on probation. It was stated that short term appointments are made pending the final decision, a thing which would appear objectionable in view of the mandate of Article 224. Power was claimed by the executive to appoint any additional judge for any shorter period as may be considered justi­ fied. If conceded, this can lead to a logical absurdity, namely, from day to day, the situation very difficult even to conceive in any form of political society one may think of. However, mitigating circum­ stance was pleaded that additional judges for shorter periods have 8 F' n· 1002 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982) 2 s.c.lt been appointed in special circumstances and only when there are exceptional factors necessitating appointments for shorter periods. In respect of Shri 0. N. Vohra and Shri S. N. Kumar, it was stated that the short-term appointment was made to enable the Govern~ ment to take a final view having regard to the complaints that have been received against some of them after consultation with the constitutional authorities. The statement in the petition that the­ Chief Justice of Delhi High Court and Chief Justice of India both had recommended the appointment of these two judges for a further period of two years was denied. It appears that the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court had not recommended Shri S. N. Kumar for appointment as additional judge after expiry of his initial term of two years on March 6, 1981. The incorrect averment in the petition has found its place in an order made by' the vacation Judge on June 6, 198i. At the appropriate place, it will be pointed ·out that Chief Justice of Delhi High Court had; for .his reasons, declined to recommend appointment of Shri S. N. Kumar as an additional judge on the expiry of his first term on March 6, 1981. As almost identical contentions have been raised by Mr. Kankan in the various affidavits filed by him in every case, it is not necessary to recapitulate them ·here except recalling one averment made in his counter affidavit filed on July 6, 1981, in reply to the petition filed by Sbri Iqbal M. Chagla and others in Bombay High Court because it was the subject matter of debate. In para 9 (vii) it is stated that the data collected pursuant to the circular issued by the Law Minister would be made available to the Chief Justice of India, Chief Justice of the High Court concerned and the Governor of the State. The submission was that the cir­ cular was issued for data collection is a subterfuge resorted to, to ·provide an innocent cloak to a dagger aimed at independence of judiciary. It may be briefly mentioned here that Writ J>etition No. 274/81 filed in this Court and Transferred Cases No. 2, 6 and 24/81 were listed to be beard along with the present batch of cases with a view to avoiding the repetition of the arguments on points· common to . both sets of cases. In the first group of cases the question of con­ struction of Articles 217, 224 and other connected articles pro­ minently figured in the context of circular of the Law Minister dated March 18, 1981, seeking consent of additional judges for t - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, },) 1003 being appointed as permanent judges in ot,her High Courts and the short term extensions given to Shri O.N. Vohra, Shri S.N. Kumar and Shri S.B. Wad, additional judges of Delhi High Court and the final non-appointment of Shri O.N. Vohra and Shri S.N. Kumar. The submission was that the circular of the Law Minister manifests a covert attempt to transfer additionaljudges from one ,High Court to other High Court withoiit consulting the Chief Justice of India as required by Article 222 (1) and thereby circumventing the majo­ rity decision in Mr. Sheth's case. The Central theme was the scope, ambit and content of consultation which the President must have with the three constitutional functionaries set out in Article 217 (1). In the second group of cases, the question arose in the context of transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice of Patna High Court as Chief Justice of Madras High Court con­ sequent upon the transfer of Shri M.M. Ismail, Chief Justice of Madras High Court as Cl\ief , Justice of Kerala High Court by Presidential Notification dated January 19, 1981, in exercise of the power conferred upon him by Article 222. The controversy centred down the scope, ambit and content of consultation that the President must have with the Chief Justice of India before exercising the power to transfer under Article 222. Thus, the scope, ambit and content of Consultation under Art. 217 as also one under Article 222 which, as Mr. Seervai stated, was more or less the same though the different facets on which consultation must be focussed may differ in the case of transfer and in the case of appointment, figured pro­ minently in both the groups of cases. The parameters of scope, ambit and content of consultation both under Article 217 (1), 222 and 224, were drawn on a wide canvass to be tested on the touch­ stone of independence of judiciary being the fighting faith and fundamental and basic feature of the Constitution. It was stated that if the consultation itself is to provide a reliable safeguard against arbitrary and naked exercise of power against judiciary; the proce­ dure of consultation must be so extensive as to cover all aspects of the matter and it must be made so firm and rigid that any contra­ vention or transgression of it would be treated as mala fide 'or sub­ versive of independence of' judiciary and the decision can be corrected by judicial review. Therefore, at the outset it is necessary to be properly informed as to the concept of indepedence of judiciary as set out in the.Constitution. 1004 SUPREME. COURT REPORTS [ 1982) 2 S.C.R. The entire gamut of arguments. revolved principally round the construction of Articles 217 and 224 in one batch of petitions and Articles 222 in another batch but the canvass was Sf)read wide covering various other Articles of the Constitution, analogous pro­ visions in· previous Government of India Acts, similar provisions in other democratic constitutions and reports of Law Commission. Rival construction canvassed centred upon the pivotal assumption that independence of judiciary is a basic and fundamental feature of the Constitution which has its genesis in the power of judicial" review which enables the. court to declare executive and legislative actions ultra vires the Constitution. In this connection we are not starting on a clean slate as the contention in this very form and for an avowed object was widely canvassed in S.H. Sheth v. Union of Jndia,(1) and in Union of India v. S.H. Sheth (supra) some additional dimen· sions were added to this basic concept of independence of judiciary while both the parties vied with each other as in the pa$! (See state~ ment of Shri S.V. Gupte, then Attorney General in Mr. Sheth's case), on proclaiming their commitment to independence of judiciary though in its scope and content and approach there was a marked divergence. · . Petitioners in both the batches of petitions passionately asserted that independence of judiciary is the basic postulate of our Constitution and any interpretation of the articles in the fasciculus of articles relating to judiciary must keep it inviolate. The con­ struction, asserted the petitioners; which would make any inroad on tlie absolute independence of judiciary must be rejected because the entire edifice of Parliamentary democracy as envisioned in our Constitution rests on. the firm structural foundation of the indepen· dence of judiciary. It was asserted that Parliamentary democracy of Westminster model with a written Constitution and with division of functions amongst the three branches of the Government; the executive, the legislature and the judiciary postulate that where a transgression of power takes place there must be a body of inde· pendent persons with power to correct deviations, so that a11 ~con­ stitutional functionaries act within the· framework of the power and perform duties as envisaged by the Constitution. This role, it wa11 averred, rightly belongs and has been unreservedly assigned to the judiciary 'as a sentinel on qui vive' and in order that this branch (1) 17 GLR 1017. s. P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1005 which has a duty to check excess or transgression of or arbitrary exercise of power, functioned 'without fear or favour and solely committed 'to the upholding of the Constitution' must be free wholly and unreservedly from the other more powerful organs of the Indian polity, namely, the executive and the legislature. Developing this submission reference was made to various provisions of the Constitution and the interpretation put on some of those provisions by the decisions of this Court. It was urged that independence of judiciary bas been put beyond the pale of contro­ versy in the Court but this Court must spell out its contours and limits, the fringes and the horizon, so that wherever an intrusion takes place or an erosion is threatened it can be checkmated by judicial review. A reference to some of the important provisions of the Consti­ tution would bear repetition though they have been enumerated at length in Mr. Sheth's case. .Taking cue from the Act of Settlement of the United Kingdom and section 220(2) of the Government of India Act, 1935, whereby tenure of judges was altered from King's pleasure to one during .good behaviour in U.K. and. India respecti­ vely, Article 217(1) and Art. 124(2) ensure tenure during good behaviour up to the age of 62 and 65 years respectively to the High Court and Supreme Court Judges. Article 202(3)(d) and Art. 112(3) (d)(i) provide that expenditure in respect . of the salaries and allowances of High Court Judges and the salaries and allowances and pensions ·payable to Judges of the Supreme Court of India is charged on the consolidated fund of each State and of India respectively. Article 203(1) and Art. 113(1) ensure that so much of the estimates as relate to the expenditure charged upon the Consoli­ dated Fund of a State and Consolidated Fund of India. shall not be submitted to the · vote of the legislative assembly and the Parlia­ ment respectively. High Court Judges and the Judges of .the Supreme Court are assured salaries guaranteed by the Constitution as set out in Schedule II by virtue of Art. 221 (I) and Art. 125(1) and a further assuranc!l is held out by the provi-so to Art. 220 and Art. ·125 that the same shall not be varied to the disadvantage of a judge after his appointment. Article 211 in respect of Judges of High Court and Supreme Court, and Art. 121 in respect of Judges of the Supreme Court as also of a High Court immunise them i11 discharge of their duties from discussion in the legislature of a State and Parliament respectively save and / 0 E' 1006 su:PRllMll COURT RllPoiltS 11982} 2 s.C.tl. except where an address to the President is presented praying for removal of the Judge as provided in Art. 124(4) and (5). Article 215 and Art. 129 make the High Court and -Supreme Court respectively a Court of Record with power of such Court inciuding the power to punish for cvntempt of itself. The power to appoint officers and servants of the High Court and· officers 'and servants of the Supreme Court is conferred on the Chief Justice of the State under Art. 229 and upon the Chief Justice oflndia under Article 146 and conditions of service of the officers and servants of High Court as well as officers and servants of the Supreme Court shall be such as may be prescribed by rules made by the Chief Justice of the High Court or by the Chief Justice of India, as the case may be, but in each case this power is to be ·exercised subject to the provisions of any law made by the legislature of any State or the Parliament, as the case may be, and in case of rules relating to salaries, allowances, leave or pension would require in case of High Court the approval of the Governor of the State and in case of Supreme Court approval of the President. · By Article 233 . and 235 members of the subordinate judiciary are brought under the control of the High Court and except for initial entry and final exit they are under the direct control of the High Court. In cases dealing with subordinate judiciary by a catena of decisions commencing from State of West Bengal v. N.N. Bagchi(1), and ending with Shamsher Singh v. State of Punjab(2), it has been authoritatively laid down that in matters concerning the c0nduct and discipline of District Judges, their further promotion and confirma­ tions, disputes regarding their seniority, their transfers, the placing of their services at the disposal of the Government for ex cadre posts, considering their fitness for being retained in service and recommending their discharge from service, exercise of complete · disciplinary jurisdiction over them including initiation of disciplinary inquiries and their premature retirement, the members of the subordinate judiciary are under the direct control of the High Court. In Shamsher Singh'.< case, the learned Chief Justice observed : (1) [1966] 1 S.C.R. 771. . (2) [1975] I S.C.R 814 .. t 1 ' - ./ u•; GtJPtA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1001 "The members of the subordinate judiciary are not only under the control of the High Court but are also under the care and custody of the High Court". It has been said that subordinate judiciary have no two masters. After reviewing all these provisions and the decisions in Mr. Sheth's case, Chandrachud, J. (as he then was) in his leading judgment observed that: "it is beyond question that independence of the judiciary is one of the foremost concerns of our Constitution, Constituent Assembly showed great solicitude for the attainment of that ideal devoting more hours of debate to that subject than to any other aspect of the judicial provisions". "If the beacon of the judiciary were to remain bright, the courts must be above reproach, free from coercion and from political influence' (see The Indian · Constitution--Cornerstone of a Nation by Granville Austin, pp. 164-65). Sardar Vallabhbhai ·Patel tersely observed that the judiciary should be above suspicion and should be above party influence. Dr. A:rnbedkar concluded the debate saying that there would be ng difference gf opinion that the judiciary had to be independent of the executive". In another judgment forming part of the majority vie.w, Krishna Iyer, J. speaking for himself and Justice S. Murtaza Fazal Ali at p. 485, after referring to various provisions of the Constitution, observed that "these muniments highlight the concern of the founding fathers for judicial insulation, a sort of Monroe doctrine". Tuning in his own words in Shamsher Singh case that fearless justice is a prominent creed of our Constitution and the independence of. judiciary is the fighting faith of our founding document, he reasserted that the creed of judicial independence is our constitutional 'religion'. Justice Bhagwatl in his dissenting judgment at p. 473 observed that 'independence of judiciary was held to be a part of our ancient tradition which has produced great judges in the past and judicial independence is prized as, a basic . value and so natural and inevitable that it has come to be regarded and so ingrained in the life and thought of the people that .it is now almost taken for granted and it would be regarded an act of insanity for any one to think otherwise. 0 1008 StJPlltlME COURT tlEPOll.TS (i982) 2 s.c.tl. Having showered encomiums on the independence of judiciary, Justice Krishna Iyer was not oblivious to the fact that judiciary a non-elective institution, has an elitist approach with little or 'no accountability. Having bew immunised from any discussion in the Parliament or the Legislature of a State and by the sword of Contempt of Court Act from public criticism, it remains within it!i' insulated vaults and more often has been found to be utterly unaware of the mores of the day. Conceding that indep~ndence of judiciary must be ensured and its immunity from executive and legislative overt and covert pressures or intrusions,' must be guaran­ teed in larger public interest, the role of judge power and the immunity of the judiciary must be studied, "with aware allegiance to the scheme and sweep of the Constitution with insightful homage to the soul of the Paramount Parchment and with sociological appreciation that our economic and political order of which the legal order is but a juridical reflection is sharply pluralist. The apparatu- ses of activist justice, working under such societal strains and stresses and charged with engineering progressive change through the law, may .have to enjoy more than traditional functfonal freedom. For, in a dynamic democracy with goals of transformation set up by the Constitution, the judge, committed to uphold the founding faiths and fighting creeds of the nation so set forth, has to act heedless of executive hubris, socio-economic pressures and diahard E obscurantism". G. Mr. Sorabji reinforced the conclusion reached in Mr. Sheth case that independence of jud;ciary is the fighting faith of the founding fathers when he drew our attention to 'the Government of Canada' by Dawson, 2nd edn. Revised 1954, wherein it is said that the unique functions which the judiciary perform in the Govern­ ment make imperative that they should be given a position quite different from that of the great majority of Government officials. It was, however, conceded by the same author that the judges cannot remain completely unaffected by their envirnoment and cannot and should not be indifferent to the effects of their decisions on the social and political needs of the nation. There will alway!! be some interplay among the habits of mind of the judge, the society in which he lives, 11nd the decisions which be renders. This view reflects wl at was urged as value pa1:king in the matter of appoint­ ment of judges to which i reference will be presently ' r S.P. GUPTA II. UNION (D~sai, i.) 1009 made. The au~hor concludes that the 'fundamental decisions in a democracy arise from a constant .interchange of desires and com· mands, tentative advances and retreats, experiments and consolida­ tions, the adoption· of cine policy, the rejection of another, the· haphazard and almost unconscious acceptance of a third, com­ promises without number-all forming a part of the extremely complex process of determining and applying public policy'. Aware­ ness of these constitutional changing values must inform the judicial personnel and in the superior judiciary the value system of the judge unconsciously but invariably. reflects in his judgments. Thus the coincident that what is disclosed by the people to the Parliament which in turn went to the Cabinet and · to the administration and the resulting action, has to be remembered so that 'the stream of command-albeit somewhat uncertain and wandering, and some­ times showing little perceptible motion-and also a means whereby honesty and efficiency and devotion to public duty can be appraised and suitably recognised'. No doubt, people do see in judicial independence a greater promise of justice than could be obtained through the application of ordinary political sanctions but it has a continuous interplay of forces and interaction of various organs ultimately converging on realisation of constitutional goals. Attention was also drawn to 'Judges on Trial' by Shetreat, E 1976 Edn., and after reading out the struggle for judicial indepen- dence, p<'inted reference was made to the fact that since Coke's disgrace 'the Crown could no longer expect to obtain the moral support which it had hitherto received from decisions pronounced by the Bench of the judges who were comparatively at least, with the men who held office subsequently to Coke's disgrace, indepen- F dent of the favours and the anger of the Crown'. Nor independence of judiciary is some a priori concept, a ·fact when judges attempt on their own insulation is occasionally clouded or overlooked. Independence of judiciary under the Constitution has to be interpreted within the framework and the parameters of the Constitution. There are various provisions in the Constitu­ tion which indicate that the Constitution has not provided some­ thing like a 'hands off attitude' to the judiciary. The power of appointment of High Court Judges and the Judges of the Supreme ~ourt vests in the Presidept ~nd the President bein¥ a contitution~ HHO stJPR.ilMll coutti 11.litioitts Ii ~82i 2 s.c.k. head, he ls constitutionally hound to act according to the advice of the Council of Ministers. One can profitably refer to a number of Articles in the Constitution conferring power on other constitutional institutions such as the executive which when it acts within . the limits of power will have a direct'impact on the ·functioning of the judiciary. To briefly refer to some of these provisions, Art. 32 (3) confers power on the Parliament to frame· a law, inter alia, empowering any other Court to exercise within local limits of its jurisdiction any of the powers exercisable by the. Supreme Court under Article 32. Article 133 (3) confers power on the ·Parliament to enact a law enlarging the jurisdiction of the Supreme . Court. Article 135 preserves the existing jurisdiction of the Supreme Court but makes it subject to the law made by Parliament which might otherwise provide. . Article 138 enables Parliament to enlarge the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in respect of certain matters. Article 139 contemplates confe'rment on Supreme Court by a Jaw of Parliament all powers to. issue writs. for any purpose other than those mentioned in clause (2) of Art. 32. Article 140 provides for parliamentary legislation even in regard to supplemental powers of the Supreme Court. Article ·J 30 enables the Chief Justice of India with the approval of the President to provide f~r sitting of Supreme Court at places other than Delhi. Similarly, Articles 225, 230, 231 and 237 confer power on Parliament to make law directly impinging upon the jurisdiction of the High Courts. Article 126 vests power in the President to appoint acting Chief Justice and it does not postulate consultation with any functionary in the judiciary. The position under Arts. 127 (1) and 128 point in the si;ime direction, subject, of course, to the construction canvassed for on behalf of the petitioners which would be examined a little while after. This conspectus of articles, not meant to be exhaustive, do indicate that Parliament has power to regulate Court's jurisdiction and as Hart and Webster in the 'Federal Judicial System' at p. 317 said that "the bald truth is, isn't it that power to regulate jurisdiction is actually a power to regulate rights to judicial process whatever they are and substantive. rights generally." Undoubtedly judiciary, the third branch of the Government cannot act in isolation. They a"le ensured total freedom, of course, after entering the office, from any overt or covert pressure or inter­ ference in the process of adjudicating causes brought before them and to this end they are ensured tenure, l?ay, I,Jension, J?rivileges and -1- • •· ... ' ... s.P. GUPTA V. UNION (Desai, J.) 1011 certain basic conditions of service. The judiciary like any other constitutional instrumentality has, however, to .act towards attain­ ment of constitutional .goals. This in one sense is conceded by Mr. Seervai who led on 'behalf of the petitioners when in his Sir Chimanlal Seta:Jvad Lectures styled : 'The position of the Judiciary under the Constitution of India', he tersely observed as under: "The Court is ·essentially a check of the past upon the present. But it is the present that represents the will ·of the people and it is that will that must ultimately be given effect in a democracy. If the democratic bases of our system are to be respected, the review power of one non­ democratic organ in our government should be exercised with seJf. restraint". It would thus unquestionably appear that the independence of judiciary is not to be determined in all its ramifications as some a priorrconcept but it has to be determined within the framework of the Constitution. True, that the thrust is to ensure that adjudi­ cations are untramelled by external pressures or controls and it was conceded that independence of judiciary under· the Constitution is confined to the adjudicatory functions of the .Courts and tribunals and they are insulated from executive control in that behalf. It .is not unlikely that the total insulation may breed ivory tower attitude, a bishop delivering sermon from the pulpit and therefore no claim to be imperium in-imperio can be extended to the judiciary or for that matter to any other instrumentality under the Constitution. It is not as if judicia( indepen(lence is an absolute thing like a brooding omnipresence. Nothing is more certain in a modern society, declared U.S. Supreme Court in the mid century, than the principle 'that there are no absolutes'. Nor should judges be independent of the broad accountability to the nation and its indigent and injustice ridden millions. Therefore, consequently one need not too much · idolise this independence of judiciary so as to become counter­ productive. A further submission. was that the concept of judicial indepen­ dence may be examined in the context of parliamentary democracy where other. organs of tbe Government, namely, the executive and the legislature are elected people's representat.ives while we have ~schewed the c;l~1ttive ~leme'!-t in· appointment of judges. Thjs 8 1012 StJl>Rl'!Mtl COURt lll'!PORts [1982) 2 s:c.1t absence of elective element in judges with guaranteed tenure, conditions of service and immunity from criticism denies any method of accountability of judiciary l!nd the power ofjudicial review often described as undemocratic {see Schwartz 'A Basic History of U.S.A. Supreme Court, p. 87) can set at naught the will of the people expressed through its chosen representatives. Jn order to mitigate the trend disclosed by total aloofness, the consti­ tution makers conferred power of appointment in the President advised by the council of ministers an elected body so as to make judiciary accountable 'and responsible to the constitutional goals. It was urged that this methodology will permit 'value packing' in the judiciary. The expression 'Packing' raised a derisive laughter. It is a much misunderstood word. One must reject emphatically any packing of courts of persons of the belief, hue and colour of tte party in power but it is equally undeniable that all the.three organs of the Government must work towards realisation of constitutional goals and the judiciary has to be inspired by the values enshrined in the Constitution if rule of Jaw is to run akin to rule of life and a feudal society is to be transformed into an egalitarian society by the rule of law, an introduction of the element of reflection of popular will so as to make judicial system more viable and effective as an instrument of change is inevitable and total aloofness of judiciary is inconceivable. While undoubtedly political packing must be abhored, in putting the independence of judiciary on pedestal one cannot lose sight of the fact that the judiciary must keep pace with the changing mores of the day, its decision must be informed by values enshrined in the Constitutibn, the goals set forth in the fundamental Jaw of the land, peoples' yearning desire for a change for the better and the promised· millennium. An activist role in furtherance of the same is a sine qua non for the judiciary. If value packing connotes appointment of persons other­ wise well qualified as required by the constitution but having the additional qualification of awareness of the high priority task of eradication of poverty, removal of economic disparity, destroying the curse of illiteracy, ignorance, exploitation, feudal overlordship, coupled with conscious commitment to administering socio-economic justice, establishment of a just social order, an egalitarian society, then not only the va,lae packing is not to be frowned upon nor thwarted by entrenched establishment prone people but it must be advocated with a crusader's zeal. And judiciary cannot stand aloof and apart from the mainstream of society. This will en$ure it!i ;.. S.P. GUPTA :V. UNION (Desai, J.), 1013 :broad accountability to injustice ridden masses and therefore.it is not :unnatural that the status quoists can enter . their caveat to value packing but which does not commend. ·while appointing each individual the constitutional .philosophy of each individual ought to be a vital consideration and if this is labelled as value packing, it is neither unethical nor .unconstitutional nor a weapon to strike at independence of judiciary. What should be the ideal method for selecting personnel entrusted with the task of dispensing justice has been 'an endless source of discussion. In the democracies the world over till today there are two known methods of selection appclintment and election. As election method haS' not been accepted by the Constitution, it need not detain us. Constitution provides for appointment of judges ·of the High Court and the Supreme Court by the highest executive in the country, the President. And even in this sphere, in view of the provisions contained in Article 74, the President will be guided by the advice of fhe Council of Ministers. Undoubtedly, therefore, the power to appoint judges vests in the executive. This power was specifically conferred after a long debate to which reference will be presently made. But before coming down to the debates of the Constituent Assembly bearing on the subject, a brief survey of the methodology adopted by various democratic countries in the matter of appointment of judges would prove illuminating. ·1n U.S.A. all the federal court judges are appointed by the President subject to confirmation by a simple majority vote of the Senate. The Attorney General has a d'ecisive voice in the nomination made by the Presi-, ' dent. In the later months of the Truman Administration, the 12 member committee of federal judicial set up of the American Bar Association has come to play an increasingly significant role in the appointive process of the f~deral judiciary in tbe U.S A. but the ·power still vests in the President whose nomination must be ratified . by the Senate meaning thereby the power is in the executive with a legislative veto over it. In the United Kingdom Lord Chancellor is the Queen's chief adviser on the selection. Lord Chancellor presides from the Woolsack over the House of Lords .• He is a member of the Cabinet. He is also the head of the Judiciary and thus combines in his person the three~fold function of executive, legislative and judicial. Ev!!n though tlJ.y§ tp~ power js jn e~e<;utiv~ 1 Richard 0 'E 1014 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19821 2 S.C.R. M. Jackson in his 'Study on the Machinery of Justice in England', noticed that political considerations have hardly entered the process of judicial selection since 1907. In France the President of the Republic who is charged by the Constitution to be "guarantor of the independence of judicial authority", selects the judges. They are chosen either by the 11 member Counsei/ Superieur de la Magistrature in the case of Cour d' Appeal and Cour de Cassation, or by th~ Minister of Justice who may consult with, or receive advice from, the High Council in the case of lower courts. The High Council consists of the President of the Republic, the Minister of Justice, and nine persons with legal background chosen by the President for a once-renewable term of four years (see The Judicial Process by Henry J. ·Abraham p. 31). Garner, in bis "Political Science and Government" at-p. 726 notices tha_t in nearly all countries other than the U.S.A., the judges are appointed by the executive and even in the U.S.A., it is the method followed for the selection of the federal judges. In countries having the cabinet system of Government this in effect means appointment by the Minister of Justice. In Foot-note No. 107, he notices that in Belgium the judges of the Court of Cassation must be appointed from two lists of nominees, each containing twice as many names as there are vacancies to be filled, one presented by the court itself, the other by the Senate. This system represents a com bi nation of co-operation, election· and appointment. In principle, it has much · to commend and it has been advocated in: France by various jurists and commissions on judicial reform. Garner at p. 728 recalls the statement of Dean Hal~ in his study wherein he thus evaluates the system of appointment by the executive : "Of all the methods of selecting judges, of which we have actually had considerable experience in this country, that of appointment by the executive has unquestion­ ably produced the ablest and most satisfactory courts." Prof. Laski in his Grammar of Politics, p. 545, notices that there are two methods of selection-election and nomination, and in England where practically all judicial appointments are under the control of the Lord Chancellor the nomination system is followed and there is similar practice in France, Italy and Germany where all judicial appointments are nominated by the executive. He proceeds to point out that of 'all methods of appointment, th.at of election by the people at large is withol!_t exception the worst. He notices with satisfactiolil that most of the great judges in recent English history, µi.en like lllackburn, Boweni W11tson: Macna&hten: wm: entirely - ( §.I'. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1015 unknown to the public outside and they were all ap?ointed by nomination. He concludes that by a process of elimination the choice is thrown back upon nomination as the best method available for choice. This method is also not fruitful because it leaves the door too wide open for measurement of fitness in terms of political eminence rather than judicial quality and he illustrates this statement by pointing out that Lord Halsbury used his power of nomination to elevate members of his own party. As a via media, he suggests a compromise by recommending that the appointment should be made on the recommendation of the Minister of Justice with the consent of a standing committee of judges which would represent all sides of their work. Be that as it may, this bird's eye view of the world phenomena should be sufficient to convince us that power to · · appoint judges where election method is eschewed is always vested in the, executive and that' it has not been found to be subversive of independence of judiciary. At this stage it would be advantageous to recall that in the 80th Report of the Law Commission of India, it has been frankly admitted that most of .the High Courts to which a refe1ence was made by the Law Commission about the existing system of appointment of judges, have in their replies to the • questionnaire, expressed· the view that the existing system is by and large sound. Therefore, it is not possible to accept a sweeping statement that the vesting- of the power of appoin(ment in the executive is subversive of independence of judiciary. I would here briefly refer to the relevant debate in Constituent Assembly bearing on this topic. Winding up th~ debate on the articles concerning judiciary, Dr. Ambedkar observed that : · · , "With regard to the question of concurrence of the · Chief Justice, it seems to be that those who advocate that proposition seem to rely implicity both on the impartiality of thi: Chief Justice and the soundness of his judgment. I personally feel no doubt that the Chief Justice is a very eminent person,. But after all, tht( Chief Justice is a man with all the failings, all the sentiments and all the prejudices which we as common people have, and I think to allow the Chief Justici: practically a veto upon the appointment of · Judges is really to transfer the authority to the Chief Justice which we are riot prepared to vest in .the Presideµ! .•'· A. c: D~ G. n 10.16 StJPREME COURT REPORTS [19821 2 s.c.it or the Gover~ment of the day.. I, therefore think that thai is also a da~gerous proposition.(1)'' What is specifically moved and rejected while drafting the Consti· tution cannot be introduced by the back door through the process of interpretation. A specific amendment was moved to. the draft Article 193 (corresponding to Article 217 of the Constitution)• The proposed·amendment reads as under(2) : "That.for, clause (I) of Article 193, the following shall be.substituted: (I) Every judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President• by a warrant under his liand and· seal on the rec.ommendation of the . Chief Justice of the High Court. concerned after consultation with the Governor of.the State concerned and with the concur­ rence of the Chief Justice of India and shall•hold office until,he attains the age of sixty-three years." (Under­ lini11g mine) A similar proposal· was also contained in the memorandum representing the viewil of the Federal Court and of the Chief Justices representing all the Provincial High Courts of the Union of India submitted to the Constituent Assembly. (See Shiva Rao : The Framing of India's Constitution, Select Documents, Volume 4, page 195)~ The implication of the amendment is that proposal for. appointment of\ a judge of High Court can only be initiated upon the recommendation of the Chief Justice which would imply that no one else can initiate the proposal for appointment of a High Court judge, a~aspect which has 11ome relevance on the construction of Article 217(1) but for the present discussion the importance.is of ihe word 'Concurrence' in'. the proposed amendment. If the amend- . ment had been accepted no appointment of· a.judge of High, Court could be made unless the Chief Justice of India concurred in the appointment. In other words, if the Chief Justice of India does not approve the proposal, be would have a veto on the proposal · and bis lack of concurrence would kill the proposal. The power of ' appointment which at present V~llts in tfi• Pr~ident would thus . (1) C.A.O., Vel. g, !Si. (2) c .•. D. Vol. 8, 674 -- ) J- - s. ii. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1017, stand transferred to the Chief Justice and if sucli a situation emerge.d, it would have accord.ep great strength to the submission. Be it. noted. that this amendment was negatived. In other words, the Constituent Assembly in terms rejected any veto tq be vested in t\le. Chief Justice of India in the matter of appointment of a High Court judge. And. it is too late in the day to contend that debates in · Constituent ·Assembly do not provide an aid to construction of articles of constitution or it is impermissible to refer to them. (See State of Mysore v. R. V. Bidap (1974) l SCR' 589 at 592; Union of India v. H. S. Dhillon (1972) 2 SCR 33 and Sagnata Investment . L Ltd, v. Norwitch Corporation, (1971) 3 W.L.R. 133 at 137). In this cotntext, Mr. S.P. Gupta, petitioner appearing in person contended that much of the evil flowing from the. power of appointment of Judges of High Courts and Supreme Court being vestedin the President would be eliminated if by a process of interpretation the Court can eliminate the binding character of the advice that may oe tendered to the president in discharge of his function of appointing the judge. Article 74 (1) provides· that there shaII be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice. A proviso has been added· by the Forty-fourth Amendment Act, 1978, which enables the Pre.sident to require the Council of Ministers to reconsider such advice either generally or. otherwise but makes it obligatory on the President to act accqrding to such advice tendered after reconsidera­ tion. The contention is that the President in discharge of his function of appointing judges of Supreme Court and High Courts is to ~ct on his own after consultation with the constitutional functionaries· set out in Articles 124 and 217 and is not to act according to the advic!l offered ey the executive in this bi!half. This would have necessi­ tated the ascertainment of tho position of the President in our Con­ stitutional scheme but a decision of the seven judges Cons.titution Bll!llch of thii Court in Shamsher Singh'.s case has authoritatively concluded this point. A.N. Ray, C.J. speaking for himself, Palekar, Mathew, Chandrachud and Alagiriswami, JJ. has held that the President is a constitutional or formal head and he must exercise• his powers and functions conferred on him by or under the Consti~ tution on the aid and advice of his Council of Ministers. An exception was noted in the case of Governor wl!i.ere the Constitu­ tion has coJ11ferred upon him an obligation to exercise his function is l!is diseretion but tltere is no suoh pPovision in oasS' of. President C, I) 1018 SUPREME COOllT ilEPOR.ts [I 982) 2 s.c.k. . . and it was concluded that the decision of any minister or officer under the rules of business made under Article 77(3) is the decision of the President. ln·a concurring judgment Krishna Iyer, J. speaking for himself and Bhagwati J. succinctly observed that it is the func­ tion of the Council of Ministers to advise. the President over the whole of the central field and nothing is left to his· discretion or excepted from that field by this article. After referring to the debates in the Co?stituent Assembly, Iyer, J. concluded as under: "We declare the law of this branch of our Constitution to be that the President and Governor, custodians of all executiye and other powers under variou~ articles, shall, by virtue of these provisions, exercise their formal con­ stitutional powers only upon and in accordance with the advice of their Ministers save in a few well known excep- tional situations. These exceptional situations need not be enumerated because they do not touch upon the subject under discussion. Add to this the consi.stent view of this ·court that the position of the President under the Indian Constitution is akin to the position of the Crown under the British Parliamentary system (See Ramjawaya Kapur v. State of Punjab,(1) A. Sanjeevi Naidu v. State of Madras(2) U.N.R. Rao v. Indira Gandhi,.(3) · In the case of U.N.R. Rao, the Cons­ titution Bench held that Article 74 (1) was mandatory and, there­ fore, the President could not exercise the executive power without the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers. The larger Bench overruled the decision of this Court in Sardarilal v. Union of India & Ors.(4) Mr. Gupta, however, relied upon the decision of this Court in Jayantilal Amritlal Shodan v. F.N. Rana & Ors., (6) some observa­ tions from which may at first blush seem to support the conclusion reached in Sardari Lal'.< case. However, once the decision in Sardari Lal' s case is overruled, observations in Shodhan's case may be hardly of any assistance. Now, even Mr. Gupta concedes that .the power to appoint judges of the Supreme Court and High Court (!) [1955] 2 SCR 236-237. (2) [1970] 2 SCR 505 at 511. (3) . [1971] Supp. SCR 46. (4) . [1971] 3 SCR 461. (5) [1964] 5 SCR 294. ' -- ... ~.f>. GtJl>tA· v. tJNION (Desai, J.) 1019 conferred by Article 217 (!) and 124 is executive power and tl)e function . is executive function. But after an eleborate reference to the debates in the Constituent . Assembly and especially the stage at which an instrument of instructions was sought to be prepared for providing guidelines to the President as to the manner of discharging his function in the matter of appointment of judges of High Courts and Supreme Court, it was urged that while exer· cising the power in the matter of appointment of judges of High Courts and Supreme Court the President was to act not according to the advice of the Council of Ministers. Too much reference to piecemeal debates at the drafting stage, provisions in the draft Con· stitution and views expressed by different speakers during the debates in the Constituent Assembly is likely 'to raise , a picture in support of some of the provisions of the Constitution which 1:nay be misleading. After a long debate, discussion, suggestions, amend· ments, the e~d product namely, the provision finally inserted in tqe Co~stitution must be examined. The history of the provision may occassionally assist in illuminatin·g the blurred contours. But an· over emphasis on the history and debates divorced from the provi­ sion which finally emerged after mature deliberation would not hell? in bringing out the clear intendment underlying the provision. Drawing inspiration from the scheme of Section I 3 and 14 of Government of India Act, 1935, an idea to prepare an instrument of instruct_ions was certainly mooted but finally shelved. In this connection, it would be advantageous to remember that in the memo­ randum of May 13, 1947, prepared by the Constitutional Adviser for the use of the.Union Constitution Committee, the principal pro­ -vision em bodied in this respect stated that there should be a Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President in the exercise of his functions, but it went on to add "except in so far as he is required by this Constitution to act in his discretion." A note was appended to this clause which referred to the discretionary powers of the President. Certain special responsibilities were set out in the memorandum in respect of which, according to the note, President. was required to act in his discrection. While discharging his functions in respect of his special responsibilities wherein he wa·s required to act in his discretion, a Council of State whose composi­ tion_ was set out in the memorandum was proposed to be set up. At a later stage, a suggestion was made that the subject-matter of appointment of judges of High Court and Supreme Court should be included in the instrument of instructions. The draft of instrument pf instruptjon~ was also prepa,r~d b~ !the~Orafting ~Committee. Thy / - io2o SuPREMil COURT Rili>otrs f 1982) 2 s.c.tl. instrument listed six categories of appointment In regard to which the President was required to consult the Advisory Boatd. Of the six categories, two are : The Chief Justice and other Judges of the Supreme Court and the Chief Justice and the other judges of the High Court. Finally th1: very idea of instrument of instructions and setting up of the Council of State or Advisory Board was dropped. (See Shivarao : The Framing of India's Constitution, Vol. 4, Pages 338, 374, 491 and 492). A long debate spreading .over som~time took place as to where the power to appoint judges must be centered. A ve,ry passionate plea was made for centering this power in the Chief Justice of India. As has been pointed out above this suggestion was specifically negatived and the power was · conferred on the President. Thus, if the power to appoint judges is conferred on the President and that power is an executive power, and fa the absence of a provision in the Constitution which permits the president to act in his discretion, bereft of the advice of the Council of Ministers, it is not posssible to hold that in the matter of 'appointment of judges of High ·Court and Supreme Court, the advice offerred under Article 74 is not binding on the President. Where the President is not ~x pected to act on the advice of the Council of Ministers a clear indication is given in the Constitution. To illustrate the point, a reference to Article 103 would be pro­ fitable. Article 103 provides that if any question arises as to whether a member of either House of Parliament has become subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in Clause (I) of Article 102, the question shall be referred for the decision of the President and his decision shall be final. Sub·article (2) provides that before giving any decision on any such question, the President shall obtain the opinion of the Election Commission and shall act according to such opinion. The Constitution itself has made it ·obligatory upon the President not to act on the advice of Council of Ministers but in accordance with the opinion given by the Election Commission. Jn other words, the opinion given by the Election Com­ mission is binding on the President. Similarly, Article 217 (3) confers .power on the President to decide the question of age of a judg·e of the High Court if any such question arises, after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the decision of the President shall be final. The question arose in Union of India v. Jyoti Prakash Mitter,( 1) as to the nature of the function discharged by the President while determining the question of age of a High Court judse. Aftef rn p97tJ 3 s.c.R. 483. ' ., ,... I ) _J ·- ... . ..,.. . > I S.P. GIJPTA v. UNION (D2Jai, J.) 1021 noticing tliat the President hy Article 74 of the Constitution is the Constitutional head who acts on the· advice of his Council of Ministers in exercise of his function, this Court held that the Presi­ dent acting under Article 217(3) per form~ a judicial function of grave importance under the scheme of our' Constitution. It was, there­ . fore; held that he cannot act on the advice of the ministers. Once the function · of the · President while exercising power under Article 217 (3) is held to he judicial it follows as a necessary carol- . Ia'.ry that the President has to act on his own after consultation with . the Chief Justice of India but he cannot . act OD the. advice of. the Council of Ministers because ·a person discharging a judicial or quasi-judicial function cannot act at the behest or dictate of some other authority. But it cannot be said that while. exercising the power of appoi~tment of jYdges of the Supreme Court and High Courts; the President is either · performing a judicial or quasi­ judicial function. It is admittedly · an executive function and howsoever one may like to wish away the interference of the . Council of Ministers in the matters of appointment of judges of High Courts and Supreme Court, the framers of the Constitution after having examined various aspects of the matter . conferred power on the President rejecting simultaneously the veto of Chief Justice or of India: Once this funition is held· to be an executive function, Article 74 world come into operation with all its rigours and the President will have to act on the advice of Council of Ministers. · Turning now to the group of cases in which circular dated March 18, 1981 issued by the Law Minister, short term extension ·.given to Shri S.N. Kumar, additional judge of Delhi High Court and his· subsequent non-appointment on June 6, 1981 figure pro­ minently, what is put in the forefront is position, privilege and status of an additional judge appointed nuder Article 224. Article 224 is iuch an inseparable adjunct of Article 217 that it was not. possible to lay down precisely the construction of Article 224 divorced from or de horse Article 217. Therefore, as a first step, one" must. now dwell upon the proper•and precise construction of· Article 217 and 224. Construction of a constitutional provision is of long term . utility and therefore to eschew the heat and passion •,and dust of raging controversy, it is always considered prudent to approach the question of construction in abstract and thereafter I.he facts of a given case may be examined in th~ light qf ti:!~ i;<!!l$truction put on a provisk>n of the Constitution, · - · C' 0 1022 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19821 2 s.c.11.. The fasciculus of artic:les in Chapter V, Part VI, provide for a High Court for each State. Article 216 provides for constitution of High Court It reads as under : "Every High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and such other judges as the President may from time to time deem it necessary to appoint." Draft Article 192 corresponding to Article 216 may be referred to here. It reads as under : "Every High Court shall be a court of record and shall consist of a Chief Justice and such other judges as the President may from time to time deem it necessary to appoint." There was a proviso to the draft J\rticle 192 which has not been adopted while enacting Article 216. Article 217 provides for appointment and conditions of office of a judge of the High Court. It reads as under : "2l 7. Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court-(!) Every judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State, and, in the case of appointment of a judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief fostice of the High Court, and shall hold office, in the case of an additional or acting judge, as provided in Article 224, and in any other case, until he attains the age of sixty-two years : Provided that- (a) a judge may, by writing under his hand addressed to .. ,4fe. President, resign his office ; (b) a judge may be removed from his office by the President in the manner provided in clause (4) of Article 124 for the.removal of a judge of the Supreme <;:ourt ; - .. ., ./ 1 S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1023 (c) the office of a judge shall be vacated by his being appointed by the President to bE a judge of the Supreme Court or by his being transferred by the President to any other High Court withiq the territory of India. (2) A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a Judge of a High Court unless he is a citizen of India and- (a) has for at least ten years held a judicial office in the territory of India ; or C (b) has for at least ten years been an advocate of a High Court or of two ·or more such Courts in succession. Explanation-For the purpose of this clause- (a) in computing the period during which a person has held judicial office in the territory of India, there shall be included any period, after he has held any judicial office, during which the person has been an advocate of a High Court or has held the office of a member of a tribunal or any post, under th~ Union or a State, requiring special knowledge of law ; (aa) in computing the period during which a person has been an advocate of a High Court, there shall be included any period during which the person has held judicial office or the office of a member of tribunal or any post, under the Union or a State, requiring special knowledge of law after ht became an advocate; (b) in computing the period which a person has held judicial office in the territory of India or been an G advocate of a High Court, there shall be included any period before the commencement of this Constitu- tion during which he has held judicial office in any area which was comprised .before the fifteenth day of August, 1947, within India as ·defined by the Govern- l{ ment of India Act, 1935, or has been an advocate of any High Court in any su9h !lr~!l, as the case may be, 1024 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 S.C.R, (3) If any question arises as to the age of a judge of High Court, the question shall be decided by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the d.ecision of the President shall be fi~al." · Article 222 confers power on the President to transfer a judge from one High Court to another. Article 224 provides for appointment of add~tional and acting judges. It reads : "224. Appointment of additional and acting Judges­ (1) If by reason of any temporary increase in the business of a High Court or by reason of arrears of work therein, it appears to the President that the number of the judges of that Court should be for the time being increased, the President may appoint duly qualified persons to be additio­ nal judges of the Court for such period not exceeding two years as he may specify. (2) When any judge of a High Court other than ~the Chief Justice is by reason of absence or for any other reason unable to perform the duties of his office or is appointed to act temporarily as Chief Justice, the President may appoint a duly qualified person to act as a judge of that Court until the permanent judge has resumed his duties. (3) No person appointed as an additional or acting judge of a High Court shall hold office after attaining the age of sixty-two years;" Article 224 initially enacted in the Constitution corresponding to Draft Article 200 was deleted by the Constitution (Seventh Amend­ ment) Act, 1956 and present Article 224 was substituted in its place. By the Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1962 original Article 224 deleted in 1956 was reintroduced as present Article 224A. Article 217 confers po"'.er on the President to appoint a judge of the High Court after ·consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State and in case of appointment of a judge pih~r tban tl)e <;:)lief J~~~jce, t)l~ Chief Justice of the High Court . J ... -- s. J>. GtJP'tA v. tJN10N (l>esai, J.) 1025 The power to appoint a judge of a High Court vests in the President but it is hedged in with a condition that it can be exercised 'after consultation with' the three constitutional functionaries set out in the article. The use of the expression 'after consultation with' instead of 'in consultation with' was harped upon to indicate that the expression 'after consultation with' means that the power of the President remains intact but before exercise of the power the duty is cast upon him to consult the three functionaries. If on the other hand the expression 'in consultation with' was used it may have indicated that the President shared his power with the three , constitutional functionaries. Looking to the language of Article 217, I see no distinction in the use of the two expressions which may have an impact on the construction of the article. The power is the power to appoint and the limitation on the power is to consult the three functionaries. Ultimate power of appointment unquestionably vests in the President. Before the power to appoint is exercised the President is under a constitutional obligation to consult the three constitu­ tional functionaries. Jn practice ·the procedure for appointment has more or less proceeded along the lines as indicated by the Law Commission in its 14th Report, Vol. I. p. 71. Briefly recapitulated, it appears that the Chief Justice of the High Court forwards his recommendation to the Chief Minister who in turn forwards his recommendation in consultation with the Governor to the Minister of Justice. Formerly it used to be Home Minister. If the Chief Minister does not agree with the recommendation of the Chief Justice he makes his own recommendation but in such a situation the Chief Justice is given an opportunity to make his comments on the recommendatfon made by the Chief Minister. Either agreed or the rival recommendations • are then forwarded to the Minister of Justice who forwards the recommendation to the Chief Justice of India. After obtaining opinion of the Chief Justice of India the Minister submits his advice to the President as to the selection to be made. The Law Commis· sion noticed that this procedure places the Chief Justice in an awkward position. In practice occasionally the Chief Justice may have a judge appointed at the instarce of the locar executive and against his own preference. In order to obviate executive inter­ ference in the matter of appointment of judges the Law Commission recommended that Article 217 must be suitably amended to provide B . D. io26 SuPREME COURT REPORTS [I982j 2 s.c.tt. for appointment of a High Court Judge on the recommendation of the Chief Jugtice of the High Court which would in practice lead to a situation where one not recommended by the Chief Justice can never be appointed as a High Court judge. Undoubtedly Chief Justice of the High Court would be the most competent / person to evaluate the merits, ability and efficiency of a person recomrnended but as noticed by the Law Commission there may be and frequently there are other matters relating to the person recommended which the State executive would alone be in a position to know and of which they may inform the Chief Justice. Such other matters may include, factors such as the local posit ion of the person proposed, his character and integrity, his affiliations, which may have considerable bearing upon his efficient functioning l:\S a . judge and all these may not at all be within the knowledge of the Chief Justice of the High Court. Approaching the matter from ti).is angle the Law Commission rejected the submission that the State executive should have no share in the decision making process for appointment of a judge of the High Court and ultimately expressed a considered opinion that where the Chief Justice of the High Court recommends a person for a judgeship, the State executive should have an opportunity to offer its comments upon that recommenda­ tion but that such consultation with the State executive should be limited to other factors such as have been enumerated hereinbefore It may be mentioned that this recommendation of the Law Commis­ sion was not accepted by the Government. The fact remains that even a body Ii~e the Law Commission was of the considered opinion that it would not be conducive to appointment of suitable persons to totally exclude the State executive in the decision making process for appointment of a judge of the High Court. Fourteenth report ~as submitted in 1958 but as late as 1980 in Eightieth Report the Law Commission has reafhrmed the view that the present procedure. is good. Therefore, it is not possible to accept rather° au extreme argument that.participation of the executive in the decision making process for appointment of a judge would be subversive of the ii:J.dependeoce of the judiciary. In fact, viewed from another angle ai~o it wQuld be impermissible to exclude participation by the State executive in this process. The power to appoint a judge of the High Court is in the President. When appointed by the President th'e judge would be working as a judge of the High Court to which he is appointed. His salary, pension, aliowances, etc. would be chargeable on the Consolidated Fund of the State. ProbiJ.bly influenced by these considerations the Constitution itself provides ...... ). ; - -- s.P. ouf>fA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1021 for giving a share to the State executive in the decisio_n making process and it would be contrary to the intendment of the constitu­ tion to exclude it by process of interpretation. The Constitution-makers attached a high degree of importance to the office of a judge of the High Court. By a conscious effort they were insulating the judiciary against executive interference and, therefore, made the task of removal of a judge once appointed very difficult, if not impossible. It was conceded on all sides that the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 has provide~ such an elaborate and cumbersome procedure that it would be rather next to impossible to impeach a judge. Once, therefore, someone is appointed as a judge of the High Court under Article 217, he is to be suffered even though his continuance may not be conducive to the fair adminis­ ·tration of justice. Extreme care was, therefore, focussed on the question of initial appointment, probably in order to see that error of judgment of one or the other constitutional functionary may not go unnoticed. Three qigh constitutional functionaries were involved in the process of appointment of a judge o(the High Court, and each one, namely, the Chief Justice of the High Court, the Governor of the State, are the highest judicial and executive functionaries in the State and the Chief Justice of India holder of the highest judicial office in thti country, were to be consulted before the President took the step of making an appointment under Article 217. When three such high constitutional functionaries participate in the process of consultation there would be a remote or minimal chance of some ·infirmity being over-looked or any vital consideration relevant to the process of appointment being ignored and the best man will be selected. In the ultimate analysis consumers of justice are interested in securing undiluted j~stice free not only from b}as or subservience but free from predilections, aberrations, preconceived notions and ·personal philoscrphies of incumbent of the office of a judge. In a country ruled by rule of law, respect for the Jaw is a sine qua non and the respect for law would increase and enhance directly in the proportion to the work of judges in law courts which would inspire confidence. Mr. Justice Arthur T. Vanderbilt in the "Challenge on Law Reforms" (Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1955), pp. 4 and 5 vividly stat.ed which bears quotation : " ......... it is in the courts and not in the legislature G- that our citizens primarily feel the keen, cutting edge of the H law. If they have respect for the work of the courts, their respect for law will survive th'e short-comings of every other 1028 SUPREMll COURT RlJPORTS (1982] 2 s.c.a. branch of government; but if they lose their respect for the work of the courts, their respect for law and order will vanish with it to the great detriment of society." There seems to be, therefore, no doubt that actuated with a burning desire that the best one is selected for appointment, while vesting the power in the highest executive of the country three high cons­ titutional functionaries were involved in the decision making process. The State executive, therefore, must participate as intended by the Constitution in this process and its role cannot be minimised by the sp·ecious plea that it might erode independence of judiciary. Experience gained for a period of three decades in working Article 217 undoubtedly with some rare exceptions would show that the framers of the Constitution envisaged that by a process of discus­ sion amongst themselves, by cross fertilisation of inforn:iation from each other, if these three high constitutional functionaries reached a consensus it will eliminate even the microscopic error in making the appointment. Undoubtedly, in saying this the role of the President ill making the final appointmen_t is not to be minimised. But Mr. Garg contended that looking to the position of the Chief Justice of lndia as the incumb~nt of the highest office at the apex of the judiciary, in the event of an unfor­ tunate, albeit undesirable situation of the difference of opinion amongst the three constitutional functionaries, the view expressed by the Chief Justice of India must have prima9y. This submission may be examined ftom two independent standpoints. First, is there anything in the language of Article 217 which places Chief Justice of India on a pedestal in relation to the other tw<5 constitutional functionaries ? And secondly, is the Chief Justice of India in a position more advantageous compared to other two functionaries to be infallible in his view ? Brusquely stated, does he have a veto over the view expressed by the other two constitutional functionaries ? The last question can be answered at once. In the earlier portion of this judgment a statement by Dr. Ambedkar opposing an amend­ ment to draft Article 193 (corresponding to Art,icle 217) making concurrence of Chief Justice of India for appointment a sine qua non describing it as a dangerous proposition has been noticed. What is specifically rejected cannot be brought in by the back door. -- - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1029 I Article 217 on its own language and intendment repels the con- tention. The President is under constitutional obligation to consult the~three constitutional functionaries. Bach is on par. They are co­ ordinate authorities. There is no relative hierarchy. At any rate, the appellate jurisdiction of the Chief Justice of India functioning as ' a judge of the Supreme Court over a decision of the Chief Justice of the High Court would not provide an indicium that the view of the Chief Justice of India in administrative matters has predominance or overriding effect over the view of fhe Chief Justice of the High Court. It must be recalled that in the process of drafting the Cons­ titution there was some suggestion that the Supreme Court shall have administrative1 supervision over the High Court and this sugges­ tion was rejected. Initiation of proposal for appointment of High Court Judge is not a judicial function of the Chief Justice of the High Court. While performing this function Chief Justice of the High Court is not under the administrative subordination of the Chief Justice of India. Further, as the system functions, proposal for appointment of a High Court judge is initiated by the Chief Justice of the High Court. The person recommended may be a member of the Bar or from the subordiaate judiciary, say a District Judge. As the High Court has both administrative and judicial control over the subordinate judiciary, the Chief Justice'of the High Court is more knowledgeable about the capacity, ability and eligibility of a District Judge for being considered for the post 9f High Court Judge. Chief Justice of India will have very little information about the capacity, eligibility and quality of a District Judge. Similarly, while recom­ mending a person from the Bar in the State, Chief Justice of the High Court is more advantageously placed compared to Chief of India. And, Chief Justice of India will have t9 depend upon his sources of information which may not either exclude grapevine or hearsay. He has little or no opportunity of seeing the member of the Bar functioning as a lawyer in the Court. Cumulatively, there­ fore, Chief Justice of the High Court is more advantangeously placed compared to the Chief Justice of India in this behalf. About the various other factors which enter into the verdict, the State execu­ tive will be more favourably placed than the Chief Justice of India because it has its own instrumentalities for inquiry and information. Therefore, the view of the Chief Justice of India cannot have any primacy in this behalf. Reference in this connection to an observation in Shamsher Singh' s case that : "in practice the last word in such a sensitive subject must.belong to the Chief Justie9 of India, the rejection of sui>RIJME couit'f REPORfs [19821 2 s.c.a. his advice being ordinarily regarded as prompted by oblique con­ siderations vitiating the order'' (at p. 873), is not opposite; Shamsher Singh belonged to the subordinate judiciary and while·examining his case reference was made to Union of India v. Jyoti. Prakash Mitter( 1), in which case the question of determination of the age of a judge and the construction of Article 217(3) .figured. Article 217(3) obliges the President to consult the Chief Justice of India before deciding the question as to the age of a judge of the High Court. The view expressed therein would not support the contention about primacy, because unlike Article 217 and similar to Article 222, ChiefJ ustice of India is the only constitutional functionary required to be consulted by . the President while discharging his function under Article 217(3). Mr. Seervai in this t:ontext urged that the Chief Justice of ln<!ia has been given the position of primacy because hi,s training as a judge gives him a judicial outlook which would help him to consider the appointment of judges in a judicial spirit. Further, the C::hief Justice of India having reached the qighest position in the. judiciary is free from even a suggestion that his action was actuated by a desire to secure a promotion for hims<;lf in the judicial hi<;r­ a~chy. Add to this the consideration thp.t if p11roc;hi;t) and locaJ considerations are to be excluded in the appointment of High Court judg~s, the Chief Justice of India is more likely· to e11clude such considerations than the Chief Justice of a High Court. To say that high constitutional functionaries like the Chief Justice of· a High Court would not be free from sucp short:comings set out above and that the Chief Justice of India wo~ld be free from such shortcomings appears to be an unwarranted assumption. It is well-known t~at some Chief Justices declined to come to the Supreme Court and had they come atleast one of them was likely to be the Chief Justice of India by vertical movement according to seniority. If he declined to become the Chief Justice of India and continued to remain Chief Justice of High Court, merely because he opted for Higli Court judgeship would not be sufficient to reje9t h_is opinion. or merely because Chief Justice of India who opted to come to the Supreme Coui:( and became the Chief Justice of India, his view as Chief Justice of India should have greater weight. The submission is not basically sound to over reach the plain intendment of Article 217. It was said that if the submission that the view of the Chief Justice \\ ' . (1) [1971] 3 S,C,R. 483. ... ,-..-<.' -- - s.t>. Gi:JPTA v. UNION (Desai, 1.J i6Ji of India should be accorded primacy is rejected, in the unfortunate event of divergence of opinion between the Chief Justice of India and the Chief Justice of High Court, the executive would function like an umpire and that this would erode independence of judiciary and to avoid this undesirable situation the Court must lean in favour of according primacy to the view of the Chief Justice of India. In support of the submission, the expression 'pater familias' used by me in my judgment in· Mr. Sheth's case in reference to the Chief Justice of India was relied upon and it was urged that this very description would unerringly point in the direction of the primacy being accorded to the view of the Chief Justice of India. Undoubt­ edly, I described the Chief Justice of India as pater familias ·of judiciary. And that was in the context of the consultation which the President must have with the Chief Justice of India before exercising the power under Article. 222. But let it not be overlooked tha.t there was no question ofprimacy to be accorded to the view of the Chief Justice of India with regard to the advice proferred by him when con­ sulted under Article 222 because he is the . only constitutional func­ tionary required to be consulted. The very expression 'primacy' envisages two or more coordinate authorities, one having a preferen­ tial position over the other. Such a situation does not arise under Article 222 and, therefore, torn out of context the use of the expres- . sion paterfamilias would not help. Therefore, it is not possible to accept the submission that the view of the Chief Justice of India when consulted under Article 217 would have primacy over the view of the Chief Justice of the High Court. Interestingly a reference in passing may be made to the diver­ gent views on this aspect even amongst the petitioners. Article 222 which confers power on the President to transfer a judge of the High Court to another High Court provides that the power to transfer can be exercised in consultation with the Chief Justice of India. While hearing the petition challenging the transfer of Chief Justice K. B. N. Singh of the Patna High Court to the Madras High Court, Dr. Sing­ hvi appearing for Mr. K. B. N: Singh vehemently traversed the argu­ ment of Mr. Garg that the view of the Chief Justice' of India must have primacy and it was ~aid that no such primacy as is contended for can be accorded to the view of the Chief Justice of Ind;a. Specific submission was that if the proposal for transfer is initiated by Chief Justice of India it would be violative of Article 222. If Article 222 which confers power on the President to transfer a judge from one High Court to another High Court is hedged in .with a 1032 SuPREME COURT REPOllTS [1982) 2 S.C.lt. cnndition that it can be exercised after coasultation with the Chief Justice of India and this consultation has been held to be an adequate safe¥uard against improper transfer in Mr. Sheth's case, and even though that being the only safeguard, it was submitted that the view of the Chief Justice of India cannot have primacy; how would it be proper to accord primacy when Article 217 mandates consultation with three constitutional functionaries including the Chief Justice of India? Primacy has the flavour of veto and if conceded the authority to be consulted would become the final decision making authority. No canon of construction permits such a thing to be done. As stated by Dr. Ambedkar the Court cannot assign to one authority powers explicitly granted to another. This will be elaborated at a later stage. Therefore, also, the conten­ tion about primacy of the view of the Chief Justice of India must be negatived. The next limb of the argument is as to whether the proposal ' for appointment can be initiated by the Chief Justice of the High Court or the Chief Justice of India only or it can be initiated by any of the four constitutional functionaries adumberated in Article 217. In this context the practice followed till the 14th Report of the Law Commission and till the 80th Report has been set out earlier in this judgment. Even, the LJlW Commission, after noticing the defects and drawbacks in the procedure followed for appointment under Article 217 ultimately recommended that Article 217 be suitably amended so that the proposal for appointment of a High Court judge must initiate upon the recommendation of the Chief Justice meaning thereby that the Chief Justice alone would be able to initiate the proposal. It expressly stated that it should not be open to the State executive to propose a nominee of their own and forward the name of such nominee to the Centre. In its view, if the State executive disagrees with the recommendation of the Chief Justice for such other reasons as mentioned in.the Report it should be open to it to disagree with the !ecommendation and request the Chief Justit:e to make a fresh recommendation. The weighty re­ commendation of Law Commission that a proposal for appointment of a High Court judge can originate only upon the recommendation of the Chief Justice was in terms negatived by the Constituent Assembly.(1) There is nothing in the language of Article 217 that (1) C.A.D. Vol. 8 p. 674. - J - - .~ .. ·~ U'. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, i.) 1033 the proposal cannot he initiated by any of the four constitutional functionaries set out in the article. If elaborate provisio:: was made for appointment of a High Court Judge with a view to securing the appointment of the best available man at the relevant time it would not be co'-?ducive to effectuating the purpose underlying the article if the proposal can be initiated by the Chief Justice of the High Court alone. Cases are not unknown where the Chief Justice of the High Court having his own philosophy adopted the same as his yard­ stick to determine suitability for appointment and thereby excluded from his consideration a sizeable section of the Bar. Similarly the Chief Justice of India can also initiate a proposal because if he finds someone practising in the Supreme Court as one suitable for appoint­ ment to the High Court, we see nothing objectionable or improper in his initiating the proposal. Similarly, there could not be a blanket embargo on the State executive initiating the proposal. We agree that the State executive shnuld not make its own recommendation and forward it directly to the Centre. The State executive initiating the proposal must first forward it to the Chief Justice of the High Court who would be better informed about the practising advocates as well as the District Judges subordinate to the .High Court, and seek the views of the Chief Justice. The view of both may be 'forwarded to the Chief Justice of India. The process of consultation must go on whatever new facts relevant to the consideration are elicited or obtained by any of the constitutional functionaries for consideration of the other constitutional functionaries and this may ultimately lead to a possible consensus, amongst all the constitutional functionaries and translate the purpose underlying Article 217 into reality by appointing the best man to this high office. The sub­ mission that any proposal from the State executive or even from the Central Executive fcir consideration of the other two constitu· ti on al functionaries would make a serious inroad on the independence of judiciary is to ignore the role assigned to these two constitutional functionaries in the process of appointment. However, the consul­ tation must be not merely formal but of substance and the scope aod the content of the consultation will be presently examined. 8 0 But before spe}ling out the scope and content of consultation envisaged by Article 2J.7, it is necessary to refer to Article 224. Frankly, the scope, ambit and the underlying purpose of Article 224 H ,hjj.s i:onsumed maximum tinw llt tqe beai"in¥ of th~sc; rriatters: lq l034 iUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982] 2 s.c.a. the draft constitution there was no provision similar to present Article 224, which was introduced by Constitution (Seventh Amend­ ment) Act, 1956. However, Article 192 of the Draft Constitution provided for constitution of a High Court consisting of a Chief Justice and such other judges as the President may from time to time deem it necessary to appoint. There was a proviso to this arti­ cle which provided that the judges ·so appointed together. with any additional judges appointed by the President in accordance with the next following provisions of the Chapter shall at no time exceed in number such maximum as the President may by order fix in relation to that Court. Article 216 corresponding to draft Article 192 with­ out proviso has not cast any obligation on the President to fix maximum nu)llber of judges that can be appointed in a given High Court. It provides for a flexible situation, in that the President niay, from time to time, appoint such other judges when deemed necessary to appoint. If the number was fixed, by the Constitution, every time a constitutional amendment would become necessary if more judges were required to be appointed. Pragmatism and flexi­ bility informed the approach of the Constituent Assembly in deleting the proviso and thereby removing the obligation of the President to fix maximum number of judges in relation .to each High Court. Article 224 makes provision for appointment of additional judges. The concept of additional judges also figured in the proviso lo draft Article 192. Therefore,. when the draft constitution envisaged appointment of additional .judges, the expression 'additional judge' may be understood in contra-distinction to permanent judge or an acting judge or recalling of a .retired High Court judge. The ex­ pression 'permanent judge' in· relation to High Court judge is to be found· in Article 220 which pro.hibits a permanent judge of a High Court from pleading or acting in any court or before any authority in India except the Supreme Court and the· other High Courts. One can legitimately say that the framers of the Constitution envisaged . appointment of an additional judge in the High Court in contra­ distinction to a permanent judge or acting judge. A retired judge . of a High Court who is requested to sit and act as a judge of the High Court is not deemed to be a judge of the High Court, and can be given no label or nomenclature and is certainly not an additional judge as contemplated by Article 224. Article 224 ~(l) enables the President to appoint . additional judg'.!s of a High Court if the conditions enabling the exercise of - - - - -­\ ( SJ>; OUt>TA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1035 power are satisfied. There are two situations. contingencies or eventualities in which alone an additional judge can be appointed in a High Court and they must ore-exist before an additional judge can be appointed. These are: (I) if by reason of. any temporary increase in the business of a High Court; or (2) by reason of arrears of work therein, it appears to the President ·that to deal with the aforementioned situations it is necessary to increase the number of High Court judges for the time being, he may dq so and may pro­ ceed to appojnt duly qualified persons to be additional judges of the court for such period not exceeding two years, as he may specify. There is thus the power to appoint .additional judges with a limita­ tion on power that it can be exercised if one or the other or both of the aforementioned pre-conditions for the exercise of the power are satisfied. If one or the other or both of the pre-requisites are satis­ fied the President may proceed to appoint an additional judge but in the absence of both there is no power in the PreRident to appoint an additional judge in the High Court. Appointment cannot be made for a period exceeding two years and before or while making the appointment the number of judges in the High Court may be increased for the time being that is not permanently. Recalling Article 217 (I) which confers power on the President to appoint a judge of the High Court, one can say without the fear of contradiction that the expression 'judge' in Article 217 includes an additional judge. If the pre-conditions set out in Article 224 are satisfied and the President proceeds to exercise the power to appoint an additional judge, he can appoint only such person who is qualified. . The eligibility qualifications for being appointed as a judge of the High Court are set out in sub-article (2) of Articles 2 I 7 and it is unnecessary to recall those qualifications save and except saying that the qualifications for a judge to be appointed under Article 2 I 7 or an additional judge to be appointed under Article 224 (1) are the. same. However, the tenure of a judge appointed under Article 217 and one appointed under Article 224 materially differs. A High Court judge appointed under Article 217 is entitled to hold office until he attains the age of 62 years, but in the case of an additional judge the period has to be specified and the maximum period that can be specified by the President for which .he can hold office is two years. The view that the expression 'judge' in Article 217 includes an additional judge is reinforced by the fact that while introducing Article 224 by Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, a consequential amendment was insert\:d in Article 217. In the absence of the. amendnm1t1 an ~dditional judge would enjoy tenur~ 1036 SUPRBME COURT REPORTS [1982] 2 s.c.R. till he reached the age of sixty-two years. In order to avoid any confusion in this behalf the words "shall hold office in case of an additional judge or acting judge as provided in Article 224 and in any other case, until he attains the age of 62 years" were added in Article 217. If the expression judge in Article 217 were not to include an additional judge it would be redundant to incorporate the maximum tenure of two years prescribed in Article 224 for an additional Judge in Article 217. It was however, foreseen that if the necessary amendment was not incorporated in Article 217 one could have argued with confidence that even the additional judge would retire on attaining the age of 62 years. Therefore, to put the matter beyond the pale of controversy while introducing Article 224 in 1956 a consequential amendment was made in Article 217 that the tenure of an additional judge shall be as set out in Article 224 and that it cannot exceed .two years. It is nof necessary to refer to the tenure of an acting judge as envisaged in Article" 224 (3) because that aspect is not relevant to the present discussion. So far there is no controversy. It may be mentioned that an additional judge appointed under Article 224 and a judge of a High Court appointed under Article 217 as far as pay, privileges, duties, obligations, adjudicatory powers are concerned, are on par, the glaring difference being in the tenure. But, in this context our attention was drawn to Krishan Gopal v. Shri Prakash Chandra & Ors. (1) An election petition was filed in the Madhya Pradesh High Court which in course of time came to be assigned to Suraj'Bhan, J. who had retired on Fe1iruary 2, 1971, but the Chief Justice of Madhya Pradesh High Court, after obtain­ ing previous consent of the President, requested Suraj Bhan, J. to sit and act as a Judge of that Court under Article 224A of the Consti­ tution. Before the allocation of the election petition to Suraj Bhan, J. the same was being heard by Vyas, J. and when an intimation was ~ent to the petitioner that his petition was allocated lo Suraj Bhan J. he objected to the same. Suraj Bhan, J. rejected his appli­ cation upholding the order of allocation of the petition to him. This order was challenged by a petition under Article 226 of the Constitution for the issuance of a writ of mandamus. directing Suraj Bhan, J. to forbear from giving effect to the order of the Chief Justice. A Bench of the Madhya Pradesh High Court dis­ missed this writ petition. Upon a certificate under Article 132, an P> [1974) 2lSG~ 2()(i, - ) - .}- i - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1037 appeal was filed in this Court. In this case construction of Article 224A caine up before this Court. Two contentions were urged on behalf of the appellant. They were: (i) that a person requested to sit and act as judge of the High Court under Article 224A was not a judge of the High Court for the purpose of Section 80A of the Representation of the People Act, and (ii) that even assuming that he was a judge for th(f pu~ose of Section 80A of the Act, the elec­ tion petition could not, after it had been entrusted to a permanent judge, be allocated to a judge appointed under Article 224A. This Court rejected both the contentions but finally observed as under : " ..... All the same, looking to the special facts and circumstances of this case, we are of the opinion that it is fit and proper and in the interest of justice that the election petition filed by the appellant be tried by another learned judge of the High Court who may be assigned for the pur- pose by the Chief Justice <0f that Court. lt seems indeed desirable that the election petitions should ordinarily, if possible, be entrusted fo.r trial to a Permanent Judge of the High Court, even though we find that the 'additional or acting judges or those requested under Article 224A of the Constitution to sit and act as judges of the High Court, if assigned for the purpose by the Cbief Justice, are legally ·competent to hear those matters." This question is hardly ofany assistance on the question of eligibi­ lity, capacity .and competence of an additional judge to undertake any adjudicatory process of any matter assigned to him by the Chief Justice.and'no distinction can be made between a permanent judge, if one. appointed under Article 217 can be so designated and an , additional judge appointed under Article 224. F · If an additional judge can only be appointed either by reason of temporary increase in the business of the High Court or by reason of arrears of work therein, what would be the position of such an additional judge at the expiration of his period of two years consti­ tutionally fixed if the temporary increase and/or the arrears to deal with which he was appointed remain unabted ? In other words, if the temporary increase to clear which he was appointed continues to remain uncleared or the arrears to tackle which he was appointed not only neither decrease nor wholly get eradicated but remain at the same level or may be found mounting up what would · be the rig~t to further continuance of the additional judge? Some vital questions arise qua the position and continµan<;c, of im additional judge, 1038 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 S.C.R, The questions posed are of such dimension and magtiitu<le in the field of constitutional law and of such far-reaching effect, defy· ing simple and straight forward solutions _bee ause extreme position ~as adopted on both sides. Wisdom and circumspection should therefore be our watch words. , The questions posed are : is the additional judge, given the continued existence of situation which necessitated his initial ap?oint· ment, entitled as a matter of right to be 'reappointed for a further period of two years ? If in the mean time there is a vacancy in the permanent strength of the High Court, is the additional judge with­ out anything more entitled to be appointed as permanent judge ? If additional judge was appointed by reason of any temporary increase in the business of the High Court or by reason of arrears of work therein or if the temporary increase has become a permanent feature of the High Court and if the arrears have not only not been reduced but are mounting up meaning thereby that the pre-requisites, exis- - tence of which enabled the President to exercise the power of appointment of additional judge, continue to exist, is he entitled to· be re-appointed · as a matter of right ? Could he be deemed to be deemed to be permanently appointed ? Answer posed on the other side was that( he had no right to be considered nor is he deemed to be appointed as permanent judge even if he is available and it would be open to the President to appoint any one else without considering the case of the additional judge whose tenure has come to an end. In other words, he has neither weightage nor a right to be considered. He is on par, according to· the learned Attorney General, with ""any other person in the Bar or in the subordinate judiciary. One submission may be disposed of at the outset. Conceding the contention of Mr. Seervai that the position, powers, privileges and jurisdiction of permanent and additional judges of High Court and the qualifications for their appointment are the same, but the marked contract in the raison ~'etre of their appointment and the tenure for which they are appointed cannot be overlooked. The present agonising situation arose from a common understanding of the requirements of Article 224 both by the judiciary and the execu· tive in making appointments of High Court Judges since 1956 till to­ day: Every High Court has a sanctioned strength of permanent judges. and additional judges. Save rare exceptions, not easily noticeable, whenever a vac~ncy ar()se in the permanent ~trength, the ~eniormost - - -­/ ' S,P, GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1039 additional judge was offered the permanent vacancy and in the vacancy so caused in the strength of additional judges ·a fresh appointment was made. When I say seniormost additional judge, I only refer to the length of period for which the judge has worked and one who has worked for the .longest duration amongst additio­ nal judges is described by me as seniormost. If the tenure of an additional judge· specified by. the President in the warrant of appointment expires and there is no vacancy in the permanent cadre of High Court judges obviously such additionai judge was u&ually offered a further tenure. of ordinarily two years. While making the fresh appointment the procedure followed was one prescribed in Article 217. Article 224 cannot be divorced fro,m Article 217 because an additional judge appointed under Article 224 is a judge witqin the meaning ·of the expression in Article 217 and such an additional judge before entering upon his office has to make and subscribe an oath or affirmation according to the form set out in the Third Schedule. Article 224 obliges the President to specify the tenure of the additional judge for such· period npt exceeding 2 years. Now, therefore, if the additional judge with the knowledge of the specified period of tenure enters upon his office, makes and subscribes to the oath and starts functioning as a judge of the High Court, undoubtedly when the period expires, if nothin.g else takes place he ceases to be a judge of the High Court. Assuming that 'be has to be appointed again, the whole gamut of consultation as constitutionally ordained in Article 217 bas to be gone through over again. Harsh though this may appear, it is an inescapable situation flowing from the provisions of ihe Constitution. Now if the process of consultation starts over again :undoubtedly the various constitutional functionaries are bound to express their opinion on the relevant merits and demerits off the judge and the expression of opinion would be more or less -on the same lines as when a p~rson is being appointed for the first time as a judge. of the High Court. Whatever canon of construction one may resort to, it is not possible to hold -that the consultation in respect of an additional judge who has been once appointed and whose tenure has expired and being eligible, is being considered for appointment afresh for a fresh tenure', the relevant consideration which would govern the decision for appointment would be different, save and except saying that the constitutional functionaries will have the additional benefit of the ex:periencc:i <.>f th!.! person cMcerned a& , R 1040 SUPREME. COURT REPORTS {1982] 2 S.C.Jl a judge of the High Court for the period he was appointed and he worked~ Three different contentions have been advanced in this behalf and each one will have to be separately examined. One submission of Mr. Garg strongly supported by Mr. Seervai, and learned advoca­ tes for the other petitioners is that the additional judg~ is not on probation and, therefore, his eligibility or all those relevant conside­ rations in service jurisprudence which 0 are taken into account while offering a substantive appointment to a probationer could not be brought into consideration. The contention is that his qualifications for being appointed as a judge have once been examined and accep­ ted, when he was appointed as additional judge, these considerations cannot be re-examined. And at any rate, it is not open to the Chief Justice of the High Court to sit in appeal over the judgments of the judge concerned and reach his own conclusions about the judicial capacity as flowing from the judgments of the judge. Another limb ·of the submission is that in order to ensure independence of judiciary, an additional judge who has functioned as a judge and - has had numerous occassions to deal with a litigant, namely, the executive which has the power to make fresh appointment, should not be at the mercy of the executive and, therefore, it was urged by Mr. Seervai that if one or other of the two pre-conditions in Art. 224 which enabled the President to exercise the power of appointing an additional judge continues to exist a fresh appointment must either follow as a matter of right or if the conditions for exercise of the power continue to exist he must be deemed to have been appointed as a permanent judge. The submission is that the permanent judge is appointed for the routine work of the High Court including the work to deal with the arrears and if the work load is sufficient for the permanent strength at the time of initial appointment and conti­ nues to disclose the same position, the initial appointment of the additional judge was not within the purview of Article 224 but it must be deemed to have been within the purview of Article 217 and, G therefore, mch a judge would be a permanent judge. On the other hand, learned Attorney General contended that if the appointment is made within the four corners of Article 224, the assumption is that ' the judge so appointed wou!d either deal with the problem arising out of the temporary increase in the business of the High Court or H tackle the arrears to clear which he was appointed and it is not a rele­ vimt consideration whether be bas suq:eeded or not succeeded ~n<;I it r ··-- ,. - -· .. -~ S.1>. Gul>TA v. UNION (.Desai, J.) io4i would be open to the Government· to appoint him or to appoint anyone else completely ignoring any claim of such an additional judge whose tenure has expired. it was asserted with emphasis that · such an additional judge has. no right to be reconsidered and the situation at the expiry of his tenure is the same JlS it was at the time of his entry and he or any other person could have been appoin­ ted and he is not entitled to be considered in priority or preference to any other person who can be picked up from the Bar or from the subordinate judiciary. Extreme illustrations were given to make good either point df view by both sides but the illustrations · hardly if ever provide a reliable yard-stick to interpret a constitu­ tional ~rovision. In an emotionally surcharged voice we were told that there were more than 65 additional judges on April 1st, 1980 all over the country whose fate is in balance and, therefore, the Court should be very careful and circumspect in putting such construction on Article 224 which would not leave these 65 additional judges to the vicissi­ tudes of executive smile or frown. On the other hand we were told that the whole conspectus of the Articles with which the Court is dealing with in these matters were debated over a long period in the Constituent Assembly and the trend indicates that speaker after speaker repeatedly asserted that the mechanism for appointment of judges must be so devised that the best in the country is available for this high constitutional office and that the checks and balances provided must be such as to weed out and eliminate the unworthies. It was therefore, said that such rigid construction should be avoided which would enable an additional judge who made himself thorou­ ghly undesirable during the period of his tenure be foisted upon the society and the consumers of justice booause the .door against his exit is tightly bolted. We have thus to steer clear of all these extreme propositions. We were told that constitutional conventions and practice are a sure guide to. ascertain, decipher and unravel the intendment of the various articles. The constitutfonal conventions and practices as a11 aid to construction were canvassed because Article 224 has been so implemented under a common· belief albeit mistaken of the executive and judiciary that the present impasse is the end-product of it. The proviso to draft Article 192 envisaged appointment of H addititional judges but the tenure of such additional judges was not specified. However, when the Constitution was adopted and Article 1042 SUPREME COURT REPOkTS [ 1982] 2 s.c.ll. 216 took the place of draft Article 192, the proviso wa.i deleted. Article 216 casts _an obligation on the President to appoint a Chief Justice and such other judges from time to time as he deems it necessary to appoint. T)lerefore, the power to appoint coupled with a duty to appoint bas been cast on the President. It is not necessary to consider whether this duty can be enforced by a mandamus. An extreme illustration was taken that the President may appoint one Chief Justice and one additional judge and the consumers of justice would suffer inordinate delay in dispo­ sal of their cases if the judiciary denies to itself power to issue a mandamus to the President to perform his function to appoint such number of judges keeping in view the institution, disposals and arrears, to be able to dispose of cases speedily and within a reason­ able time. Such an illustration overlooks a vital point that the arrears in the courts are not attributable solely to the inadequate number of judges in each High Court. It would be merely adding to the length of this judgment if all the causes more vital than the inadequacy of the number of judges contributing to the mounting arrears are enumerated here. But I cannot resist the femptation of referring to what Mr. Seervai bluntly stated to the Court that to a considerable extent the senior members of the Bar are responsible for the sorry state of affairs more so because the courts have refused to enforce the provision in Order XVII, rule 2, Code of Civil Procedure namely that non availability of counsel ii not a ground for adjournment. Present malaise in this court was also touched upon by him. Be that as it may, the Committee appointed by the Government presided over by the 'then Chief Justice of India, Shri J. C. Shah, extensively exam­ ined the question of mounting arrears in the High Courts and found that the inadequacy of number of judges in each High Court is rela­ tively a minor factor contributing to the mounting arrears but there are more weighty factors which.are to be tackled with. In a parliamentary democracy with a written . Constitution in which three organs of . the Government are clearly marked out, it becomes a primary duty of the State to provide for fair atld efficient administration of justice. Justice must be within tl)e easy reach of the lowest of the lowliest, Rancour of injustice hurts an individual leading to the bitterness, resentment and frustration and rapid eva­ poration of the faith in the institution of judiciary. Two vital limbs of the justice system are that justice must be within the easy reach of the weaker sections of the society and that it must be attainable ~itb- --- - - - s.1>. GUl'TA v. UNION (Desai, J.) in a reasonably short-time, in other words, speedily. Leaving aside other factors contributing to the arrears in courts, it cannot be gain­ said that in each High Court adequate number of judges must be appointed an<! the situation in each High Court must be regularly reviewed by the President so as to efficiently discharge the duty cast on him by Article 216. In the course of hearing a statement was, made on behalf of the Union of India that the Government is taking steps to review the strength of each High· Court to determine the adequate strength of each High Court and then to take steps to .make appointments according to the targets so devised. As thi; statement . is a solemn undertaking to this court, it may be reproduced in extenso : "The Union Government has decided to increase the number of posts of Permanent judges in the various High Courts keeping in view the load of work, the guidelines prescribed and other relevant considerations. In fact in 1980 itself, on the basis of institution, disposal and arrears of cases and the guidelines prescribed, the ' Governments of seven Siates where the problem was more acute, had been addressed to consider augmenta· tion of the Judge strengths of their High Courts. It has been decided that where necessary the guidelines prescribed will be suitably relaxed by taking into acco­ unt local circumstances, the trend of litigation and any other special or relevant factors that may need conside­ ration. The Union Government will take up the matter with. the various State Governments so that after con­ sulting the Chief Justices of tlie High Courts, they expeditiously send proposals for the conversion of a . substantial number of posts of Additional Judges into those of permanent judges. · (2) The Union Government has also decided that ordina- .B / G rily further appointments of Additional Judges will not be made for periods of less than one year." But to say that_ a litigant who wants his case to be disposed of as early as possible being convinced that his case is not handled by the 9 Court for want of adequate number o(judges can bring an action to 0 1044 SUPREME COl:JR't REPORTS [1982] 2 s.C.IL issue a mandamus to the Government to appoint adequate number of judges requires more elaborate arguments and :in view of the state­ ment it is not necessary to deal with the submission. An additional error in the submission founded on a mistaken belief is .that all short­ comings and infirmities in the system can be rnmedied by judic.ial process. There is no greater error than entertairning such unwarran­ ted· belief. Courts cannot cope with all infirmities in the system. That is the admonition of Frank Purter, J. I quote : "In a democratic society like ours, relief n:iust come through an aroused popular conscience that sears the conscience of people's representatives."' (Baker v. Car) 16. Failure to perform duty of appointing adequate" number of judge~ in High Courts cast on the President by Article 216 would make him answerable to the Parliament and not to the Court. The problem of: arrears is much too complex to be referable to one single cause, namely, inadequate strength. Obligate the Presi­ dent by a mandamus to appoint adequate numbe1r of judges in High Courts and this intractable problem defying solution would evaporate like the morning dew, betrays woeful lack of appreciation of Parki­ son's Law that large number of judges may result in further mount­ ing of arrears. Not the number ·the system is cancer ridden. The justice delivery system of this country is utterly alien to the genius of this country. This is a smuggled system from across the shores imposed upon us by the empire builders for their own political motives and during the foreign rule a class came into existence which has enormously benefited by this justice delivery system. to the detriment of teeming millions and, therefore, they have become the protagonists of the system. A society composed of 70% illiterates living• in rnral backward area having some simple easily solveable problems by the common sense approach of local populace is being served with a highly complex time consuming, cost mounting, justice delivery system evolved over centuries for a cent percent literate society. What a paradox? The utter failure of the system stems from the fact that it ·is an alien system unsuited to our genius. It has become static and non-func­ tioning if not counter-productive. Both the judges and the lawyers failed to 11uitably revise the system to suit the needs of a republican form of Government and egalitarian society with emphasis on socio· I " .. s.i. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1045 economic justice. We adiµinister justice in a foreign language not understood by a very large number of litigants. If the litigant is · present in the Court he hardly understands what is going on. The judgments are written in a foreign language and the seeker of justice hardly knows what has happened to his cause or controversy which be has brought before the Court. In search of justice he is chasing a mirage, in the process spending his hard-earned fortune. This is·. · , the basic draw-back and this aspect can be examined in meticulous detail but this is neither the place nor the environment for elaboration. Examining first. the contention whether an additional judge is on probation during the period of his initial tenure or till he is offe­ red a permanent vacancy, it must at once be said that in case of a High Court judge, a high constitutional functionary holding a high constitutional office the expression 'probation' is wholly inept and inappropriate and apt to prove misleadin.g. . Such worda from the service jurisprudence would be of no assis.tance. One must keep in view the scheme envisaged by the Constitution for deciding the posi­ tion of the additional judge. Before the scheme is examined the common error of executive and judiciary in making appointments of High Court judges for a period commencing from 1956 till today must'be examined. Article 224 was not meant to provide an entry door for becoming a judge of a High Court under Article 217. Article 224 was for a specific and specified purpose. When the Constitution came into force in January 1950 present Article 224 A was Article 224. Article 224 A enables the Chief Justice of a High Court with the previous consent of the President to request any person who has held the office of a judge of a High Court to sit and act as a judge of the High Court. It was believed that whenever work-load in the High Court temporarily goes up, retired ju,dges of the High Court may be requested to sit and act as judges of the High Court and the problem of work-load in the High Court can be solved. In 1956 it was found that this system has not worked satisfactorily. This becomes clear ftom the 'objects and reasons' set out in the Bill seeking to amend the Constitution by substituting Art. 224 in its pres~nt form. Therefore, the present Art. 224 was introduced and as pointed out earlier, it was meant to confer power on the President to increase for the time being the number of Il 1046 SUl>llEME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 s.c.a. judges in a High Court and to appoint additional judges to fill in the increased strength. This power can be exercised if one or the other of two pre-requisites set out in Article 224 is satisfied, namely, tem­ porary ·increase in the business of a High Court or by reason of arrears therein·.. The J\rticle was enacted to meet these two specific situations only. In practice it appears and not controverted by any­ one, in fact admitted, that the article was worked ·as if an entry in the High Court for a permanent judgeship is via Article 224, namely, by first being appointed as an additional judge and then when a vacancy occurs in the permanent strength of the High Court, to be appointed as a permanent judge. This has been invariably the prac­ tice save in rare cases ascertainable by microscope. Every one was ordinarily first appointed as an additional judge and in course of time.even after once, twice or thrice being appointed as an additional judge till the vacancy occurred in the permanent . strength that one became a permanent judge. This is clearly contrary to the intend­ ment of Article 224, and the present malaise arises out of this imper~ missible, yet. without exception or with rare exceptions, use of Article 224 both by the executive and judiciary. This has also led to inac­ tion on the part of the President in not reviewing regularly and at regular intervals the permanent strength of the High Courts. Even Chief Justices were unconcerned about the undesirable situation in that they have asked for increase in the strength of additional judges. In 1979, Chief Justice of Delhi. High Court even with 10 additional judges asked for two more without any attempt at reviewing the strength of perman<:nt judges. If permanent strength was reviewed from time to time the renewal of . tenure of an additional judge twice or thrice could have been avoided. · If an additional judge was appointed to deal with te!Jlporary increase in work and his term is renewed twice or thrice and the temporary increase has become a permanent feature of the High Court, what was needed was increase. in the permanent strength of the High . Court. It is 1.mbecoming for a High Court judge to be on two years tenure repeatedly. That is clearly contrary to what. was intended by Article 224. Ordinarily an additional judge save in rare cases was always offered a permanent judgeship unless he himself wanted to opt. In order to curb and thwart an undesirable practice of a. person return­ ing to the Bar after adorning the Bench for a short-time, a system of taking an undertaking from ari additional judge, that if offered he .. ·-­ \ ,. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1047 will accept the permanent judgeship was commenced upon a note of the former Chief Justice of India, Mr. Wanchoo, though the practice does not appear to be universal. The tendency to return to the Bar after adorning the Bench for some time was to be thwarted. The undertaking was devised to meet this situation. This would however show that save in rare exceptional case, first appointment was as an additional judge. An additional judge will have a fixed tenure and can safely return to Bar with a perceptible added advantage because it was felt that there was no other way except to offer first appoint­ ment as an additio.nal judge, and therefore a system of taking the undertaking was devised. But again save in rare exceptional cases an additional judge on the occurring of a vacancy in the permanent strength was always offerred a berth; From this invariable practice, a firm belief, therefore, deveioped that an additional judge enters upon office with almost an unwritten albeit incontrovertible assurance to be appointed a permanent judge. Howsoever strong the belief may be, it is not borne out by · the constitutional provision. After all, the appointment was as an additional judge within the:; constra­ ints and limitation of Article 224 and no canon of construction would permit the court to treat the appointment as one under Article 217. If therefore, the tenure was of two years, on the expiry of it the appointment will have to be a fresh appointment and for making such a fresh appointment, consµltation as ordained by Article 217 is inescapable. Once the consultation starts, all pos.sible hazards in the process of consultation cannot be wished away and the appoint­ ment has to be afresh. It w9uld be at this stage worthwhile to examine the submission that constitutional convention and practice provide a reliable aid to construction of constitutional provisions. It was also urged that in interpreting a constitutional provision implications arising from the constitution have to be borne in mind. The submission is that the court should not dismiss the universal practice invariably followed for a quarter of a century in the matter.of appointment of additional and .F permanent judges of the High Court as a common error or common ·. G undergtandin:g· qf the scope, content and ambit of Article 224, but the Court must proceed on the basis that both the executive and the judiciary who have a vital role to play in the matter of appointment of additional and permanent judges of the High Court unambiguously understood Article 224 to provide the only entry door for permanent H judgeship and made recommendations leading to appointments on the clearest and unquestionable understanding that once an additional · ff 1048 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 s.c.R. judge is appointed in course of time when a vacancy arises in the permanent strength he would become the permanent judge. In other words, from the day of his entry he is more or less a permanent judge and there was no question of examining his merits and demerits on the expiration of each tenure during the period of his additional judgeship leading in a given situation to his n01;i-appointment. Constitutional interpretation has .been a fruitful subject of discussion amongst judges, jurists and authors. Number of canons have been devised for interpretation. Language being an imperfect vehicle of translating thoughts and intend1Uents, when the legisla­ ture finishes its task and produces a legislation in more general terms, while applying its various provisions to cases and controver­ sies brought before the Court, a debate always ensues as. to what was intended by the legislature in usinl;l a certain expression. 'A word is not crystal, transparent and unchanged; it is the skin of living thought and may vary greatly in colour and content according to the circumstances and the time in which it is used'.(1) Word when ' used in a certain context may mean a different thing than when used in a different context and therefore, while construing particular word or expressfon in a statute it is better to read the statute as a whole and ask oneself the question : 'Jn this state, in this context, relating to this subject-matter, what is the true m1:aning of the word'. If this is true of an Act of Parliament, it is equally true of the fundamental law of the land, viz., the Constitution. Aids to construction help in finding out the intendment of the provisions.- It is the duty of the Court to ascertain the intendment of a provision which comes up for construction. What was the purpose in enacting the provision and whether it was to meet or remedy a certain situation or provide for a certain eventuality, :are all relevant considerations in ascertaining the. intendrnent of the Constitution. Ascertain the underlying purpose and give suc.h construction to the provision as would effectuate the purpose. One such aid, it was urged; is the prevalent conventions and ccnstitutional practices. Where a Constitution has wor.ked for a reasonably long time, con­ ventions which grow up relevant to the constitutional provisions or the constitutional practice can be a torch-bearer in ascertaining (I) Holmes, J. in Towne v. Eigner, 2-45 U.S. 418 at 425. (2) [1948] 2 All E. R. 995, 998. J - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1049 the intendment of the provisiOns because over a period the provision has been so understood and worked that it can be safely said that it was correctly and wisely understood and accurately applied. , Coupled with this is the fact that implications which arise ·from the structure of the Constitution itself or from the constitutional scheme may be legitimately made. An implication was raised from the federal character of the Australian Constitution in The Lord Mayor, Councillors and Citizens of the City of Melbourne v. The Common­ wealth & Anr.(1) wherein it was observed that the inten­ tion is to be plainly seen· in the very frame of the Constitution, namely, the federal character of the Constitution. As a corollary the provision contrary to the implications to be derived from the federal character of the Australian Constitution was challenged as ultra vires in The State of Victoria v. The Commonwealth of Australia,(2) wherein the State of Victoria had challenged the power of Parliament of the Commonwealth requiring the State to pay pay­ roll tax upoq wages paid by it to its employees in certain depart­ ments claiming that the legislation was contrary to the implications of the Australian Constitution. A question was raised in that case as under·: "Does the fact that the Constitution is federal carry with it implications limiting the law-making powers of the E Parliament of the Commonwealth with regard to the States". The question was answered in the affirmative both on principle and authority. Similarly, in Commercial Cable Co. v. Government of New· foundland,(3) the Privy Council read a limitation on the prerogative power of the Governor conferred by the Letters Patent imposed by the constitutional practice of the colony. The Privy Council again in British Coal Corporation & Ors. v. The King,( 4) after referring to its Constitution under the Act for the Better Administration of Justice in His Majesty's Privy Council and further referring to the (1) 74 Commonweatth Law Reports 31 at 70, . (2). 122 Commonwealtd law Reports 353. (3) [1916] 2 A.C. 610, (4) (1935] A.C. 500. 8 1050 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 s.c.R. provisions set out in the Act for the conduct of appeals, observed that the Judicial Committee as established by the Act after hearing the appe~I could make a report or recommendation, to. His Majesty in Council for his decision, the nature of . such report or recommendation being always read out in the open court. Pro­ ceeding further it was held that even if the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is regarded as a judicial body or court, all it can do is to report and recomn;end to His Majesty in Council by whom alone the order in Council, which is made to give effect to the report of the Committee, is made. Having determined the legal position of the Judicial Committee, it was further held as under to which specific reference was made ; "But according to· constitutional convention it is un­ known· and unthinkable that His Majesty.in Council should not give effect to the report of the Judicial Committee, who are thus in truth an appellate Court of law, to which by the statute of 1833 all appeals within their purview are referred". Similarly, in Re. Alberta Legislation,(1) it was held that the Parliament of Canada posse~ses authority to legislate for the protec­ tion of the right. of freedom of press. That authority, it was said, rests upon the principle that the·powers requisite for the protection of the Constitution· itself arise by necessary implication fr_om the · British North America Act as a whole. A little further it was observed that the provincial legislature is not entitled to interfere with the working of parliamentary institutions of Canada as con­ templated by the provisions of British North America Act and the Statute of Dominion in Canada. Such limitation, it was neld, is necessary in order to afford scope for the working of such parlia­ mentary institutions and in this region of constitutional practice it is not permitted to a provincial legislature to do indirectly what cannot be done directly. This decision was followed in Saumur v. City of Quebec and Attorney General of Quebec .(2) Jn the State of South Australia & Anr. v. The Commonwealth and Anr.,(3) it was held that some implications arise from the struc- (0 (1938) 2 Dominion Law Reports 81 at p. 107. (2) (1953r4 Dominion Law Reports 641 at 672. (3) 65 Commonwealth La.w Reports 373;at 447. J - l \ S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1051 ture of the Constitution itself, but it is· inevitable also that these implications can only be defined by a gradual process of judicial decision. rn U.N.R. Rao v. Smt. Indira Gandhi,(1) a question was in terms raised thaCthe Court should interpret Article 75 (3) according to its own terms regardless of the conventions that prevailed in the United Kingdom. Rejecting this contention, this Court observed as under: "If the words of an article are clear, notwithstanding any relevant convention, effect will no doubt be given to the words. But it must be remembered that we are inter­ preting a Constitution and not an Act of Parliament, a Constitution which establishes a parliamentary system of government with a Cabinet. In trying to understand one may well keep in mind the conventions prevalent at the time the Constitution was framed". This would show that in arriving at the. true intendment of Article 75 the Court not only took assistance of the form of Government· established in India by the Constitution but simultaneously referred to the conventions in the United Kingdom and other countries having similar political system being adjuncts of parliamentary form of Government. Implication but not the spirit arising from the Constitution is another aid to construction. After referring to some of the Canadian decisions, Sikri, C. J. pointed out in His Holiness Keshavananda Bharti Sripadagalavaru v. State of Kera/a,(2) that some of the judges in Canada have implied that . freedom of speech ·and freedom of the Press cannot be abrogated by Parliament or Provincial legislatures from the words in the Preamble to the Canadian Constitution, i. e. "with a Constitution similar in principle to that of the United Kingdom". Examining the submis­ sion in th1t case about implied and inherent limitations on the amending power of Parliament, Shelat, J. recalled the statement that the rule is established beyond cavil that in construing the· Constitu­ tion of the United States, "what is. implied is as much a part of the instru~ent as what is expressed"( 3) and after reviewin~ a large (I) [1971] Suppl. S.C.R. 46 . . (2) (1973] Suppl. S.C.R. 1 @ 152. !J) American Jurisprudence (2q), Vol. 16, p. 25!, ff 1052 SUPREME COURt REPORTS [ 1982] 2 s.c.R. number of foreign decisions it was observed that the concept of implications can be raised from the language and context of the various provisions (seep. 258). At page 316, Hegde, J. observed that implied limitations on the powers conferred ullider a statute constitute a general feature of all statutes. The positiolll cannot be different in the case of powers conferred under a Com>titution. A grant of power in general terms or even in absolute term's may be qualified by other express provisions in the same enactment or may be qualified by the implications of the context or even by considera­ tion arising out of what appears to be the general scheme of the statute. C In Chapter III, Sir Ivor Jennings in The Law and the· Cons- \ titution, refers to the conventions of the Constitution. At p. 80, the author observes as under : · " 'Political institutions', said John Stuart Mill, 'are the work of men; owe their origin and their whole existence to human will. Man did not wake on a summer morning and find .them sprung up. Neither do they resemble trees, which, once planted, 'are aye growing', while: men 'are sleeping'. In ~every stage of their existence they are made what they are by voluntary human agency'. But men being what they are, they tend to follow rules of their own devi­ sing; they develop habits in government as elsewht:re. And when these men give place to others, the same practices tend to be followed. Capacity for invention is limited, and when an institution works well in one way it is dee'med unnecessary to change it to see if it would work equally well in another. Indeed, people begin to think that the practices ought to be followed. It was always so done in the past, they say; why should it not be dom: so now ? Thus within the frame work of the law there is room for the development of rules of practice, rules which may be followed as consistently as . the rules of law, and which determine the procedure ·which the men conct:rned with government must follow". Constitutional convention is broadly defined as rul,es of political practice which are regarded as binding by those to whom they apply but which are not laws as they are not enforced by the Courts (p. J 21). It may be an aid to construction but not positive rule of Jaw! brea.ci:i of which is remediable by court action. It must, '!\ow- J - -- 1 ·- - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.} 1053 ever, be remembered that the conventions grow around and upon the principles of a written constitution. The conventions generally grow where the powers of the Government are vested in different persons or bodies or where, in the words of Sir William Holds­ worth,(1) there is a mixed Constitution. But conventions do pre­ suppose the law and any convention contrary to the written context is of no validi_ty. The conventions are built, in the first instance, on the foundation of law but once they are established, they tend to form the basis for the Jaw. It may, however, be noticed that these rules of law which are conventions are a mere matter of . practice and their effect must change with the changing circumstances of national life. That apart, what is sought is not enforcement of the convention in the court but its being invoked as an aid to construction of Article 224. Does it help in that behalf? W. A. Wynes in Legislative, Executive and Judicial Powers in Australia, p. 29 foot note 20, noticed that in the Commonwealth v. Colonial Combing, etc. Co. Ltd.,(Z) Isaacs, J. drew attention to the duty of the Judiciary to recognise and give effect to new positions and circumstances in the national life. The conventions of the Constitu­ tion, he said, are not to be omitted from construction in its inter­ pretation. Implications arising from the provisions of the Constitution, constitutional conventions and constitutional practice all stand on a different footing. A constitutional convention when spread over a long period, of immemorial antiquity, followed invariably becomes . entrenched as a rule of law but any convention contrary to the written provision is of no validity. Implications may arise from · the context' in which a provision is placed or the use of the language in the provision or from the nature of the power claimed vis-a-vis the whole constitutional scheme. That was how implied limitations on the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution were spelt out in Keshavananda Bharti's case. Constitutional practice may be spelt out as a course of conduct over a rea-;onably long period which may indicate how the authorities charged with a duty to implement the constitution have worked out or implemented a certain provision of the"Constitution. To begin with as pointed out earlier, a constitutional conven· tion must be founded on some provision of law. They provide 'the (I) The Conventions of the 18th {:\lqtµry Consti\l!li91! 17 Lowa Law Review, p. 162. {2) (1922) 31 CLR at pp. :438-439, 'C 0 ./ flesh which clothes the dry bones of the law, they make the legal situation work, they keep in touch with the growth of ideas; a constitution· does not work itself, it is worked by men. It is an instrument of national co-operation and the spirit of co·operation is as p.ecessary as the instrument. Conventions are ruks elaborated for effecting that co-operation'.( 1) As Oppen Heimer in the Cons­ titution of the German Republic, p. 9, observes, that 'conventions which have already begun to quite a considerable extent, not only to supplement, but also to modify, if not actually supersede express provisions' grow within a short time. It would thus distinctly appear that any convention contrary to the provisioµ of the Cons­ titution and its basic intendment cannot be given i:ffect to as a convention. Its genesis must be in the provision itself. If Art. 224 conferred power on the President to appoint additional judge only in the specified situations s:et out in the article and for a fixed limitec1 duration beyond which even the President had no power to appoint, it cannot be said that because the way in which the article has been worked, a constitutional con­ vention has grown up that every additional judge right from the day of his entry irrespective of his two years' tenure would be deemed to be appointed as a permanent judge or would be entitled as a matter of rigbt to a renewal of his tenure till a permanent vacancy occur~. Such a construction of Article 224 would run counter to the plain intend­ ment of the Constitution and no such convention can be spelt out as would pro tanto amend Article ; 24. Nor any such implication can be raised that an additional judge is deemed to be appointed as a p.ermanent judge or he is entitled as of right to a renewal of his tenure till a permanent berth is found for him. Frankly, there is some force in the submission that a practice has grown up for over last quarter of a century (I 956-81) that whenever an additional judgeship is offered to a person, he accepts it in the reasonable belief that in course of time he would get a berth as a permanent judge. It may generate hope in him and his expec­ tations could be said to be well-founded and reasonable more so it is, save in rarest of rare cases, invariably done so far. At the minimal most he is entitled to be first considered for a fresh tenure of two years or when the permanent vacancy arises for appointment to that permanent vacancy before any rank outsider is considen:d given the . situation that the prerequisites which necessitated his initial appoint­ ment continue to exist. 0,) The Law and the Constitution br Sir lv9r Jeannings, p. St, - ) -- -- - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1055 No cases were pointed out to us that where there were addi­ tional judges in the High Court and a permanent vacancy occurred someone was appointed who had not functioned as an additional judge. An additional judge was usually offered permanent judgeship. Maybe, there might be some rare cases in which some fortunate few were directly appointed as permanent judges but no case was brought to our notice where there were additional judges in a High Court and a permanent vacancy occurred and overlooking the claims of all additional judges either a member of the Bar or a District Judge was directly appointed to that permanent vacancy. Therefore, there is no gainsaying the fact that a practice was followed for over 25 years that an additional judge was always first considered and he was entitled to be considered for a fresh tenure if there was no permanent vacancy and if there was a vacancy in the permanent strength, for being appointed as a permanent judge.. A contention of the learned Attorney-General to the contrary that he has no priority, preference, weightage or right to be consi­ dered and that he is on par with any other man who can be brought from the market would be subversive of the constitutional scheme and must be rejected. An additional judge who has worked for the period of his tenure has a weightage in his favour compared to a. fresh appointee and any process of appointment while filling in a vacancy must commence with the additional judge whose tenure has come to an end and has led to the.vacancy. Two consequential limbs of the same submission may be dealt with here. If Article 216 postulates fixing of a permanent strength of the High Court and review of the strength at regular intervals and if Article 224 enables the President to appoint additional judges in the two contingencies mentioned therein, would it be open to the President to appoint an additional judge when there is a vacancy in the permanent strength of the High Court. The constitutional scheme is that ordinarily there should be permanent judges of the High Court. Article 224 is an enabling provision conferring power -00 the President. to appoint additional judges to meet a specific :situation, namely, a temporary increase in the work of the High ·Court or the arrears in the High Court. Ordinarily, therefore, the •constitution envisages appointment of permanent judges. Perma­ nent judges are appointed to deal with the regular work of the High Court and the strength is fixed keeping in view the institutions and disposals and minimum work-load which each judge is supposed to hand,l~, When permanent stren?th gf the High Court is fixe(\ 1056 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 S,C,R and there is a vacancy, it would mean that for the routine work of the High Court the number of judges is inadequate and, therefore, it is incumbent upon the President to fill in the vacancy unless it can be made out that the workload in the High Court does not justify the appointment. But if the permanent vacancy is not filled in and the President proceeds to appoint an additional judge, which can only be done if there is a temporary increase in the work of the High Court or if there are arrears, it would mean that the regular work is not sufficient for the sanctioned strength of permanent judges and vacancy may remain unfilled, an additional ·judge is necessary as if temporary increase in the work of High Court or arrears cannot be dealt with by permanent judges. Two situations cannot co-exist. Additional judges can be appointed when the permanent judges while dealing wit~ the regular work of the High Court are unable to. deal with such temporary increase in the work of the High Court or clear the arrears. If the permanent strength is reduced by not filling in a vacancy and it is considered not necessary to fill in such vacancy it would only imply that not "only regular work of the High Court is being adequately handled but any other work in the High Court can also be handled by the number of judges • then · working in the High Court. in such a situation appoint· ment of additional judge cannot be justified and in the absence of pre·conditions set out in Article 224 the appointment of an addi­ tional judge would. be plainly outside the purview of Article 224 and contrary to the intendment of Article 224. Therefore, when a permanent post is vacant an additional judge cannot be appointed. But having said this, it must also be conceded that an addi· tional judge even if appointed, could not be deemed to be a perma­ nent judge. If the President appoints an additional judge and speci­ fies his tenure as two years in the warrant of appointment. it is not open to the appointee to ignore the tenure and to expect ·the appointment as being of a permanent judge. A reference in this connection was invited to the ·waterside Workers' Federation of Australia v. J. W. Alexander Ltd.( 1) Section 12 of the Common­ wealth Conciliation and Arbitration Act provided ,for the appoint­ ment of a President · The provision was to the effect that "the President shall be appointed by the Governor-General from amongst the Justices of the High Court. He shall be entitled to hold office during good behaviour for seven years, ... " The Constitution pro· vided for tenure of High Co1,1rt Judgt)~ guring good behaviour and (1) 25 CLR~434. - r. -· - -· - ~ .. > s. i>. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1057 they were not removeable except by the Governor- General in Council on address from both houses of Parliament praying for such removal on specified grounds (see s. 72). The contention was that if the President was to be Justice of the High Court and the tenure was only for a period of seven years, this was contrary to section 72 of the Constitution and the appointment is invalid and that the appointment being non-severable from the main Act, the whole Act . was invalid. The Chief Justice who presided over the Bench held that the word 'appointed; is used in the sense of assignment and the life tenure is not whittled down by making a specific appointment for a certain period. Views contrary to the view of the Chief Justice I . are also expressed but this decision hardly helps in resolving the problem posed in this case. If the President even by a misconception bf a situation, makes an appointment specified in Article 224 limited for a duration of two years, it is inconceivable that the appointee can ignore the tenure and claim to be appointed as a permanent judge. Undoubtedly con­ sultation for the purposes of Article 224 and for appointing a permanent judge under Article 217 is of the same width and dimen­ sion and the constitutional functionaries involved in the process of appointment are all the same, nonetheless power of the President to appoint for a fixed duration in a given situation even if the situation is shown not to exist, cannot be understood to mean that the Presi­ dent had some other power under some other Article and is deemed to have acted under that Article. In such a situation it may. possibly a·ppear that the initial appointment was bad. It was, however, urged that while purporting to appoint an additional judge under Article 224, the clear and unmistakable intention was to appoint a perma­ nent judge, this intention cannot be defeated by use of such words as 'additional' and 'for two years'. The Court must give effect to the intention. It was said that the judge was appointed not because tliere was temporary increase in the work of the High Court or the arrears therein but to deal with the cases in the High Court and in such a situation the appointment has 10 be under Article 217. If it is so, the judge would be dtiemed to be appointed a permanent judge with the tenure prescribed in Article 217. The submission is that the intention was to exercise power under Article 217 but by a mis­ taken understanding it was treated under Article 224 and the tenure was, therefore, limited to two years but thi"s is done in disregard of the duty of the President under the Constitution, and the Court should not disregard the intention and must enforce the duty Specific submission is that in a conflict between a qualified intention and an toss SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 s.c.R.. obligatory duty, the Court would enforce the latter. Reliance was placed on Shewpujan Rai v. Collector of Customs(1), wherein the Collector of Customs ordered confiscation of gold and imposed , penalty of Rs. 10 lacs on payment of which gold was to be released. Penalty was levied with two conditions and it was conceded that he had no power to impose conditions. The question, was whether the whole order was void, or two impermissible conditions could be severed and order upheld. This Court he!d ·that the iimpermissible conditions were severable and they were struck down and order was upheld. In this connection, reliance was also placed on the decision of Y. Mahaboob Sherif} and Others v. Mysore State Transport Autho- rity and Ors.,(2) wherein the question was whether a permit granted for one year was according ,to law. Section -58(l)(a) read with sec­ tion 58(2) of the Motor Vehicles Act enabled the Authority to grant permit for a period not t less than three years. It was urged that order granting permit was bad being outside the provision. This Court held that the intention to grant permit was manifest and giving effect to the intention directed the Authority to issue a permit for a period not less than three years and not more than five years as the Authority may specify. I fail to see how these would render any assistance in this case. Here the President has specifically set out in the warrant of appointment that the Judge is appointed as 'additional. judge' for 'a period of two years'. Even if the pre- requisite for exercise of power was absent and, therefore, it was an impermissible exercise of power under Art. 224, there was no inten· tion to appoint a permanent judge which this Court by a deeming fiction can enforce. Doctrine of severability is not attracted. The intention not shown to be to appoint permanent, as: two years' tenure furnishes contrary indication the submission that Court must F enforce it must be negatived. I may then turn to the next submission incidental to the points under discussion. It was said that if an additional judge bas to be appointed.either for dealing with the temporary increase in the work of the High Court or for tackling arrears in the High Court the constitution-makers believed that the situation has reached such a stage that an additional judge if appointed for a period of two years would be able to bring relief. It may be that the problem may not be wholly solvt:d within the period of two years but the reasonable expectation was that i} period of two years would pro- (I) [1959] 2 SCR 821. (2) (1960) 2 SCR 146. -~- - .. -;- - " s.i>. GUPTA v. UNION (besai, J.) 1059 vide adequate length of time to the additional judge to deal with the problem for. tackling which he is appointed. Therefore, Article 224 provides for a tenure not exceeding two years. By and large save with very recent rare exceptions the appointment or"additional judge in the first instance has always been for two years. And it should be so, because no· one is unaware of the three dimensional , _problem of arrears corroding the vitals of the justice delivery system . and presenting a formidable threat to it.· There is no short-cut and there are no readymade solutions and the problem cannot be over­ night wished away. In fact, with sadness the agonising fact must be confessed that no serious efforts have been made to tackle the problem and whatever spasmodic or sporadic attempts have been made have proved counter-productive. It was, therefore, assumed that a period of reasonable duration such as two years would give adequate opportunity to an additional judge appointed for a specific task and the approach in appointment would be a result oriented approach. If this was the underlying assumption in enacting Article 224, the appointment of short-term duration of six months or in the two cases before us, of three months, is inconsistent with the intend­ ment of Article 224 ancl unbecoming of the dignity of a High Court . Judge. Article 224 confers power on the President. It is enacted for a specific purpose. There is an underlying purpose while conferring such power on the President. To effectuate that purpose not only a power of appointment is given but the President'' is authorised to make such an appointment for a period not exceed­ ing two years. If when making the appointment for an additional judge it must be deemed to have been assumed that there is such temporary increase in the work of.the High Court or there are such arrears that it has become a compelling necessity to appoint addi­ tional judges to deal with the situation, the appointment for such a ridiculously short duration of three months or six months appears not only to be an exercise iii futility but is inconsistent with the in tendment of Article 224. Appointment under Article 224 can only be made as repeatedly pointed out, to meet the specific contin­ gencies. Such appointment cannot be made for the purpose of making inquiry into the ~uitability, eligibility or fitness of the in­ cumbent additional judge at the time of consideration of his appoint­ ment for a fresh term. In this behalf both the judiciary and the executive are in the same bracket. In the case of Mr. S. N. Kumar and Mr. O. N. Vohra, the Chief Justice of India recommended an extension for a period of six months in order to gain time to make inquiries in respect of complaints which appear to have been men- e· io60 SUPREME CoURT REPORtS [19821 2 s.c.i. tioned by the Law Minister in the correspondence. This is utterly impermissible. Chief Justice of India could not have recommended extension of six months, not for dealing with temporary. increase nor for tackling arrears, but for gaining time to complete his inquiry. The Law Minister in bis turn presumably must have advised the President to grant extension .for three months. Such short-term appointments are wholly inconsistent and contrary to the clear intendment of Article 224 and unbecoming of the dignity of a High Court Judge. I am not prepared to believe even on a hypothetical case that in foreseeable future a situation may arise when an appoint­ ment of an additional judge is necessary for such ridiculously short­ term of three months or six months to dispose of temporary increase in work or to tackle arrears. If such a situation can be imagined, better let that work be dealt with· by permanent judges rather than appointing persons to such high constitutional office for a ridicul­ ously short period. To put the position beyond the pale of controversy, it must be emphasised, even at the cost of repetition, that whenever the t::nure of an additional judge is about to expire, sufficiently in advance the process of consultation for considering his case for appointment as envisaged by Article 217 must start and it must proceed along the hitherto chalked out lines. It bas to be completed sufficiently in advance before the tenure is to expire and a decision has to be taken. If the incumbent of the office is considered suitable for a fresh tenure, keeping in view the only two relevant considerations, namely, the existence of the temporary increase in the work of the Court or the continued existence of the arrears for resolving or tackling which the judge was appointed, his fresh tenure should be fixed. If on objective consideration it appears that the situation is not likely to improve even within a period of two years, normally the fresh tenure should be of two years unless a contrary legitimate ~·decision verifiable on• 0bjective facts is reached that the problem can be resolved within a short ~riod which should in no case be less than one year. One cannot appoint the lowest grade servants on such a short term duration of six months or three montns. It vio­ lently hurts the dignity of a Judge of a High Court to be appointed for a period of six months or three months and that during this period he is not supposed to clear the arrears. to deal with which be was appointed but during the.period of three months either the executive or the Chief Justice of India will be holding their inquisi­ tions to consider his future suitability; a decision which these two high constitutional functionaries could not reach within a period of ~··. . :iL !.~. OUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J'.) 1061 two .years for which initially the additional judge was appointed. We emphatically declare that short-term extensions of three months or six months are beyond the intendment of Article 224. Ordinarily, - as herein indicated the fresh tenure 'must b.e for two years subject to the overriding consideration that if an honest and legitimate opinion ·can be formed by all the constitutional· functionaries that the temporary increase in the ·High Court or the . arrears to tackle which the additional judge was appointed could be resolved to.the satisfaction of all within a period of say one year, the duration can he of one year, b!!t not less than that. in any case. · In passing it was briefly stated that there can be a short-term appointment when in a near future . a vacancy in the permanent cadre of the High Court is likely to occur. • That approach is hardly relevant because even if the additional judge is appointed, say for a period of one year, and a vac~ncy · occurs 'within three months of his appointment, there is no bar in law in offering him the perma­ nent appointment and if the workload still justifies, 'to appoint some- ' one else as an ·additional judge. · . . . · The stage is now reached where it 'would be appropriate to deal with the scope a~.· content. of. consultation ·as envisaged. by Article 217. It may be reca !led .that . Article 222 also provides for consultation with the Chief Justice of India when the President proposes . to transfer a judge of. a. High Court to another High Court. The question posed is. whether. consu !talion as envisaged .by Article 217 and, the. consultation envisaged by Article 222 is the same or · there is some. marked divergence in ii. Mr. Seervai in terms said that scope and ambit of consultation with constitutional functionaries both under :Article .. 217(1) and Article 222(1) is the same only content may differ because the. purpose of consultation . under both the articles is different, to wit, under. A~ticle. 217, con· sultation is to be had for appointment as High Court Judge while 'under Article 222(1) consultation is rfor the purpose of transfer of a High Court judge from one High Court to another High Court. There are a number of articles in the. Constitution . which provides for consultation with different authoriiies. Article 124(2) provide for appointment of a judge of. the Supreme Court by the President after consultation with the Judge of the Su.preme Court and· of the High ·courts in States as the. President may. deem necessary and the • proviso to Article 124(2) makes it obligatory on the· President to consult the Chief Justice oi'India ill case of appointment of a Judge·.· ici62 SUPRllMB CoURT REPORTS f 1982J 1 s.c.il.. othtr than the Chief. Justice of India. The . marginal note of Article 143 which confers advisory jurisdiction on the Supreme Court speci­ fies the power of the President to consult Supreme Court. Article 217 provides for consultation with the Chief Justice _of the High _ . · Court, Chief Justice of India and the Governor of the State while making appointment of· a Judge of the High Court; Article 222 provides for consultation· with the Chief Justice of India before transfer.ring .a Judge of the High Court to any other High Court. Article 233 provides for appointment of the District Judges by the Governor of the State in consultation with the High Court. Article 234 provides for recruitment of persons other than District Judges to the judicial service in accordance with the rules made by the Governor in that behalf after consultation with the State Public . Service Commission an'd with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to the State. Article 320(3} makes consultation obliga­ tory with the Union Public Service Commission or State Public Service Commissions, in respect of inatters specified in the article. The word 'consultation' has thus been used in different contexts and different 'authorities are required t~ be consulted for different pur­ poses before exercise of· certain power. Obviously, therefore, the scope and content of consultation may vary from situation to situa­ tion. The word 'consult' has been defined to mean •fu discuss some­ thing together, to deliberate', deliberation being the quinte(sence of consultation .. The word 'consult' would ·ta!ce its colour and its con­ tent and scope will depend upon .the context in which it is used. If the consultati'on is for appointment all those relevant considerations . which enter the verdict before an appointment is made would be the subject matter of consultation. If the consultation is for transfer- . of a High Court Judge under Article 222(!} the word 'consultation' would mean examination of all those relevant aspects to be presently mentioned including the consequences ·of transfer. Chandrachud, J. affirmed the observatfon in Chandramouleshwar Prasad v. Patna High Court & Ors.,(') on what constitutes consultation within the meaning of Article 233(1}. It reads as unde~:. · "Consultation or deliberation is not complete or effec­ tive before the parties thereto make their respective points •of view known to the other or others and discuss and exa· mine the relative merits of their ·views. If one party makes a proposal-to th~ other who has. a counter proposal in his . mind which is not communicated to _the propo_ser the .. (I) [1970} 2 SCR 666: -- .. S.P. GUPTA v. UNiqN (Desai, J.) 1063 direction to give effect to the counter proposal without any­ thing more cannot be said to have been issued after con­ sultation". The observation provides the content and ambit of the process of consultation. Though this ·observation has been made in the con­ text of Article 23 3( I) but it is accepted as applicable to consultation in Article 222( I) and in my opinion it is good law even for Article 217(1). At another stage it was observed that 'deliberation is the quintessence of consultation'. That implies that each individual case must be comidered separately on the basis of its own facts. Iyer, J. in bis concurring opinion in Mr. Sheth's case, recalling the observa­ tion in Chandramouleshwar Prasad's case extracted hereinbefore, observed that consultation in order to fulfil its normative function must be real, substantial and effective consultation based on full and proper materials placed before the constitutional functionaries. In the context of consultation@for transfer be examined various facets on which consultation must be focussed and concluded that the D Government must forward every possible material to the Chief Justice of India so that he is in a position to give an effective opinion. Maybe, the opinion of the Chief Justice of India may not be binding on the Government, but it is entitled to great weight and is nor- mally to be accepted by the Government in order to avoid the charge that the power is exercised whimsically or arbitrarily. These obser­ vations on the scope and content of consultation in the context of Article 222 would mutatis mutandis apply to the scope and ambit of consultation in Article 217. To recall the words of Justice K. Subba Rao ask them was in R. Pushpam & Anr. v. State of Madra1,(1) the word 'consult' implies a conference of two or more persons or an impact of two or more minds in respect of a topic in order to enable them to evolve a correct, or at least, a satisfactory solution·, would provide a rational, legal and constitutional yardstick to measure and ascertain the scope and content of consultation as contemplated in Article 217( I). It must 'not be forgotten that the consultation is with reference to the subject-matter of consultation, and therefore, the relevant facets of the subject-matter must be examined, evalu­ ated and opined upon to complete the process of consultation. Reverting to Article 217(1 ), the consultation is for the. purpose of appointment of a judge of High Court. The constitutional func- H (1) AIR 1953 Madras 392 . 1064 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 S.C.R. A tionaries to be consulted are the Chief Justice of the High Court, Governor of the State and Chief Justice of India. Attention must first be focussed on what are the relevant considerations apart from the qualifications prescribed in the Constitution while making a pro­ posal for appointment of a High Court Judge. The questions, one C· would pose to oneself are : (i) does ·he satisfy the qualifications prescribed in Article 217(2); (ii) whether he is of sufficiently mature age which is generally considered a good guide for a sombre app­ roach in a Jaw court; (iii) is he of unimpeachable integrity; (iv) has he a spotless character; (v) is he a man of reliable habits; (vi) what is his equipment in.law; (vii) does he subscribe to the social philo- sophy and values enshrined in the Constitution; (viii) does he suffer from any insurmountable aberrations; (i,X) does he disclose a capa­ city to persuade and be persuaded; (x) would he have a team spirit; (xi) has he a quick grasp, a .smart intellect and a compassionate heart. These are only illustrative and not exhaustive. As pointed out earlier, the Chief Justice of the High Court who would ordi- narily and generally speaking be the initiator of the proposal would evaluate the candidate in his mind froni all these angles and set out his opinion in the proposal formulated by him.. The State executive will focuss on the aspects other than his legal acumen and equip­ ment, his grasp, his ability to deal with complex legal problems being brought before him, because in that behalf the Chief Justice is more advantageously placed. Undoubtedly, on character and integrity with the resources at the command of the State it could express its opinion. If it has some other opinion which runs counter and contrary to what the, Chief Justice of the High Court has stated, it must inform the Chief Justice of the High Court of whatever is in its possession and permit the Chief Justice of the High Court to react. After this two-way discussion has followed, the. proposal may be sent to the Union Minister of Justice who in turn must pass it on to the Chief Justice of India. The Chief Justice of India, free from local, parochial, regional, caste considerations prevailing at the State level would in meticulous detail examine all aspects of the matter. If he has reliable sources for collecting further information it would be open to him to do so. If he collects something which appears to be. not known either to the Chief Justice of the High Court or the State executive, he may set out the same and refer the proposal back for the consideration of the aforementioned two authorities. After this exhaustive discussion not expected to be the oral or telephonic discussion or personal discussion-if there is a meeting of the minds on relevant aspects of the matter with possible \ - - -- .. S.P. tlUPTA v. UNION (l>esai, J.) 1065 differences of opinion, the same has to be dealt with by the Minister of Justice who may in turn give his advice, not examinable by the Court, to the President. The consultation has to be meaningful, purposeful, result oriented and of substance. Much water has flown below the bridges when initially it was said that when a duty is cast to consult the authority, one who has to consult, has to inform of its proposal to the authority to be consulted and wait for some time for reply and forget the whole thing. After the decision in Mr. Sheth' s case it is now the law of the land that wherever the President can exercise power in consultation with the Chief Justice of India or oth ~r constitutional functionaries, the consultation has to be on all relevant aspects which would eater the final verdict. All the parties involved in the process of consultation must put all the material at its command relevant to the subject under discussion before all other authorities tv be consulted. Nothing cao be kept back. Nothing can be withheld. Nothing can be left for the eye of any particular constitutional functionary. To recall the words of Justice Iyer io Mr; Sheth' s case at p. 506, all necessary facts in support of the proposed action of transfer must be communicated to him aod all his doubts aad queries m'JSt be ad~quately atuwered by the Government. The President has, however, a right as rightly conceded by Mr. Seervai upon consideration of all relevant facts to differ from the other constitutional functionaries for cogent reasons and take a contrary vie\\'.. Chandrachud, J. in his judgment stated as under : · "Article 222(1) which requires the President to consult the Chief Justice of India is founded on the principle that in a matter which concerns the judiciary vitally, no decision ought to be taken by the executive .without obtaining the views of the Chief Justice of India who, by training and experience, is in the best position to consider the situation fairly, competently and objectively. ~ut there can be no purposeful consideration of a matter, in the absence of facts and circumstances on the basis of which alone the nature of the problem involved can be appreciated and the right decision taken. It must, therefore, follow chat while consulting the .Chief.Justice, the President must make the relevant data available to him on the basis of which he can offer to the President the benefit of his considered ,., '-J opinion. If the facts necessary to arrive at a proper con- H plusion ar~ pot made avail\\l?!e.i to the Chief Justice, he 1066 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982] 2 s.c.R. must ask for them because, in casting on the President, the obligation to consult the Chier Justice, the Constitution at the same time must be taken to have imposed a duty on the Chief Justice to express his opinion on nothing less than a full consideration of the matter on which he is entitled to be consulted. The fulfilment by the President of his constitutional obligation to place full facts before the Chief Justice and the performance by the latter, of the duty · to elicit facts which are necessary to arrive at a proper conclusion are parts of the same process and are comple­ mentary to each other. The faithful observance of these may well earn a handsome dividend useful to the adminis­ tration of justice. Consultation within the meaning of Article 222(1), therefore, means full and effective, not formal or unproductive consultation". So far there is no controversy. The learned Attorney-General, however, contended that the consultation is obligatory when the Pres!dent proceeds to exercise his power of appointment but in the case of non-appointment consultation is not obligatory. There is an apparent fallacy in this submission. This argument proceeds on the erroneous assumption that there is something like a process of appointment and a distinct and independent process of non-appointment. Can one start a process of non-appointment either in case of a fresh appointee or in case of a fresh tenure of an additional judge who bas already served as High Court judge for the period for which he is appointed by the President under Article 224 ? What has ·to start is a process of appointment. The Chief Justice, when there is a clear vacancy, has to initiate the proposal for appointment. He may think of selecting someone from the Bar or from the subordinate judiciary. But what he initiates is a proposal for appointment. It is unthink­ able that the Chief Justice of High Court would start a proposal for non-appointment for the first time. Such a situation is possible in case of an additional judge, an aspect to be presently examined. But save such a situation what happens is that the Chief Justice of the High Coiltt thinks of certain names and ultimately reaches his own decision and initiates his proposal for · appointment. This is a process of appointment. The. proposal is forwarded to the State executive as consultation with the Governor is obligatory. Assuming the Governor does not agree, is it that the further examination of the proposal must come to an end ? That is not the constitutional -- - - l s P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1061 scheme. The Governor may disagree or set out his valid reasons for disagreeing with the proposal of the Chief Justice but he cannot put an embargo on further examination of the proposal by the other constitutional functionaries. If the view advanced by Attorney­ General that once of the constitutional functionaries does not assent to the proposal the proposal falls there and cannot be further examined is accepted, it would be putting the power of veto on a constitutional functionary only entitled tl'> be consulted. On a true interpretation of Article 217, the proposal must move further. It must reach the Chief Justice of India and the Minister of Justice. There might be differences of opinion as they have surfaced in the case of Mr. S. N. Kumar and Mr. o. N. Vohra. That is inevitable when four constitutional functionaries are involved in the decision making process. Ultimately the President may. not accept the pro­ posal and drop the proposal resulting in non-appointment. The non-appointment is the end product of a process of appointment. There is nothing like an independent process of non.-appointment. This aspect becomes vital in the case of additional judge. When initial term for which the additional judge was appointed is about to expire, if one can legitimately think of a process of non­ appointment, the Chief Justice of the High Court may sit silent till the last day and the judge walks out.' Does he have a veto sub­ si/entio over other constitutional functionaries ? The answer is an emphatic no. If must be the obligatory duty of the Chief Justice to initiate the proposal. Maybe, his initiation of the proposal may start with a recommendation that he is not in favour of a fresh term for the concerned additional judge. He is entitled to express his opinion. Proposal has, however, to be proceeded further and must be sent to the Governor of the State who with his own opinion endorsed in the proceeding should forward the same to the Minister of Justice and who in turn must send it to the Chief Justice of India. No constitutional functionary merely entitled to be consulted has a right to kill the proposal on his own. When there ~re differences of opinion qua a person amongst the three constitutional functionaries entitled to be consulted, it is inevitable in the very scheme of things that the President will have to choose keeping in view the fundamental assumption underlying this complex scheme that the best must be appointed and the doubtful must be eliminated. Therefore, there is nothing like a process of non-app9jntrqeqt ill respect of which (:On.sultation ~~n pe ~~9~e\Ved'. · · 0 1068 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 s.c.R How far the provision contained in Article 124 would be helpful in ascertaining the scope of consultation in Article 217 as also the contention about primacy of the opinion of the Chief Justice of India and the response to the argument on behalf of the respondents that the three constitutional functionaries to be consulted are coordinate authorities. In fact, reference to Articles 124 and 126 ill only incidental because the construction of these two articles did not figure directly in the contentions canvassed in these cases. Attention was drawn to them to point out that there are situations envisaged by the framers of the Constitution where the President, the highest executive in the country, may proceed to appoint Chief Justice of India, the highest at the apex cif the judicial hierarchy, without consultation with any functionary in the judicial branch of the State. Article 124 provides for establishment and constitution of Supreme Court. Sub-article (2) provides that every judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed· by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with such of the judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts in the States as the President may deem necessary for the purpose and shall hold . office until he attains the age of sixty-five years. There is a proviso which is material. It reads as under : "Provided that in the case of appointment of a judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of India · shall always be consulted." Sub-Article (2) of Article 124 which provides for appointment of every judge of the Supreme Court will comprehend appointment of Chief Justice of India also. Incidentally it was also pointed out that upon a superficial view of Article 124, Chief Justice of India may be appointed by the President without consultation with any functionary in the judical branch. Article 126 caters to a situation where an Acting Chief Justice of India is required to be appointed. It provides that when the office of the Chief Justice of India is vacant or when ·the Chief Justice is, by reawn of absence or other­ wise, unable to perform the duties of his office, the duties of the office shall be performed by such one of the other judges of the Court as the President may appoint for the purpose. Now, power is conferred on the President to make appointment H of judge of Supreme Court after consultation with such of the judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts in the States as the President may deem necessary. The submission is that the expres-. -- J - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1069 sion 'may deem necessary' qualifies the expression 'consultation' and that if he deems 'otherwise the President can proceed to make appointment of the-Chief Justice of India without consultation with any of the judges of the Supreme Court and.of the High Courts. In oth<:r words, it was submitted on behalf of the respondents, the President has a discretion to consult or not to consult judges of ~he Supreme Court and High Courts before making appointment of Chief Justice of India. It was pointed out. that where consultation is obligatory it is specifically provided and reference was made to the proviso extracted hereinabove wherein it is stated that it would be obligatory upon the President to consult the Chief Justice of In.dia before making appointment of a judge of the Supreme Court other than the Chief Justice of India. Undoubtedly, the proviso leaves no option to the President but to consult the Chief Justice of India while making appointment of a judge of the Supreme Court other, than the Chief Justice of India, but it is· rather difficult to accept the construction as suggested on behalf of the respondents .that in making appointment of the Chief Justice of India the President is at large and may not consult any functionary in the judicial branch of ·the State before rr aking appointment of Chief Justice of India. The expression 'may deem necessary' qualifies the number of judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts to be consulted. What is optional is selection' of number of judges to be consulted and not the consultation because the expression 'shall .be appointed after ·consultation' would mandate consultation. ·An extreme submission that the President may consult High Court judges for appointment of the Chief Justice of India omitting altogether Supreme Court judges does not commend to us, because the consultation· with such of the judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts would clearly indicate that the consultation has to be with some judges of the Supreme Court and some judges of the High Courts. The conjunction 'and' is clearly indicative of (be intendment of the framers of the Constitution. If there was disjunctive 'or' between Supreme Court and High Courts in. sub-article (2) of Article 124 there could have been some force in the submission that' the President may appoint Chief Justice of India ignoring the Supreme Court and after consulting some High Court judges. Undoubtedly, sub-article (2) does not cast an obligation t0 consult all judges of the Supreme Court and all judges of the .High Courts but in practical working the President in order to discharge his function of selecting the best suitable person to be the Chief Justice of India must choose 1070 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [I 982] 2 S.C.R such fair sprinkling of Supreme Court and High Court judgts as would enable him together enough and relevant material which would help him in decision making process. Mr. Seervai submitteJ that this Court must avoid such construction of Article 124 which would enable the President to appoint Chief Justice of India without consultation with any judicial functionaries. That is certainly correct. But then he proceeded to suggest a construction where, by a constitutional convention, any necessity of consultation would be obviated and yet the executive power to be choosy and selective in appointment of Chief Justice of India can be controlled or thwarted. He said that a constitutional convention must be read that the seniormost amqngst the puisne judges of the Supreme Court should as a rule be appointed as Chief Justice of India except when he is physically unfit to shoulder the responsibilities. This constitutional convention, it was said, when read in Article I 24(2) would obviate any necessity of consultation with any functionary in the judicial branch before making appointment of Chief Justice of India and yet would so circumscribe the power of the President as not to enable the executive to choose a person of its bend_ and thinking. In this very context is was pointed out that Article I 26 permits the President - to appoint even the junior-most judge of the Supreme Court to be an Acting Chief Justice of India and it was said that such an approach or such construction of Article 126 would be subversive oft he independence of judiciary. It was said that if the junior-most can be appointed Acting Chief justice of India, every judge in order to curry favour would decide in favour of eKecutive. And as far as Article I 24 is concerned it was said that if the conventioR of seniority is not read in Article 124(2), every judge of the Supreme Court would be a possible candidate for the office of Chief Justice of India and on account of personal bias would be disqualified from being consulted. There is no warrant for such an extreme position and the reflection on the judges of the Supreme Court is equally unwar- . ranted. On the construction as indicated above there will be positive limitation on the power of the President while making appointment of Chief Justice of India and it is not necessary to read any limitation on the power of the President under Article 126 while making appointment of a judge of the Supreme Court as Acting Chief Justice of India. But the observation is incidental to the submission and may be examined in an appropriate case. And the question of construction is kept open. - - s.P. GUPTA v. UNIO~ (Desai, J.) 1071 If it is held that an additional judge before he is not appointed for a fresh term on the expiry of bis initial term of ap~ointment has a weightage in that he has a right to be considered before he is drop­ ped and that this consideration must proceed along the line of con­ sultation under Article 217 with three constitutional functionaries .md if in the ultimate analysis he is not appointed without completing the · process of consultation, is the decision open to judicial review ? Simultaneously, the question would be whether in the case of a first appointment from the Bar when the 1 Chief Justice may proceed to cast his glance on the Bar for selecting the best person and initiate the proposal for appointment of a particular person which gets stuck up or dropped before completing the process of consultation. is such a decision subject to judicial review ? Is the Court in a position to grant any relief? There is no doubt in my mind on one point that whenever a proposal for appointment i~ initiated by any of tl1e COflS· titutional functionaries before it can be killed at any stage the pro­ cess of consultation must go through in its entirety. When I say that the process of consultation must go through in its entirety I mean that the initiator of the proposal must forward the proposal to other constitutional functionaries according to the channel and the proposal must reach ultimately the President. It is not open to any pf the constitutional functionaries entitled to be consulted. to sit tight over the proposal without expressing opinion on the merits of the propJ­ sal and by sheer inaction kill the proposal. Viewed from this angle when a term of additional judge is about to expire it m!lst b~ d~emd obligatory on the Chief Justice of the H•gh Court in which the alJi­ tional judge is functioning to initiate the proposal very much in time for completing the process of consultation through various stages before the period of initial appointment expires. Maybe, that the Chief Justice is not willing to recommend him fo( his own reasons. He may say so and forward his own view through the appropriate channel of communication for consultation. The Chief Justice of tl:ie High Court has no veto by sheer inaction to deal with tile fate of an additional judge. That is not the role assigned to him and he cannot arrogate the same to himself by his own inactioil. It mw b' that in case of a fresh appointment the Chief Justic~ may nit initiate · the proposal at all be<'.ause he may not be inclined to fill i 1 th~ vac1- ncy. But it is equally possible that in such a situation any other constitutional functionary entitled to be consulted in the matter of appointment of a judge of the High Court can iniaite the prnpJs:d and the proposal must move along and reach each c.Jnstit·itional 1072 SUPRBMB COURT REPORTS ( 1982) 2 S.C.R. functionary entitled to be consultrd ultimately culminating in the proposal reaching the President with all the collected material in the process of consultation. So far there is no . controversy. The. ques­ tion is, if in case of an additional judge in whose favour there is a weightage and he is entitled to be considered as held above, a pro­ posal is killed or an affirmative decision is reached not to appoint him without completing the process of consultation in its letter and spirit, would the additional judge be entitled to question the validity of the decision and would the decision be subject to judicial review. The answer is in the affir~ative. This right to question tl:ie decision and the power in the Court to grant relief whatever may be the form in which the relief may be moulded, flows directly from the ·right of the additional judge to be considered for being appointed for a fresh term or as a permanent judge. Right to be considered for a further term or as permanent judge necessitates full and effeptive consulta­ tion. Any .drawback, defect or deficiency in the process of consulta­ tion may invalidate the decision. Such invalid decision when ques­ tioned, the court may not be able to direct appointment, but the court can certainly give a direction to complete the process of consul­ tation which may lead to a different result because the assumption is that high constitutional functionaries involved in the p·rocess of con· sultati'on will act bona fide and in the highest tradition of fair adminis­ tration. If the decision is shown to be based on extraneous or irrelevant considerati~ns or malafide such' executive decision is always open to judicial review. I need not affirm this well-established pro­ position by precedents. The case of a seniormost District judge may be on par with the additional judge. But the same cannot be said for a fresh appointee. He was not entitled to be appointed. He had no right to the post. When a person is being selected from the Bar, even if a proposal is initiated and is killed without completing the process of consultation there being ·no right in such person to the post or he is not entitled as a matter of right to be. appointed, the decision not to appoint him will not be a subject-matter of judicial review, because it is not possible to grant him any relief. Having examined the true'meaning and effect of the relevant articles of the Constitution and keeping in view what is discussed hereinabove, it is now time to turn to the two petitions, one filed by the four Bombay Advocates brought before this Court in Transferred Case No. 22/81 and the second filed by Shri V. M. Tarkunde in the High Court of Delhi and brought before this Court in Transferred -- J - -- S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1073 ' Case No. 20/81. These two cases specifically challenge the constitu- tional validity of the circular dated March 18, 1981, sent by the Law Minister, Government of India, to the Governor of Punjab and the Chief Ministers of all States in India, and secondly granting of short­ term extension to three judges of Delhi High Court, Sarvashri O. N. Vohra, S. N. Kumar and S. B. Wad, and subsequently not appoint­ ing Shri 0. N. Vohra and Shri S. N. -Kumar by not granting them a fresh tenure of High Court judgeship. Law Minister appears to have stirred up the hornet's nest by the impugned circular dated March 18, 1981.. This circular in its preamble recites that repeated' suggestions have been made to the Government by several bodies and forums including the States Reor­ ganisation· Commission, the Law Commission and various Bar Asso­ ciations that to further national integration and to combat narrow parochial tendencies bred by caste, kinship and other local links and affiliations, one third of the judges of a High Court should as far as possible be from outside the State -in which the High Court is situa­ ted. With a view to taking first step towards this goal the circular was issued. The circular desired the Chief Minister of each State and the Governor of Punjab to obtain from all the additional judges working in the High Court of the. State their consent to be appointed as per­ manent judges in any other High Court in the country. An oppor­ tunity was given to. such judges to riame three preferences in which each of them would like _to be appointed as permanent judge. A further request was that whenever in future a proposal is made for initial appointment as a High Court judge· is must be accompanied by the consent of the person so recommended to be appointed to any other High Court in the country coupled with the preference limited to three. It was made abundantly clear that uption to give preferen­ ces does not imply on the part of the Government a commitment either to appoint the person concerned or to appoint him necessarily at anyone of the three preferences. A copy of the letter was also sent to the Chief Justice of each High Court. Constitutional validity of this circular is questioned in the petition filed by Shri Iqbal M •. Chagla and Others. The submission is fiat with a view to circum­ venting the rat.io in the majority judgment in Mr. Sheth's case this is a covert attempt at transferring judges under coerced consent. The web of the argument was woven around the alleged covert attempt by the circular to transfer each Additional judge to a High Court other than the High Court in which he is functioning. The circular 0 1074 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [l 982) 2 S.C.R· was read and re-read before the Court. Having examined it with microscopic meticulousness I find it impossible to read any overt or covert attempt at transferring judges from one High Court to other High Court by this Circular. There is 'not even a whisper of transfer in the circular. But in this connection our attention was invited to the statement made by Law JV, inister in connection with calling atten­ tion motion on the impugned circular in Lok Sabha on April 16, 1981. In course of the discussion Law Minister appears to have . stated that if there is a complaint against an additional judge, 'it has to be examined on merit and a decision taken. The decision could be eirher to drop a person based on evidence or to see if he could be transferred.(1) At a later stage it would be made abundantly clear that transfer power conferred by Article 222 cannot be exercised by the executive to punish a judge because of complaints against him which may on enquiry be found to be of substance. But that is another aspect. Circular is not devised as a weapon of mass transfer outside the Constitution. But use of word 'transfer' in the discus- • sion cannot be read torn out of context. A little later at column 273 Law Minister states that Chief Justice of India inquired whether it was the intention of the Government to transfer each and every judge and this showed that Chief Justice of India was labouring under a mistaken impression that circular was devis~d for mass transfer but Law Minister explained to him that it is not a case of transfer at all but it is a case of fresh appointment and it is not the intention 'to appoint every additional judge outside.' The later part of the state­ ment has raised another crop of controversy to be presently dealt with but there is no whisper of transfer in the circular. As has been pointed out earlier, an additional judge has a J!laximum tenure of two years. At the end of two years he gets a fresh appointment either as a permanent judge or an additional judge for a further period of two years. The consent for fresh appointment is a must. It is open to an additional judge whose tenure comes to an and to dec­ line the fresh appointment at least in the High Courts where under­ taking is not taken to accept permanent appointment, if offered. If . he' is, therefore, to be appointed again, necessarily it can be done with l is consent. The consent to be obtained i& of additional judge. Additional judge is now being told that it is possible that he may, be appointed in some other High Court, and that therefore, while giving consent for being appointed for a fresh term or as permanent judge H I . (l) Lok Sabha Debates Fifth Series, Vol. XVI, No. 42, Column 27 I. -- I - I ' '- S.P." GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1075 he is informed that he may be appointed in some other High Court and that he may give his consent with the knowledge of it. The fresh appointment is not a transfer. In fact, in the course of this judgment it will be succinctly thrashed out that a judge who is transferred cannot be said to be appointed afresh to the High Court to which he is transferred. Once it is held that the circular was not a covert way of transferring a judge because transfer was not even on the distant horizon, the whole edifice of argument built over the decision in Mr'. Sheth's case tumbles down. To be specific, a fresh appointment cannot be bracketed with a transfer more so when the submission that transfer i_mplies fresh appointment has been rejected in the past and is being rejected by this judgment. Consent is sought from an additional judge whose tenure is about to expire and to whom a fresh tenure is to be offered. Ipso facto it will be a fresh appointment. Initial tenure having come to a close, he is offerred a fresh appoint­ ment, in another High Court. It being a fresh appointment, it is being done with his consent. In case of such a fresh appointment one cannot say that the additional judge· is transferred on the eKpiry of his fir.st tenure, to another High Court where . he is appointed afresh with a fresh tenure. The concept of transfer is foreign to the situation. Once the alleged noxious feature of transfer being in the circular is taken out, there is nothing in the circular which . would be in contravention of any particular constitutional provision. It was also stated that the expression 'obtain' in the circular has the element of coercion and a consent ceases to be consent if it is obtained under coercion. It was said that consent and coercion go ill together because forced assent would not be consent in the eye of law. It was said that the threat implicit in the circular becomes evident because the Chief Minister, the strong arm of the executive is being asked to obtain consent. If every little thing is looked upon with suspicion and as an attack on the independence of judiciary, it becomes absolutely misleading. Law Minister, if he writes directly ·to the Chief Justice or the judge concerned, propriety of the actio~ may be open to question. Chandrachud, J. has warned in Mr. Sheth's cdse that the executive cannot. and ought not to establish rapport with judges (p. 456 CD). Taking this direction in . its letter and spirit, the Law Minister wrote to the Chief Ministers. The Chief Minister in turn was• bound to approach the Chief Justice This is also known to be a proper communication channel with judges of High Court. In this context the expression 'obtain' would only mean request the judge to give consent if he'so desires. If he ·H gives the : consent, well and good, and if does not give, no evil consequences are likely to ensue. I am not impressed by the sub­ mission of the learned Attorney-General that one who gives consent may have some advantage over the one who does not. I do n'ot see any remote advantage and if any such advantage is given and if charge of victimisation is made out by the judge not giving consent, the arm of judicial review is strong enough to rectify the executive error. It was, however, said that what is not stated in the circular is more objectionable and of devastating effect than what is stated. It was urged that omission to mention in the circular- that one who would not give consent would not suffer -any evil consequences or would not be placed at a comparative disadvantage to one who gives consent, a~d this would precisely convey a threat to the judge either to give consent or suffer consequences because the negative assurance is not offered. That i~ hardly the correct way of reading the circular. Let it be noted that no positive advantage was to accrue to one who gives his consent. . If any positive advantage was to be giv~n to one who gives consent and if it had been spelt out, there would have been some force in this submission but mere omission to mention any evil consequences fl.owing from not giving consent would not necessarily imply that such would be the case. Similarly, the state­ ment in the circular that giving an opportunity to indicate preferences would not imply that the Government would be bound to give the additional judge an appoin1rr.e1 t or he would be at least given a station of his choice out of the three preferences indicated by him would mean that while unillaterally obtaining consent on one hand, there was 'no quid pm quo that the appointment would be given. This .is clearly reading the circular with coloured glasses and the submission is unwarranted by the language used in it. If an option to indicate preferences is given and option is exercised, undoubtedly that by itself cannot obligate the Government to appoint an addi­ tianal judge for a fresh term or a new entrant either an additional or a permanent judge, because various factors will have to taken into consideration over 'and above his consent and preferences in making the appointment. Consent is asked for at a stage prior to the decision to appoint is taken. Therefore, this caution was 11bsolutely necessary and bas been rightly stated, that it implies any promise to· do a certain thing. It was then urged that if every additional judge was not to be posted outside the State, the executive will have an oppoitunily to pick and choose, favourites protected, disfavoufttes -- { - -· - S.P. GUPTA v .. UNION (Desai, J.) 1077 pushed out and this would strike a heavy or a near fatal blow at the independence of judiciary.· Apprehension vioced is utterly unwar­ ranted because in every appointment of an additional judges as permanent judge in any High Court, the Chief Justice of India is to be consulted and his views would always receive the weight they enjoy. Therefore once Chief Justice of India gives his considered opinion with respect to every proposal, the element of picking and choosing is effectively curbed or controlled. With these observations, I broadly agree with the view taken by Bhagwati J. in his judgment that there is nothing in the circular which would render it constitu­ tionally invalid. Turning now to the petition filed by Shri V.M. Tarkunde in which Shri S.N. Kumar has been joined as respondent 5 and who has participated in the proceedings questioning the validity of the short-term extension granted to him and his subsequen(non-appoint­ ment. Shri Kumar was appointed an additional judge of Delhi High Court for a period of two years by a Presidential Notification dated March ~. 1979., His term was to expire on March 6, 1981. The Chief Justice of Delhi Court· by his letter dated February 19, 1981, addressed to the Law Minister, did not recommend an extension for Shri Kumar. While stating that the oendency in the Court still justified the appointment of addi.tional ,judges, he consi­ dered it his painful duty not to recommend Shri Kumar for three reasons : (i) that there have been serious complaints against Shri Kumar both orally and in writing and on examination he was of the opinion that the 'complaints were not without basis', (ii) responsible members of the Bar and some of his colleagues whose names he was reluctant to mention have also complained about Shri Kumar ; (iii) that Shri Kumar has also not been very helpful in disposing of cases. He said that he has no investigating machinery to conclusively find out whether the complaints were genuine1or not but all the same the complaints have been persistent. A copy of this letter was sent to Chief Justice of India. Response of the Chief Justice of India as evident from his note dated March 3, 1981, and his letter dated March 14, 1981, was that he. would like to look carefully into the charges against Shri Kumar because in his view the letter of Chief Justice of Delhi High Court dated February 19, 1981, 'was too vague to accept that Shri Kumar lacks integrity'. Consistent with his desire to look carefully into the charges and to gain time for the same he recommended that the term of Shri O.N. Vohra, Shri S.N. Kumar and Shri S.B. Wad be extended for ~ix µJ\)n~hs, This js bow tht! 1078 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 S.C.R ball was set rolling for short-term extension. The duration for which extension was to be given and the reasons for such short-term extension are both contrary to the mandate of Article 224 as has been pointed out earlier. As a matter of fact, taking cue from the recommendation of the Chief Justice of India, the Law Minister improved upon it by granting extension of three months which would expire on June 6, 1981. To continue with the chronology by the letter dated March 19, 1981, the Law Minister conveyed to the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court the reaction of the Chief Justice of India to the observations made by the Chief Justice for not recom­ mending extension of Shri Kumar especially the charge of Vagueness and requested the Chief Justice to offer his ~omments on the question of continuance or otherwise of Shri Kumar in the light of the view . expressed by the Chief Justice oflndia. On March 28, 1981, the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court replied to the letter dated March 19, 1981, of the Law Minister. In this letter the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court informed the Law Minister that he had since recei­ ved a letter from the Chief Justice of India asking him to furnish him with "details and concrete facts in regard to the allegations against Justice Kumar". This has reference to the letter of Chief Justice of India dated March 14, 1981, to Chief Justice of Delhi High Court. He proceeds further to state that he has since had an opportunity to discuss the entire matter in detail with the Chief Justice of India. This sentence was relied upon by the learned Solicitor· General to submit that the Court should note that prior to March 28, 1981, the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court met the Chief Justice of India and discussed the entire matter in detail wfth the Chief Justice of India with reference to the recitals in his letter dated February 19, 1981. He said that read in juxtaposition, the only permissible inference is that at this meeting there was full and elaborate discussion with regard to what Chief Justice of Delhi High Court had written in his letter dated February 19, 1981, by which he had declined to recom­ mend the extension of the term of Shri Kumar. It was, therefore, said that the three reasons which prompted the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court not to recommend Shri ·Kumar must have been thoroughly discussed and thrashed out because the expression 'entire matter in detail' would leave no room for doubt that nothing was withheld, nothing was assumed and every aspect was gone into. The Chief Justice of Delhi High Court proceeds further to state that afier this discussion which appears to have taken place on March 26, 1981, he addressed ~ lett~r dated M~n;h 281 1981, to the Chief + - - .. $.I'. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1079 Justice of India, a copy of which was annexed to the letter dated March 28, ·J981, to the Law Minister. Thus on March 28, 1981. the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court wrote two letters, one to the Law Minister and another to Chief Justice of India and a copy of the . . ' Jetter to Chief Justice of India was annexed to the letter addressed to the Law Minister. Reverting to the letter dated March 28, 1981, written by the Chief Jmitice of Delhi High Court to the Chief Justice of India, it may be noted that in this letter the Chief Justice .of Delhi High Court in terms says that since receiving the letter dated March 14, 1981, with regard to Mr, Justice Kumar, he had also had an opportunity to discuss this 'delicate matter' with the Chief Justice of India. He refers to the three points made by him in his letter dated February 19, 1981, which means that at the meeting on March 26, 1981, the very three points referred to by the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court in' his letter dated February 19, 1981, came up for dis­ cussion and the discussion was in details and the matter is styled as delicate because it involved the painful task of talking about the integrity of a colleague. But there is a further averment in the letter which leaves no room for doubt that during this meeting inte!!rity and general conduct of Shri Kumar was discussed between them. With regard to 'the other point about Shri Kumar not being helpful in the work of the High Court he appears to have enclosed a statement of disposals of Shri Kumar. Bven in this letter it is conceded that t.he Chief Justice of Delhi High Court has no investi­ gating agency to conclusively find out whether the complaints are genuine or not. Then he proceeds to make a point that in such a delicate matter as reputation of a colleague working in the High Court, 'there would be some who would support the allegatiOns and there will be some who would refute them', and, therefore, an affirma­ tive decision of a conclusive nature is by its very nature not possible. The Chief Justice of Delhi High Court also noticed the divergence of opinion that may be expressed by different people. One thing that emerges clearly from this correspondence is that question of .character and integrity of Shri Kumar came up for detailed discussion 'between the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court and the Chief Justice oflndia at their meeting on March 26, 1981. I propose to ignore any other complaint against Shri Kumar or inadequacy of his dis­ posals because these aspects are not relied upon for non-appointment of Shri Kumar. Ultimately, the decision not to appoint him was founded upon his reputation about integrity. On April 15, 1981, the La'Y Minister wrote to Chief Justice of Delhi High Court reques­ ting him that it may be that he ma~ t!Q~ lll\Vll investigating machine~ .B JI 1080 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 S.C.R to conclusiveJy establish the truth of the complaints against Shri Kumar; nevertheless he must have had some material which provided the basis on which he concluded that Shri Kumar's reputation for integrity was not above board and recommended that he may not be continued, and it would be necessary for the Government to have · the material and his comments. There is some reference to a complaint by Shri Sabir Hussain against Shri Kumar in this letter but I propose to ignore it because it is hardly relevant save and except saying that it was relied upon by the learned Solicitor-General to urge that the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court had acted most objectively and in a wholly unbiased manner. That may come later on. In the meantime on April 22, 1981, a writ petition was filed by Shri V.M.,Tarkunde in the Delhi High Court questioning the validity of the Circular of the Law Minister dated March 18, 1981, and in this writ petition, inter alia, relief was sought in the form of a direction to convert 12 posts of additional judges in Delhi High into permanent judges and to appoint Shri N.N. Goswami, Sbri Sultan Singh and Shri O.N.- Vohra as permanent judges and to appoint Shri S.N. Kumar and Shri S.B. Wad, additional judges of Delhi High Court for a full term of two years. By an order made by this Court on May I, 1981, this case stood. transferred to this Court. When the matter was pending before this Court an Order was made on May 8, 1981, directing the Union of l~dia to decide not less than 10 days before June 6, 1981, whether any. of the three additional judges which included Shri S.N. Kumar should be appointed for a further term . as additional judge or they · should be appointed as permanent judges or otherwise. In the mean time on May 7, 1981, in response to the letter dated April 15, 1981, of the Law Minister, the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court has written a long letter and which bas been the subject­ matter of intensely ferocious controversy both as to the significance of its contents, propriety of the request contained in the letter not to show the same to the Chief Justice of India and the violation of the constitutional mandate of consultation as prescribed by Article 21.7, in the letter not being shown to the Chief Justice of India enabling him to offer bis comments and takiQg a decision not toITappoint Shri Kumar. The letter dated May 7, 1981, is a long epistle. At the top it i~ µientioneq "~ecret (for personal attention -- - ·- .~ S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) °1081 only)". The Chief Justice of Delhi High Court refers to his meeting with the Chief Justice of India on March 26, 1981, and then pro· ceeds to state that as desired by him, he wrote his letter ·.dated March 28, 1981, a c9py of which was forwarded to the Law Minister. The expression 'as desired by him' has been a subject-matter of rival contentions. The learned Solicitor­ General urged that this statement clearly conveys that the Chief Justice, of India himself desired after discussion at the meeting on March 26, 1981, that. the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court should not refer to the details of discussion and, therefore, wrote his letter dated March 28, l 981, to the Law Miilister in abstruse terms. The specific suggestion is that even in the letter dated March 28, 1981, the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court did not furnish details to the Law Minister as it wa> so desired by the Chief Justice of India.' Then he proceeds to state that somewhere early in May 1980, one of his colleagues met him and said that he was rather perturbed about information with him to the effect that if a substantial amount was paid to Shri Kumar, suits brought by a ·particular party against an insurance company would be decided in favour of the party. The Chief Justice states that he did not pay much attention to the earlier reports but when this was brought to his notice and he not being the Chief Justice at t~at time, he thought that after summer vaca!ion to save Shri Kumar from. any embarrassment, he should be put on a jurisdiction other than original jurisdiction and accordingly when he became the Acting Chief Justice and constituted the Benches for the second half of 1980, Shri Kumar was assigned to a Division Bench on the appellate side. He then proceeds to state that even though Shri Kumar was assigned the work of the Division Bench, he carried with him amongst others, three suits Nos. 1409 of 1979, 1417 of 1978 and. 1408 of.1979 filed by Jain Sudh Vanaspati Ltd. and Jain Export Pvt. Ltd. against the New India Assurance Co. Ltd. He further states that in August 1980 the same col)eagu_e talked to him and another ,colleague joined saying that doubts were being expressed about the integrity of Shfi Kumar vis-a·vis the aforesaid cases and some others. As the Chief Justice was an Acting Chief Justice, he did not want to take any precipitate action but he, however, made discreet inquiries from some of the leading counsel and they in strict confidence supported the allegations. This impelled the Chief Justice to look into the allegations more carefully when it transpired that it was not only the three suits mentioned bereinabove but other single Bench matters were also retained . by Shri Kumar on his bo~rd despite being put in the Division Bench. ,_c 0 SUPREME coutt REPoRTS [1~821 i s.c.l\. He points out ' there. was a. long list of such suits carried by Shri Kumar with him and that some of the parties in the suits were rich and influential parties including some former Princes. He pro­ ceeds to state that in January 1981, he looked into the matter a little more deeply and made further inquiries and even though some lawyers were non-committal, others however asserted with some force that Sbri Kumar's reputation was not above board. This led to his discussing the matter with some of his colleagues beside11 the two who had earlier spoken to him, and they also said that uncon­ firmed reports have been circulating in the Bar which were not very complimentary to Shri Kumar. This made the Chief Justice to con­ clude that reputation for integrity of Shri Kumar 'was not what . should be for a Judge of the High Court'. He then proceeds to refer.to the complaint of Shri Sabir Hussain against Shri Kumar in which he exonerates Shri Kumar. He deals with the quantum of work disposed of by Shri Kumar, an aspect which is not relevant for the present purpose. There is some reference to the conduct of Shri Kumar in his work as a judge in the Court. He concludes the letter by saying that he has already ex pressed his view that Shri Kumar should not be continued but it is for the Govern­ ment to decide whether it would like Shri Kumar to continue as a Judge of-the Delhi High Court. Undoubtedly, this letter has not been brought to the n~tice of the Chief Justice of India. Thereafter the Law Minister wrote to the Chief Justice ofJndia on May .::1, 1981, enquiring from him whether he had completed his inquiry in regard to the complaints regarding Shri Kumar's integrity and general conduct which the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court had discussed with him as mentioned by him in bis letter dated March 28, 1981. He requested the Chief Justice oflndia to forward the advice in regard to the continuance or otherwise of Shri Kumar and Shri S.B. Wad. To this letter the Chief Justice of India replied by his letter dated May 22, 1981, in which after referring to the three points made by the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court in his first Jetter dated February 19, 1981, for not recommending con­ tinuance of Shri S.N. Kumar, he proceeded to state that the Chief Justice of Delhi- High Court met him on March 26, 1981, and · amongst others, he stated that he doubted the integrity of Shri Kumar because even though his assignment was changed he still continued to hear part-heard cases on the original side. The Chief Justice of India then proceeds to state that he has made the most careful and extensive enquiries in regard to both these matters and - ~.i>. GUP'i:A v. UNION (f>esai, J.) 1083 he was satisfied that there was no substance in any one of them. He proceeded to state that he made enquiries not only from the mem­ bets of the Bar but from the sitting Judges of the Delhi High Court which showed that it is a common practice in the Delhi High Court that even after the allocation of a judge is changed from the original side to the appellate side and vice versa, he continues to take up part­ heard cases on which a substantial amount of time has been alrnady spent. In his view, therefore, Shri Kumar did nothing out of the way or unsual in taking up part-heard cases after the allocation of his work was changed. He specifically disagreed with the view of the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court for non-continuance of Shri Kumar and further proceeded to assert that . not one member of the Bar or of the Bench doubted the integrity of Sbri Kumar, and on the other hand several of them stated that he is a man of unquestionable integrity. He concluded the letter by saying that Shri Kumar's term should be extended by a further period of three months .. I have not been able to appreciate the last line of this letter as to why a further three months' extension is recommended. If Shri Kumar's integrity in the opinion of the Chief Justice of India was beyond reproach, the fact whether he was slow in the disposal of work or other minor considerations should not have come in the way of the Chief Justice of India recommending a full term extension. It appears, however, that this three months' extension was recommen­ ded because some reports of the intelligence branch in respect of Shri Kumar were also forwarded to the Chief Justice of India and probably the Chief Justice of India was to respond to the same. That the Chief Justice of India did by his letter dated May 29, 1981, and after having expressed his opinion with regard to . the· details of the report not disclosed to the Court the Chief Justice of India r~commended a full term extension for Shri Kumar. The sole contention raised by Shri R.K. Garg in this behalf is that the consultation envisaged by Art. 224 read with Art. 217(1) must be full, and meaningful and if that is the criterion, failure of the Law Minister, may be on the request of Chief Justice of Delhi High Court, to disclose the letter dated May 7, 1981, of the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court or its contents to the Chief Justice of India would unmistakably show that the process of consultation was not complete and, ·therefore, the C'.onsequent decisiori not to accept Shri Kumar by not giving him any extension beyond June 6, 1981, is violative of the constitutional mandate and, there- ' 1bS4 SUPREME COURT REPORTS t 1982] 2 s.c.R. fore, invalid. Keeping aside for the time being the propriety of the request made by the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court that his letter dated May 7, 1981, should not be shown to the Chief Justice of India, what is required to be determined is whether the contents of the letter and more particularly the reasons and materials which prompted the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court to come to the con­ clusion that the reputation for integrity of Shri Kumar was not .what should be for a judge of the High Court, were brought to the notice of the Chief Justice of India at any point of time and whether he had a chance to think and deliberate over it. And if the answer is in the affirmative, mere failure to show the letter dated May 7, I 981, would not invalidate the decision. Without going into the further details in this behalf, it clearly transpires that at the meeting bet­ w. en the Chief Justice of India and the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court-on March 26, 1981, there was a specific discussion of all the three points, including one of lack of integrity of Shri Kumar. Once the question about the integrity of Shri Kumar came up for discussion between these two high constitutional functionaries with a specific reference to the view of the Chief Justice of- Delhi High ·Court not to recommend Shri Kumar for further continuance, the conclusion is inescapable that all aspects hearing upon the integrity of Shri Kumar must have been discussed between the two high constitutional functionaries. That is why the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court says in his letter dated March 28. 1981, that he had discussed the entire matter in detail with the Chief Justice of India. This is further borne out by what the Chief Justice of fndia writes in his letter dated May 22, 1981, that at the meeting between them on March 26, 1981, the reasons which prompted the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court not to recommend continuance of Shri Kuinar were discussed and this discussion included the complaint of Chief Justice of Delhi High Court about Shri Kumar's integrity. There is a specific reference to Shri Kumar keeping to himself the part­ heard cases after his assign~ent was changed, in the letter of the Chief Justice of India. This clearly indicates that there was thread bear discussion on this point and the discussion would include the material wh.ich the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court had and whicl1.i he would necessarily refer to, to justify the view taken by him. There is another internal evidence to bear out this conCiusion. Shri Kumar himself filed an .affidavit on July 17, 1981, much before the hearing commenced in this case and much before disclosure of the relevant correspondence was ordered by this Court. In this affidavit he clearly refers to his retaining some of the part-heard - r - ) - U>. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) cases after Q.is assignment was changed and this list includes the three suits referred to in the Jetter of the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court dated May 7, 1981. What has prompted this explanation about the aforementioned three suits by Shri Kumar much before the disclosure was directed and he had a chance to look into the correspondencd would be self-evident. The only permissible infe­ rence is that in his meeting with the Chief Justice of India which he refers to in para 18 of his affidavit he must have been informed by the Chief Justice of India that with reference to his handling of the aforementioned three suits and bis tugging on to it after his assign­ ment was changed gave rise to the belief that. it was being done with some ulterior motives and the Chief Justice of India could have only gathered this information from the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court at their meeting on March 26, 1981. This is further internal evidence to buttress the conclusion that everything including all details set out in the letter dated May 7, 1981, concerning Shri Kumar's integrity was the subject-matter of discussion between the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court and Chief Justice of India at their meeting on March 26, J 98 t. If that be so, the conclusion is inescapable that the consultation is complete. Consultation need not take any particular form. · The essence of consultation is deli­ beration. And if the two high constitutional functionaries met for the avowed object of discussing continuance of Shri Kumar with specific reference to the doubt about his integrity, it would be rea~ sonable to hold that all aspects were considered, gone into and thrashed out. In this view of the matter non-showing of the letter dated May 7, 1981, to Chief Justice of India wQuld not detract from the fullness of consultation as required by Art. 217. For these reasons and some more discussed by Bhagwati, J. with whom I agree, it must. be held that there was fuH and effective consultation on all relevant points including those set out in the letter dated May 7, 1981, and the submission must accordingly be rejected. Before I conclude, ~ would like to record my disapproval of the request made by the. Chief Justice of Delhi High Court to the Law Minister for not showing the Jetter dated May 7, 1981, to the Chief Justice of India. If independence of judiciary is likely to be threatened, it may or may not emanate fr.om the executive or from some outside agency but it would be corroded by the action of the members of the judiciary itself,' by internal corrosion, and if proof for this were needed, it is demonstratively supplied by a very impro­ per request made by the· Chief Justice of Deihl High Court to the 0 1086 SOPRB~B cOUkT kilt>ORts [ t 982] 2 S.C.R. Law Minister not to show the letter dated May 7, 1981, to the Chief Justice of India. I am unable to conceive a situation where in the correspondence, assertions, statements, expression of doubts concerning a high judfoial functionary like a judge of the High Court can be made by the Chief Justice of a High Court · which be is not willing to show to the Chief Justice of India. I am not implying any hierarchy. I put them on par and accord status and dignity to the high offices occupied by both. They may differ. Healthy difference is the life blood of honest opinion. But it is unthinkable albeit wholly improper for a Chief Justice of a High Court to write to the· Law Minister something which he is not prepared to show to the Chief Justice of India. This conduct, if allowed to pass uncensured, would give rise to such fissiparous tendencies which would wholly undermine the independence of judiciary. I also feel that the way in which the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court has dealt with the case of Shri O.N. Vohra leaves much to be desired. The Chief Justice of Delhi High Court seems to be completely unaware of his duty and obligation while recommending or refusing to recommend a colleague for extension. He holds no position superior tci a High Court Judge functioning in his Court. He is only first amongst equals enjoying the status not on merits but on accident of seniority. He is not supposed to sit in judgment over the decisions of his colleagues. · Where does he get this authority passes comprehension ? Mr. O.N. Vohra took a dignified ·stand and did not participate in this squable, undignified as the whole episode appears to· be. Had he come and participated, may be the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court would have found his position so untenable that there would have emanated a strong censure about the method and manner of his dealing with his colleagues. These may appear to be strong words but they still fail to express my feelings adequately. I say no more. There was one more submission which may be noticed in passing and I refer it only for future purpose. If a Chief Justice of a High Court gets information reflecting upon the character and . integrity of a colleague or complaints about his behaviour in the Court, fair play in action demands that before relying upon it and taking a st :p of f'ar reaching c_onsequence concerning the career and dignity of the colleague, he should in confidence talk to the ··----- - - - - S.1>, auP'tA v. UNION lDesai, J.) 1087 colleague. In these days when relations betwee11 the Bench and the Bar have sunk abysmally low, that ruinours, canards, character assessination flourish in the grapevine, if credence is to be given to such . rumours because about integrity usually foolproof facts are not available, but reputation for integrity being relevant, apart from any principle of natural justice which does not surface in this discussion, fair play in action demands that they should first be brought to the notice of the colleage not for his explanation but even for future rectitude. If the whole thing stops the decisive action can be deferred. If it continues to flourish, the Chief Justice or a High Court in discharge of his constitutional duty of recom­ mending or not recommending continuance of an additional judge may proceed to act as he considers befitting the high dignity of the office he holds; but to make assertion in secret and confiden­ tial letters without giving the slightest inclination to the colleague and then to shrink back to the extent of not permitting the same to be shown to the paterfamilias in the judiciary scales the height of impropriety .. Let the past be buried and bygones be bygones but in future a conduct and approach commensurate with the high office held by the Chief Justice of High Court must inform his action. Fair play in action is the watchword of judiciary and if it is extended to all others, a colleague in the High Court should not be at a com­ parative disadvantage. I would, therefore, like to recall what happened in the course of hearing of these matters. At one stage the. Bench unanimously suggested to the learned Attorney-General that even accepting his contention that the consultation was full and meaningful and there was no defect or deficiency in it, a person who has worked as a Judge of a High Ceurt for two years and three months should not be made:; to leave the institution with a wrench that a raw deal has been done to him and, therefore, Government of India may show the letter dated May 7, 1981, to the Chief Justice of India, request him to give his comments on the same and after considering the same in the light of the comments of the Chief Justice of Delhi High may mould the final decision concerning Shri Kumar. The learned Attorney-General replied that the Government of India has no objec­ tion to showing the letter dated l\lay 7, 1981, to the Chief Justice.of India. That is poor solace because the Jetter since disclosure had become public property, the media having published the same. But the learned Attorney Gtneral informed us that 'the Government of JOSS SUPREME (;OURt REi>otrs f 1982] i s.c.il. India was not prepared to reconsider the decision. Apart from the judi~i~ry and the. public, Goverm~ent. ?f India must be equally sens1t1ve and considerate about mamtammg both the dignity and independence of judiciary. It would add 'to the statute of the Government of India and reject unsubstantiated criticism that un­ warranted attacks are made on the judiciary by the executive if the letter dated 7th May 1981 is shown to the Chief Justice of India and his comments are invited and then a decision is taken whether or not to reappoint Shri Kumar as an additional Judge. While holding that _there was full, effective ·and meaningful C consultation, and on this account the petitions in this group are liable to be dismissed, I suggest that the Government of India may show the letter dated May 7, 1981, to the Chief Justice of India, request him to give comments and after receiving the comments, decide whether Shri Kumar should or should not be appointed as an additional Judge of Delhi High Court. This is not a direction D but merely a suggestion for the acceptance of the Government if thought fit. In the second group of cases the first is a writ petition No. 274/8 l filed by an Advocate practising in the Supreme Court, Miss Lily Thomas, impleading therein the Union of India represented by the Secretary, Ministry of Law as the sole respondent and in which the only prayer in the last paragraph is that this Court may be pleased to give true interpretation of Article 222 of the Constitution of India. In the body of the petition it was averred that President of India in exercise of the power conferred by Article 222 (I) of the Constitution has made an order transferring Mr. lustic! M.M. Ismail, the then Chief Justice of the Madras High Court as Chief · Justice, Kerala High Court. The question posed was whether the power to transfer a Judge of a High Court conferred on the P.resident under Article 222 can be used to defeat the right of puisne judges of the High Court to be considered for the post of Chief Justice of the High Court wherein a vacancy may have occurred, It was averred that on the elevation of Mr. V. Balakrishna Eradi, the then Chief Justice of Kerala High Court to. the Bench of the Supreme Court of India, the office of Chief Justice, Kerala High Court has been render­ ed vacant and other considerations being equal, the next senior-most pui°me judge who should legitimately occupy the same office is Mr. Justice Subramania Poti or any other judge of the Kerala High Court. It was contended that the expression 'judge' in Article 222 .... -- + -- ) - S.'P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1089 does not comprehend Chief Justice and, therefore, the transfer of Chief Justice M.M. Ismail as Chief Justice of Kerala High Court is ex facie illegal. It was also contended that this power to transfer was to be exercised in public interest and the power has not been conferred for the purpose of providing the executive with a weapon to punish a judge who does not toe its line and that exercise of such power would be subversive of the independence of judiciary. An application for adding parties was made in which 9 other persons were so'ught to be impleaded as respondents, one of them being Shri K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice of Patna High Court who was under an order of transf\:r as Chief Justice Madras High Court. There was also a prayer for urging additional grounds and the whole of the prayer clause was amended and by the amended clause a declaration was sought that Article 222 of the Constitution is illegal and un­ constitutional. A further declaration was sought that the transfers - of Chief Justice M.M. Ismail and Chief J,ustice K.B.N. Singh as Chief Justice of Madras and Kerala respectively being not in public interest and also pecause Article 222 does not confer ariy power to transfer a Chief Justice, is unconstitutional by an order made by this Court -on February 4, 1981, from amongst those sought to be arrayed as respondents, the prayer to join Mr. M.M. Ismail and Mr. K.B.N . . singh alone was granted and in respect of others the application was rejected. - Rule was issued after recording a statement that the petitioner will not press ground No. 5 challenging the constitutional validity of Article 222 of the Constitution. One Shri D.N. Pandey, Advocate, filed C.W.J.C. No. 2224/81 in the High Court of Patna impleading the Union of India, Chief Justice oflndia, Shri K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice of Patna High Court, Registrar of Patna High Court as respondents, praying for an appropriate writ or order directing the respondents to forbear from giving effect to the order of the President dated January 19, 1981, transferring Sbri K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice of Patna High Court. as Chief Justice, Madras High Court with effect from the date he assumed charge of his office. By an order made by a Bench of the Patna High Court, Shri Thakur Rampati Sinha, President, Bihar State Socialist Lawyers Association, was permitted to be added as petitioner No. 2. Various contentions have been raised in this petition and they will be dealt with at tlie appropriate place. By an order made by .this Court the petition stood transferred to this Court and numbered as Transferred Case No. 24/81. After the petition was transfem;<j !<? ~his 9ourt, ~hfi K.~.N. Sin?h applied for tran~- 1090 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982) 2 S.C.l. posing him from the array of respondents as petitioner and the same having been granted, Shri K B.N. Singh is now petitioner No. 3, in this case and be is represented by counsel Dr. L.M. Singhvi. In this petition Shri K.B.N. Singh has filed a short affidavit on September 7, 1981, followed by a detailed affidavit on September 16, 1981. Shri K.C. Kankan, Deputy Secretary, Department of Justice, Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs, filed the counter­ affidavit on September 24, 1981. Shri K.B.N. Singh filed a rejoinder affidavit on September 28, 1981. The Chief Justice of India filed his counter·affidavit on September 29, 1981, to which a rejoinder affidavit was filed by Shri K.B.N. Singh on October 16, 1981. A rejoinder affidavit was also filed by Thakur Rampati Sinha on behalf of petitioners 1 and 2 on October 16, 1981. One P. Subramaniam filed Writ Petition No. 553 of 1981 in the Madras High Court challenging the constitutional validity of Noti­ fication dated January 19, 1981, by which Shri M.M. Ismail, Chief Justice, Madras High Court was transferred as Chief Justice, Kerala High Court. Jn this petition Union of India represented by the Secretary, Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs was impleaded as the sole respondent. Union of India moved this Court under Article 139 A (I) requesting the Court to withdraw to itself the aforementioned Writ Petition pending in the Madras High Court on the ground that petitions raising identical questions have already been transferred to this Court.1 This Court having granted the request, the writ petition stood traM°ferred 'to this Court and numbered as Transferred Case No. 6/81. One A. Rajappa, an Advocate of Madras, filed Writ P.etition No. 390/81 in the Madras High Court questioning the constitutional validity of the Notification transferring Chief Justice Ismail to Kerala High Court, inter alia, contending that Article 222 does not com­ prehend power to transfer a Chief Justice. In this petition he implea­ ded the Union of India, Registrar of the Madras High Court, Registrar of the Kerala High Court and Registrar of the Patna High Court as respondents. An application to transfer this petition to this Court under Article 139A was moved. This Court accepted the transfer application by its order dated February 3, 1981, and accor­ dingly the ca8e stood transferred to this Court an,d numbered. as Transferred Case No. 2/81. - - - -\ l - ··--\. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1091 One Ripudaman Prasad Sinha had filed C.W.J.C. No. 312/81 in the Patna High Court for a writ of quo warranto seeking infor­ mation as to how after the Notification dated January 19, 1981, transferring Shri K. B. N. Singh, Chief Justice, Patna High Court, as Chief Justice, Madras High Court, he continued to occupy the office of Chief Justice, Patna High Court. This petition came up for admission before a Bench of the Patna High Court. At the oral hearing a question was posed to the petitioner why he had not produced the presidential notification and on this short ground the writ petition was rejected. An oral prayer . for a certificate to appeal to the Supreme· Court was also rejected. Hence he filed Special Leave Petition (Civil) No. 1509 of 1981. He has impleaded Shri K.B.N. Singh" Union of India and the Chief Justice of India as respondents. Mr. K.C. Kankan filed his counter-affidavit in 'fransferred Case No. 24/81, inier alia; contending that the .fact that the mother of D Shri K.B.N. Singh is aged about 85 years and is ailing and bed- ridden for last two years was present to the mind of the Chief Justice of India. The Chief Justice of India can certainly be presumed to have knowledge not only about this fact but the other fact that Tamil language is freely used in Tamil Nadu and Shri K.B.N. Singh is not conversant with it. It is stated that Shri K.B.N. Singh had E an effective opportunity to represent his case before the Chief Justice of India. Then it is further averred that Chief Justice of India had visited Patna as mentioned by Shri K.B.N. Singh himself. It is further stated that the Chief Justice of India while making recom­ mendations for transfers pointed out that he had met several lawyers and judges of the concerned High Courts and expressed the view F that on the basis of data which he collected and which he had consi- dered with greatest objectivity, Shri K.B .. N. Singh should be transfer- red. It is not disputed that for misbehaviour as adumberated in Article 124, transfer is not the remedy and that transfer can only be ordered in public interest without regard to any complaint of mis- behaviour. Denying the averment of Shri K.B.N. Singh that trans- G fer was based on considerations which are not genuine· and germane, it was stated that Shri Singh has given no basis for his averment that the transfer order i' likely to have been made because either the Hon'ble Chief Justice of India or the President of India or both of them have been ·misled by interested parties. It was asserted that H considerations relevant to transfer were taken into account by the Chief Justice of India !\~ ~lso by the P~~siden~ of !ndi~, The re'luest . 1092 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 S,C.R. of Shri K.B.N. Singh for disclosure of documents bearing upon his transfer was resisted by Shri I.N. Chaturvedi, Secretary Department of Justice, Ministry of Law, Justice and Cpmpany Affairs, claiming privilege against disclosure of documents. Transferred Case· No. 24/81 arising from the writ petition filed by Shri D.N. Pandey in which Mr. K.B.N. Singh at his request was transp<.'sed as petitioner No. 3, was heard as the main care and other petitioners an.d their learned counsel were permitted ·to inter­ vene at the hearing of this case. Dr. L.M. Singhvi who led, ably supported by Shri H.M. Seervai and Shri Soli Sorabjee, put in the forefront the contention that the power to transfer a judge of the High Court is an extra-ordinary power vested in the President, the highest exec'utive in the country, which has to he exercised according to the advice of the council of ministers, if not properly controlled and adequate safeguards provi· <led, would render indepedence of judiciary a myth. Keeping aside, therefore, the facts of the case, it would be advantageous at this stage to find out the purpose for which such power is conferred on the President under Article. 222, the circumstances in which the power can be exercised highlighting the constraint or limitations on the exercise pf power which would be .safeguards against arbitrary exercise of power. To repeat, on the question of construction of Article 222 we are not breaking a fresh ground. It was the subject-matter of a very intelligent and enlightened debate in the Gujarat High Court wherein Mr. S.H. Sheth, a judge of the Gujarat High Court challen· ged his transfer to Andhra Pradesh High Court. This debate con­ tinued unabated in the apP.eal against the decision of a special bench of the Gujarat High Court to this Court. Barring some addi­ tional submissions the arguments covered the familiar ground. I say familiar because I had the privilege of bearing arguments at the time of admission of the Special Civil Application filed by Mr. S.H. Sheth in the Gujarat High Court and also when the petition was finally beard. The appeal against the decision of the Gujarat High · Court quashing the order of transfer of Mr. S.H. Sheth and issuing a manda~us to the Union of India directing it to forbear from giving effect to the transfer order was heard by a Constitution Bench or this Court presided over by Shri Y;V. Chandrachud, who, 11s the quirk of fate shows, in his capacity [as Chief Justice now is - - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.)' 1093 one of the respondents in this group of cases. As we are to a considerable extent on a familiar grourid, in order to avoid inere repeat performance, it would be conducive to proper adjudication · of issi:tes raised, to recall what has been the view of the Constitu­ tion Bench of this Court in Mr. Sheth's case. After briefly referr-· ing to the position thus established, I would refer to additional · contentions and also a fervent appeal for accepting the minority view in Mr. Sheth's case be.cause very persuasively it was argued that this larger Bench must re-examine the issue in its entirety. The emotional appeal was founded on the submission that since the decision in Mr. Sheth's case disturbing trend_s have appeared in the Indian polity and even though once thwarted, a claim to naked and arbitrary exercise of power for transfer having been made on behalf of the Union of India and it being further shown that the safeguard which appealed to the majority view in Mr. Sheth's case havhg been found to be of slender strength, the Court should fui­ ther insulate the judiciary from continuing threats emanating from powerful executive quarters. In constitutional interpretation while value system may have a fair sprinkling, emotions, sentiments, unfounded su.spicions, wild apprehensions and imaginary threats have no place. Equally, a possible chance of abuse of power would not permit denial of power if it is conferred. We will have to be all the more circumspect, imbued with wisdom and restraints because let it not be said· by the posterity that the judges interpreting the judiciary provisions in the Constitution 'have re-written the Cons'itution for their own total and absolute insulation from any quarter so .that an otherwise ir­ removeable elitist in.stitution may. become so entrenched as to be impervious to the realities of the situation. We wish to steer clear of what Professor ·Friedmann stated, ·between the scylla of sub­ servience to Government and the charybdis of remoteness from cons­ tantly changiag social pressures and economic needs (see Law in a Changing Society by W. Friedmann). Let us then first recapitulate what has been the majority view in Mr. Sheth's case. S.H. Sheth, a judge of the Gujarat High Court was transferred .".\ as per the Presidential Notification dated May 7, 1976 as Judge of H the High Court of Andhra Pradesh. Mr. Sheth challenged the order of transfer in a petitiou t!i~t lw tiled in Gujarat High Cour~ ' ' I 1094 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 s.c.R. on June 16, 1976, in which he impleaded Union of India and the then Chief Justice of India as respondents. This petition was heard by a special Bench of Gujarat High Court which by a unani­ mous order dated November 4, 1976, voided the order of transfer. An appeal by certificate was preferr~d by the Union of India to this Court which was heard by a Constitution Bench of this Court. Let me recapitulate the contentions canvassed on behalf of Mr. S.H. Sheth in his petition questioning the validity of the order made· under Article 222(1) by which he was transferred from the C office of the judge of the High Court of Gujarat to the office of the Judge of High Court of Andhra Pradesh. The constitutional validity of the order of transfer was challenged on the following grounds : (i) The order was passed without bis consent, such con­ sent must be necessarily implied in Article 222(1) of the Constitution and, therefore, the transfer of a judge from one High Court to another High Court without his consent is unconstitutional; (ii) The order was passed in breach of the assurance given on behalf of the Government of India by then Law Minister Shri A.K. Sen who, while moving the Cons­ titution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, said in the Lok Sabha that "so far as High Court Judges are concerned they should not be transferred except by consent." Mr. ·sheth having accepted judgeship of Gujarat High Court on April 23, 1969, on the faith of the Law Minister's assurance, the Government of India was bound by that assurance on the doctrine of promissory estoppel; (iii) The order of transfer militated against public interest. The power conferred by Article·222(1) was conditioned by the exigencies and requirements of public interest and since his transfer was not shown to have been made in public interest it was ultra vires; and (iv) The order was passed without effective consultation ' with thr <;:!hief /ustice of India. 'Consultation' in ' -- - ---ti, I l S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1095 Article 222( 1) means 'effective consultation' and since the pre-condition of Article 222(1) that no transfer can be made without such consultation was not fulfilled, the order was bad and of no effect. Though the full bench of the Gujarat High Court by an unani­ mous order struck down the order of transfer they arrived at this conclusion by different processes of reasoning, one judge took the view that in not consulting or informing Mr. Sheth of even the proposal of transfer, it being an administrative executive action in violation of the principles of natural justice and hence the order was bad. The second judge took the view that the order was un­ constitutional because it was passed without Mr. Sheth's consent and secondly because it was passed for a collateral purpose. The • third judge took the view that the mass transfers of 16 judges which were effected with one stroke though each judge Play have had peculiar personal difficulties to contend with and considering that the Union of India had failed to disclose the nature and content of the consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the consultation was not meaningful and that the pre-condition for exercise of power· in Article 222(1) was not satisfied and, therefore, the order was void. All the three judges unanimously rejected the challenge to the order pf transfer on the ~round of promissory estoppel. In the appeal preferred by the Union of India only two con­ tentions were examined by the Constitution Bench of this Court. They were : (i) the independence of judiciary being the ·basic and fundamental feature of the Constitution power of non-consensual transfer to be exercised by the executive, a litigant before the judge in large number of cases, would be subversive of the independence of judiciary and therefore, the Court-must read in Article 222(1) that the power to tranllfer. can only be exercised with consent of the judge proposed to be transferred; and (ii) that the power to trans­ fer High Court judge having been conferred on the President it can only be exercised in public interest and that before exercise of such power there must be full, effective and meaningful consultation between the President and the Chief Justice of India. Under the second submission, the scope and content of the consultation neces­ sary to satisfy the strin&ent requirem¥1lt~ Qf Article 222 have been. fully thrashed out. · 1096 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982) 2 S.C.R. The leading judgment of majority view by Chandrachud, J. after referring to various articles of the Constitution held that the provisions set out in the judgment indisputably are aimed at insulating the High Court judiciary and even officers and servants of the Court from the influence of the executive. The observation of Krishna Iyer, J. in Shamsher Singh's case that fearless justice is a prominent creed of our Constitution and the independence of judi­ ciary is- the fighting faith of our founding document, was affirmed. It was also held that power to transfer the High Court judge is con­ ferred by the Constitution in public interest and .not for the purpose of providing the executive with a weapon fo punish a judge who does not toe its line or who for some reason or other has fallen from its grace. Thirdly, it was held that the two-fold limitation on the power of the president to transfer a High Court judge, namely, that it can be exercised in public interest and that it can only be exercised after full, effective and meaningful consultation with the Chief Justice­ of India would provide sufficient safeguards against arbitrary exercise of power and accordingly the contention that in order to insulate the judiciary from executive interference the Court should rea.d into Artkle 222 the words 'with his consent' was rejected. What cons­ titutes meaningful, effective, full and substantial consultation h~:s been succinctly set out in a paragraph at p. 453 which has been extracted hereinbefore. Briefly to recapitulate in the present context, 'president must make relevant data available to the Chief Jus1ice of India on the basis of which he can offer to the president the benefit of bis considered opinion. If the facts necessary to arrivf: at a proper conclusion are not made available to the Chief Justice of India, he must ask for them because in casting on the President the obligation to consult the Chief Justice of India, the constitution at the same time must be taken to have imposed a duty on the Chief Justice of India to express his opinion on nothing less than a full consideration of the matter on which he is entitled to be con­ sulted. The fulfilment by the President of his constitutional o bliga­ tion to place full facts before the Chief Justice of India and the performance by the latter of the duty to elicit facts which are neces­ sary to arrive at a proper conclusion are 'parts of the same process , and are complementary to each other. The faithful observance of these may well earn a handsome dividend useful to the admin.istra­ tion of justice.' Consultation within the meaning of Article 22:~ (I), therefore, means full and effective, not formal or unproductive con· sultation, ·Concluding on this point, it was observed as under : I ' )- ... - .. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) _- 1097 "Article 222(1) . post{Jlates fair play, and con~ain~ built in safeguards in the interests ofreasonableness. In.the fir~t place, the power to transfer a High Court judge caq be exercised in public interest only. Secondly, the President is under an obligation to consult the Chief Justice of India. which means and requires that all the. relevant facts must be placed before the Chief Justice. Thirdly, the Chief Justice owes a corresponding duty, both to the President and to the judge who is proposed to. be trans­ ferred, that he shall consider every relevant fact before - he - tenders his opinion to the President. In the discharge of this constitutional obligation the Chief Justice would be within his rights, and indeed it is his duty whenever neces­ sary, to elicit and ascertain 'further facts. either directly from the judge concerned or from other reliable sources. The executive cannot and ought not to establish rapport with the judges which is the function and privilege of the Chief Justice. In substance and effect, therefore, the judge concerned cannot have reason to complain of. arbitrariness or unfair play, if the due procedure is followed. (p. 456). Krishna Iyer, J. speaking for himself and S. Murtaza Fazal Ali, J., while concurring with this view, observed that the President must communicate to the Chief Justice all the material he has. and the course he proposes. T,he Chief Justice in turn must collect necessary information through responsible channels or directly, acquaint himself with the requisite data, deliberate on the informa­ tion he possesses and proceed in the interests of the administration justice to give the president such counsel of action as he thinks will further the public interest, especially the cause of the justice system. (p. 496). At another place it was observed as under: "Before giving his opinion the Chief Justil:e of India would naturally take into consideration all relevant factors and may informally ascertain from the judge concerned if he has any real personal difficulty or any humanitarian ground on which his transfer may not be directed. Such grounds may be of a wide range including his health or extreme family factors. It is not necessary for the · C::hief Justice to issue formal notice to the judge concerned but it is sufficient-although it is not obligatory-if he 'B SUPREME CotJR.t Rl!POR.ts ( 19821 2 s.c.A. • ascertains these facts either from the Chief Justice of the High Court or from his own colleagues or through any 'other means which the Chief Justice thinks safe, fair and reasonable. Where a proposal of transfer of. a judge is made the Government must forward every possible material to the Chief Justice so that he is in a position to give an effective opinion. Secondly, although the opinion of the Chief Justice of India may not be binding on the Government it is entitled to great weight and is normally to be accepted by the Government because the power under Article 222 cannot be exercised whimsically or arbitrarily." (pp. 501-502). The majority view is that it is not possible to read words 'with his consent' in Article 222 and non-reading oi these words would not jeopardise independence of judiciary otherwise guaranteed by the Constitution. It was held that a non-consensual transfer is within the purview of Article 222. On the question of policy transfers which loomed large in the present case, Cbandracbud, J. observed that whether it is necessary to transfer judges from one High Court to another in the interest of national integration is a moot point, but that is a policy matter with which Courts are not concerned directly (see p. 450). At another place he held that policy transfers on a wholesale basis which leave no scope for considering the facts of each particular case and which are influenced by one-sided governmental considerations are outside the contemplation of our constitution (p. 454). Krishna Iyer, J'. in this context expressed himself in a forceful way when be said that : 'to promote the community's concern for impeccabl~ litigative justice, policy oriented transfer of judges after compliance with constitu­ tionally spelt out protocols inay not be ruled out' (see p. 501). Untwalia, J. after, attempting to spell out specific public interest to subserve which a transfer of a High Court judge can be ordered, ultimately concluded that 'these are matters of policy decision e11ti­ rely within the realm of the governmental power' (p. 507). The minority view of Bbagwati, J. and Untwalia, J. held that non- · consensual transfer is outside the purview of Article 222 but both of .them reached. the conclusion by a different process of reasoning. Bbagwati, J. held that having examined various provisions _of the Constitution unerringly pointing towards assuring independence of jud~ciary fro111·executive pressure, to further fortify and insulate it, - - S.t>. OtJi>TA .v. UNION (besai, J.) 1099 the Court should r,ive to the expression 'transfer' in Article 222 a limited meaning that it only comprehends consensual transfer and compulsive transfer is not within the purview of the Article.. Unt­ walia, J. held that 'there may be necessity and justification on the ground of public interest or policy for the transfer of judges from one High Court to another, although it may be few and far between or even punitive in character, but to do so without the consent of the judge concerned will bring about devastating results and cause dam-· age to the tower of judiciary and erosion in its independence.' He was, therefore, of the view that an additional safeguard is necessary to insulate the judiciary and he found that safeguard by holding that a judge cannot be transferred under Article 222 without his consent. Bhagwati, J. agreed with Krishna Iyer, J. on the scope and content of consultation and Untwalia, J. agreed with Chandrachud, J. on the scope and content of consultation under Article 22~. Scope and ambit of consultation under Article 222 (I) has been dealt with in the earlier part of this judgment and it is unnecessary to repeat it here. The obligation to consult may arise in different contexts and in different circumstances and situations and for different purposes. Duty or dbligation to consult inheres full, effective and meaningful consultation. The situation and context and purpose of consultation would define parameters of consultation. Within the parameters all relevant considerations on which consultation to be effective must be focussed, must be precisely laid down. It was admitted on all hands. that transfer is likely to cause hardship and inflict injury both private and to some extent public. In Shamsher Singh' s case it is in terms sta­ ted that sometimes transfer is more harmful than positive punish­ ment. Before the judge is made to suffer hardship or he is required to suffer injury, certain relevant question have to be examined and answered so that even a remote chance of transfer by way of punish­ ment may be scrupulously avoided and a firm decision is reached that it is for achieving an avowed public interest. In the context of trans­ fer of a judge fr~m one High Court to another High Court, the ques­ tions which must engage the attention of the concerned authorities may be briefly e11:umerated. They are : (i) why this particular judge is selected for transfer ; (ii) what would be the personal difficulties faced by him in the event transfer is ordered, such as whether his · .. wife is gainfully· employed, whether his children are taking education or ·are gainfully e_mployed, whether the old parents dependent on Mm would be seriously inconvenienced, whether he is being pushed out' froin a station which is considered good to a station not so good; \ 1100 SU.llltEME COllR.1' RllPOltTS [1982) 2 s.C.k. w~ether it, is likely to attach any stigma, whether he would have to ~aintain two establishments, and finally ; (iii) whether the public interest for which he is required to be transferred would far outweigh his inconveniences, difficulties and even a possible stigma. Selective transfers generally give rise to canards because ordinarily High Court judges are not transferred and as fate as 1963 the then Law Minister Mr. A. K. Sen assured the Parliament that a High Court judge should . not be tran~ferred except by consent and this policy is departed from. Once one or the other judge is specifically selected for transfer, even if it is proclaimed to be in public interest, such as a senior, experien­ ced and competent judge is required for other High Court, this hardly satisfies anyone and the judge really suffers character assassination. It is, therefore, absolutely necessary that all these aspects and many more that can be enumerated, must be specifically and individually examined, discussed, deliberated upon and finally a decision must be r~ached that the public interest for which transfer is proposed would be served by the transfer. Specific public interest must Qot be left to guess worJ.c but must be precisely stated. and must be such that it would far outweigh the personal difficulties, inconvenience and the possible stigma. Principal contention canvassed in the High Court and in this Court in Mr. Sheth's case was that non-consensual transfer is outside the purview of Article 222. This contention would have . stood con­ cl~ded by the majority decision of the Constitution Bench but as the inatter is before a larger Bench, M.r. Seervai made a valiant effort to persuade us ·t9 hold that in view of the recent disturbing trends sur­ facing in the. Indian polity, such as continuous denigration of judi­ ciary and experience proving the safeguards spelt out in Mr. Sheth's case against the abuse of transfer power, broken reed, coupled with the claim for naked and arbitrary power, the time has come to recon­ sider the majority view in Mr. Sheth's case by further buttressing independence of judiciary and completely insulating it against com· pulsive transfers by accepting the minority view in Mr. · Sheth's case, that a non-consensual transfer is beyond the purview of Article 222. In support of this submission Mr. Seervai drew attention to some observations in the judgipent of Chandrachud, J. and Iyer, J. which according to him a,re factually incorrect and a decision based on shch.incorrect assumption would render the majority view not sus­ tainable.' I remain unconvinced. In my detailed judgment in Ivlr. Sheth's case. in the Gujarat High Court I have given long and elabo­ rate reasons for rejecting the contention that non-consen~ual trims- S.1'. GUPTA v. UNI6N ([Jesai, J.) . fers are not within the purview of Article 222. I would not reiterate them because I unreservedly accept the majority view of this Court in Mr. Sheth's case as cotrect. I would, however, briefly deal with some of the submissions of Mr. Seervai in this behalf. The first error in the majority judgment which, · it was conten­ ded, would necessitate reconsideration of the majority view that it is not necessary to read the words 'with his consent' in Article 222 (!), · was that the majority view proceeds on the erroneous assumption that the Government of India Act, 1935, did not contain any provi­ sion for transfer of a High Court Judge. Chandrachud, J. has obser­ ved that the Government of India Act (1935) did not contain any provision for the transfer of a judge. That . is why it provided that the office of a judge shall be vacated either on the judge being appoin. ted to be a judge of the Federal Court or on being appointed as a_ judge of another High Court (p. 448). Krishna Iyer, J. 'who concurs with the majority view has in this context observed that ithas already been pointed out above that the Government of India Act did not contain any provision for transfer which was effectuated by appoin­ ting a judge of one High Court to be a judge of another High Court' (p. 493). In this connection it may as well be J?Ointed out that in the minority judgment, Bhagwati, J. who accepted the contention that Article 222 (I) comprehends only consensual transfer bas also obser­ ved that ' ... there was no specific provision in the Act (Government oflndia Act, 1935) conferring power to transfer a High Court judge. The po_wer to transfer a High Court judge was expressly conferred for the first time under the Constitution ... .' (p. 473). Therefore, the assumption that the Government of India Act, 1935, did not contain a provision for transfer, which on further examination turns out to . be erroneous, did not materially affect the outcome because while accepting this position that there was no such provision, the majority reached the conclusion that Article 222 (I) does not cater to only consensual, and that lion-consensual transfer is within the purview of Article 222 (1). The minority reached an exactly opposite conclusion relying on this very aspect. It would, therefore, appear that the assumption is not so material as to necessitate reconsideration of the majority view. Even otherwise Jet me see whether presence or abse­ nce of the provision to transfer a judge in the Government of India Act 1935, has any bearing on the question of construction of Article 222 (1). -._ :.i...€ 8 1102 SUPREME COURT llEPORt$ t 19821 2 s.c.R. Section 220 of the Government of India Act, 1935, provided for constitution of High Courts. Sub-section (2) of section 220 pro­ vided that 'every judge of·a H!gb. Court shall be appoi~ted by His Majesty by warrant under the Royal Sign Manual and shall hold office until he attains the age of sixty years'. There is a proviso to this sub-section, paragraph (c) of which states that the office of a judge shall be vacated by hjs being appointed by His Majesty to be a . judge of the Federal Court or of another High Court; It was assu­ med during the course of arguments in Mr. Sheth's case before this Court that paragraph (c) of the proviso to section 220 (2) formed part of the Government of India Act, 1935, as originally enacted. On investigation that does not appear to be correct. It is now pointed out that paragraph (c) of the proviso to sub-section (2) of section 220 was introduced by section 2 of the India (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1944. By section 6 of the 1944 Act retrospective operation was given to the amendment introduced by section 2 from the commence­ ment of the Government of India Act, 1935. The marginal note to section 2 of the 1944 Act reads: "Judges to vacate office on transfer." Referring to this provision it was urged that the word 'appointed' in paragraph (c) also comprehends transfer and it was spelt out that the 'office of a ju'dge of the High Court would be vacated not only on his appointment as a judge of the Federal Court but also on his being transferred to another High Court. Earl of Munster during the debate on the provision pointed out that a judge of a High Court on being appointed to the Federal Court or on being transferred to ano­ ther High Court would not retain his office of the judge of the High Court from which he was transferred. In this context he made refe­ rence to section 10 of the Supreme Court of Judicature Act, 1925, which provided that the office of any judge of a High Court shall be vacated on his being appointed as a judge of the Court of Appeal. Mr. Pethick Lawrence explaining the provision pointed out that the transfer of a judge of a High Court'to another High Court was impli­ cit in the provision itself and that the proposal is merely intended to be beyond question what was certainly the intention in regard to it. In this context the provision contained in section I 03 of the Govern­ ment-. oflndia Act, 1915-19 was recalled. In section 103 provision was made for rank and precedence of the High Court judges inter se according to the seniority of their appointment unless otherwise pro­ vided in the patents. This provision was omitted from the Govern­ ment of India Act, 1935, but it was said that it makes no difference because a similar provision existed and continues to exist i.n the High C:::ourts Act or the Charter Act of 1861. At this stage it would be - J ' - _,J_ .. ... S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1103 worthwhile to recall that in the draft constitution there wa11 no speci­ fic and positive provision for transfer of a High Court Judge. Draft Article 193 (I} proviso paragraph (c) had almost bodily incorporated paragraph (c) of sub-section (2) of section 220, Government of India Act, 1935, in that it was provided that the office of a judge shall be vacated on his being appointed by the President to be a judge of the Supreme Court or of another High Court. And recalling the amend­ ment made to section 220, paragraph (c} of the proviso to sub-sec.(2} by the 1944 Act while retaining the word 'appointed' in the body of the paragraph, the marginal note set out the word 'transfer' meaning that the expression'appointed'in the context of a judge of a High Court from one High Court to another High Court obviously comprehends his transfer. However, when the drafting committee forwarded the revised draft constitution as passed by the Constituent Assembly at the second reading, it recommended certain amendment and changes. One such amendment was present Article 222. The Drafting Com­ mittee while forwarding its report with a draft constitution as revised by it, stated that it has 'proposed the insertion of Article 222 to en­ able the President to transfer a judge of a High Court from one High Court to another. The proposed provision of the Constitution would not permit of any compensatory allowance being given to judges on such transfer. Power has accordingly been reserved to Parliament to determine by law the compensatory allowance to be paid in case they are so transferred, and, until, Parliament so determines, to the President to fix by order the quantum of such allowance.' This insertion of Article 222 was accepted by the Constituent Assembly and simultaneously clause (c) of the proviso to Article 217 (I) was amended to read the word 'transfer' in place of the word 'appointed'. It thus transpires that there was a provision in the Government of India Act, 1935, sinee its commencement for transfer of High Court judges from one High Court to anoth@r High Court and to that extent the assumption of absence of such a provision as stated in Mr. Sheth's case is erroneous. What is the sequeter? If there was power to transfer a High Court judge in 1935 Act, logically the argument that our Constitution has adopted the basic scheme of that Act must inevitably lead to the conclusion that the Constitution makers wanted such power to be conferred and made an explicit provision in Article 222. Whether on ~ransfer a fresh appointment is made so as to necesssitAte the consent of the transferred judge will be presently examined. But presence or absence of a power to trans­ fer a judge in the Government of Inqia Act 1935, would not be deci­ sive of the matter because the Constituent Assembly demonstrably ex D. 1104 SUPREl.JE COURT REPORTS ( 1982} 2 s.C. It pressed its intention to confer power on the President to transfer a judge as indicated in Article 222 {I). The statement, therefore, in the judgements of Chandrachud, J., Bhagwati, J. and Krishna Iyer, J. in Mr. Sheth's case that the Government of India Act, 1935, did not contain any provision for transfer <;>fa judge would not in any manner detract from the binding character of the ratio of the majority judgment, nor on this account a re-examination become.s neces­ sary. It was urged that transfer of a judge of one High Court to another High Court constitutes fresh appointment and, therefore, if initially a man cannot be appointed without his consent because if such a power was to be conferred on any one it would be a conscrip­ tion or we may be thrown back to the days of slavery and, th~refore, if transfer of a judge of the High Court amounts to a fresh appoint­ ment, ipso facto it cannot be done without his consent. The majority view in Mr. Sheth's case ·has rejected this contention and in my opinion for very cogent and valid reasons. Briefly, the reasons for accepting the majority view may be ·stated. Submission is that on transfer a High Court judge ceases to be a judge of the High Court where he was functioning and is appoint· ed a judge of the High Court to which he is transferred and, there­ fore, it is a fresh appointment and therefore it can only be with his consent.· When it was pointed out that the framers of the Constitu­ tion used the words 'appointment' and. 'transfer' in Article 217 (I) proviso (c), in collocation, they must be aware that the connotation of the two words are different and the word 'transfer' in itself does not involve a fresh appointment, it was said that the words have been used interchangeably and recourse was taken to the defini­ tion of 'actual service' set out in clause {I I) to Second Schedule which includes joining time on transfer from a High Court to the Supreme Court or from one High Court to anothe~. It was submitted that the word 'transfer' if it does n'ot include appointment is inappropriate when used in the context of a transfer from High Court t0 the Supreme Court because that is unquestionably an appointment which cannot be made without consent of the person concerned. Proceeding further it was said that it is well recognised that use of different words does not necessarily produce a change in the meaning (see Maxwelrs Interpretation of Statutes, 11th Edn., pp. 286-289). Reliance was placed on State of - ) - -- - S,P, GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1105 Bombay v. Heman Alreia,(1) which decision was referred to with app­ roval in Keshvananda Bharati' s case by Chandrachud, J. (p. 966). Attention was also invited to Edward Mill.~ v. Ajmer,(2) where this Court did not find any materi.al difference between two expressions 'existing law' and 'law in force. While defining the expresstion 'actual service' in clause 11 (b) of the second Schedule to the Constitution the word 'transfer' is used in the context, of physical movement, that is, leaving one place and going to another place and the time spent in the process. But the expression 'transfer' is used in Article 222 to mean transfer from one High Court to another High Court, the· person so transferred continuing to be a High Court judge wi~h continuity of service and there is no break. · Undoubtedly the oath to which a judge of the Higti Court must subscribe provided that he takes oath as Judge on being appointed to a designated High Court and, therefore, on transfer when he goes to another High Court he has to subscdbe to a fresh oath as being appointed to that High Court. But in service jurisprudepce appointment by transfer is a well recognised concept involving continuity of office without break. Thus fresh oath does not imply that his appointment as High Court judge comes-to an end. What comes to an end is his appointme.nt as a judge of a particular High Court and not the holder of the constitutional office of High Court judge and Article 217( I) provides . for appointment of a High Court judge and not judge of a parti- . cular High Court. He continues to hold office even when transferred. But when he reaches the other High Court he subscribes to an oath to be a judge of that High Court, not that he subscribes to an oath to be· a judge. The jurisdiction to function as a High Court judge is not ambivalent but the judge functions as a judge of a particular High Court and enjoys the jurisdiction of a High Court judge in relation to the High·Court to which he is thereby attached. Same conclusion inevitably follows when viewed from another - angle. Article 217 (I) prescribes consultation with three constitu- • tional functionaries before appointing a person as a High Court judge while Article 222 (I) obligates consultation only with Chief Justice of India while transferring a judge from one High Court to another High Court. If transfer were to mean a fresh appointment and yet it can be carried out by mere recourse to Article 222 (l), the only limitation on the power of the President while ordering transfer is to have consultation wHl:i tq~ <;:hief Jµ~tice of India, while (!) AIR 1952 Bombay 161 (2) [1955] 1 SCR 735, B. 8 0 if the President is making an appointment of a High Court judge within the contemplation of Article 217 (I) the President is under a constitutional obligation to consult not only the Chief Justice of India but the Chief Justice of High C0urt to which appointment is being made as also the Governor of the State in which the High Court is situated. Mr. Seervai in this context urged that the two articles must be harmoniously construed and achieve the har­ monious construction he submitted that even though in the case of a transfer under Article 222 (I) the Chief Justice of India is not bound to consult the Chief Justice of the High Court but normally it is his d.uty to do so as a responsible person and that Article 222( I) does not preclude such consultation. One cannot read into an article what is not prescribed because if consultation is obligatory it cannot be left to the discretion of the Chief Justice of India to consult someone as a responsible person. Maybe, that the field of consultation, i.e. the aspects to be taken into consideration in the process of consul­ tation for Article 217 (I) and Article 222 (I) are different but the difference cannot be wished away by merely suggesting something as a matter of prudence. This is inherent evidence suggesting that transfer of High Court judge does not mean a fresh appoint- · · ment. But the most insurmountable impediment I find in the sug· gested construction is that the court is not merely called upon to construe the word 'transfer' but re-write the Article in the name of construction. Is it permissible? Should the judges constitute them· selves a Constituent Assembly ? To answer it in the affirmative would be a dangerous proposition. In fact, in this context the cau­ tion adminis!ered by Mr. Seervai himself in his Constitutional Law of India, 2nd Edn., Vol. III, while commenting upon the decision of this Court in Manohar v. Maruti Rao,(1) may be profitably referred to. He says at p. 1878 'th at no doubt there is a limited senoe in which in interpreting the law the judge may make law in the sense of adopting one of two or more alternatives, if such alternatives are open, or evolving a new principle to meet a new or unusual situation. But it is not given to him to write his own theories, likes and dislikes into the Constitution and the law'. The further comment is that 'the personal views of a judge are irrelevant in the matter of inter­ pretation of a constitutional provision. A further warning was administered that no scientific theory propou.nded in a i:)ook: can (1) AIR 1979 $.C. 10~4. -- ) - s.i>. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) i 101 form the basis of a judgment, for it is opinion evldefice, and such an evidence is admissible on condition that the scientific witness goes into the bolt and is cross-examined. The serious objection is to the Judge Writing philosophical and social thesis. Now, interpretation or a constitutional provision is both an art and a science but while resorting to well·know canons of construction unwittingly the pet theory that the independence of judiciary is prized so high that in order to achieve it if it becomes a ·compelling necessity the provi· sion of a constitution may be re-written, no canon of construction permits this to be done. We must always remember that we are called upon to construe the Constitution, the fundmental law of the land. No doubt 'a broad and liberal spirit should inspire those whose duty if is to interpret it, but I do not imply by this that they are free to stretch or pervert the language of the enactment in the interest of any legal or constitutional theory or even for the purpose of supplying omissions or of correcting supposed errors' .(1) The Con­ stitution-makers clearly envisaged a power to transfer a High Court judge and conferred it on the President and howsoever we may disapprove this power we cannot wish this power away by re-writing the Article. There is no power in-the Court to re-write the Article. Dr. Ambedkar who piloted the Constitution in his speech on November 25, 1949, on the motion that the Constitution as settled by the Constituent Assembly be p~ssed, adopted the following observation with approval : - ''.Courts may modify, they cannot replace. They can revise earlier interpretations as new arguments, new points of view are presented, they can shift the dividing line in marginal cases, but there are barriers they cannot pass, definite assignments of power they cannot reallocate. They can give a broadening construction of existing powers, but they cannot assign to one authority powers explicitly granted to another". {Underlining mine) If we read the words 'with consent' not -only the power of the President is totally taken away blft the power is re-allocated to the fjudge who is to be transferred, namely, he cannot be ordered to -be (1) Jn.Fe: 1h {q1tr?l f1c,~irct ad l'oar Act, 1938 F.C.R.18 at 37. - . ' ' ,; ,. . : ... , 1108 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 S.C.ll. transferred but he can be requested a request which can be finally turned down. The suggested construction is contrary to jurisprudential con­ cept of power. It was never disputed that Article 222 (I) confers power on the President to transfer a judge from one High Court to another High Court. The only limitation on the power is a prior consultation with the Chief Justioe of India. Now, if the power to transfer vested in the President can only be exercised with the con­ sent of the judge who is to be transferred, does there reqiain any power in the President to discharge his constitutional function entrusted to him by Article 222 (1) ? When power is vested in a person or a constitutional functionary there ought to be •he subject and object of power. Power is generally defined as 'ability con­ ferred upon a person by the law to alter, by his own will directed to that end, the rights, duties, liabilities or other legal relations, either of himself or of other persons. Powers are classified either as public or private. Power is said to be_ public when it is vested in a person as an agent or instrument of the functions of the State Amongst others, it contains executive authority.(1) The correlative of power is liability. This connotes the presence of power vested in someone else, as against the person under liability. It is the posi­ tion of one whose legal rights may be altered by the exercise of a power. Hopefield describes power and disability as jural contradic­ tion. Now, if the power is in the President, there is a liability as jural correlative in thejudge who can be transferred. And that power remains power if the liability can be imposed without consent. The moment the concept of consent is imported the power ceases to be power and becomes disability. It either becomes immunity or disability, more appropriately disability, in the sense of lack of pow1:r. (2) Is it open to the Court by a process of interpretation to neutralise the powet and thereby remove the disability which was constitutionally provided? I consider it impermissible and, there- · fore, also the contention that the Court should read the words 'with his consent' in Article 222 (1) must be rejected. · What then is the check against arbitrary exercise of power conferred by Article 222(1) once the argument that it can only be exercised with the consent of the ju~ge to be transferred is rejected. (I) Salmond:on Jurisprudence by Fitzgerald, 7th Edn. pp. 229-230 (2) (See for;this'_discussion pages.229 _and 230 of Salmond on. ~mis!lrudf(llce bl;' fiti:~erald,_ 7th· Edn.). - -· ... S.P. GUPTA v.· UNION (Desai, J.) 1109 This power to transfer a High Court judge has ~rightly been descri­ bed as an extra-ordinary power. The question then is, unless · a positive check on its arbitrary exercise emanating from judiciary is found, this extra-ordinary power is likely to undermine indepen­ dence of judiciary. It was said that the best check would be if this power can be hedged in . with conditfon that it can only be exercised with the consent of the judge, a submission which has not commended to me. Now, if this safeguard of reading consent in Article 222 is rejected, is there any other safeguard against arbitrary exercise of power ? We were repeatedly' remiiided that this power was positively abused in 1976 when 16 judges were transferred en masse and it is well recognised that what bas been once done, if not restrained or checked, may be done again. In Mr. Seth's case the first safeguard against arbitrary exercise of power waa found in the obligatio11 cast on the President to consult the Chief Justice of India and, therefore, the parameters of consultation were drawn very wide so that the power may not be exercised to the detriment of the judge for a collateral purpose. The second safeguard was found in reading into Article 222 that the power to transfer a High Court Judge can ouly be exercised in public interest. Chandrachud, J. held that the power to transfer a High Court Judge is conferred by the Constitution in public interest and not for purposes of pro"viding the executive with a weapon to punish a judge who does not toe its line or who for some .reason ·or the other has fallen from its grace. At another place it was observed that if the power of the President who is to act on the advice of Council of Minister to transfer a High Court judge under Article 222(1) is strictly limited to cases in which the transfer becomes necessary in ·order to sub­ serve public interest, in other words, if it be true that the President has no power to transfer a High Court Judge for reasons not being in public interest but arising out of whim, caprice or fancy of the executive, or its desire to bend a judge to its own way of thinking, there is no possibility of any interference with the independence of judiciary if a judge is transferred without his consent. The same view is shared by Krishna Iyer, J. in his concurring judgment. Therefore, the majority declined to read the words 'with his consent' in Article 222( !). The majority, therefore, concluded that non­ consensual transfer is within the purview of Article 222(1). Even the minority does not question the view that the power to transfer a. judge can only be exercised in publi~ in~en;s~. 0 0 1110 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 19821 2 s.c.R. The public interest me public policy is an unruly horse and is incapable of any precise definition and, therefore, it was urged that this safeguard is very vague and of doubtful utility. It was urged that these safeguards failed to checkmate the arbitrary exer­ cise of power in 1976, This approach overlooks the fact that the Lakshman Rekha drawn by the s~feguards when transgressed or crossed, the judicial review will set at naught the mischief. True it is that it is almost next to impossible for individual· judge of a High Court to knock at the doors of the Courts because access to justice is via the insurmountable to mountain of costs and expenses. This need not detain us because we have seen that in time of crisis the Bar has risen to the occasion twice over in near past though it must be conceded that judicial re.view is increasingly becoming the pre­ serve of the high, mighty and the affluent. But the three safeguards, namely, full and effective consultation with the Chief Justice of India, and t):iat the power to transfer can be exercised in public interest, and judicial review, would certainly insulate independence of judiciary against an attempt by the executive to control it. There was a lively debate as to whether transfer of a judge who has to some extent becomes obnoxious in a High Court would be in public interest. Chandrachud, J. observed that "experience shows that there are cases, though fortunately there are few and far between, in which the exigencies of administration necessitate the transfer of a judge from one High Court to another. The factious local atmosphere sometimes demands the drafting of a judge or Chief Justice from another High Court and on the rarest of rare occasions which can be counted on the fingers of a hand, it becomes necessary to withdraw a judge from a circle of favourities and non favourities. The voice of compassion is heard depending upon who articulates it. Though transfers in such cases are pre-eminently in public interest, it will be impossible to achieve that purpose if a judge cannot be transferred without his conse~t. His personal interest may lie in continuing in a Court where his private interest will be served. best, whereas, pubiic interest may require that his m,1orings ought to be served to act as a reminder that 'the place of justice is a hallowed place'. " This approach mixes up two independent problems. While transfer in public interest is conducive to independence of judiciary, such power when exercised with a view to punishing a judge becomes counter-productive. To punish a High Court judge by an impermissible method is not in public interest. And if a - ) - ~--.--- -· - S.P. OUP1'A v. UNION tDesai, J.) 1111 judge is uprooted from one place because he has made himself. obnoxious, the transfer its::lf may inflict punishment. · In the whole controversy in this case this is the grey area and it is difficult to give precise answer either way. • Public interest is an expression incapable of any precise defini­ tion nor what constitutes public interest is capable of specific enume­ ration. A negative definition was attempted by learned . Attorney­ General when he said that if a judge is guilty of misbehaviour or is suffering from incapacity he ought to be removed and not transferred but if the judge is not guilty of. any misbehaviour but because of activities of some others bas become ineffective his transfer could be said to be in public interest. One can visualise a situation when a judge having an expertise in some specialised branch of ·law may be required to be transferred to another High Court where it becomes necessary to strengthen that department. Transfer in sue~ a situa­ tion would indisputably be in public interest. Unquestionably such transfer may cause some inconvenience or hargship to the transferred judge, bu by no stretch of imagination it can be said to cast either a slur or that the order was passed with a view to punishini him. Such a situation in our vast country with number of High Courts can be easily envisaged. A transfer of this nature even if it involves to the judge concerned some hardship, some inconvenience some pecuniary loss, yet his outstanding merit which necessitated his transfer for strenghening another High Court would far outweigh the personal considerations. If it is recognition of merit, the judge would himself hardly make any grievance about it. To question such a transfer as not being in public interest by illustration that there are three judges of same eminence in three High Courts, what basis can be adopted for the transfer of a judge is too hypothetical to need an answer. No rule can be framed to meet with such a situation. A threat of a resignation by such a judge is inconceivable. One can visualise a number of situations where a transfer can be in public interest and when a transfer is effected . in public interest and when questioned, the authority exercising the power of transfer must make good the claim of public interest. To say that public interest is not a sufficient safeguard is to deny what is being day in and day out done in Court, viz.; that a certain action being in public interest. is upheld. But the serious and fairly difficult question is, whethe,r a judge can be transferred on account of complaints against him or on acco- ib12 stJPRilM£ COURT RJiPOR'rS [1982) ~ s.c.tt. unt of anythin_g in his conduct or behaviour. Let us put the negative inJhe.majority view in the forefront. Chandrachud, J. has in most uneq!Vvocal terms stated that 'the power' to transfer a High Court judge is conferred by the Constitution in public interest and not for the purpose of providing the executive with a weapon to punish a judge who does not toe its line or who, for some reason or the other, has fallen from its grace (p. 444)'. At another place he said that he has taksn the view that a High Court judge cannot be transferred as matter of punishment as for example the views which he bona fide holds and that his transfer, being conditioned by the requirements of public interest, cannot be effected for an elltraneous purpose (p. 446), Bhagwati, J. observed that 'it would be gross abuse of power to disp­ lace him from his High Court and transfer him to another High Court by way of punishment because he has decided cases against the Govt. lt is a power conferred on the President to be exercised in fur­ therance of public interest and not by way of victimisation for incon­ venient decisions given by a High Court judge' (p. 460). Krishna Iyer, J. in this context has observed that 'the nature of judicial pro­ cess is such that under coercive winds the flame of justice flickers, faints and fades. The still small voice is smoothened by subjective tirbulations and anxieties and, if coerced, trembles to objectify law and justice. The true judge is one whose soul is beyond purchase by threat or temptation, popularity or prospects'. At another stage it is observed that 'environmental protection of the judicial echelons from executive influence, by transfer or other deterrent, is in public inter­ est'. Coupled with this is the view expressed that 'considering the great inconvenience, hardship and possibly a slur which transfer from one High Court to another involves the better view would be to leave the judges untouched and take other measures to achieve the purpose pleaded, namely, national integration'. Transfer thus casts slur. If, therefore, a judge is transferred because he is involved in local fac­ tious atmosphere o~ has a circle of favourities and disfavou'rities it would be obviously by way of punishment and would cast a slur and stigmatise the judge. Mr. Seervai pointed out that while conceding in the majority view that transfer involves a slur, the illustrations given by Chandrachud, J., clearly show that transfer in such situa­ .tions would be by way of punishment. Power conferred by Article 222 (1), (rankly, cannot be exercised with a view to punishing the judge. It can only be exercised in public interest for achieving some larger public good. But it was urged that if a judge is not guilty of high misdemeanour sufficient to impeach him but behaves in a manner which brings administration of justice into disrepute a trans- - - - - s.P. OUPTA v. U~ION (Desai, J.) 1113 fer which with a view to uprooting him from an atmosphere in which he has become inconvenient, would be to the good of that judge and in the interest of purity of administration of justice and such a trans­ fer cannot be said· to cast a slur of stigma on· the judge concerned. On an earlier occasion this view appealed to me. In my judgment in Mr. Sheth's case, I observed in this behalf as under : "I specifically asked Mr. Seervai, taking cue from his Sir Cliimanlal Setalvad Lecture titled 'Tipping the Scales' where he refers to 'reigning favourite' that there is a judge in the High Court. He i.s a very competent judge. But he has developed certain local angularities which have vitiated the court's atmosphere. He is a good judge and the drawback is not so grave to call for his impeachment; what was. required was to free him from local peculiar undesirable influence. Would not his transfer solve the problem to the satisfaction of all. He was asked whether he would not mind being trans­ ferred. He candidly said 'No'. How is the problem to be solved ? Transfer of such a judge is in public interest, cannot be gainsaid. He is not willing to be transferred and he would not give his consent. If the power to transfer is further limited by reading into · Article 222 the words 'with his consent' by process of interpretation, Article 222 becomes a constitutional deadwood. He cannot be transferred. He cannot be continued at that place, and there is no tangible suffi­ cient proof for impeachment. Law Commission in its Fourteenth Report, Vol. I, p. 99 rejected a transferable cadre of High Court Judges. But Mr. Seervai in his lecture observed that the Commission did not consider separately 'whether the power to transfer a Judge would not in the last resort be used as a remedy for an admit­ ted evil (p. 118). Then there must be power in s0me ·one to transfer the Judge albeit without his consent. · And if we read down the Article as suggested there is no way out. Mr. Seervai said that the resultant situa­ tion is that there are two public interests in the field and they appear to be in conflict with each other, to wit (i) transfer of a judge without his consent by a litigant, namely, executive would undermine judicial indepen­ dence which is a cardinal · feature of the Constitution; c_ :D 1114 SUPREMll COURT RllPORTll (1982) 2 s.c.R. and (ii) image of dame. justice would be tarnished 'unless the Judge is transferred-so as to. save him from the undesirable environmental influence affecting his integrity. The answer is that the Court, in such a situ­ ation; must determine the dominant public interest and give precedence to it over the . confliciing subservient interest which must give way. Said Mr. Seervai, tole­ rate the situation rather than undermine judicial inde- - · pendence by compulsory transfer by the Executive. It often happens that the principles when pushed,to logi- '- cal end lead to two irreconcilable positions. · In such a · conflict choice has to be made. Cardozo in his Nature of Judicial Process (p. 40-41) vividly describes. this con­ flict by saying that force of logic of one should prevail . . over the other, and the choice is made by the judicial inind born of its conviction that the one to be selected , . would lead to justice. in the end, the principle which , is thought to be most fundamental to represent the Iar- 1. ger and deeper social interests must put its competitors to fight. · Approaching from this angle, he said, if you cannot . impeach the · judge, · tolerate but you · cannot transfer him without his consent becanse that · 1 . would impinge upon the higher public interest, namely, independence of judiciary and would nullify the cardi­ nal feature of the Constitution." ,; ·But on deeper thinking l believe that selective transfer . of individual judge for something improper in his' behaviour or . conduct would F- certainly cast a slur or attach a stigma and would leave .such indeli- .. hie mark on the character of the judge that even in ·the High Court to which he is transferred he would be shunned· and the consumers of justice-would have little or no faith in his judicial integrity •. This · is an inevitable outcome of selective transfer on the ground of· some improper.streak in the conduct or behaviour of the judge. It is true G that the procedure for impeachment is rather . very cumbersome and it ought to be so because the ultimate power to impeach rests with the Parliament. ·. Alld in. a .Parliamentary democracy the 'e:i:ecutive . which controls a majority in Parliament would. be able to carry out the threat of impeachment. •It may .be, as was urged, that the judge , H may behave fn an impeccable manner but there are others function­ ing in the Court who would render judge's task of judicial justic~ . ,, ' .",.' ';.. ... . . . ~- . .. -- \ - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1115 impossible. I fail to see bow transfer of such a weak and indecisive judge unable to controi his relations, friends or associates would be better of by transfer. Society would dub him a weak and imbecile judge. One thing i~, therefore, certain that the power conferred by Art. 222 (I) cannot be exercised with a view to punishing the judge for anything improper in bis behaviour or conduct. What a deep · resentment and consequential character assassination a High Court judge suffers by such selective transfer can be gauged from the reac­ tion of Shri M. M. Ismail. former Chief Justice of Madras High Court who resigned only because according to him. the transfer was by way of punishment and casts stigma on his judicial poise and bearing. "Law Minister in his highly controversial circular dated March 18, 1981, has stated that 'to further national integration and to combat narrow parochial tendeneies bred by caste, kinship and other local links and affiliations', some fresh steps are required to be taken. Transfer to achieve such objects may apparently be in public interest. Therefore, whenever the transfer answers to some objective norms even if it causes personal inconvenience and hardship, it Ci!n be said to be in public interest. But the transfer of a judge noi ans­ wering to any objective norms but selectively made and founded upon complaints and grievances relatable to the conduct or behaviour of the judge would certainly cast stigma or slur and would be by way of punishment and that cannot be inflicted by exercise of power under Art. 222 (!). If transfer can be efft.>cted because there are complaints and grievances against a judge of a High Court on account of his behaviour or conduct it would permit the executive after going thro­ ugh the process of consultation to rotate inconvenient judges and this rotation causes such character assassination. on one band and hard­ ship and inconvenience on the other that it will be sufficient to drive out even a strong willed judge. Therefore, a transfer on account of any complaint or grievance against a judge referable to his conduct or behaviour is impermissible in exercise of power under Art. 222 (!)~ One more submission may be examined here. It was contended that upon a true construction of Art. 222(1 ), a proposal for transfer cannot be initiated by the Chief Justice of India, it can only be initiated by the President because the Chief Justice of India is the 'consultee'. The power of transfer is conferred on the President and it can be exercised after consultation with the Chief Justice of India. Chief Justice of India is thus the constitutional functionary to be consulted. Would initiation of a proposal for transfer c:maMting from the Chief Jq~tice of India 1 a constitqtion;d fqn9- 1116 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19821 2 s.c.a. tionary required to be consulted, by itself vitiate the proposal'? In other words, can it be said that Art. 222 (I) envisages proposal for transfer to be initiated by the President alone and after due del ibera­ tion and consultaion with the Chief Justice of India the proposal can be carried out if deemed proper or be dropped ? Undoubtedly the power is in the President to transfer and as a pre-condition the Chief Justice is required to be consulted. But on that account alone it cannot be said that the Chief Justice of India cannot initiate the proposal. Where power to do a thing is vested in a certain con­ stitutional functionary it is immaterial who draws the attention of the constitutional fun.ctionary, the repository of power, for exercise of the same. If the power is exercised after fulfilling all the pre-conditfons, · the mere fact that somebody irivited the repository of power to exercise power which may tantamount to • saying that someone initiated the proposal for exercise of the power, such initiation of proposal would not l;ie unconstitutional or con­ trary to the constitutional mandate. The only caution that must be required to be administered is and it has assumed importance in this case, that if Chief Justice of India who is the authority to be· consulted in respect of a proposal for transfer himself becomes the initiator of the proposal, the whole process of consultation must move in such a manner as to ensure that the President who is invited to exercise the power at the instance of the Chief Justice of India has to apprise himself of all relevant considerations and has to fully inform himself of all the aspects of the matter and then the power is to be exercised. When in Mr. Sheth's case it was said that while consulting the Chief Justice of India the President must make the relevant data available to him on the basis of which he can offer to the President the benefit of his considered opinion, the process ~ould have to be reversed when the Chief Justice of India is the initiator of the proposal for transfer. It would be the con­ stitutional obligation of the ChiefJustice of India to place all rele­ vant data and material having an impact on the fina.1 verdict before the Persident and the President in his turn must apprise himself of all the relevant considerations. If there are either grey or blurred areas, it would be the donstitutional obligation of the President to call ··for necessary information from the Chief Justice of India who being the initiator of the proposal must. have considered all of them and having brought to bear upon the subject his mature consideration must have initiated the proposal and after all the relevant data thus supplied, including the missing links, if any, as required by the President, the · President may either exercise the - - - - 11.r. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J;) 1117 power '.or on mature consideration may decline to exercise the power. Collection of i;elevant material, public interest involved, and the decision recommending transfer must precede the proposal and the same must accompany the proposal. A bald proposal unaccom­ panied by relevant material and the reasons for proposing transfer and total absence of public interest sought to be served by the proposal would certainly not satisfy the constitutional mandate of Art. 222 (I}. The fulfilment of the constitutional obligation in this back1,round would be on the Chief Justice of India and the per­ formance by the President of his duty to elicit all facts which are necessary to arrive at an appropriate conclusion are parts of the same process and are complementary to each other. But with this pre•caution, who initiates the proposal is irrelevant. In this context, however, my attention was drawn to a passage in my judgment in Gujarat High Court in Mr. Sheth's case which gives an impression that the President alone can initiate the proposal. In paragraph 140 it is stated that : 'it is not for a moment suggested that the pro­ posal for transfer must emanate from the Cllief Justice That is not expected and it is bound to emanate from the. President. ·The process for inception of the proposal is not to be reversed. Such a thing may also be open to objection and the reason is apparent'. At first blush this passage gives an impression that upon its true construction Art. 222 (I) precludes anyone except the President of Inch to initiate the proposal for transfer and that in any case the Chief Justice of India cannot inititiate the proposal. The observa­ tion was in the context of a submission that exercise of power of transfer by the executive would be subversive of independence of judiciary and that in order to eliminate arbitrary exercise of power conferred on the President the Court must so construe Art. 222 (1) that the proposal for transfer must originate with the Chief Justice of India. The submission presently examined is exactly the converse but answering the submission before the High Court it was observed that in order to ensure independence of judiciary it is not obligatory that a proposal for transfer must emanate from the Chief Justice of India.· The passage, therefore, must be •ead in this light. Summing up the discussion, following propositions emerge both on principle and authority. While testing the validity or otherwise ·of an order of transfer of a High Court judge made by the President in exercise of the power conferred by Art. ~22 (I)~ below. mentioned tests will have; ~Q '2~ applied:. · · ·c 0 1118 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982],2 s.c.R. (i) power to transfer a Judge of High Court is con­ ferred on the President which as part of the executive function of the President he would, in view of Art. 74, discharge according to the aid and advice received by him from the Council of Ministers ; (ii) · the power to transfer a High Court Judge thus is in the executive which is the litigant in a very large number of cases coming before a Judge of a High Court ; (iii) the power to transfer a High Court Judge is extra· ordinary power ; (iv) the limitation on the exercise of power is a full, effec­ tive and meaningful consultation with the Chief Justice of India; (v) the power to transfer can be exercised only in public interest and not according to the whim, caprice or fancy of the executive or to remove an inconvenient udge not toeing its line ; (vi) the consultation to be effective must be focussed upon such very personal factors as the family problems of the judge, which include the position of his wife and children and parei;its, the reasons for transfer whether the transfer is actuated on account of anything in the conduct or behaviour of the judge, whether the injury, inconvenience and difficulties experienced by the judge consequent upon his transfer are such as to be inconsequential in view of the larger public interest f c r which the transfer is being ordered ; (vii) would the transfer cast a slur or stigma on the judge proposed to be transferred?;· (viii) the policy universally followed till 1976 of not transferring a judge of High Court without his consent is being shelved for achieveing some larger public interest or the so-called public interest is 3 Qloii.k or devici.i to .strike at all inoon­ Ye!lient judge. : 1.- - .... - ) - J- - .. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (D€sai, J.J 1119 (ix) is the transfer intende\i to inflict punishment for mis­ behaviour not of adequate magnitude to invoke proceed­ ings analogous to impeachment as contemplated by Art. 124 (4) and (5) read with Art. 218 and Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968? The allegations made and coun.tered in this group of petitions may be examined on the touchstone of aforementioned well settled propositions so as to reach an affirmative conclusion one way or the other, whether the order dated January 19, 1981. transferring Shri K.B. N. Singh, Chief Justice of Patna as Chief Justice, Madras, is constitutionally valid or otherwise. · Factual averments are set out in petitions as well as numerous affidavits filed in the course of hearing of these petitions. Two important affidavits are Shri K.B N. Singh, dated, September 16, 1981, and counter affidavit of the Chief Justice of India dated September 29, 1981. Shrl K.B.N.·Singh filed on Octoher 16, 1981, an affidavit in reply to the affidavit of the Chief Justice of India. It is rather unfortunate that there is divergence between the affidavits of Shri Singh and the affidavit of the Chief Justice of India but the painful and agonising task of searching where the truth lies is spread by the stand taken by Shri Singh's learned counsel, Dr. Singhvi, that he would not refer to any divergence between these affidavits and base his submissions on the points on which they converge. The only difficulty we experienced is that in the course of discussion some queries emerged and had to be left at that stage because Mr. Parasaran, learned Solicitor-General to whom we addressed our queries, frankly confessed his inhability to help because he did not· appear for the.Chief Justice of India. In Mr . Sheth's case the Chief Justice on India appeared through counsel his did not file his affidavit. In this case Chief Justice of India filed but affidavit but did not appear through counsel to assist the Court. We are therefore, left to fend for ourselves. But let it be made distinctly clear that the affidavit of Chief Justice of India would be looked upon as setting out the truth, and is entitled to undiluted respect I befitting the dignity of his office. Shri K.B.N. Singh has filed as many as four affida.vits. It is not necessary to recapitulate the averments in ,these affidavits. The ~ broad allegations which have a bearing 011 tl:ie i&sues under discus- ~ion may be briefly stated.. · 8 In his first affidavit dated September 7, 1981, the only aver­ ment worth referring to it that he had not at any titne consented to his transfer to Madras and that no reasons, grounds, questions or materials necessitating or justifying his transfer from Patna to Madras were ever disclosed to him or discussed with him by the President of India or the Government of India or by the Chief Justice of India. He also states that it was not possible for him to give consent to his transfer on account of a compelling personal problem, namely, that his mother of advanced age is staying with him and she is seriously ailing and bed-ridden for over two years and who is not in a position to be moved out of Patna without risk to her life and is not in a position to leave her alone. Coupled with this affidavit there was a request that from the array of respondents he may be transposed as petitioner 3, which request was granted. Consequent upon transposition of Shri K.B.N. Singh as petitioner 3, detailed amendments to the petition preferred by two advoc:ates, would have been inevitable. With a view to avoiding the same, Shri K.B.N. Singh was given liberty to file a detailed affidavit setting out therein all his contentions. Pursuant to this liberty . reserved in his favour he has filed a detailed affidavit dated September 16, 1981, inter alia, contending that in February 1980, the Chief Justice oflndia visited Patna for inaugurating International Rotary Conference. The fact that such a conference was held on 23rd and 24th February 1980 and that it was inaugurated by the Chief Justice of India is not disputed but what is controverted is that the visit was not specifically for the purpose of inaugurating Conforence but it was an official visit incidental to which the invi­ tation to inaugurate the confer~nce was accepted. Shri Singh then proceeds to state that during this visit the Chief Justice of India did not give him any inkling of a proposal to transfer him. This is admitted by the Chief Justice of India saying that at that time no proposal for transfer of Shri Singh was even mooted and, therefore, there was no question of giving him any inkling in this behalf. Shri Singh then proceeds to state that on January 5, 1981, for the first time he received a telephonic message from the Chief Justice of India that as Shri M.M. Ismail, the then Chief Justice of Madras was proposed to be transferred to Kerala, in the consequential uacancy in the office of Chief Justice, Madras, Shri Singh was proposed to be-transferred. -Shri Singh enquired why he was being transferred to Madras and the Chief Justice of India said that it was 'Qovernment policy'. The fact that there was such a telephonic - . ~ - \ -.t - s.i>. GUPTA .... UNION (Desai, i.) • 1121 conversation between Shri Singh· and the Chief Justice of India on January 5, 1981, is admi.tted _and also that during this conversation there was reference to 'Government policy' bearing on the question of transfor was also referred to. What is disputed is thatfor;the proposed transfer 'Government policy' was not the only reason:given by the Chief Justice of India and the Chief Justice of India in his counter-affidavit has stated that over and above referring to Goyern­ ment policy, Shri Singh was informed that it was proposed fo transfer Chief Justice M.M. Ismail from Madras and it was necessary to appoint an experienced and senior Chief Justice in his place. Shri Singh then asserts that he informed the Chief Justice of India that his mother who lives with him was seriously ill and bed-ridden and was not in a position to be moved from Patna without risk to her life. This is admitted. The additional averment of Shri Singh that he also stated certain other compelling and personal circumstances and diffi­ culties was disputed and denied. Undoubtedly the further averment of Shri Singh that despite all these difficulties, if his transfer is insisted upon he might be compelled to resign and such a statement having been made by him in the telephonic conversation is admitted by the Chief Justice of India. ShriSingh was also informed that the Chief Justice of India has taken note of the difficulties mentioned by him and that it would be taken into consideration before a final deci­ sion was t'aken. The Chief Justice of India also requested Shri Singh . during this conversation to come over to Delhi to discuss the ques­ tion of his transfer. Shri Singh further avers that he reached Delhi three or four days after this telephonic conversation and according to Chief Justice of India Shri Singh came to Delhi on January 8, 1981, and met him at his residence. There is some divergence on the ques- . tion as to the duration of time for which Shri Singh was with the Chief Justice of India. According to Shri Singh he was with CJiief Justice of India for IO to 15 minutes while according to Chief Justice of India he was with him for a period much 'longer than 10 to 15 minutes. During this discussion according to Shri Singh the Chief Justice of India was non-committal in the matter of Shri Singh's transfer. Shri Singh proceeded to tell the Chief Justice of India during this conversation at the residence of the latter that it was pos- . sible that baseless complaints which are the bane of Bihar might have been made to him and if so, he would like to remove any wrong impression that might have been created. Even after this suggestion, according to Shri Singh, the Chief Justice of India did not put any question or material to him which necessitated or justified his trans­ fer .• The version given by the Chief Justice of India in his counter- ·E .· 1122 • · . SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 S.C.lt. affidavit is that the question of Shri Singh's mother's illness was dis­ cussed and the Chief Justice of India disclosed his inability to agree · ... with Shri Singh 1hat there were no other dependable persons . in his' ~ . . family who. could lookafter his mother and it was . pointed out that Shri s, B. N. Singh, the brother of Shri Singh who was a practising advocate in the Patna High Court was quite .capab!e'of looking after the mother. The Chief Justice of India admits that during this dis­ cussfon Shri Singh pointed out that it was possible that some baseless . ·:complaints may have been made to him (Chief Justice of India} and · 'that he (Shri Singh) would like to remove any _wrong impression which those complaints may have created .. On . this reference being made by Shri Singh the Chief Justice of India told him that he did not go by baseless complaints, that he did not believe that his (Shri · Singh's) conduct was blameworthy, but that if he wanted to explain .. any matter, which according to him had created.dissatisfaction about the working of the High Court he wa8 free to do so. · The Chief Jus­ .. : tice of india further states. that during this. conversation Shri Singh told him how certain persons connected with the High Court were · · influenced by.communal considerations and how he; on his own part, did not permit communal or· any other extraneous considerations to influence him administrativeiy or judicially •. The Chief Justice. of . India further states that he (Chief Justice· of India} assured Shri Singh that . he did not hold that he (Shri Singh} hims;lf was to . blame but that certain persons were exploiting their pft'.l'ximity to.him which bad created needless misunderstanding and dissatisfaction • • Number of grounds have been stated by Shri Singh in this affidavit but these of which notice may be taken are that the transfer. is with­ out consent which according to him is impermissible, and that. the> consultation was not full, effective and meaningful in that the rele­ vant consid~rations were not taken into a'.ccount, no verification of facts was made and there was no relevant consideration for coming • ' • c • , to a fair and considered conclusion that such a transfer would be in public interest. One additional ground is that the impugned :order _of transfer is punitive in character. Further, the transfer caused 'in­ jury and the injury is inflicted without . following' the principles of ~atural justice, and the transfer is not shown to be in public iD.ierl!st. H·_: Chief Justice of India filed his counter-affidavit dated Septem· her 29, 1981. Shri Singh filed reply to the counter-affidavit on dcto~ ber 16, 1981. In between there are two affidavits, oneofShri K.C. · Kankan, Deputy Secret~ry, Department of Justice, Ministry. of Law, -- J - . -\_ . S.P. GUPTA v. ui-dON (Desai, J.) ni3 ·Justice and Company Affairs, being counter-affidavit on behalf of the Union of India, and the other by Shri T. N. Chaturvedi, Secretary, Department of Justice, Government of India, specifically claiming privilege against disclosure of certain documents called for by Shri Singh. By an order made by this Court, the Union of India was called upon to disclose all relevant documents, notings, etc. bearing on the question of transfer of Shri K. B. N. Singh. Pursuant to this order a file was submitted to this Court containing the correspondence bet­ ween the Chief Justice of India and the Law Minister, Chief Justice of India and the Prime Minister, and a letter from Shri M. G. Rama­ chandran, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu to Law Minister. The evidence furnished by the correspondence may have to be evaluated, appreciated, analysed and examined along with the aver­ ments made in various affidavits. The correspondence has to be read in juxtaposition with the averments in the affidavits so that the clear picture of fact situation may emerge which may assist in dispo­ sing of the contentions raised by Shri Singh. The Chief Justice of India-wrote to the Law Minister on Decem­ ber 7, 1980. This is a fairly long letter, part of which refers to filling in the vacancies in the Supreme Court which may be ignored as being wholly irrelevant for the present purpose. The next subject discussed is confirmation of Acting Chief Justices one of whom is Shri K. D. Sharma, then Acting Chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court and the recommendation is that he should be confirmed. There is a reference to Justice Murti Bahauddin-Farooqi, then Acting Chief Justice of Jammu & Kashmir. The ~ecommendation bearing on the question of -::onfirmation of Justice Farooqi as Chief Justice is not relevant but as we are dealing with the transfer and as the proposal has emanated from the Chief Justice of India, what were the relevant considerations present to the mind of the Chief Justice of India on the question of transfer have a vital bearing on the final outcome and, therefore, that part of the letter which recites a recommenda­ tion for· transfer of Justice Farooqi can be taken into account. This is being referred to for a very limited purpose as to the overall view of the letter, the approach of the Chief Justice of India, the permea­ ting flavour in the letter that the transfer is consequent upon some 1024 SUPREME cotJR'i' REPORTS [19S2j 2 s.c.l. inquiries in respect of complaints against various Chief Justices and this bas .a vital bearing on the topic of transfer. Viewed from this angle, the statement in this letter that several complaints have been received against Mr. Farooqi, some of which, on verification, seem well-founded, bas a direct nexus to the recommendation that Mr. Justice Farooqi, then Acting Chief Justice of Jammu & Kashmir should be transferred as a puisne judge of the Punjab & Haryana High Court. As would be pointed out later, indisputably the trans­ fer was a direct consequence of complaints found well-founded on verification and, therefore, the transfer was directly and irrevocably related to the conduct of Justice Farooqi. I Th t: Chief Justice of India then proceeds to state in unmistaka­ ble terms as under which is very very relevant "Though I am firmly opposed ~o a wholesale transfer of the Chief Justices of High Courts, I take the view, which I have expressed from time to time, that such transfers may be made in appropriate cases for strictly objective reasons. Personal considerations must, in the matter of such transfers, be wholly kept out. The transfer of some of the Chief Justices has been engag- . ing my attention for the past few months. I have made personal inquiries in this behalf and have met several lawyers and many judges of the concerned High Courts. On the basis of the data which I have collected and which I have considered with the greatest objectivity, I am of the opinion that the following transfers may be made". · Proceeding further in the letter the Chief Justice of India recommends transfer of Sbri K. D. Sharma, Acting Chief Justice of Rajasthan as Chief Justk:e of Kerala consequent upon the vacancy caused in the office of Chief Justice of Kerala by elevation of tbe then incumbent of office to the Supreme Court of India. In the- vacancy caused by the transfer of Shri K. D. Sharma in the Rajasthan High Court, the recommendation was that. Shri K B. N. Singh, Chief Justice of Patna High Court be tra~sferred and posted as Chief Justice of Rajastban High Court and Shri Syed Sarwar Ali, seniormost puisne judge of the Patna High Court should be appointed as Acting Chief Justice of Patna High Court. On the transfer of Shri Farooqi, Acting Chief Justice of J.ammu & Kashmir High Court, Mr. Justice Mobllmmad -· - ' =\ \ S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1125 Hamid Hussain of the Allahabad High Court was to be promoted - and posted as Chief Justice of Jammu _& Kashmir High Court. Then follows a paragraph which must be extracted : \ "That leaves for consideration the question of appoint­ ment of permanent Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court. I am fairly satisfied that Chief Justice Satish Chandra should be transferred from .the High Court of Allahabad, but I do not want to express any final opinion on this question until! I ascertain for my­ self the state of affairs in Allahabad. For that pur­ pose I will be going to Allahabad on December 31. During my three days' stay at Allahabad, I will be meeting various members of the Allahabad Bar as also the Judaes of that High Court. In case T advise the transfer of Justice Satish Chandra, he can be appoin­ ted as the Chief Justice of the Patna High Court. That will create a vacancy in the_ office of the Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court for which a suit­ able recommendation can be made later. Justice Satish Chandra's transfer to Patna, in case it is neces­ sary, may be made any time after January 15, 1981 ". This letter thus involves the transfer of Acting Chief Justice Mr. Farooqi, Mr. Justice M.H. Hussain, Acting Chief Justice Mr. K.D. Sharma, Chief Justice Mr. K.B.N. Singh and a near· certain trans­ fer of Chief Justice Mr. Satish Chandra. Leaving aside others, one incontrovertible fact may be noticed here that prior to December 7, 1980, when a firm proposal was made for transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh from Patna to Rajas­ than High Court, there was neither a whisper or discussion between . Chief Justice of India and Shri Singh concerning his transfer. The proposal to transfer Shri Singh is a firm proposal not a tentative one because the tentative suggestion couched in a different language is in re~pect of Shri Satish Chandra, Chief Justice of Allahabad. As far as Shri K.D. Sharma, Acting ChiefJustice of Rajasthan, Shri K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice of Patna, Shri Farooqi, Acting Chief Justice of Jammu & Kashmir, and Shri M.H. Hussain, Judge of Allahabad High Court, are concerned, there was a firm proposal 1126 SUPREME COUil! RllPOllTS (1982) 2 S.C.R and it would mean that before making such a firm proposal the Chief Justice of India must have taken all aspects bearing on the question of transfer into consideration b. cause of transfer such high constitutional functionaries as Judge or a Chief Justice of a High C~urt is to be made after collecting relevant material, cool delibera­ tion, mature consideration and as an absolute necessity. If the propos~I to transfer Shri Singh was thus a firm proposal which if the President had accepted without further question as it was com­ ing from the highest in the judiciary, the Chief Justice of India, and Shri Singh was transferred, ex facie the validity of the transfer would be open to serious question in view of the ratio in Mr. Seth's case. Within 24 hours before the ink was dry on th~ first letter the Chief Justice of India, whose attention was drawn to serious error in proposing transfer of Acting Chief Justice Shri K.D. Sharma from Rajasthan to Kerala High Court by telephonic conversation, imme­ diately went back on the proposal. It transpii-es from the corres· pondence that the Law Minister drew the attention of ~he Chief Justice of India that if Shri K.D. Sharma, Acting Chief Justice of Rajasthan was transferred as Chief Justice of Kerala High Court, he would become Chief Justice over six judges of Kerala High Court who were senior to him by length. It was pointed out that Shri Sharma was inducted as a Judge of the Rajasthan High Court in in 1973 while the seniormost puisne judge in Kerala High Court Shri P. Stihramania Poli was inducted in the High Court in 1969 and that there were five other judges along with Mr. Poti who were inducted into the High Court prior to 1973: If t~e proposal of the Chief Justi<:e of India was implemented, a fairly junior judge would become Chief J.ustice over his seniors, a thing which would be seriously resented as the imposition would be utterly unjustified, destroying ruthlessly the natural expectations of judges who had accepted Hi1gh Court judgeship between 1969 and 1973. It appears this very relevant aspect was completely overlooked while making the recommendation for the transfer of Shri K.D. Sharma to Kerala High Court. This faux pas on being brought to the notice of the Chief Justice of India was rightly accepted saying that the Chief Justice of India "did not realise that as many as six judges of the Kerala High Court are senior to Justice Shri K.D. Sharma and that makes it necessary to think abont the· matter d:fresh"; and, there­ fore, by letter dated December 8, 1980, the proposai to transfer Shri K.D. Sharma as Chief Justice of Kerala was. cancelled and in supersession of that proposal a fresh proposal was submitted that Shri K.D. Sharma be transferred to Sikkim and Shri M.M.S; Gujral, ... _ ...... -- -\ - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1127 the then Chief Justice of Sikkim be transferred as Chief Justice Kerala. Even Mr. Gujral was inducted as a High Court judge five months later than Mr. Poti. This fact was not considered important enough in making the proposal. The other proposals contained in the letter dated December 7, 1980, were reaffirmed which would imply that Shri K.B.N. Singh's proposed transfer from Patna to Rajasthan High Court was to be ordered. The next letter dated December 18, 1980, by Chief Justice of India to Law Minister reveals one more fact that before the letter dated December 8, 1980, intimating the cancellation of poposal of transfer of Shri K.D. Sharma to Kerala High Court reached appropriate quarters, the proposal was already processed to the Prime Minister who appears to have approved the same and this becomes evident from a recital in the letter dated December 18, 1980, that having communicated one proposal to the Prime Minister in regard tJ the appobtment of Kerala Chief Justice (Shri K.D. Sharma) consequent upon the impending elevation of the then Chief Justice to Supreme Court, it was some what awkward to withdraw that proposal especially sine~ the Prime Minister was inclined to agree to that proposal. Possibly with a view to apprising the Prime Minister as to the circumstances necessitating withdrawal of the proposal, on the same day a letter was addressed by the Chief Justice of India to the Prime Minister in which it was stated that while recommending transfer of Shri K.D. Sharma as Chief Justice of Kerala High Court. he had overlooked that Justic~ Shri KD. Sharma is junior to as many six judges of the Kerala' High Court and, therefore, his trans· fer to that High Court was bound to invite a great amount of pub­ lic criticism and it would also create administrative problems in the way of Justice Sharma himself. One other aspect in this letter worth noticing is that the Chief Justice of India informed the Prime Minister that he was trying to explore the possibility of recommend­ ing the appointment of the seniormost puisne judge of the Karnataka High Court, Shri K. Bhimiah, as Chief Justice of Kerala High Court In the penultimate paragraph of the letter the Chief Justice of India reiterates that the other proposals, for example, the proposal of transfer of Shri K.D. Sharma, Acting Chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court to Sikkim and the transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh, Chief 1128 sUtREMB COUkT REPORTS (1982J ~ s.C.R. Justice of Patna High Court to Rajasthan High Court . may await further consideration. · The underlined portion of the letter extrac­ ted herei111 would show that the proposal to transfer Shri K.B.N. Singh to Rajasthan was likely to be reviewed and reconsidered and, therefore, the proposal itself may become tentative. But the next letter to which presently a reference would be made would show that the transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh was certain, only the station may be reconsidered. The Chief Justice of India wrote to the Law Minister on December 20, 1980, that is, two days after the letter to the Prime Minister that having given the matter his most anxio.us considera­ tion, he :proposed, in supersession of the previous proposals made by him, that Shri M. M. Ismail, Chief Justice of Madras High Court should be appointed as the Chief Justice of the Kerala High Court and in the: consequential vacancy caused in the office of the Chief Justice of Madras High Court Shri K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice of Patna be transferred as Chief Justice of Madras. A further propo­ sal was that Shri Syed Sarwar Al~, seniormost puisne judge in the Patna High Court should be appointed as Acting Chief Justice of the Patna High Court. . There ends the correspondence. The correspondence bearing on the question of transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh, commencing from December 7, 1980, and end­ ing with the letter dated December 20, 1980, has been disclosed. There is no contemporaneous written evidence bearing on this topic either in the form of memorandum or notings. This becomes explicit from the following paragraph in the statement made · on behalf of Union of India by the learned Solicitor-General on November 12, 1981. Relevant paragraph in the statement reads as under: "Except the material brought on. record by the vario\js affidavits filed on behalf of the Government of India in the case, the correspondence already disclosed and the notings submitted to this Hon'ble Court with a claim of privilege, there are no mlnutes recorded as to any conversation between the Chief Justice of India and the Union of India. No other data is available except what is in the above records" (underlining mine) J • - - - s.P.'GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) Jl29 Affidavits refer 'to telephonic conversation of Chief Justice of India with Mr. Singh on January 5, 1981, and the meetting bet­ ween the two on January 8, 1981., File of notings was shown to the Court. Dr. Singhvi submitted that if there is any relevant material bearing on the question of transfer of Shri Singh it must be dis· closed and consistent with our order for disclosure we would have been duty bound to disclose it. The fact that after perusing the file we did not direct disclosure permits the irresistible inference that the notings did not contain any relevant material. Therefore a fortiori it follows that,except the correspondence disclosed there is no con­ temporaneous written record, nor notings or minutes of telephonic communication relevant to transfer of Shri Singh. And it would be imprudent to hold that such serious ,issue with forebodings of resignation is left to oral discussion between two high constitutional functionaries to be conjured up by tapping memory as to what transpired. Such an approach would expose high constitutional functionary like Chief Justice of a High Court without remedy, reprieve and relief. ~ Disclosed correspondence thus being the only source of what happened during two weeks commencing from December 7, 1980, and ending with the letter dated December 20, 1980, has to be minutely albeit dispassionatley and objectively scanned. During the fateful period five Chief Justices and one puisne judge were proposed to be transferred. They include Chief Justices K.D. Sharma (Rajasthan), K.B.N. Singh (Patna), M .M.S. Gujral (Sikkim), ·Acting Chief Justice Farooqi (J & K), Chief Justice M.M. Ismail (Madras) and Justice M.H. Hussain, a puisM judge of the Allahabad High Court who was to be promoted, transferred and posted as Chief Justice, Jammu and Kashmir. And notice the rotational movement. Shri Sharma was first proposed to be moved from Jodhpur to Ernakulam, i.e. Rajasthan to Kerala, from the Hindi speaking belt to an area where Hindi is hardly welcome, Shri Gujral moves from Sikkim to Ernakulam, that is, from Sikkimese to Malayalam and from extreme norh to down south. Within 24 hours the wheel turned almost 180 degrees when Shri Sharma instead of going to extreme south, i.e. Ernakulam in Kerala, is pu&hed to extreme north, Sikkim in the foothills of Himalayas. Shri Singh is first proposed to be sent from Patna to Jodhpur, Rajasthan, both in Hindi speaking belt and then actually ~hifted to Madras, Hiil<li to Tamil, seriously objected to by . ' ' . . B • • 8 Mr. M.G. Ramachandran, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. Shri Ismail moved from Madras to Kerala not very far. away though from Tamil to Malayalam language area. Shri Farooqi who was first in K~shmir, then sent to Allahabad, brought back to Kashmir,. is proposed to be ·demoted and sent. to Chandigarh. Shri Mohammad Hamid .Hussain moves from Allahabad to Jammu and Kashmir. The chequered history of this rotational movement spreading over hardly 13 days would hardly satisfy the rigorous test of a mature, objective, dispassionate consideration of the various factors involved in the transfer. This is ·an the more so because as it will be pointed out a little while latter that the Government of India pm:sibly out of deference to Chief Justice of Indi~, which ought to be the right attitude, had simply abdicated itself and accepted the proposals not for the reasons for which they were made but for entirely contrary and opposite reasons. ' Transfer of Shri Singh is sought to be sustained on the ground that it is not by way of punishment nor on account of misbehaviour or objectionable conduct on his part nor with a view to casting a stigma on him but in larger public interest, namely, that he being an experienced senior Chief Justice, such a person was required to man a premier High Court like the Madras High Court. Does the correspondence bear out this submision ? ' The letter dated December 7, 1980, read as a whole, piecemeal or linewise hardly indicates that Shri Singh was proposed to be trans­ ferred bec:ause he was the senior experienced man and a. premier High Court like the Madras High Court would require a senior ex­ perienced person. All High Courts are of eql!al irpportance, save that some High Courts have a span of more than a century and others were formed after the independence. When the submission that transfer of Shri Singh was not in public interest is considered, it would be pointed out that when transfer was first .mooted, there was not even :1 remote possibility of Madras High Court requiring a senior experienced judge. With this background, if the letter dated December 7, 1980, is read as a whole, an indelible impression is formed on the mind that the governing consideration for recommending transfers was that one or the other Chief Justice had made himself obnoxious on account of complaints against him. Mr. Justice Farooqi's case is iin instance in point and it is incontrovertible that in his case it wa~ - l - - ,. ~ \ - S.P; GUPTA v. UNION fDesni, J.) 1131 proposed that he be demoted and transferred from Jammu & Kashmir to Chandigarh because several complaints had been received against him some of which on verification seem well founded. And this is the undertone of the whole letter because it is with reference to Justice Farooqi that the proposals for transfer commenced in the letter. And this is reinforced when one reads the case of Shri Satish Chandra, Chief Justice of Allahabad because it is suggested by the Chief Justice of India that he is fairly satisfied that Shri Satish Chandra should be transferred but that he will formulate· the pro­ posal by reaching a decision after a visit to Allahabad when he proposed to meet various members of the Allahabad Bar as also Judges of the High Court to ascertain the state of affairs in Allahabad. If Shri Sa ti sh Chandra is the senior, exeperienced Chief Justice, that aspect is not to be collected by a visit to Allahabad. If some other public interest requires transfer of Shri Satish Chandra, a visit to Allahabad would hardly be enlight­ tening. If the state of affairs at Allahabad is required to be ascer­ tained a visit is inevita_ble. That such a visit was in contemplation is clearly stated and during this visit what was contemplated to be done was a meeting with various members of the Allahabad ' Bar as also Judges of the Allahabad High Court. And this meetinl was for the avowed object of ascertaining the state of affairs in Allahabad which will have a bearing on the proposal to transfer · Shri Satish Chandra. Can it be said in all humility that the sequence of events herein .set out would not unmis­ takably show that the complaints against Shri Satish Chandra have to be examined, the truth or otherwise of it has to be ascertained, the degree of his unacceptability at Allahabad has to be determined and upon all these considerations flowing invariably from complaints againts Shri Satish Chandra, a transfer proposal would be submitted. Add to this the statement in the letter dated December 7, 1980, when the chapter on transfers opens that transfers be made in appropriate cases for strictly objective reasons. In this connection Chief Justice of India states that he has made personal enquiries in this behalf and has met several lawyers and many judges of the concerned High Courts and on the basis of the data collected during such visit and enquiry which he has considered with greatest.objectivity, he propo­ sed transfers including that of Shri Singh. Therefore, . the transfer is the outcome of enquiries from lawyers and judges, about local atmos­ phere qua a judge necessitating his transfer. The transfer in such a case would be clearly relatable to the alleged misl;>eh11viour1 if any! P.r conduct of the judge. II 1132 SUPREMB COORT RBPORTS [ 1982] 2 s.C.1l. Reading the letter as a whole and the permeating flavour emerging from it is that the Chief Justice of India believed, truthfully and honestly, but impermissible according to the ratio in Mr. Sheth's case that the transfer in each case was to remove the judge from a certain :place because he had made himself obnoxious and that this cannot be for any other reason except punishment because it has already been pointed out that transfer is more harmful than even punishment. This conclusion is reinforced by a specific, unambigu­ ous assc:rtion extracted herein above that the Chief Justice of India was opposed to the wholesale transfer of Chief Justices of High Courts and that Qis approach was that : 'transfer may be made in appro­ priate cases for strictly objective reasons. Personal considerations .must be wholly kept out in such cases'. Analysing this sentence it would mean that wholesale transfer of Chief Justices referable to an objective norm that the Chief Justices shall always be from outside is not acceptable to the Chief Justice of India. That is his view and he strictly adheres to it. He is, therefore, certainly not proposing trans­ fers as and by way of policy. It would be so because in his leading judgment in Mr. Sbetb's case be bas expressed in no uncertain terms that policy transfers on a wholesale basis which .Jeave no scope for considering the facts of each particular case and which are influenced by one:sided Governmental considerations are outside the contemp­ lation o(,our Constitution. The Chief Justice of India is thus oppo­ sed to policy transfers. Therefore, he .is not proposing these trans­ fers by way of policy transfers. The Chief Justice of India is of the view that the transfer may be made in· appropriate case, meaning thereby selective transfers. Then be says that it must be for objec­ tive rea:ions. These objective reasons may include complaints against the juclge concerned and the complaints, if found to be of substance, transfer may be ordered pursuant to the complaints. Transfers on such complaints can be made and would not be made punitive is also his view in the leading judgment in Mr. Sheth's case. To recall his observation that the 'factious local atmos­ phere sometimes demands the drafting of a judge or Chief Justice from another High Court and on the rarest of rare occasions which can be counted on the fingers of a hand, it becomes necessary to withdraw a judge from a circle of favourities and non-favourities'. Transfer for these reasons would, according to the view expressed by Chandr.achud, J. in Mr. Sheth's case, be in public interest. This itself is a moot point. Transfer in appropriate cases not answerable to any objective norms would be selective transfer. But in view of the majority decisio!l iq Mr. $beth's ~ase, the more objectionable part ·- - - - - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) . l I 33 . · is that personal considerations in the matter of such transfers be wholly kept out. If.by personal considerations it is meant the com­ plaints against judge then it becomes tautologous because objective reasons remain unexplained. If by personal considerations what is meant is personal difficulties, inconvenience~,. and hardships of the judge consequent upon. the· transfer and if these are to be kept out of consideration, the transfer order becomes bad in view of the ratio in Mr. Sheth's case. Therefore, summing up the whole approach under- . lying the letter by which transfers were first proposed show that all the relevant aspects were not taken into consideration, to wit, pro­ posal to transfer Sbri K. D. Sbarma:"'to Kerala, that these were not policy transfers because the Chief Justice of India was wholly oppo­ sed to policy transfers ; that these were selective transfers in appro­ priate cases meaning complaints against Mr. Justice Farooqi and the future investigation of complaints against Chief Justice Satish Chandra, and the data collected in coune of enquiry with lawers and judges in respect of other j.udges whose transfer was proposed, that the personal consideration, i.e. the personal inconveniences, hardships and difficulties were to be kept out of consideration, and that the transfers were to be for objective reasons, namely, complaints against the concerned judges, were the governing considerations of the letter and this was operating on the mind of the . Chief Justice of India while proposing the transfers. It may also be recalled here that while deciding the transfers the station to which the man is sent has a rele­ vant consideration because as has been pointed out that some stations are good and some are not so good. And while deciding the station it is n"ecessary that the personal considerations of the judge may have an important bearing, to wit, education of his children, environ­ mental considerations, availability of medical facility, health of his parents, if any, etc. and all these have to be kept in view in deciding the station to which the judge is proposed to be transferred. Now, here this aspect seems to have been taken for granted because on December 7, 1980, Shri Sharma was proposed to be sent to Kerala and on the next day be was shifted to Sikkim. Is there anything comparable between Ernakulam and Sikkim save and. except that tbey form part of India ? Shri Singh was proposed to be transferred first to Jodhpur and t.hen he was shifted to Madras. · Now, nothing transpires from the record as to what relevant considerations about , selecting the station qua a judge have weighed with tp<,: C.::hic;f Justice of India while making proposal for transfer, 0 p 'G 1134 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 s.c.11. One additional fact which I only propose to mention and not· comment upon is that all the relevant considerations were not thoro· ughly examined and analysed befc;ire making the proposal and this becomt:s apparent from the fact that a very vital consideration that a junior may not be imposed over a senior was wholly overlooked when Mr. K. D. Sharma was proposed to be sent to Kerala because there were six judges senior to Mr. Sharma who would be puisne judges and over whom he would be the Chief Justice. And this is admitt1ed when it is stated that that aspect while making the propo'sal was overlooked. This is such a vital consideration that if the pro­ posal had been carried out, it would have admittedly invited a great amount of public criticism and would have resulted in administrative problems in the way of Mr. Justice Sharma himself. H may be fairly assumed here that at one stage the Chief Justic<: of India considered it necessary in public interest to transfer Mr. Justice Gujral from Sikkim but that proposal was eventually dropped. The most serious contention raised by Dr. Singhvi may now be examined. Urged Dr. Singhvi, that before a transfer of a judge is contemplated it is necessary to keep in view his personal problems and it must bl: weighed in relation to the reasons for his transfer. Wbeu a high constitutional functionary like the Chief Justice of India make11 a proposal it is not conceivable tbat the proposal would be made first and the relevant facts bearing on the subject may be collec­ ted afterwards and examined and evaluated later on, on a preposi­ tion that if it becomes so necessary the proposal may be withdrawn. This is not how high constitutional functionaries discharge their con­ stitutional obligations. Article 222 provides for a minimum safe­ guard 'of a consultation with the Chief Justice of India. What cons­ titute:;. meaningful, purposive and substantial consultation has been set out earlier. It includes within its fold an inquiry into the perso­ nal factors of the judge such as the position of his wife, children, , parents, other inconveniences and difficulties that he might experience on transfer. This can be gathered either from the judge concerned or from other reliable sourc·es. But personal inconveniences at best can be gathered from the person himself. , There is not a tittle of evidence that before proposing the transfer of Shri K. B. N. Singh from Bihar to Rajasthan on December 7; !9~0 1 '1~ had p~~Jl given even a glimpse - - S.P .. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1135 of his proposed tratlsf~r. That ls an admitted position. p,fdthing was whispered to him, neither in February 1980 when the Chief Justice o( India paid an official visit to Patna, nor at any time till December 1, 19801 When a firm proposal emanated from the Chief Justice of India and was handed in to the Government of India for being implemented. In tbig connection it is stated in the affidavit of the Chief Justice of India that the mother of Shri K.B.N. Singh is old and is not keeping good health was a fact known to him since February 1980. The age and health of the mother, an objective fact if known would by itself hardly be relevant. The real -question would be, what is the position- of the mother qua the son • and how much is she in her old age dependent on the son, and what would be the result of bringing about an estrangement between the two. That is a vital consideration not the fact of her age and present health. Till January 5, 1981. during which period two inde­ pendent proposals emanated from the Chief Justice of India for tran­ sfer of Shri K. B. N. Singh first to Rajasthan and neict to Madras, not a whisper was made to Shri Singh about the proposed transfer. Afterall, when a high con 'titutional functionary like the Chief Justice of India makes a proposal how speedly it is prossed at the highest level becomes discernible from the fact that the proposal dated December 7, 1980, passed though the Law Minister to the Prin;e Minister by December 9, 1980, and was approved by the Prime Minister and embarrassment was felt as disclosed by the letter of the Chief Justice of India. dated December 18, 1980, while withdrawing the proposal. The incontrovertible fact situation that emerges from reading the correspondence is that the Chief Justice of India made the proposal for transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh in the letter dated December 7, 1980, reaffirmed it in the letter dated December 8, 1980, described it as tentative by say­ ing that the proposal concerning Shri .K.B.N. Singh may wait fur­ ther consideration by the letter dated December 18, 1980, and affirmed it to be a firm pro-posal by letter dated December 20, 1980, without whispering a word to Shri K.B.N. Singh. The proposal is unaccompanied by necessary relevant facts videncing the relevant , public interest, and · it is ine­ vitable that it must be so. Public interest 'which necessitates trans- fer is not stated. There is not the slightest reference to the problem of mother of Shri Singh. Maybe, Chief Justice of India may consider it irrelevant from his standpoint. But President is entitled to know every re1evant fact. And barring making proposal till that day no relevant fact is coll~9t~<.t l\nd even if Chil,!f Justice of ' D· 1136 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 S.C.R. India had the facts, none were stated in the proposal, Would the Chief Justice of India accept this proposal emanating in this form from President without further inquiry ? He would send for all relevant material which must be the source and foundation for transfer. Should the President be denied the same considerations ? And Pr1~sident says he had no discussion with the Chief Justice of India. It was for the first time in a telephonic talk in the evening of January S, 1981, the Chief Justice oflndia conveyed the propo­ sal for transfer to Shri K.B.N. Singh, By that time two firm pro- • posals, one a tentative and another final were pending with the Government of India. It would be stretching one's credibility to limit to hold that Chief Justice of· India postponed talking to Shri Singh 1to a date later than the proposals. Chief JLstice oflndia is an authority to be consulted but instead of being consulted he initiated the proposal. The minimum that is expected of him is that. he collect:; all relevant facts, also collects the relevant personal prob­ lems of the judge to be transferred, examines appraises and evalu­ ates them from all objective standards keeping in view the possiole inconvenience and hardship likely to be caused to' the judge and comparable public interest which necessitates transfer and thereafter puts forward the proposal. While discharging such a high consti­ tutional function of either initiating the proposal for transfer or for being consulted for transfer it would be a failure to perform the constitutional duty if the proposal is made first, processed right up to the Prime Minister in one case and collecting of the data is post­ poned to a later date. This is contrary to what Chandrachud, J. has stated in his judgment in Mr. Sheth's case. To _recall, he said that there can be no purposeful consideration of a matter in the absence of facts and circumstances on the basis of which alone the nature of the problems involved can be appreciated and a right decision taken. The deci~ion to ·be a right decision must follow the c:ollecti:Jn of material and be· based on the material and that collection of evidence is not an empty formality, for the record only_. It was, however, said that before the proposal was finally imp-. lementeg by the Presidential notification transferring Shri K.B. N. Singh them was a full and effective consultation between the Chief Justice of India and the President and that by that time the Chief Justice of ladia was in possession of all the relevant and material facts. Attention in this cotMX.t was inviteq to ·a statement in the affidavit ~- ·. - - s.1>. GtJl>tA v. UNION (Desai, i.) i131 of the Chief Justice of India that 'there was a full and effective consultation between me and the President of India on the question of Shri K.B.N. Singh's transfer from Patna to Madras as Chief Justice of Madras · High Court. Every relevant aspect of that question was discussed by me fully with the President both before and after I proposed the transfer'. With reference to the statement in affidavit a ·question was put to Mr. Parasaran, learned Solicitor General as to whether the discussion involved in consultation was personally with the President of India or the expression 'President o( India' means Government of India and the consultation was through proper channel as laid down in the rules of business. A statement was read over to the Court by Mr. Parasaran, possibly as instructed by the President of India, that at no time the Chief Justice of India had any personal discussion with the President. Therefore, one has to fall back on the discussion, if any, the Chief Justice of India may have either with the Law Minister who as Minister of Justice. according to the rules . of business would be the proper person to deal with the problem of transfer. It appears more or less the discussion has been by Correspondence. Even a perfunctory knowledge about official correspondence would convince anyone that if there is a continuous correspondence on the subject, every letter would have a reference to the prior letter bearing on the subject. Turning to tlte first letter dated December 7, 1980, in which a proposal is made for transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh from Patna to Rajasthan, there is not the slightest reference to any earlier discussion oral or in writing between the, Law Minister and the Chief Justice of India on the question of transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh. It may be that there was some public de bate about the transfer of ' all Chief Justices of High ·courts pursuant to a policy which was sought to be evolved that the Chief Justices of all High Courts must be from outside the State. This evolving proposal was not acceptable to the Chief Justice of India when be said in the first letter that he is firmly opposed to a who! esale transfer of Chief Justices of High Courts. Then he proceeded to point out transfers may be effected in appropriate cases for strictly objective reasons. Having settled what ought to be the governing form for transfer the Chief Justice propos­ ed transfer of Acting Chief Justice K.D. Sharma Chief Justice K.B.N. Singh, Acting Chief Justice M.B. Farooqi and Justice M.H. Hussain Recalling the statement in the affidavit that there was full and effective consultation with the President of India prior to transfer, it has to be evaluated in the light of the contemporaneous written evidence in the form of the I~tter of the Chief Justice of India dated 0 ff 1138 stJPtu!ME cOtJR'r ll.EPOll'rS [1982] 2 s.C.tt December 7, 1980. And in the statement on behalf of Union or India dated November 12,. 1981, it is specifically made clear that except the disclosed correspondence and notings !'or which privilege is claimed there are no minutes or notes of discussion. I have shown abovf: that there is no other contemporaneous written record except the correspondence. The first proposal to t_ransfer Shri K.B.N. Singh finds its place in letter dated December 7, J 980. It is an admitted position that prior to that there was no discussion between the Chief Justic1: of India and the Law Minister. Equally it is an admitted position that Shri K.B.N. Singh was not even whispered that Jt was proposed to transfer him. It is also an admitted position that it was on January 5, 1981, that the Chief Justice of India talked with Shri K.B.N. Singh for the first time in which he broached the subject of transfor of Shri Singh. The inescapable conclusion is that a firm proponal for transfer was submitted to Government as late as December 20, 1980, and about 15 days thereafter Shri' Singh was told for the first time about his proposed transfer and was invited to inform the Chief Justice of India about his' personal difficulties and im:onveniences. Now, the order of transfer is dated January 19, 1981. In ·between Shri Singh met the Chief Justice of India on January 8, 1981, and till the order of trans!'er was notified there is nothing in the correspondence which shows .that there was any further discussion. The firm decision was reached on January 8, 1981 it:ielf because it was stated to the court that the Prime Minister approved the proposal of transfer of Shri Singh on January 9, 1981. It is reasonable to believe that Law Minister must have processed the proposal on January 8, 1981. The meeting between Chief Justice oflndia and Shri Singh took place in the evening on January 8, 1981. This would establish that a firm proposal for transfer was made, processed and approved before collecting all the relevant material which would considerably detract from the validity and efficacy of the proposal. Even if subsequently gathered facts were communicated to the President, one could have overlooked this apparent defect but the written record does not bear out that the President was informed of all the relevant facts. One would have expected in this connection that while making the proposal for transfer, the very letter would, in respect of each judge proposed to be transferred, set out therein as to what were the personal difficulties, what necessitates the transfer, which public interest was likely to bit served by the transfer and all these should find their releva11.t place in the proposal itself. Oral dr telephonic ,_ ... - - -.... \ - SJ'. GtJPTA v. UNION (.besai, J.) 1139 conversation while discharging important constitutional function affecting character and dignity of such high constitutional functionary as Chief Justice of a High Court is entirely out of place. The only ref~rence to the transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh in the first letter is as under·: "The transfer of Justice K.D. Sharma will create a vacancy in the office of the Chief Justice of the Rajasthan High Court. I recommend that Justice K.B.N. Singh; who is the Chief Justice of the Patna High Court, should be transferred as the Chief Justice of the Rajasthan High Court." We struggled hard to find out from this long letter as to what public interest prompted the Chief Justice of India to propose transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh to Rajasthan. The later suggestion that Shri Singh's transfer was proposed to subserve the public interest, namely, that he is a senior, experienced Chief Justice needed to preside over a premier High Court will not help because there was no question of sending a senior, experienced Chief Justice to Rajasthan High Court and at the relevant time there was no proposal for transfer of Shri M M. Ismail, Chief Justice of Madras High Court. Therefore, some other public interest must have informed the Chief Justice of India to propose transfer of Shri Singh to Rajasthan. What inevitably transpires is that the transfer of Shrj Singh from Patna is certain, reasons and place and public interest may fill in the gap as situation demands. This is neither consultation· nor appreciation of relevant facts to satisfy the rigorous test laid down in Mr. Sheth's case. There is a further lacuna in th~ process of consultation and it may be briefly mentioned here. While laying down the parameters of the scope of consultation ·under Article 222 (1), Chandrachud, J. in his leading judgment of the majority view in Mr. Shth's case approved and affirmed the passage in Chandramouleshwar Prasad extracted earlier. Approving the statement of law contained in the extracted passage, it was said in Mr. Sheth's case that in order that the two minds may be able to confer and produce a mutual impact, it is essential that each must have for its consideration full and . identical facts, which can at once constitute both the source and foundation of the final decision. If one party makes a proposal to the other who has a counter proposal in his mind which is not i 140 SUPRliAiE COURT REPORTS [l 982j 2 S.C.R. communicated to the proposer, th~ direction to give effect to the counter proposal without anything more cannot be said to have been issued after consultation (pp. 674-675). The question is, whether this test is satisfied. Chief Justice of India unmistakeably asserts that he is opposed to poliey transfers or wholesale transfers of Chief Justices of the High Courts. He is of the view that transfers may be made in appropriate cases for strictly objective reasons. In other words, selective tran_sfers. Pursuant to this view held by him he proposed amongst others the transfer of Sbri K.B.N. Singh. This proposal was to be proceilsed by the executiv1:. It was incumbent upon the e)(ecutive to have requested the Chief Justice of India to put all the materials and relevant facts collected by him for consi ieration of the President. Obviously, pursuant to a caution voiced by Chandrachud, J in Mr. Sheth's case that as a high constitutional functionary like the Chief Justice of High Court was involved all the necessary relevant facts bearing on the que>.tion of transfer must be collected by the Chief Justice of India as this is founded on the principle that in a matter which concerns the judiciary vitally; no decision ought to be taken by the executive without obtaining the views of the Chief Justice of India who, by training and experience, is in the best position to consi­ der the situation fairly, competently and objectively. In order to consider 1:very relevant fact in the discharge of this constitutional obligation the Chief Justice of India would be within his right and indeed it is his duty wherever necessary to elicit and ascertain further facts either directly from the judge concerned or fro~ reli­ able soumes, but thereafter he has voiced a caution that 'the execu­ tive cannot and ought not to establish report with the judges which is the function and privilege .of the Chief Justice'. Consistently with this weighty judicial pronoun~ement the Chief Justice of India alone will have to gather all material and the executive would be well advised to keep hands off the judiciary. Therefore,· whatever material the Chief Justice of India will have, has to be placed before President. The correspondence manifests a woeful lack of any such material being placed before the President. That apart, the Chief Justice of India proposed selective transfers in appropriate cases strictiy for objective reasons. Now, look at the performance of the executive. The executive appears to have accepted the proposal not on merits but out of reverence for the Chief Justice of India which constitutes a complete abdication of its function. This ) - > • S.l•. OUt>TA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1141 becomes discernible when in the course of hearing in response to a query m'ade by the Court, the learned Solicitor-Oeneral made a statement on November 12, 1981, which is material for the decision on this point and, therefore, may be extracted hereunder: "Throughout the Government had been of the view that as a p·olicy the Chief Justices of the various High Courts should be from outside their states. It is this policy view that was put across ·to the Chief Justice of India. The Chief Justice of India expressed that he was opposed to all the Chief Justices of the High Courts being from outside and was keen on transfers to be made in appropri­ ate .cases strictly for objective reasons. It is in . pursuance of this view propounded by the Chief Justice of India that ·he suggested the transfers covered by the letters which in his view were desirable. Government acceded to the trans­ fers proposed by the Chief Justice of India as (I) it was felt that not agreeing to these transf~rs may be construed as though the Government is departing from the view of .having Chief Justices from outside; (2) the policy aspect could still be pressed i71to service later." · (Emphasis supplied) -At a later stage of the hearing to a further query by the Court Mr. Parasaran in terms stated that the Government accepted the propo­ sal for transfer not for the reasons which prompted the Chief Justice of India to propose transfers but for .its own reasons. Recalling the test of consultation at this stage set out just hereinabove that if one party makes a proposal to other who has a counter proposal in· his mind which is not communicated to the proposer the direction to give effect to the counter proposal without anything more, can­ not be said to have been issued after consultation', the proposal was for a selective transfer definitely not in cons<;mance with any policy Government of India may have in contemplation which was firmly opposed and the counter proposal was for policy transfer and. giving effect to the counter proposal without anything more cannot be said to be after consultation. The test of consultation certainly is no.t satisfied because not only two minds have not been able to confer and produce a mutual effect but each did not have full and identical facts and, therefore, the final decision cannot b~ said to be the product of consultation and deliberation. 0 1142 SlJPllllME COtnl.t lllll'OR.tS [1982) 2 s.c.tl. A very emotional and passionate appeal was made by Mr. Parasaran to consider these transfers as policy transfers. In the light of the statements hereinabove quoted, the appeal must fall on deaf ears,, for, the Government of India had a policy in embryonic stage and the Chief Justice of India was firmly opposed to any such policy be1:ause he is firmly committed to the view as laid down in his majo:rity judgment in Mr. Sbeth's case that policy transfers on a wholes.ale basis which leave no scope for considering the facts of each particular case and which are influenced by one-sided govern­ mental considerations are outside the contemplation of our consti­ tution. He re-asserts this in his letter dated December 7, 1981. Apart from this; it is impossible to uphold this transfer as a policy transfer. It is no doubt true that laying down of a policy is the fu:nction of the executive. If that policy relates to judiciary, ordinarily the executive would be well advised to have full and effective consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the highest co1~stitutional functionary in the judiciary. The policy has to be evolved and firmly laid. Views expressed do not constitute policy. Now the question is, was there· any policy to which these transfers can be related ? The view of the Government as expressed by the Law Minister is that Chief Justice of every High Court shall be from outside his jurisdiction. Maybe, the Government may lay down such a policy and as and when laid down its constitutional validity may have to be examined. But one cannot accord the status of policy to a view expressed by the Law Minister, may be the official spokesman for the Department of Legal Affairs and Justice of th~ Government of India. We were not told how a policy is framed and firmly laid down. But a view occassionally expressed does not have the trappings of a firmly laid down policy. And it is not in dispute in this case. In the statement extracted hereinabovc made on behalf of the Government of India, the policy question wais to be examined at a later stage. A reference to the statement of the Law Minister in the Lok Sabha on July 24, 1980, upon a calling attention motion on the resolution of the Bar Council of India disapproving Government proposal to appoint seniormost judge of a High Court as Chief Justice of another High Court in the country, may be made. The Law Minister stated as under: "The Government has, however, received represen­ tatiom; from various quarters urging that as a matter of - ..J- j - ( \ S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1143 policy the Chief Justice of a High Court should be appoin- 1 ted from outside the jurisdiction of that High Court. This matter is actively engaging the attention of the Govern-· ment. Even though Government's thinking has not taken a final shape in the matter, the Government is prima facie of · the view that the proposal by and large merits favourable consideration in the interest of sound judicial administration and also the independence of the judiciary". (Emphasis supplied~. This statement would at once reveal that till July 24, 1980, the matter was under consideration of the Government and that the Government's thinking had till then not taken a final shape in the matter. Then as late as September 3, 1981, the Law Minister in­ formed the Consultative Committee of the Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs that he had sought views of the Chief Justice of India on the policy of having Chief Justices from outside as that by itself would considerably. improve the functioning of the High Courts. The Law Minister further apprised the members of the the approach of the Chief Justice in the matter of transfers and appointments of outsiders. He proceeded to state that final decision in the matter of a policy of transfers was stili to be taken. (under­ lining mine). At any rate, this unmistakable, unambiguous state­ ment of the Law Minister on September 3, 1981,.m:uch after the commencement of hearing in this case in the Court, would remove - any vestige of doubt that a decision on policy transfers was yet to, be taken. There was a view expressed but no policy in July 1980, there was no such policy in January 1981 when Shri K.B.N. Singh was transferred, there was no policy as late as September 3, 1981, when the case was being heard and the statement made to this Court on November Ii, 1981, that the policy aspect could still be pressed into service later on, leave no room for doubt that the impugned transfer was not a policy transfer. Therefore, the trans­ fer of Shri Singh cannot be upheld as a policy transfer. It is rather in this context surprising that the Chief Justice of India while firmly opposing policy transfers in letter dated December 7, 1980, should tell Shri Singh on January 5, 1981, that it was Government policy to transfer judges. And there is nothing to show that between December 7, 1980, and January 5, !980, Chief Justice of India. has veered round to the view of Law Minister because if he had, he ' . 1144 SUPREMll COUR.T RllPOtltS [I 982J 2 s.C.R. could have proposed transfer-of a large number of Chief Justices and not confined himself to two only. It may be mentioned in passing that there was-a very lively debate about the power of the executive to lay down policy. It is a well.rec:ognised epithet of constitutional wisdom that in constitu­ tional matters the Courts do not decide what is not brought before it nor would it prefer advice except in a reference unde:r:. Art. 143, on the wisdom or validity of a future action. If there is no policy till today it would be unwise to pronounce upon a future policy without knowing what form and shape it would take. No carte blanche can be given in this behalf. How dangerous it would be can be illust­ rated by observing that if the policy were to be laid down by the executive that a judge -of the High Court who decides the matter against the Government will be transferred it would be an objective norm because it can be easily ascertained whether a judge has decided a matter against the Government. Such a policy, if at all laid down, would be complete 'anti-thesis of the independence of judiciary. Therefore, I refrain from saying anything on the wisdom or validity of what is being proposed as a policy that every Chief Justice must be from outside the state because there is no such policy and as and when it is laid down, if questioned; its validity will have to be examim:d. 0:11e more infirmity urged an~ likely to invalidate the order of transfer may 'DOW be examined. The power to transfer a High Court judge can be exercised only in public interest. In the proposal '-forwarded to the Government by the letter dated December 7, 1980, and the letter dated December 20," 1980, for transferring Shri K.B.N. Singh first to Rajasthan and then to Madras, it is nowhere stated what public interest is sought to be served by this transfer.· This assumes importance because both the constitutional functiona­ ries invcilved in the process of consultation are operatin8 on different wave leJagths, to wit, Chief Justice of India for selective transfers, President to buttress the position to evolve a policy in future. In the affidavit it is stated that consequent upon the transfer of Shri M.M. 11\mail from Madras to Kerala it was necessary to appoint a senior, uxperienced Chief Justice in the Madras High Court. Perma­ nent and senior, experienced Chief Justice from outside to man a. High Court seems to be a phenomenon of recent origin. Ordinarily . the seniormost puisne ju_dge is appointed as Chief Justice. There -; - ' t •. ,.... . r -. - ~·- s.f>. OUf>tA v. UNION (Desai, J.) 1145 were, of coutse, some cases in which the Chief Justice was brought from outside and the cases pointed out were of Mr. Justice Das sent to Karnataka, Mr. Justice Sarjoo Prasad going to Rajasthan, and our esteemed . colleague Mr. Justice R.S. Pathak going to Himachal Pradesh. But these cases are few and for between. The nor­ h1al rule of succession has been the seniormost puisne judge becom­ ing the Chief Justice unless he was otherwise found to be unsuisable. And the Chief Justice of India accepts unreservedly just and right­ ful expe'ctations of the seniormost puisne judge to be promoted as Chief Justice when he suggests that Mr. Poti, seniormost puisne judge in Kerala High Court will be deprived of his just and rightful expectation to become Chief Justice on the transfer of Shri K.D. Sharma, and therefore, further suggested that Mr. Poti be appointed in a suitable vacancy as Chief Justice but outside Kerala, thereby, of course, denying rightful expectation of the seniormost puisne judge in that High Court. Now, Mr. P.R. Gokulakrlshnan is the seniorm,ost puisne judge of the Madras High Court. Nothing is pointed out why he would be considered unsuitable for being promo­ ted as Chief Justice if it becomes necessary to transf~r Mr. Ismail. Mr, M M. Isrnail who was seniormost puisne judge was promoted as Chief Justice, Madras, on retirement of Mr. Ramaprasada Rao in the year 1979 who had by that time to his credit experience of 12 years of High Court judgeship. How it became a compelling necessity not to promote Mr. Gokulakrishnan even if Shri M.M. Ismail was to be transferred, left us guessing. Mr. Gokulakrishnan was appointed as permanent judge of Madras High Court on July 7, 1969. Mr. Poti was appointed as Additional Judge "of Kerala High Court on March 20, J 969. {fa judge of a High Court after twelve years of High Court judgeship is not suitable for being promoted as Chief Justice, he· would ordinarily never become suitable for that post. But Mr. Poti is good enough to be appointed Chief Justice but unsuitable for Kerala, for which Mr. Sharma an inductee of. 1973 was considered good enough to be permanent Chief. Justice. Again, Mr. S. Sarwar Ali inducted as High Cou.rt Judge on July 6, 1970, was recommended to be posted as Acting Chief Justice of Patna High Court on the transfer of Mr. Singh. If Madras High Court has a life span over a century, so also Patna High Court has a life span over a century .. But Mr. Ismail, a senior experienced Chief Justice is transferred to Kerala High Court, .a High Court which came into existence as late as 1956 and just celebrated its Silver Jubilee. Delhi High Court has a permanent Chief Justice who is an inductee of January 1969. Every attempt to find an objectivli . ' B' it46 SUPREME cOURT itl:i>bR:fs (198.ij 2 S.c;R; norm or yardstick related to proclaimed public interest by which these transfers can be measured or judged and for which they were ordered has led me to a blind alley. For over 30 years with some few exceptions the seniormost puisne judge was always promoted as the Chief Justice except in the case of Himachal Pradei;h when on setting up the High Court for the first time Mr. M.H. Beg was transferred from Allahabad and promoted as Chief Justice and posted at Simla. And also again when someone had not put in five years of High Court judgeship before his turn to be elevated as Chief Justice arrived. It is quite wellknown that next in line of succession to the Chief Justice is always being trained be being normally associated with administration so that when the elevation as Chie:f Justice becomes due he has already his grip over the administration. In most of the High Courts seniormost puisne judge is alwayi; entrusted with a large chunk of administrative work and, therefore:, he is probably well acquainted and trained to take over the responsibilities of a Chief Justice. There is no material on record which would show that Mr. Gokulakrishnan would not compare favourably with Mr. Singh for being appointed as Chief Justice of Madras High Court. Mr. P.S. Poti the senionpost puisne judge of Kerala High Court and who is functioning as Acting Chief Justice since the elevation of the then Chief Justice of Kerala High Court to Supreme Court has been a judge of the High Court since 1969. If 12 years of High Court judgeship does not make the incumbent mature for Chief Justice one would be left guessing when he would bec.ime one. And yet Mr. M.M. Ismail was transferred to Kerala reverting Mr. Poti as Puisne judge. It thus appears that the transfer of Shri Singh oh the ground that he is the seniormost experienc:ed Chief Justice which would. be in public interest, fails to carry coiilViction. Dr. Singhvi, learned counsel for Shri Singh also contended that the transfer of Shri Singh is punitive in character. The Chief Justice of India sp~c1fically denies this charge. And further it is stated that when Mr. K.B.N. Singh brought up the question of some baseless complaints against him, the Chief Justice of India assured him that he did nci·t go by baseless complaints and he did not believe that his (Mr. Singh's) conduct was blameworthy. And the Chief Justice of India further assured him that he. did not hold Mr. Singh was to blame but that certain persons were exploiting their proximity to him which had creittec;l needless misunderstandiDJil ancl dissatisfaction, - I I.. - - r· I \ - s.i>. GUPTA v. uNibN (Desai; J) it47 thus th'e Answer of the Chief iustlce would certainly show that the complaints against Mr. Singh did not. provoke_ the transfer. Shri Singhvi, however, tried to persuade us by. putting in juxtaposition certain events which would permit an inference that the complaints against Shri Singh formed the foundation for the order of transfer. It was· pointed out that when in February 1980 the Chief Justice of·. India visited Patna, he met lawyers and judges which may permit an inference that the complaints against Shri Singh must have been voiced by those lawyers. · This feeling was uppermost in the mind of Shri Singh because he himself broad ed the subject af'a meeting with the Chief Justice of India on January 8, 1981, and even though the Chief Jystice of India assured Shri Singh that he did not go by base­ less complaints and that he did not believe that his conduct was blameworthy but yet pointed out that certain persons were exploiting their proximity with him which had created needless misunderstan­ ding and dissatisfaction. · Drawing sustenance from this statement it was contended that inferentially speaking the situation had reached at Patna to such an impasse that Shri Singh was required to be uproo­ ted from that atmosphere and, therefore, the transfer and this being a selective transfer it would attach stigma or slur While accepting what' the Chief Justice of India says that the CO!,llplaints did not form the foundation for transfer and that the Chief Justice was actuated by the sole desire to subserve _the public interesHn proposing the transfer of Shri Singh, selective transfers always give rise to canards and the transferred judge suffers character assassination. From this limited point of view one cannot -escape the conclusion that such transfer in the background stated would cast a slur and, therefore, is punitive in character and that would also vitiate the order of transfer. Having examined all the relevant considerations, regrettable as it may appear, the conclusion is inevitabl_e that the order of transfer ofShri K.B.N. Singh is vitiated for want of effective consultation and the selective transfer would cast a slur or stigma. Add to this that the public interest pleaded fails to carry conviction in the facts and circumstances of this case and, therefore, the transfer .does not appear to be in public.interest. For all these reasons the order of transfer is vitiated and rr ust be declared void. In the course of hearing petitioners requested the Court that the correspondence that passed between the Chief Justice of India, the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court !Ind the Ll!W Minister in re?rd tQ El ...) . ff 1148 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 S.C.R. the non-appointment of Shri S.N. Kumar as additional judge be dis­ closed. The Union of Jndia,.through the affidavit initially of Shri S.M.H. Burney, Secretary, Ministry of Justice and subsequently by the affidavit of Shri T.N. Chaturvedi, holding the same post, claimed privilege on the ground that doctrine of candour demands that the correspondence bearing on the question of appointment or non­ appointment of high constitutional functionaries should not be dis­ closed. There was a similar request for disclosure of correspondence that pasHed between the Chief Justice of India and the Law Minister witb reference fo the transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice of Patna High Court to Madras High Court. After hearing both sides at considerable length and first perusing the documents ourstlves to ascertain whether disclosure of it would or would not be. in public interest,\Je directed disclosure and deferred giving our reasons for the same. I would, however, briefly say what I feel to be the fairly antiquat1:d notion about the secrecy-in administration. Privilege was claimed under section 123 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. Section 123 was enacted in the hey-day of the colonial regime. And more . than a century after when.the Raj has disappeared and a republican form of Government under a liberal constitution is ushered in, we are told that the principle enunciated in section 123 holds good. What is :impermissible under section 123 is giving evidence derived from unpublished official records relating to affairs of the State. It was said that appoint!llent to high offices is such a'~11s.itive subject that the expression 'affairs of the State' would be wide enough to comprehend the same and, therefore, correspondence, notes notings connected therewith forming part of unpublished official record can­ not be disclosed· to the Court except at the cost of injury to public interest. Add to this the prohibition enacted in Article 74 that the court cannot inquire whether, if any, and if so what, advice was ten­ dered by the Minister to the President. Privilege was claimed and disclosur1~ was opposed on the above mentioned ground. It was very . passionately urged that no public interest would be served by wash­ ing the linen, dirty if it appears to be, in open and who is going to be benefited by disclosure of such documents. In the State of Punjab v. Sodhi Sukhdev Singh, (1) Gajendragadkar, speaking for Sinha, C.J. and Wanchoo, J., referred to Duncan v. Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd ,(2) wherein Viscount Simones L.C. deduced the principle which has to be applied in such cases in the following words ; (1) (1961] 2 SCR 371. (2)~[li942] AC 624. .... - - ) - \ \ S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, J.) J 149 "Documents oth.erwise relevao,t and liable to produc­ tion must not be produced if the public interest requires that they should be withheld. This test may be founCi to be satisfied either (a) by having regard to the con­ tents of the particular document, or (b) by the fact that the document belongs to a class which, on grounds -of public interest must as a class be ' withheld from production.'' The question was whether the objection to production taken was valid one or not. The House of Lords in the aforementioned case held that an objection validly taken to production on the ground that this would be injurious to public interest is conclusive. Having refer­ red to this observation, the majority decision further proceeded to state that the decision in the case before it wherein privilege was clai­ med against disclosure must ultimately rest on the relevant statutory provisions contained in Indian Evidence Act. The Court then refer­ red to Sections 123 and I 62 of the Indian Evidence Act. Referring to the expression "affairs of the State" . in section I 23, the majority judgment observed that in.the latter half of the Nineteenth Century affairs of State may have had a comparatively narrow content, but with the State in pursuit of its welfare actiyities which were formerly treated as purely commercial, and documents in relation to such commercial activities undertaken by the State in pursuit of public policies of social welfare are also apt to claim the privilege of being documents relating to the affairs of State. It is in the latter class of documents the Court proceeded to determine the claim for privilege fo such borderline cases.· The Court ultimately upheld the claim for privilege. Duncan's case appears to be hovering over the entire dis­ cussion. Then came Conway v. Rimmer. (1) This decision moved a step further because it was held therein that the Court can inspect the document to find out whether the claim to privilege is well meri­ ted. The view in Sodhi's case was to some extent diluted by.reference to Conway. Two subsequent cases, The Science Research Council v. Nasse, (2) and Burmah Oil Co. Ltd. vc Governor & Company of the Bank of England & Anr., (3) were also referred to. The discussion as to what is laid down by the House of Lords in aforementioned cases was ~o elaborate in the Court tl1~t !\t Qn~ ti.mi: ~ ~gspected that these (1) [1968] AC 910. (2) [1980] AC 1028. (3) [1980J AC 1090, 1150 SUPREME COUll'r REPORTS ( 19821 2 s.c.a, decision:; will have to be explained away, otherwise they are binding ~m us. · A specific question was put, should we mould our approach dovetail:ing it to the changes in the view in the United Kingdom because it is an undeniable fact that on the question of privilege and disclosure commencing with Duncan and ending with the last menti­ oned ca:>e, the view in this country has more or less changed shades with the view expressed by the House of Lords. In my opinion, Section 123 must be construea on its own terins. Undoubtedly, a century old provision enacted to some extent keeping in view the needs of Empire builders must change in the context of the Republi­ can Government and the open society which we. have set up. Undoub~ tedly there must be such affairs of the State involving security of the nation and foreign affairs where public interest requires that the disclosu:re should not be ordered. It is, however, equally well recog· nised that fair administration of justice is itself a matter of vital pub­ lic internst. Therefore, if the two public interest conflict, the Court will hav·e to decide whether the public interest which formed the foundation for claiming privilege would be jeopardised if disclosure is ordered and on the other hand whether fair administration of jus­ tice wou)d suffer by non-disclosure and decide which way the balance tilts. Viewed from this angle, it was stated in Conway that the Court should balance public interest involved where a clash of public inter­ est is brought to its notice.. In the ultimate analysi.s the approach of the Court while deciding the question of privilege would be that it has to balance public interest in just justice and just administration of justice and state affairs at high .level in respect of appofotment to. high constitutional offices and then decide which way the balance tilts. Having formulated this test the answer was that a disclosure in the interest of justfoe far outweighs the possible embarrassment f::Ir by disclosing certain aspects. I do not propose· to deal with the matter further. Justice Bhagwati by a vrry elaborate discussion has given reasons why the disclosure was necessary arid I find myself so entirely in agreement with what has been stated by him that I do not think I can usefully add anything to it. The oniy point that now remains is whether the petitioners Iqbal M. Chagla and three others in the petition filed in the Bombay High Court, Mr. V.M. Tarkunde, petitioner in the petition filed in tbe Delhi High Court and other advocates who have filed petitions in Patna and Madras High Courts have a locus standi to maintain the petitions. Learned Attorney General did not raise this quesiion but Mr, P.R,. Madu! Ie~rn\ld ~oi.p:is\ll w4Q appeared for the L~w Minister . - - - ·"". } ' - - ,- ·~· S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Desai, 1.1 Il5I in the first set of petitions seriously contended that the petitioners have no locus standi. In fact . the matter h.as assumed ac~demic importance because in the 1st batch of petitions Shri S.N. Kumar, the learned Judge of the Delhi High Court who was given short term extension and was ultimately not appointed, has questioned the vali­ dity and legality both of•the circular issued by the Law Minister and .the power claimed by the executive not to appoint an additional judge after the expiry ;f his initial term. His locus standi is beyond question. Similarly, in the other batch of petitions Shri K.B.N. Singh, the Chief Justice transferred is transpos_ed as petitioner No. 3 in the petition filed by Shri D.N. Pandey and another advocate of the Patna High Court and he has challenged the validity and ·legality of the order. of his transfer. His locus slandi is beyond question. There- : fore, the contention about locus standi is now of academic interest and I do not propose to deal with it. However, I am in full agree­ ment with my learned brother Bhagwati, J. who has discussed this aspect in meticulous details. That is the end of the journey. To sum up : (I) An additional judge can only be appointed in the High Court if the President is satisfied that there is a tempo­ rary increase in the work of the High Court or there are arrears and for this purpose it is necessary to E increase the number of judges in the High Court for the time being. (2) An additional judge appointed initially for a certain tenure has a right to be considered' for fresh appoint- ment on the expiry of the tenure and the consultation F must proceed along the same lines as prescribed under ·Article 217. - (3) Consultation under Article 217 must be full, effective and meaningful and in the case of an additional judge, if there is any defect, drawback or deficiency in the con­ sultation the decision arrived at is open to judicial review. (4) Power to transfer a High Court judge· conferred by Article 222 on -the President can be exercised after full, effective and meanin~ft1l 90~~1Jltl!ti9!1J with the 1152 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 S,C.'k. · Chief Justice of India and this necessitates all the facts in possession of one or the other constitutional func- . ..;. tionary being fully exchanged and deliberated upon. _ (5) Power to transfer a High Court judge cannot be exer­ cised with a view to punishing a jurlge or for any thing· in his conduct or behaviour which may cast a slur or stigma on him. (6) The circular of the Law Minister dated March 18, 1981, does not suffer from any infirmity and is not constitutionally invalid. Accordingly, Transferred Case No. 19/81 arising from the writ petition filed by Shri S.P. ·Gupta in Allahabad High Court, Trans­ ferred Case No. 21/81 arising from the petition filed by Shri J.K. Kalra: and others in the Delhi High Court, Transferred Case No. 22/81 arising from the petition filed by Shri Iqbal M. Chagla and three others in the Bombay High Court and Transferred Case No. 20/81 arising from the writ petition filed by Shri V.M. Tarkunde in the Delhi High Court are dismissed. There will be no order as to costs in all the matters. Transferred Case No. 24/81 in 'which Shri K.]l.N. Singh, Chief Justice of Patna High Court is transposed as petitioner No. 3 is allo­ wed and the order dated January 19, 1981, transferring him as Chief Justi:ce of Madras High Co1Jrt is quashed and set aside and a manda· mus is issued to the Union of India · directing it to forbear from giving effect to the said order. There would be no order as to costs. In view of this decision no specific order is required to be made in Writ Petition No. 274/81 filled by Miss Lily Thomas, Transfer­ red Case No. 6/81 arising from a writ petition filed by Shri P. Subra­ maniam in Madras High Court and Transferred Case No. 2/81 aris­ ing from a writ petition filed by Shri A. Rajappa ip the Madras High Court and they accordingly stand disposed of. There would be no order as to costs. - In view of the order quashing and setting aside f e order direc- . ting transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh as Chief Justice of Madras High Court, the special leave petition No. 312/81 filed by Shri Ripudaman Prasad Singh has become infructuous and would $tand disp.Qs<;d of ae<:ordin~ly wi~~ no order ~s ~Q costs througho~t, - .. - r .. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) i!.53 PATHAK, J: Transferred Case No. 19 of 1981, filed by Shri S. P. Gupta, an Advocate of the High Court at Allahabad, as a writ petition challenges the validity of a Circular letter dated March 18, 1981 issued by Shri P. Shivshankar, Minister for Law, Justice and Company Affairs in the Union Gover~ment and addressed to the Governor of Punjab and the Chief Ministers of all the States, except the north-eastern States, requesting them to obtain the consent of Additional Judges serving in the High Courts to their appointment as permanent Judges of other High Courts. Such consent was also required from persons who had already been proposed or may in the future be proposed, for initial appointment. He contends also that the President has failed to appoint the necessary number of permanent and additional Judges of the High Court of Allahabad in accordance with Art. 216 and clause (!) of Art. 224 of the Consti­ tution, and he assails the appointments of some Additional Judges of the High Court for short terms of six months only when, accord­ ing to him, the Additional Judges should have been appointed as . permanent Judges. In particular; he bas prayed for a declaration that three additional Judges, Mr. Justice Murli Dhar, Mr. Justice A. N. Verma and Mr. Justice N. N. Mittal be deemed to have been appointed as permanent Judges and that the Circular letter of the Law Minister is void. 2. Transferred Case No. 20 of 1981 filed. by Shri V. M. Tarkunde, a senior advocate of the Supreme Court as a writ petition in the High Court of Delhi, also assails the Circular letter and the appointments of three additional Judges, Shri 0. N. Vohra, Shri S. N. Kumar and Shri S. B. Wad for a further period of three months only. The petitioner prays that the Circular letter be declared void and the posts of additional Judges in the Several High Courts be converted into permanent posts. Of the three additional Judges specifically named, Shri S. N. Kumar has entered appearance and has supported the case pleaded by the petitioner. 3. Shri J. L. Katra and a few other advocates filed Transferred Case No. 21 of 1981 as a writ petition. in the High· Court of Delhi and, inter alid, they have -prayed for mandamus to the Union - Government to create an ·adequate number of posts of permanent · and additional Judges and to make appointments to those posts. 4. Four advocates•practising in the High Court of Bombay, Shri Iqbal M. Chagla, Shri C. R. Dalvi, Shri M. A. Rana and Shri A' il54 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982} 2 S.C.R. I • Sorab K. J. Modi filed Transferred Case No. 22 of 1981 as a wnt petition in the High Court of Bombay questioning the validity of the aforesaid Circular letter dated March 18, 1981 and have prayed inter alia for a declaration that the Circular letter is ultrµ vires and void and that the Union Government should be directed not to act on the consent conveyed by the additional Judges. 5. These four cases constitute a group raising substantially common points for consideration. 6. There is a second group, also consisting of four cases, led by Writ Petition No. 274 of 1981 filed by Miss Lily Thomas, an advocate practising in the Supreme Court of India, under Art. 32 · of the Constitution. She challenges the transfer of Shri M. M. fomail, Chief Justice of the Kerala High Court. Shri M. M. famail has filed an affidavit stating that he has decided not to pro­ C•eed to Kerala, nor to challenge the validity of the order of the President transferring him but to proceed on leave preparatory to rietirement by resignation of his office. Shri M. M. Ismail has r·esigned since. E 7. An Advocate, Shri A. Rajappa, practising in the High _ Court of Madras, filed Transferred Case No. 2 of 1981. He prays for a declaration that the order of the President transferring Shri M. M. Ismail from the High Court of Madras to the High Court of Kerala and Shri K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice of the High Court of Patna, to the High Court of Madras is void. .• ~ - ) F - · 8. Transferred Case No. 6 of 198( was filed in the High Court of Madras by Shri P. Subramanian, praying for the same reliefs as Shri Rajappa in Transferred Case No. 2 of 1981. 9. Two advocates, Shri D. N. Pandey and . Shri Thakur :Ramapati Sinha, filed Transferred Case No. 24 of 1981 in the High Court at Patna challenging the order of transfer of Shri M. M. Ismail from the High Court of Madras to the High Court of Kerala and of Shri K.B.N. Singh from the High Court of Patna to the High Court of Madras. During the pendency of this w1it petition, Shri K.B.N. Singh, who had b~en impleaded a~ a respondent, was transposed as .a petitioner. i ts.5 10· These cases raise constitutional questions of considerable significanc·e to. the judicial system in India. · · They involve grave issues of fundamental importance respecting the High ·Courts and the Judges constituting them. They deeply. affect the Rule of Law and the administration of justice. The Rule of Law and the adminisrration of justice 11. India is a sovereign socialist secular democratic republic ·governed by a written Constitution designed to sectire to all its citizens justice, liberty, equality and fraternity in their various facets. A constitutional democracy;. so portrayed has its institutions and values rooted in the Rule.of Law, and that is plainly demonstrated by the provisions of our ·constitutional structure and the constitu-. tional philosophy inspiring it: The; vitality of the Rule of Law flows from those roots to the sever'al branches . of the constitutional strUCture, sustaining and nurturing them and -giving them life and their intended significance; ( The Rule of Law is the Primary Principle of our Constitution, and in its universality and omnipotence it postulates that no oiie, neither State nor individual, shall act contrary to the law, and . nobody shall be denied right• and justice.· The principal organs of the State, the Executive, the . Legislature and the Judiciary are. governed by it and ·operate through it. In its daily· task of adjudi­ cating disputes, the Judiciary maintains the Rule of Law and enforces . it. It ·does sci by interpreting tlie law and applying it and, in appro­ priate cases, decreeing its observance. · And in adjudging the consti~ -tutional validity· of degislation and• ex~utive: acts; it protects the Rule ·of Law embodied iri the Constitution. · 12. In securing and promoting tlie ' resolution of· disputes· in a legal forum. in accordance'' with established -legal • pr9cedure, the administration of justice ensures a 'peaceful and· orderly progress by a people through constitutional methods . towards the . realisation of their aspiratioqs. And if it'. is ·to ·rule · their minds and hearts, the administration of justice must enjoy their confidence: Public col)fi­ dence in the administration of justice is imperative to its effective« ness, because ultimately, the ready . acceptance 'of: a judicial verdict' alone gives relevance to the ·judicial· system. While the adminisira: tion of justice draws its legal sanction from the Constitution; its credibility rests in the 'faith• of· the· people. Indispensable to that' ... · F } . . " . I-' " .. -" •• ·-\- { / . . .. l 1156 SUPREME COUR.T REPORTS (1982] 2 S.C.R. faith is the independence of the judiciary,. An independent and impartial judiciary supplies the reason for the judicial institution, ;t also gives character and content to the constitutional milieu. 13. India;s statesmen, political leaders, eminent jurists and ·representatives of a broad cross-section of our n·ational life were . engaged for about three years in forging a Constitution _worthy of · India's greatness. In the fashioning of the provisions relating to the judiciary, the greatest importance was attached . to securing the inde­ pendence of the judges, and throughout the Constituent Assembly debates the most vigorous emphasis was laid on that principle. The judiciary in British India had by and large, for. a century of British rule, enjoyed the respect and confidence of the people_ for its high reputation of independence and impartiality. None the less· the framers of the Constitution took great pains to ensure that an even better and more effective judicial structure was incorporated in the Constitution, one which would meet the highest expectations of judicial independence. In a land and among a people whose ancient /values stemmed from Truth as a. Reality, culminating in the adoption . of a national emblem confirming. that creed, they could have done no. less. - · . _ , · 14. It is pertinent to observe that the High Courts under our Constitution have been conferred far wider jurisdiction and powers than the High Courli under the Governm-ent-of India Act, 1935. They enjoy not only the jurisdiction and ·powers existing before the commencement of the Constitution· but by virtue of Article 226 they have been vested with power to issue directions,. orders or writs to any person· or authority; including any Government within their territorial jurisdiction, and that power . is not limited, as it is in the case of the Supreme Court of ·India, to the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III but extends to any other purpose . Moreover, by Article 227 of the Constitution . the High Courts have been granted ~the superintendence not merely over all courts subject to their appellate jurisdiction ,but indeed over all courts and tribunals . throughout their territorial jurisdiction. Further, unlike the Govern­ ment of India Act· the Constitution has not prohibited the High Cour.ts from enjoying original jurisdiction in .matters concerning the revenue or concerning any act ordered or done in the collection thereof. The framers·of ·the Constitution evidently intended that the widest amplitude of remedi~l action should be available to every person throughout the territorial jurisdiction of the. High Courts. ) > -r S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 1157 So great was the anxiety to ensure that the Rule of 'Law reigned A supreme in each State throughout India. 15. It is in this context that the questions raised before us may be considered. The constitutional scheme concerning the High Courts 16. The judiciary in India consists broadly of the Union judiciary, the High Courts in the States and tbe Subordinate Courts in those states. Chapter V of the Constitution deals with the High Courts and its present provisione may be briefly surveyed. Article 214 requires that there shall be a High Court for each State, and , Art. 216 deals with the constitution of every High Court. Art. 217 . lays down the procedure for appointment of a Judge of the High Court, the circumstances in which the office of Judge is vacated, the qualifications for appointment, and how the age of a Judge shall be determined. Art. 218 provides for the removal of a Judge from his office. Art 219 requires a Judge to make or subscribe an oath or affirmation before he enters upon his office. Art. 220 places a restriction on practice after a person has been appointed perma­ nent Judge. Art. 221 provides for payment to the Judge of his salary ·and entitles him to certain allowances and rights, and the proviso declares that neither the allowances of a Judge nor his rights in respect of leave of absence or pension shall be varied to his tlisad­ vantage after his appointment. Art. 222 empowers the Ptesident to transfer a Judge from one High Court to another in consultation with the Chief Justice of India. Arts. 223, 224 and 224A enable the appointment of an acting Chief Justices, additional Judges, acting Judges and provide for former Judges to sit and act as Judges. Art. 225 defines the jurisdiction of existing High Courts and Art. 226 extends the jurisdiction to the issue of directions, orders and writs. Art. 227 vests in the High Court the power of superinten­ dence over all courts and tribunals within its territorial jurisdiction. Art. 228 empowers the High Court to transfer to itself cases pending in a subordinate court involving a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the .Constitution. Art. 229 provides for the appointment of officers and servants of the .High Court, and Art. 230 for the extension of jurisdiction of the High Court ,to Union territories. · Finally, there is provision by Art. 231 for establishing a common High Court for two or more States or for two or more States and a Union Territory. 1158 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) '.! s,.c.R. 17. An important point to note is that Chapter V relating to the High Courts embodies a single organic scheme. The provisions of that scheme are inter-related and often inter-dependent, and in ord1er to appreciate the true purpose, scope and content of any pro'lision it is necessary to examine it in the context of the entire con:;titutional scheme. This is so, whether the question relates to the ;appointment of an additional Judge, or to the transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another. The constitution of the High Courts and t~e appointment of the Judges · 18. In a modern democracy the supreme power of the State is shared between the three priI1cipal organs, the Exec~tive, t~e Legislature and the Judiciary. Each holds a distinct position in t~e overall constitutional scheme; and has broadly separate functions and responsibilities from those vested in the other organs. . ~ Consti· tutio:11 deems the simultaneous co-existence and effective functioning of all three organs imperative to the proper working of the consti·· tutional system. It envisages that all three organs should function contiiauously according to their true nature and responsibilities, so ·that in the totality the constitutional system is held in constant balance. The constitutional document itself has made full and detailed provision for the constitution of each of these primary organs of the State, so that at all times the constitutional system as a whole is in full operation. 19. Article 216 provides that every High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as the President may from F time to time deem it necessary to appoint. Plainly, while the Presi­ dent i!: vested with the power 'to appoint Ju~ge~, he is also unde~ a constitutional obligation to ensure that the fligh Court is fµlly · constituted. It is fully constituted when it consists of Judges sudi­ cient in number to regularly cope with and dispose of the work falling within its j1;1risdiction. From the terms of .Art. 216 it is a\so G plain that the constitutional obligation imposed on the President extend:s to ensuring from time to time that the High Court consists of a sufficient number of Judges. The expression "from time;: to time" is significant. The responsibility imposed by Art. 21 (j requires the making of a periodic review of the annual institution of cases H and thtl pending strength of arrears resulting in a reasonable assess­ ment of the number of Judges needed in each High Court. It may be observed that serious injury is possible to a constitutional .• -- r S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 1159 dem9craey where this is not done, and ,the judiciary remains insuffi­ ciently manned and periahig cases coniinue to accumulate for long periods. A continuing imbalance in the proper operation of the constitutional system ranging over a long period of time by reason of one of its primary organs remaining ill-equipped to discharge its essential responsibilities cannot but be viewed with grave concern. 20. Article 216 speaks of Judges generally. A study of the constitutional scheme embodied in Chapter V indicates that as a general rule the appointment of permanent Judges is contemplated. They are Judges who are entitled to continue ·in office until they attain th~ age of 62 years, and whose tenure is fixed by the Consti· tution itself. They are appointed with reference to the normal workload of the court. A fixed tenure u'naffected by the discretion of the executive safeguards the principle of judicial independence. In spedal circumstances, however;" and in special circumstances only, the appointment of additi_onal Judges or acting Judges is contemp­ lated under Article 224. An additional Judge is appointed under clause (1) of Art. 224 where it appears to the President that by reason of any temporary increase· in the business of~ High Court or by reason of arrears of work therein the number of the Judges of that court shouid be for the time being. increased. The number. of Judges is increased only for the time being, and the appointment of an additional Judge is, therefore, envisaged for a limited period which, by clause (I) of Art. 224 must not exceed two years. A~ acting Judge is appointed under clause_ (2) of Art. 224 by the Presi­ dent when any Judge of a High Court other than the Chief Justice is by· reason of absence or for any . other ·reason unable to perform the duties of his office or is appointed to act temporarily as Chief Justice, a person so appointed can act as a Judge only until the permanent Judge has resumec:l h.is duties. Both additional Judges and acting Judges must be appointed from among duly qualified ·persons, that is to say, the qualifications prescribed in Artie!~ 217, and they cannot be appointed to · hold office after attaining the age of 62 years. It will be seen therefore that Art. 216 contemplates Judges who are permanent Judges, additional Judges or acting Judges,' permanent Judges as a rule and additional Judges or acting Judges in exceptional or special circumstances. A separate and distinct category is that of former Judges of a High Court who under Article 224A may be requested by the Chief Justice of a High Court, with the previous consent of the President, to sit and act as a Judge of the High Court. Such a person does not fall within .c 1160 SUPRl!ME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 s.c.a. Art. 216, for he is not a Judge of the High Court when so sitting and acting. The President does not appoint him, but only gives his consent to the Chief Justice to request the former Judge to sit and act as a Judge of the High Court. The process of appointment embodic~d in clause (I) of Art. 217 does not apply to him. It is for that reason that express provision has been made in Art. 224A itself that while sitting and acting as a Judge of the High Court the former. Jludge will be entitled to such allowances as the President may, by order, determine and he shall have all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges, but will not otherwise be deemed to be a Judge of that High Court. 21. It may be pointed out that the Constituent Assembly was not in favour of appointing additional or acting Judges, and although in the Draft Constitution prepared by the Drafting Committee pro­ vision was made by Art. 198 for the appointment of temporary Judges a.nd by Art. 199 for the appointment of additional Judges, there wa.s strong opposition to their inclusion and those provisions were omitted when the Constitution was finally enacted. The Draft Constitution provided by Art. 200 that the Chief Justice of a High Court could request a former Judge of that court to sit and act as a Judge of the Court. The provision was retained in the en.acted Constitution as Article 224, with this difference that before making such request the Chief Justice had to obtain the previous consent of the President and further his choice extended not only to a former Judge of that High Court but also to that of any other High Court. Apparently, it was felt that by enacting Art. 224 there was no need to provide for the appointment of tem­ porary o:r additional Judges. It was subsequently found that the arrangement was not adequate, and for that reason the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956 brought in the presen.t Article 224 providing for additional Judges and acting Judges and simultane­ ously deleted the original provisions respecting former Judges. However, the need for former Judges continued to be felt, and the provision was reintroduced by the Constitution (Fifteenth Amend­ ment) Act, 1963 and was numbered as Article 224A. 22. The procedure for appointing a Judge of a High Court is set forth in clause (I) of Art. 217. A Judge of a High Court is appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after - /' , ' . - A . \ - ' ' S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 1161 consultation with the Chier Justice or lndla, the Governor of the . State, and, in the case ·of appointment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High Court. The appointment of a Judge-is an executive act. The power to appoint is vested in the President, who by virtue of clause (1) of Art. 74 is required to ' act in accordance with the advice of the Council of Ministers.. The President may require the Council of· Ministers to reconsider such advice, either generally or otherwi'se, but he must act in accordance with the advice tendered after such reconsideration. The nature of the power exercised by the President under clause (1) of Art. 217 being executive in character, it, cann_ot be identified with the power exercised under clause (3) of Art. 217 in regard to the determination of the age of a Judge of a High Court. The power exercised under clause (3) of Article 217 has been held by this Court in Union of India v. Jyoti Prakash Mitter ,(1) to involve a judicial function and which therefore does not fall within the scope of clause (I) of Art. 74, 23. While there can be no doubt that the appointment of a Judge of a High Court lies in the executive power of the President, it is not an absolute and U{lfettered power. It is conditioned by the obligation imposed on the President to consult the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State, and in the case of an appointment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High Court 'The consultation is a constitutional imperative and the process of consultation must precede the appointment. Three consti­ tutional functionaries are required to be· consulted, the Chief Justice of India and the Chief Justice of the High Court, who are judicial functionaries, and the Governor of the State who is the executive head of the State in respect of which the High Court has jurisdiction. In this, clause (I) of Art. 217 makes a marked departure from s. 220, Government of India Act, 1935. Under s. 220, a permanent Judge of a High Court was appointed in the absolute discretion of of the Crown, and the additional Judges appointed in the absolute discretion, of the Governor General. In practice; of course, the ·chief Justice of the High Court was usually consulted, as well as sometimes a few eminent leaders of the Bar who would not .be interested in the appointment. But when the Constitution was being drafted there was general agreement that the appointment of a Judge (!) [1971) 3 SCR 483. 1162 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19821 2 s.c.a. of a High Court should not be left to the unfettered discretion of the Executive Government. The Constitution itself now imposed the obligation to consult. Judicial independence under the Govern­ ment of India Act, 1935 had been assured by prescribing a fixed tenure under sub-s. (2) of s. 220, and a Judge could not be removed from his office except on the ground of misbehaviour or of infirmity of mind or bcidy and on a report by· the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council that the Judge ought to be removed. There was the further stipulation· by the proviso to s 221 that neither .the salary of a Judge nor his rights in respect of leave of absence or pension could be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment. Now, the independence of the judiciary can be fully safeguarded not by merely conferring security on the Judges during their term of office but by ensuring in addition that persons who are independent, upright and of the highest character are appointed as Judges. Moreover, there is always the fear that appointments left to the absolute discretion of the appointing executive could be influenced by party considera­ tions. The framers of the Constitution apparently had this in mind when they decided to incorporate the prescription of consultation in the terrns set forth in clause (I) of Art. 217. As Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel explained in the Constituent Assembly on June 21, 1947 wben presenting the Report on the Principles of a Model Provincial Constitution : · "With so many checks and -counter-checks these appointments place the High Court Judges beyond any influence of the parties or any other influences and beyond any suspicion or doubt of such a nature. There is thus enough guarantee provided for the independence of the Judiciary."(1) 24. - As has been observed, clause (I) of Art. 217 prescribes that besides the Governor of the State, the Chief Justice of India and the Chief Justice of the High Court must be consulted in the· appointment of a Judge of a High Court. Three distinct constitu­ tional functionaries are involved in the consultative process, and each plays a distinct role, and the nature and scope of the role are indicated by the character and status of their respective offices. The Chief Justic(: of the High Court is the head of the: i.ustltl!ioi;i, IQ. ~Nch (1} Constituent Assembly Debates Vol. IV p. 694 • ...... - .. ' / ) - - 8. P; GtJi>tA 11. UNION (Pathak, i.) the }udge wlll be a~poinhid. Ite is, therefore, particularly qualified· to know the needs of the court in the context of its present constitu­ tion and the work whi6h is pending. Generally, an appointment is trtade either ftohi the High Court Bar or from the OistriCt Judiciary. lii both cases, the Chief Justice can be expected to possess an intimate knowledge of the legal ability of the person under consideration and to have a sufficiently accurate estimate, of his character, antecedents and teputation, including his integrity, in the context of the legal profession or the judicial service, as the case may be, as well as his potential capacity as a Judge. It is also conveniently possible for . him to obtain a fair measure of information in respect of a member of a District Bar, should such a member be un·'er consideration. In regard to persons practising in other courts or members of judicial tribunals it is not difficult for Mm to secure adequate information. It is apparently for this reason that the practice which has prevailed for several years in this country postulates that it is the Chief Justice of the · High Court who should initiate the process of appointment by suggesting a person for the office of a Judge. But by virtue of his position in the High Court and the State, the Chief Justice is also exposed to local influences, and to prejudice or bias in relation to lawyers appearing before him or judicial officers who meet him. His assessment can be subjectively efiected. The Chief Justice of India has been brought in, and it is apparent that, in virtue of the exalted office held by hiin and the circumstance that he is far -removed from the local pull of influences and the temptations of partisanship, he can be trusted to apply a strictly objective approach to the recom­ mendation proceeding from the High Court. Besides, the Chief Justice of India possesses the advantage of viewing the matter from the superior plane of a national perspecti\'.e. He is seized with knowledge of prevailing standards and trends in the different High Courts, and as the head of the highest Court in India exercising appellate jurisdiction over the High Courts by way of the widest power under Article 136 he would be cognisant of the need to ensure· that the highest quality was maintained in the appointment of Judges of the High Courts. Indeed, he is expected by the Constitution to keep himself adequately informed of the affairs of each High Court. For it is not merely for the purpose of appointing a Judge to the High Court under clause (I) of Art. 2f7 that lie is to be consulted. The President is also obliged to con·sult him before he can transfer a Judge Urider clause (I) of Art. 222 f~om one High Court to another High Court; a matter in which the Constitution does not expressly stipulate consultatiQ!l c;vt;!l wjtil ~he <;:hief ~ustices of the two Hi~h 1164 SUPREME COURT REPORTS · · IJ 982) 2 s.c.R. Coutts concerned, the liigh Court f'tolll which the Judge is to be trans­ l' erred and the Jligh Court to which his transfer is contemplated. It must also be remembered that in the determination of the age of a Judge of a High Court under clause (3) of Att. 217 it is the Chief Justice of India alone whom the President is required to consult, 25. The· part played by the Governor of the State must, it ,~ seems, be limited. The State Government possesses the advantage of being able to secure information which may not be within the knowledge of the Chief Justice in regard ·to the character and integrity oif the p.erson recommended and his local position and affiliations. Besides, as the High Court is the highest court of the State and the funds for it flow from the State Exchequer, it is only logical that the State Government should be allowed a voice in asses­ sing the suitability of the person recommended for appointment.( 1) The State Government, however, can have no role in commenting on his legal ability, knowledge of law and judicial potential. 26. The President is obliged to consider the advice tendered_ by the three constitutional functionarie's under clause (!)of Art. 217; and in the evaluation of the advice from each he must bear in mind that the appointment under consideration is the appointment of a Judge of a High Court, that is to say, a judicial appointment. Once that is kept in the forefront and it is apparent that the. person recom­ mended is of desirable personal character and reputation, the greatest value should be attached to the advice tendered by the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India. The advice tendered by the two judicial functionaries possesses a quality peculiarly pertinent to the appointment of an able and efficient Judge, It is, in a sense, "expert" advice, and where the Chief Justicti of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India agree o~ the recommendation it is within reason to hold that the Pr.:sident will ordinarily accept the recommendation, unless there is strong and cogent reason for not doing so, which must be a reason directly relevant to the purpose of the appointment. It may be reiterated that the dc:parture made by clause (I) of Art. 217 of our Constitu· tion from s. 220 of the Government of India Act, 1935 clearly establishes that the advice tendered by the judicial functionaries was considered 1:0 be a safeguard against arbitrary appointments and therefore entitled to the greatest weight. It may be pointed out (1) Law Commonweattb of India, Fourteenth Report Vol. 1 p. 74. \ ,.._ ,. j - -. ) S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 1165 that appointments in England to the Court of Appeal, to the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords and to the offices of Lord Chief Justice, and Pre&ident of the Family Division are made on the advice of the Prime Minister after consultation with the Lord Chancellor, and the likelihood that . the Prime Minister may depart from the recommendations of the Lord Chancellor can be contemplated "only B in the most exceptional case" .(1) 27. At the same time I am unable to accept the contention that as the Constitution stands today the President is obliged in all cases to agree with a recommendation in which the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India have concurred. During the Constituent Assembly Debates a proposal was made by a member that the appointment of Judges should require the concurrence of the Chief Justice of India (although that suggestion was made ·in connection with the appointment of Judges of the Supreme ·court), but that proposal was not accepte'd. The Law Commission of India( 2) surveyed the machinery for appointing a Judge of a High Court and considered it desirable that the provision in clause (!) of Art. 217 should be altered to provide for "not merely consultation with the Chief Justice of India but his concur­ rence in the proposed appointment". That recommendation has not borne fruit and we are concerned with the position which prevailed then and continues today. Does the advice given by the Chief Justice of India have primacy over that rend~red by the Chief Justice of the High Court? 28. A point has · been raised whether on a difference of opinion between them the advice of the Chief Justice of India can be said to enjoy primacy over that tendered by the Chief Justice of the' High Court. Nothing is laid down on the matter in express terms in clause (I) of Art. 217. If by "primacy" is meant that the opinion of the Chief ~ustice of India supersedes that or°the Chief Justice of the High Court and can alone be considered, it is elearly against the provisions of clause (I) of Art. 217, for the clause inte'nds that the President should consult both judicial functionaries, besides the Governor. The advice of each, the Chief Justice of lndia and {I) J.A.G. Griffith: The Politi<;~ of Judiciary,'pp.17, 18 •. (2) Ibid p. 75, • .. ·. . . . . H· 1166 SUPREME COURT REPORTS · [ 1982) 2 S.C.R. the Chief Justice of the High Court, has to be considered by the President. The Chief Justice of India does not sit in appellate judgment over the advice of the Chief Justice of the High Court, and the fact that the former has given his advice cannot imply that the advice' of the latter must be ignored. But it must be remem­ bered that the advice by the Chief Justice of India takes into account not only the primary material before him but also the assessment made by the Chief Justice of the High Court, and t~erefore when he· renders advice the assessment by the Chief Justice of the High Court has also been considered by him. In other words, in forming · his opinion and giving his advice, the Chief Justice of India will take all the facts and circumstances into consideration, including the material circumstance that the advice. of the Chief Justice of the High Court is the advice of an authority possessing the advantage of direct and intimate knowledge of the requirements of the Court and generally also of the person recommended, and thereafter he will advic'e whether he endorses. the recommendation. In that sense, it can be 8aid that the recommendation qf the Chief Justice of the High Court is screened through the assessment made by the Chief · Justice of India. The screening is a logical result of the Chief Justice of India being brought in to express his opinion on the re­ commendation. · In passing, it may be observed that if any material comes into the possession of the Chief Justice of India which was not before: the Chief Justice of the High Court it should be com­ municated to the Chief Justice of the High Court for his comments. When the advice of the Chief Justice of the High Court and of the Chief Justice of India 'is placed before the President, the President will consider both and assess them in tl;e light of the positions held, and the advantages possessed, by the respective functionaries in relation to the recommendation, and also bear in mind that while the Chief Justice of the High Court bas the advantage of proximity in rela'tion to the High Court and generally in assessing the ability and efficiency of the person recommended, the Chief Justice of India enjoys the advantage.:rns position of. being able to apply a more objective judgment· and also of taking into account a national perspective and pr-esent standards and trends in other High Courts. In the ultimate analysis, it would be unrealistic to suppose that the advice rendered by the Chief Justice of India enjoys mere parity with that of the Chief Justice of the High Court. If the Chief Justice of India was intended to enjoy equal status merely with the Chief Justice of the High Court in 'this regard, it is difficult to appreciate why the Chief Just::ce of India was b:rou~ht in at all, . especially when the - )' _; . ) S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 1167 advice expected of a judicial functionary for appointing a Judge of a High Court could be obtained from the Chief Justice of'the High Court alone. The constitutional scheme appears to iDdicate that in matters concerning the High Courts there is a close cons.ultative relationship between the President and. the Chief Justice of India. In matters so serious as transfer of judges and the determination of the age of judges, the Constitution bas appointed the Chief Justice of India as the sole functionary to be consulted by the President. In that capacity, the Chief Justice of India functions under the Constitution as a constitutional check on the. exercise of arbitrary power and protects t\le independep.ce of the judiciary. The position relating to additional judges specifically 29. It has been observed earlier that a High Court is intended under Article 216 to consist of permanent judges as a rule. That would accord with the principle of judicial independence because thereby security of tenure is provided. The permanent Judges must be in sufficient nml)ber to cope with the usual ·work of the High Court. There may, however, be exceptional circumstance, prevail­ ing over a brief period, which may call for a temporary accretion to the number of Judges. Provision is found in Art. 224 for meeting the exil!;ency. The President has power to appoint additional Judges and acting Judges depending on the . nature of the exigency. Clause (1) of Art. 224 deals with the appointment of additional Judges, and it is thb provision with which we are immediately concerned. An additional Judge may be appointed where by reason of the temporary increase in the business of a High Court or by reason of .arrears of work therein it appears to the President that the number of Judges should for the· time being be increased. The two condi-. tions contr-01 the exercise of the power, and if neither is satisfied there can be no case for appointing an additional Judge. The in­ crease in the business of the High Court must be temporary and should be capable of being disposed of within a short period. Like­ wise, the arrears of work should be such that they cannot be expect­ ed to endure Jong. Inasmuch as the period of appointment of additional Judges is prescribed as a maximum of two years, it is only where the .disposal of the temporary increase in the business of the High Court or the pending arrears of work is expected to take about two years at the most that a case for appointing additional Judges arises. If the increase in the business of the High Court or the volume of arrears of work is of a magnitude· which cannot ordi­ narily be disposed of within. two years! i~ js ~ ~a~e where the busj~ ness -0r work must be regarded as an accretion to the regular busi­ ness or work of the High Court, calling for an increase in the strength of permanent Judges. A person appointed as an additional Judge under clause (I) must be a "duly qualified" person. He must be duly qualified for appointment as a Judge, '.the qualifications being !hose prescribed in Art. 217. The appointment of an additional Judge, like the appointment of a permanent Judge, must be made in the manner prescribed in clause (1) of Art. 217.' The appointment of an additional Judge, like the appointment of a permanent Judge, must be made in the manner prescribed in clause (I) of Art. 217. The process of consultation contemplated by that clause comes into play, and it is only after his suitability has been determined in accordance with that clause that the additional Judge is appointed. An additiional Judge discharges functions of the same character as a permanent Judge. There is no difference whatever between the two in status and the other incidents of office, except that an addi­ tional Judge can hold office only for the perfod specified in the warrant of his appointment. There is nothing in clause (1) of Art 224 to suggest that the temporary increase in ·the business of the High Court or the pending arrears of work can alone be entrusted to additional Judges. All that the clause provides is that either or both conditions can constitute a reason for temporarily increasing the number of Judges of the High Court. Which work should be assigned to permanent Judges and which to a,dditional Judges is a matter normally falling within the discretion of the Chief Justice of . the High Court. It was observed by this Court in Krishan Gopal v. Shri Prakash Chandra(1) that "election petitions should ordinarily, if possible, be entrusted for trial to a permanent Judge of the High Court". But that was a mere expression of policy for the court affirmed that they "are legally competent to hear these matters". It may be that despite the appointment of a reasonable number of additional Judges, the ·temporary increase in the business of the High Comt or the pending arrears of work may not be disposed of within a period of two years aud may continue for a few more months. There is reason to expect that the person. found fit for appointment as additional Judge and who has already gained profi­ ciency and experience will be appointed as a Judge for a further period in order that the work may be disposed of and not 11llowed to remain pe:nding. (1) p974J 2 SCR 206, . - -- ) ./ Y- S.J>. GUPTA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 1169 In passing, it may be observed that the period prescribed : .~Y clause (I) of Art. 224 for the appointment of'an additional Judge i~ put at a maximum of two years, but that does not mean that in every case the appointment must be for two years. The appointment of an additional Judge may be for a period less than two years, and the period will be determined with reference to the time estimated for disposing of the temporary increase in the business or the pending arrears of work which occasioned the appointment. The period of .appointment cannot be fixed on the basis of any other factor. Where, as observed earlier, the work or business is not completed within two years and calls for a further appointment of additional Judges, the duration of the further appointment will be conditioned again by the time assessed for disposing of the remaining business or work. But it is to be distinctly borne in mind that additional Judges can be appointed only where the temporary increase in the business of the High Court or the arrears of work can be expected to be disposed of within a period of two years and not very much more If additional Juqges are appointed for successive periods of two years or more it is clearly a case where the increase in the business of the High Court or the volume of the arrears of work does not call for the appointment of additional Judges but for a review of the number of permanent Judges. Appointments of additional Judges for successive periods of two years or more cons­ titute a violation of the safeguard afforded by the appointment of permanent Judges for the protection of the principle of judicial independence. It appears that for several years now a practice has grown, to which both the Executive and the Judiciary have unwittingly sub­ scribed, of maintaining a regular strength of additional" Judges and generally appointing a person as an additional Judge of the High Court instead of appointing him directly as a permanent Judge of the High Court. The additional Judge so appointed continues as an ad.ditional Judge, until a vacancy in the office of permanent Judge arises, whereupon such person is appointed as a permanent Judge. If no vacancy arises before the expiry of the term of the additional Judge, he is appointed an additional Judge for a further term. A regular strength of additional Judges is ·maintained in almost every High Court which is burdened by a continuing backlog of pending cases. These arrears have assumed enormous proportions and cannot possibly be disposed of for quite some years, let alone a period of two years. A distortion of the constitutional scheme has resulted, and the aberration has persisted by reason of the failure to realise that I ' 1110 SUPlUJME COURt RllPoRtS [1982] 2 s.c.R.. addition.al judges can be appointed only where the temporary increase in the business or the arrears of work can be disposed of ordinarily within two years, and that otherwise it is a case for increasing the number of permanent Judges. The omission has Jed to a serious state of affairs, which has affected the careers and future of a large number of persons appointed as additional Judges in the High Courts. Having decided to maintain a regular strength of additional Judges on a permanent basis, the practice also grew of invariably appointing these additional Judges as permanent Judges· as and when vacancies arose. That was principally prompted by the disinclination to permit additional Judges on the expiry of their terms as such, to revert to the Bar. It must be remembered .that when the Draft Constitution including Article 199 providing for addition.al Judges was submitted for consideration there was strong opposition to the inclusion of that provision. Several legal lumi · naries, including Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru objected to it on the ground that such reversion to legal practice gav!l them an unfair advantage over their colleagues and was embarrassing to the administration of justice. Therefore, the Constitution as originally enacted did not contain any provision for the appointment of additional Judges. SubseqU1mtly, however, because of persisting ~rrears of cases in most High Courts, the need was felt for making such provision and it was inserted as ~lause CO. of Art. 224 by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956. It was thought that the evil of additional Judges reverting to the Bar could be prevented by absorbing them as permanent Judges, and in some Hj.gh Courts this was so:ught to be secured by obtaining from persons appointed as additional Judges an undertaking at the time of such appointment that they would not refuse appointment as permanent J_udge if it was offered to them. In a few High Courts a further undertaking was secured to the effect that in the event of the additional Judge refusing appointment as permanent Judge or resigning before the offer was made he would not pra1~tice in that High Court or in any Court or tribunal sub­ ordinate to it. It was intended that this practice should be extended to all High Courts, for a suggestion was made on June 29, 1967 by the then Chief Justice of India, Shri K.N. Wanchoo, "when a member of the Bar is appoiQted Additional Judge, it must be with a view to making him permanent in due course. If that is not possible, additional judgeship should not be offered to a member of the Bar. I agree, therefore, that an undertaking should be taken from the: members of the Bar that they will accept a permanent / ... S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 1111 judgeship when offered to them in due course ...• " The practice of additional Judges being appointed permanent Judges, the senior most additional Judge being invariably appointed first, has been followed in India almost without exception. Where no present vacancy of permanent Judge was available, the additional Judge was, on the expiry of his term, always appointed for a further term as additional Judge. We are informed that of 400 such appoint­ ments of additional Judges as permanent Judges the practice has been breached in the observance on two or three occasions only. This practice has been uniformly and consistently followed and has crystallised into a positive rule of conduct. It is a rule of conduct followed by the Government regularly and without interruption, almost entirely without exception, and has operat(\d consistently for twenty five years on the basis of precisely defined norms in respect of a general class. And it flows from the power of the State. It prescribes a channel of appointing Judges and is not inconsistent with clause (I) of Art. 217 .. So long as it is not varied or supresed­ ed, it will operate as a rule of conduct binding on the President. On that edifice rests the ~efinite expectation of a large number of addi­ tional Judges. It may be added that during this period, direct appointments from the Bar as permanent Judges have numbered 100 only. In the circumstances, the question which arises is : Are the additional Judges entitled to claim appointment as permanent Judges? · 32. It is contended that as the volume of arrears of cases pending in the High Courts is so great that they cannot be disposed of within a period of two years, the position is th~t when the additional Judges were appointed the appointment should have been instead to the office of permanent judges. Alternatively, it is urged that a direc­ tion should be issued to the President to appoint the additional Judges as permanent Judges. Now the warrant of appointment issued by the President recites that the appointment is of an addi­ tional Judge for the limited period specified therein. The intention was to appoint an additional Judge and for the period specified. It is not open to the Court to alter the terms of the warrant. Although it may be generally possible to say that the circum­ stances require an increase in the number of permanent Judges and not the appointment of additional Judges, it is for the . President under Article 216 to determine what should be the number of permanent Judges. The Court cannot by judicial verdict decide .A 1172 SUPREME COURT lµJPORTS (1982] 2 s.C.R. how many permanent Judges are required for the High Court. And if it is not competent to do so, it can neither regard the appoint­ ment of additional Judges as an appointment of permanent Judges nor can it issue a direction to the Government that the additional judges should be appointed now as permanent judges. · ' 33. But while an additional Judge may not have a right to be deemed to be a permanent Judges or be entitled to a direction that he Ile so appointed, nonetheless he has, in my view, a right to be considered for such appointment. His case must be distin­ guished from the case of a person considered for direct appointment as a permanent Judge. The latter has no right to be considered· for appointment. The adqitional Judge, however, bas accepted office within the framework of a definite and consistent practice practically always followed and leading him to believe that he would be conside­ red for appointment in accordance with that practice. The require­ ment of an undertaking that he would not refuse an offer of appoint­ ment as permanent judge may, it is true, be a feature presently in some High Courts only, but it clearly demonstrates how the appoint­ ment of additional judges has been regarded by the ·President. It cannot be said that because the undertaking was required in some High Courts only, those High Courts are to be conside~ed to be distinct from the others where no . such undertaking has been required. The µndertaking merely confirms the practice on the basis of which the appointments of additional judges have been made in all the High Courts and which has been followed all along. The additional Judges are persons who were found to possess the same high order of character, integrity and legal ability as is required in the case of permanent Judge. The standards for making appointment as additional jndge or as permanent judge are not different. All the additional Judges accepted judicial office on the assumption that the practice clothed with all the status of constitu· tional reality would operate in their cases and that they would in their turn be considered for appointment as permanent judges.. All of them certainly believed that inspired by that trust, they abandoned their positions at the Bar and law practices assiduously bl)ilt up over many years. As observed already, there is nothing in the power of appointment vested in the President under clause (!) of Article 217 to prphibit the appointment of permanent judges from persons holding office as additional judges and in the order of seniority based on the date of such appointment. It has been stated by the learn ~d Attorney General that the Government places great ) > ( , ' , S.P. GtJPTA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 1173 value on the experience already acquired by the additional judges and would be reluctant to allow them to revert to the Bar if on consideration they were found suitable for appointment as permanent judges. In my view, having regard to all the circumstances the additional judges must be held entitled to consideration for appoint· ment as permanent judges, or to consideration for further appoint· ment as additional judges in the terms already set forth. That will be so in the case of all additional judges appointed to that office in the frame~work of the circumstances to which I have adverted. 34. The · next question to be considered is whether the consideration of persons serving as additional judges for appointment to the · offioe . of permanent judges envisages a fresh application of the process envisaged under clause (I) of Art. 217 in respect of all the matters to which consi· · deration has already been given at the time of their appointment as as additional Judges. On behalf of the petitioners it is contended that the process of consultation must be confined to the question whether a vacancy in the office of permanent Judge has arisen, or, if no such vacancy has arisen, whether the High Court continues to suffer from a temporary increase in its business of by continuing arrears of work inasmuch "as suitability for holding the office of judges has already been ·determined .when they were appointed additional judges. It is pointed out, and that is conceded by the learned Attorney General, that the additional Judges cannot be considered to be J.udges on probation for the purpose of appoint· ment as permanent Judges. Alternatively, it is urged that whatever else may be open to consideration it is not competent for· the appointing authority to consider the manner and quailty of their work as additional.judges. To my mind, there is no doubt whatever that the provisions of clause (I) of Article 217 come into play when an additional Judge is to be considered for appointment as permanent Judge or even for further appoilltment as additional judge. The ·process involves the consideration of all the concomitant elements and factors which entered into the process of consultation at the time of appointment earlier as an additional Judges, but it may be clearly stated that no account can be taken of the merits ·of judgments, decrees and orqers rendered by him or administrative orders or directions made in the bonafide exercise of his functions as an additional Judge. In the consideration of matters under clause (I) of Art. 217 there will be a somewhat varied approach. The difference, 8 1174 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 s.c.R. and inevitably there will be a difference because the process has already been applied earlier in the case of that person, will lie in the reduced emphasis with which the consideration will be exercised Ordinarily, the presumption will be that a person fou~d suitable fo; appointment as an additional Judge continues to be suitable for appointment as a permanent Judge. But· circumstances may arise and events may take place meanwhile which bear adversely on the mental and physical capacity, character and .integrity or other matters rendering it unwise to appoint him as a permanent Judge. There must, however, be relevant and pertinent material before it can be said that such a person has forfeited the badge of suitability for appointment as a permanent Judge. There must be material which sufficiently convinces the reasonable mind that the person is no longer suitable to fill the high office of a Judge. It is difficult to define precisely the nature and quality of such material. If the reputation of the person is in doubt, the doubt must be rooted in reasonable foundation. It must not be forgotten that it is a case of a person who has a right to be considered for appointment. It is a right to be considered fairly. The exercise of arbitrary judgment is clearly ruled out. While I find it difficult to accept the plea that - ~uch a person is entitled as of right to be heard in regard to material discovered against him I have no doubt that for the purpose of discharging responsibilities invo I ved hr the process of consultation the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India will find it desirable in their· discretion to ascertain from him whether there is any substance in what has been conveyed to them. In d.oing so, the two judicial functionaries will not be conceding a right of hearing to such a person. For a right to be heard involves on enquiry of certain dimensions well known to the law- In doing so, the two judicial functionaries will be acting within the scope of their legiti~ mate duty of giving advice to the President if for that purpose they acquaint themselves fully and truly, so far as they reasonably conceive it necessary, to collect all available relevant information. Surely if it is open to them togatlrer information from other sources there is no valid reason why they should exclude the one person who would be in personal possession of material concerning information operating to his detriment. But much will depend on the circums­ tances of each case. What needs to be considered is that the constitutional duty to tender advice necessarily involves the obliga- tion of ensuring that the advice, in the judgment of 'the functionary ten de ring it, is accurate and proceeds on the basis of reliable material. Whatever verifica,tion is possible, there is no doubt that recourse ' ... ' ..... - - - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 1175 should be had to it. There can be no half measures, and in the discharge of that constitutional duty the response must be equal to . the responsibility. 35. There is the contention that if the consultative process under clause (1) of Art. ·217 applied again in all ·its comprehensive­ ness in the case of a person who has already been found suitable for appointment as additionai Judge, it must be regarded that while serving as additional Judge he was in fact put on probation. The submission appears to be misconceived. A person.is on probation when he is appointed to an office on the understanding that he will be confirmed in that same office if found suitable. No such question arises here. Then, the service of a person on probation can be terminated at will even before the expiry of the period of probation. An additional Judge, however, is entitled to serve for the full period specified in his appointment, and can be removed only under Article 218 read with cl. ( 4) and cl. ( 5) of Article 124. The case of Shri S.N. Kumar 36. I , shall now consider the validity of the decision of the Union Government not to appoint Shri S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge for a further term. It is the admitted position that the volume of work in arrears in the High Court of Delhi continues to be sufficiently large and would have otherwise justified his appoint ment. It has been observed already that when, on the expiry of his term, an additional Judge is considered for a further term in that office his case attracts the provisions of clause '(l) of Article 217, and the President must consult the functionaries mentioned in that clause. In the case of the High Court of Delhi, consultation is called for with the Chief Justice of India and the Chief Justice of the High Court only. The consultative process, it may be reiterated, requires that all the material in the possession of the Chief Justice of the High Court must be placed before ·the Chief Justice of India as well as the President. Likewise, all the material in the possession of the Chief Justice of India must be placed before the President and the Chief Justice of the High Court. So also; all the material in t'1e possession of the President must be placed before· the Chief Justice of India and the Chief Justice of the High Court. A continuous process of consultation between all three authorities is mandated, · resulting ultimately in advice tender", ed to the President by the Chief Justice of the High Court and 1176 StJPREMll COtJR'r REPORtS i1~82) 2 S.C.R. the Chief Justice of India. It is not necessary for me to enter into the other questions raised in the challenge directed against the decision of the Union Government not to appoint Shri S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge for a further term. It seems to me sufficient to say, on a review of the material before me, that there was no effective and full consul.tation between the President and the Chief Justice of the High Court on the one hand, and the Chief Justice of India on the other. The facts may be· recounted briefly. 37. Shri S.N. Kumar was appointed an additional Judge of the High Court of Delhi 0 for a period of two years by a notification dated March 6, 1979, and he assumed charge of his office the next day. Shortly before the expiry of that period, the Chief Justice of the High Court of Delhi addressed a letter dated February 19, 1981 to the Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs stating that while the pendency of cases in the High Court justified the appoint­ ment of additional Judges and normally the extension of the tenure of an additional Judge was recommended in the circumstances, he did not recommend the extension of Shri S.N. Kumar because, he said, serious complaints had been received, both oral and in writing, against him directly by the Minister as well as himself, that he had examined those complaints and found that some of them were not without basis, that responsible members of the Bar and some other colleagues had also complained about Sbri S.N. Kumar and that although he had no investigating agency to enquiie conclusively into the genuineness of the complaints the complaints had been persistent. It was also pointed out that Shri S.N. Kumar bad also not been helpful in disposing of cases. Finally, it was said, some responsible members of the Bar as well as some colleagues expressed some doubts in regard to Sbri S.N. Kumar's integrity. A copy of the letter was sent to the Chief Justice of India, on March 3, 1981, the Chief Justice of India expressed a desire to look carefully into the charges against Shri S.N. Kumar and pointed out that the letter of the Chief Justice of the High Court appeared to be too vague to persuade one that Sbri Kumar lacked integrity. The Chief Justice of India recommended that Sbri Kumar be appointed for a further period to enable him to make an enquiry into the matter meanwhile. Sbri Kumar was reappointed as an additional Judge with effect from March 7, 1981 for a period of three months. On March 19, 1981, the Law Minister wrote to the Chief Justice of the High Court draw­ ing his attention · to the observations of the Chief Justice of India that the letter dated February 19, 1981 sent by the Chief Justice of - ,, - _, ) , S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 1177 High Court appeared to suffer from vagueness and it was therefore difficult to accept that Shri Kumar lacked integrity. It appears that the Chief Justice of the High Court met the .Chief Justice of India and discussed the case of Shri Kumar with him. On March 28, 1981 he wrote to him confirming that "with regard to the complaints about Justice Kumar's integrity and general conduct, the matter has already been discussed between us." On the same day the Chief Justice of the High Court wrote to the Law Minister enclosing a copy of his letter to the Chief Justice of India and he informed the Law Minister that he had had "an opportunity to discuss the entire matter in detail with the Chief Justice of India.' He added : "Perhaps 'you will co1:1sider this to _be sufficient ·~omments' on my part as desired by you in your letter under reply about the observations of the Chief Justice of India which you have quoted in your letter." In reply, the Law Minister wrote back on April 15, 1981 to the Chief Justice of the High Court pointing ~ut that "you must have had some material which provided the basis on which you concluded that Justice Kumar's reputation for integrity was not above board and recommended that he may not be continued. In view of the obser­ vations of the Chief Justice oflndia asking for concrete material, it would be necessary for us to have it with your comments." Quite evidently, the Law Minister intended that the material should be available to the Chief Justice of India also, so that all the material should be considered by both of them. Thereafter, the Chief Justice of the High Court wrote a Jetter D.O. No. 269-HCJ /PPS dated May 7, 1981, bearing the caption "SECRET (For Personal Attention Only)" and reading as follows : "Dear Mr. Minister, I am in receipt of your D.O. No. 50/2/81-Jus. dated 15th April, 1981. ' Hon'ble the Chief Justice of India had made certain observations with regard to my recommenda­ tion about Mr. Justice S.N. Kumar and the same were communicated to me by you ·for my comments in your D.O. No. 50/2/81-Jus., dated 19th March, 1981. Th(( 0 1178 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 s.c.R. Chief Justice had also written to me a letter dated 14th March, 1981; asking for ';details and concrete facts in regard to the allegations against Justice Kumar." As I wrote to you in my D.0. No. 293·HCJ/PPS, dated 28th March,1981, I discussed the matter with Hon'ble the Chief Justice and as desired by him, in reply to his letter, wrote my D.O. No. 292-HCJ/PPS, dated March 2'8, 1981 a copy of which was forwarded to you. Accordingly, it is not only enbarrassing but painful for me to write this letter. As you, however, desire to know what material provided the basis for me to conclude that Justice Kumar's integrity was not above board, I give below some facts : In the first half of 1980, Justice Kumar was sitting singly and was doing mostly Original Side matters but also some Appellate Side matters. Chance remarks came to my knowledge about his conduct in Court as well as about his integrity. Somewhere early in May, 1980 one of my colleagues met me and said that he was rather perturbed about information with him to the effect that if a substantial amount was paid to Justice Kumar, suits brought by a particular party against an insurance 'company would be decided in favour of that _party. I had not paid much attention to the earlier reports but when this _was brought to my notice, and I was at that time not the Chief Justice, I thought to myself that after the summer vacations, to save Justice Kumar from any embarrassment, he should be put on a jurisdiction other than original jurisdic­ tion. Therefore, when as Acting Chief Justice I consti­ tuted the Benches for the second half of 1980 I put Justice Kumar in .a Division Bench to sit on the Appel­ late Side and Writ Jurisdiction. In my view this was a safe way to finish the rumours if the same were in­ correct and thus safeguard the reputation of a Judge. Surprisingly enough, Justice Kumar did not release the original suits, regarding which allegations had been made, from his board and continued to deal with these suits even in the second half of 1980. These suits were Suit No. 1409 of 1979, Suit No. 1417 of ' .. ./ S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 1179 1978 and Suit No. 1408 of 1979 filed by Jain Sudh Vanaspati Ltd. and Jain Export Pvt. Ltd., against the New Iti.dia Assurance Co. Ltd. In August, 1980, the same colleague of mine who talked to me earlier and another collague mentioned that ·doubts were being expressed about the integrity of Justice Kumar vis-a­ vis the aforesaid cases and some others. Since I was only acting as Chief Justice at that time, I did not want to take any precipitate action. I, however, made discreet inquiries from some of the leading counsel and they in strict confidence supported the allegations. This made me IOok into the matter more carefully when to my astonishment I found that ·it was not only the three suits mentiohed above but that there were other Single Bench matters also which had been retain­ ed by Justice Kumar on his board despite being put in the Division Bench. There is fairly a long list of these cases. In some of these the parties involved were rich and influential including some former princes. After I was appointed Chief Justice early in January, 1981; I looked into this matter a little more deeply and made further inquiries. Some of the lawyers were non-committal and understandably so. Others, however, asserted with some force that Justice Kumar's reput.ation was not above board. I talked to some of my other colleagues besides the two who had earlier spoken to me. They also said that unconfirmed reports have been circulating in the Bar which were not very complimentary to Justice Kumar. This made me conclude that the reputation for integrity of Justice Kumar was not what should be for a Judge of the High Court. To my mind, reputation of a integrity is just as important as person actually being above-board." Then followed reference to a complaint made by one Mr. Sabir Hussain, advocate and some data concerning the disposal of cases by Shri S. N. Kumar as well as allega.tions about some incidents in his Court concerning his conduct towards counsel. 38. Some days after receiving this letter of May 7, 1981 from the Chief Justice of the High Court, the Law Minister recorded a note on May 19, 1981 mentioning therein that before issuin~Jtbe 'C ' letter the Chief Justice had requested him to treat it as a secret document confined to his personal attention, and that he had given certain reasons for wanting it treated so.· The Law Minister sought advice from his Secretariat whether the communication of the Jetter to the Chief Justice of India was unavoidable. This indicates that the Law Minister has not decided, when he received the letter, whether he should withhold it from the Chief Justice of India. It is not appa­ rent what advice he received from his Secretariat, but it seems that he ultimately decided to honour the request of the Chief Justice of the High Court to keep the document secret. It appears that neither the Law Minister nor the Chief Justice of the High Court did ever inform the Chief Justice of India of this Jetter of May 7, 1981 and of its contents. A perusal of the subsequent correspondence confirms that to be so, and indeed that was affirmed by the Law Minister in his letter of May 29, 1981 addressed to the Chief Justice of the High Court. 39. On May 27, 1981 the Law Minister recorded a note in which inter alia he said : "I presume that when C.J., Delhi and the C.J. of the Supreme Court met, the former must have informed the latter about the details that he had mentioned to me in his letter dated 7.5.81. · This presumption. is raised on the basis of the letters from the Chief Justice, Delhi." He went on to observe that on the question of the integrity of Mr. Justice Kumar, the views of the Chief Justice of the High Court be preferred because he had the advantage of watching the work and conduct of the Judges. 40. The first point to consider here is whether the informa­ tion contained in the letter dated May 7, 1981 of the Chief Justice of the High Court was ev.er made known to the Chief Justice of India. There is no dispute that the Law Minister, in deference to the wishes of the Chief Justice of the High Court, did not communicate that information to the Chief Justice of India. The dispute centres on whether the Chief Justice of the High Court had ever conveyed the particular information to the Chief Justice of India. In my view, he never did so. There were no doubt .meetings between the - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 1181 Chief Justice of India and the Chief Justice of the High Court when the question relating to the ~integrity of Shri S.N. Kumar was dis­ cussed. Originally, the Chief Justice of the High Court had spoken in the most general terms of complaint against the Judge. It seems that subsequently on March 26, 1981 the Chief Justice of the High Court told the Chief Justice of India that he doubted the integrity of Shri S.N. Kumar because "even after Justice Kumar's allocation was changed from the original side to the appellate side, he still continued to hear the part-heard cases on the original side." This was mentioned in the letter dated May 22, J 981 written by the Chief Justice of India to the Law Minister. The Chief Justice of India understood the allegation in its limited scope, that is to say that Shri S.N. Kumar was committing an irregularity in retaining origi­ nal jurisdiction part heard cases before him when he was now sitting on the appellate side. In the same letter he said : "As regards the complaint of the Chief Justice that Justice Kumar's integrity was doubtful since he conti­ nued to take old part-heard matters even after the allocation of his work was changed, I have made enquiries ... " and observed that it appear to be common practice in the Delhi High Court that even after the Judge was moved from the original side to the appellate side he continued to take up part-heard cases on which a substantial amount of time had already been spent. The Chief Justice of India concluded that in the circumstances Shri Kumar could not be said to have done anything out of the way in taking up part-heard cases even after the allocation of work was changed. The affidavit of Shri S.N. Kumar discloses that an enquiry was made of him by the Chief Justice of India on why he continued to deal with original work while sitting on the appellate side, and in this connection he specifically refers to the three suits clearly men­ tioned in the Jetter dated May 7, 1981 of the Chief Justice of the High Court. There is nothing to suggest that the Chief Justice of India was ever apprised of the much more serious allegations con­ tained in the letter of May 7, 1981 insinuating that the parties in these suits and in certain other cases, which as part- heard cases were said to have been retained by Shri Kumar for hearing, were rich and influential persons and that the Chief Justice of the High Court had "made discreet enquiries from some of the leading coun­ sel and they in strict confidence supported the allegations" and that this was the material which Jed ~Q <;iout:>t on the inte~ritr of th,~ 1182 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982) 2 S.C.R. Judge. This material was certainly very grave, much more than the mere allegation that the Judge was continuing to bear part-beard suits which, without anything more, could have been regarded at the worst as a mere irregularity. It took on a different complexion when considered in the light of the more dama-• ging allegations made in the letter of May 7, 1981. I do not find anything on the record from which it can be presumed that this material was ever conveyed by the Chief Justice of the High Court to the Chief Justice of India. When all the correspondence and the affidavits on the record before us are considered together, that appears to be the only conclusion. It is stregthened by the insistent request of the Chief Justice of the High Court to the Law Minister that the letter of May 7, 1981 should not be disclosed to the Chief Justice oflndia. 4 l. What is the effect of that ommission ? It is clear that the Chief Justice of India had, for the purpose of tendering his advice in the process of consultation, decided to make enquiry from Shri S.N. Kumar concerning, the allegations against him. He had enquired, and Shri Kumar bad explained, about the Judge continu­ ing to hear part-heard cases even after he had been moved to the appellate jurisdiction of the Court. Had the allegations contained in the letter of May 7, 1981 been communicated to the Chief Justice of India, he would have been in a position to determine for himself by necessary enquiries, either from Shri Kumar or from other sour­ ces, whether there was any substance at all in those allegations. Such an enquiry was material to enable the Chief Justice to decide whether there was any substance in the allegations now made against Shri Kumar, and in case on enquiry he was of opinion that the alle­ gations were baseless he would have, while maintaining his recom­ mendation for a further term as additional Judge to be given to Shri Kumar, communicated his views to the Law Minister in respect of this further material. It must be remembered that the Government was deciding against a further term to Shri Kumar solely on the ground of doubtful integrity, and clearlv the allegations contained in the Jetter of May 7, 1981 were strongly influencing that decision. That is apparent from the note drawn up by the Law Minister on May 27, 1981 where he says: "The Chief Justice of India in bis advice proceeds from the premises that taking up part­ heard cases after the allocation of work is changed does not amount to lackin~lin inte~rity. ~If it ,\were ~th~t ~imple I would not have - - .>· )' . .. . ) S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 1183 joined issue, but the details furnished by the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court in his letter dated 7-5·81 go farther". It is an open question whether the Law Minister would have continued to prefer the views held by the Chief Justice of the High Court if the Chief Justice of India had been informed of the allegations contained in the letter and on subsequent enqumes had found that there was no substance whatever in them. So Jong as the possibility remains, the conclusion must be that the process of consultation with the Chief Justice of India was not full and effective and the withholding of important and relevant material from the Chief Justice of India has vitiated the process. In my view, there was a violation of the Constitutional requirement mandated by clause (I) of Art. 217. It follows that the question whether Shri S.N. Kumar should be given a further term as additional Judge has to be reconsidered, and a decision taken only after full and effective consultation as envisaged by the constitutional mandate. The power to transfer a High Court Judge under clause (/) of Art. 222. 42, The most strenuous debate before us has been raised over the scope and content of the power to transfer a Judge from one High Court to another under clause (I) of Art. 222. The issues raised are of great importance to the administration of justice and E undeniably can produce far reaching consequences . 45. The matter has already received the attention of this Court in Union of India v. Sankal Chand Himatlal Seth and Anr.(1) and the majority opinion expressed therein is that the consent of the Judge is not essential to his transfer. It is urged that the view re­ quires reconsideration and that we, as a larger Bench, are compe­ tent to do so. 44. It is desirable in the first place to trace the history of the \.., provision. Almost from the inception of the High Courts in India Judges appointed to one High Court were thereafter appointed to G another High Court. The practice continued under the Government of India Act, 1935. The Government of India Act did not contain any provJS1on corresponding to Art. 222 of our Constitution. But by section 2 and sub·s. ( 1) of s. 6 of _....;- the India (Miscellaneous Prqvjsion) ~Act, 1944 statutory recogni- H (1) [1978J l S.C.R. 423, (J tion was given to the practice by enacting with retrospective effect clause (c) in the proviso to sub-s. (2) of s. 220, which said : "( c). The office of a Judge shall be vacated by his being appointed by His Majesty to be Judge of the Federal Court or of another High Court." Thatwas the only provision in the Act which could be said to constitute evidence of the practice of moving a Judge from one High Court to another Court. The clause was included as clause (c) of the proviso to clause (1) of Art. 193 of the Draft Constitution, and there was a suggestion that another clause be added as follows:- "(d) Every Judge shall be liable to be transferred to other High Courts."( 1) The peremptory nature of the suggested clause may be noted. The Drafting Committee considered the amendment unnecessary and pointed out that there was no bar under Article 193 to a Judge of one High Court being appointed a Judge of another High Court, and drew attention to the existing clause (c) providing that the office of the Judge would be vacated on the Judge being appointed to any other Court. In regard to another suggestion that a convention should be established whereby a proportion of Judges in every High Court could be recruited from outside the Province, the Drafting Commi­ ttee observed that there was no bar to such recruitment or to the transfer of a ·Judge of a High Court to another High Court. It seems, however, that subsequently the Drafting Committee changed its mind and on reconsideration decided to incorporate an express provision for the transfer cif High Court Judges. The provision empowered the President to transfer a Judge from one High Court to any other High Court. This provision was amended subsequently by including therein an obligation to consult the Chief Justice of India in the matter. Consequently, clause (c) of the proviso to clause (I) of Art. 217 was altered so that in place of the word "appointed" the word "transferred" would be read in conjunction . (I) B. Shive Rao: The Framing of India's Constitution, Select Document~ yo1. IV P· 16~. ) .... .\: - - ) - s.i>. GuFrA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 11SS with the words "to any other High Court". The reasons given by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in the Constituent Assembly for proposing this provision may be mentioned : "The Drafting Committee felt that since all the High Courts so far as the appointment of judges is concerned form now a central subject, it was desirable to treat all the judges of the High Courts throughout India as forming one single cadre like the I.C.S. and that they should be liable to be transferred from one High Court to another. If such power was not reserved to the Centre the administration of justice might become a very difficult matter. It might be necessary that one judge may be transferred from one High Court to another in order to strengthen the High court elsewhere by importing better talent which may not be locally available. Secondly, it might be desirable to import a new Chief Justice to a High Court because it might be desirable to have a man who is unaffected by local politics and local jealousies. We thought therefore that the power to transfer should be placed in the hands of the Central Government. We also took into account the fact that this power of transfer of judges from one High Court to another may be abused. A Provincial Government might like to transfer a particular judge from its High Court because that judge had become very inconvenient to the Provincial Govern- ment by the particular attitude that he had taken with regard to certain judicial matters, or that he had made a nuisance of himself by giving decisions which the Provincial Government did not like. We have taken care that in effecting these transfers no such considerations ought to prevail. Transfers ought to take place only on the ground of convenience of the general administration. Consequently we have introduced a provision that such transfers shall G · take place in consultation with the Chief Justice of India who can be trusted to advise the Government in a manner which is not affected by local or personal prejudices. The only question, therefore, that remained was whether such transfer should be made so obligatory as not 1186 si.Ji>RBMil COURT Rili>oilrs [1982} 1 s.c.il. to involve any provision for compensation for loss incurred. we felt that that would be a severe hardship .... '. . The Drafting Committee felt therefore justified in making pro­ visions that where such transfer is made it would be per­ missible for Parliament to allow a personal ·allowance to be given to a judge so transferred." The statement gave reasons for making the express prov1S1on con­ ferring power to transfer and proceeded on the basis that the trans­ fer could be made obligatory on the Judge concerned, and that he should be relieved to some degree against the hardship occasioned thereby provision was made for payment of compensation. Inciden­ tally, the statement also shows that the Drafting Committee was under the impression that the Judges of the High Courts throughout India should be treated as constituting a single cadre like the Indian Civil , Service. The statement can be regarded as of historical relevance only. · In so far as it records the impression that the Judges of the High Courts form a single cadre it proceeds on an impression whicl1, as I shall presently show, is totally erroneous. But it does mention the reasons which prompted the Drafting Committee to include the provision for transfer and compensation. The clause providing for the payment of compensatory allowance to a transferred Judge during the period he served as a Judge of the other High Court was omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956 but thereafter was reinstated in appropriate language by the Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963. 45. The present Art. 222 reads : . "222(1). The President may, after consultation with t~e Chief Justice of India, transfer a Judge from one High Court to any other High Court. · · (2) When a Judge bas been or is so transferred, he shall, during the period he serves, after the commencement of the Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, as a Judge of the other High Court, be entitled to receive in addition to his salary such compensatory allowance as may be determined, by Parliament by law and, until so deter­ mined such as compensatory allowance as the President may by order fix." ............ _ . • .... > s.fl. dtJJITA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 1181 I think it is necessary to remove the impression that the Judges of the High Courts constitute a single All India cadre. The consti· tutional scheme embodied in Chpter-V envisages each High Court as a distinct entity from every other High Court. It is a complete, self-contained and self-sufficient institution, independent of the others and not related to them in any manner. Every High Court draws its own powers and jurisdiction from the provisions of the Constitution, and in no way does it share them with the other High Courts. When a Judge is appointed to a High Court, he is appointed to that High Court only. It is for that reason clause (c) of the proviso to clause (1) of Art. 217 enacts that the office of a Judge shall be vacated by his being transferred to any other High Court. He is the holder of a distinct office, that of a Judge of the High Court to whic.h he is appointed. It will be noticed that the consultative process envisaged in clause (I) of Art. 217 involves in his appointment requires the President to consult the Chief Justice of the High Court to which his appointment is proposed\and the Governor of the State concerned, besides the Chief Justice of India • The Chief Justtce of High Court is consulted because, as has been observed earlier, he is intimately concerned with the appointment of a competeent Judge to meet the particular requirements of his Courts. The Governor of the State likewise is consulted .because he is con­ cerned about the quality of the administration of justice at its highest level in the State. In the case of both functionaries, they are involved with the appointment in order to ensure tnat the Judge appointed is most suitable in relation to that High Court. The interests and needs of that High Court alone occupy the mind of these two functionaries. A person may be found unsuitable, by reason of association or other links, for being a Judge of the parti­ cular High Court, while he may be free from that embarrassment in respect of the other High Courts. It may be observed that the Presidential Warrant appointing the Judge specifically mentions that the appointment is as a Judge of the High Court named therein. Moreover, the prescribed Form itself of the oath, which the Judge must make and subscribe before entering upon his office shows clearly that the appointment is confined to that High Court. We have been referred to Hira Singh v. Jai Singh,( 1) wehere a full Bench of the Allahabad High Court held that an additional Judge of that court who had already _taken oath on such appointment was not obliged to take oath again on his appointment as a permanent (1) AIR 1937 All., 588, 8 StJPitBME COtJRt REi>oRTs [198.2] 2 s.c.a. Judge. The case is clearly distinguishable, for it was one where the Judge continued to be a Judge of that court. He had not been transferred to another High Court under our Constitution, the Form reads: "!, A.B., having been appointed Chief Justice (or a Judge) of the High Court at (or of) ............ do swear in the name of God solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by Jaw established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgment perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or illwill and that I will uphold the Constitution and the Jaws." (1) There is no All India Service of High Court Judges. Art. 215 speaks of a High Court for each State, and Art. 216 plainly declares that the High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and other Judges. The Chief Justice is a Chief Justice of that High Court only and so are the other Judges. The Judges of a High Court owe their responsibilities and discharge their functions in relation to that High Court only. They have no constitutional connection and no legal relationship with the body of Judges of any other High Court. This position, in my view, cannot admit of any doubt. 46. · That being the position how then can the transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another High Court be viewed in law ? A Judge appointed to a High Court is entitled to continue as a Judge of that High Court until he attains the age of 62 years, unless of course he resigns his office or is removed from it. His transfer to another High Court involves the vacation of his office in that High Court, that is to say, his appointment as a Judge of that High Court stands terminated. This is confirmed by clause (c) of the proviso to clause (I) of Art. 217. Simultaneously, without any­ thing more the transfer affects his appointment to the other High Court to which he is being sent. An order of transfer under clause (I) of Art. 222 therefore, is a transaction in two parts, the termination of the appointment as a Judge of the original High Court and the simultaneous appointment as a Judge of the other High Court. That view is supported by the circumstance that the power of (1) Form No. VIII in the Third Schedule of the Constitution. , .. .. S.P. GUP'tA v. UNION (Pathak, i.) transfer is vested in the President. It is significant in this connec­ tion that the President is also the appointing authority in the case of appointments made under clause (1) of Art. 217 and is also vested with the power of removal in cases falling under Art. 218 read with clause ( 4) of Art. 124. Therefore it was necessary that the authority who has been otherwise vested with the power to appoint a Judge and to terminate his appointment should also be the authority to transfer him. It may be added that inasmuch as the transfer constitutes an appointment of the Judge to the other High Court, Art. 219 comes into play and, therefore, the transferred Judge must, before he enters upon his office in that High Court, make or sub­ scribe an oath or affirmation according to the prescribed Form. 47. It is necessary to observe that the appointment to the other High Court involved in the order of transfer is an appoint­ ment attributable to the power under clause (I) of Art. 222, and cannot be regarded as an appointment under clause (1) of Art. 217. Whereas in the latter the Constitution requires consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State and the Chief Justice of the High Court, in the case of an appointment by transfer the Chief Justice of India alone is involved in the consultation. The framers of the Constitution evident!}' considered it unnecessary to include other functionaries. If they had to be included, they would have consisted of the Governor of the State and the Chief Justice of the High Court to which the Judge was originally appointed as well as the Governor of the State and the Chief Justice of the High Court to which the Judge was being transferred. It was apparently consi­ dered that the consultation· with the Chief Justice of India would suffice to take into account the relative interests of the two High Courts and the President would take into account the interests of the two States concerned. In this regard, while there is no consti­ tutional requirement expressly mentioned in clause ( !) of Art. 222, it is always open to the President and the Chief Justice of India to make necessary enquiries of the two States and the two High Courts affected by the transfer. The merit of involving the Chief Justice of India alone in the consultative process under clause (!)of Art. 222 lies in this that the process of consultation can be more e~peditiousiy completed and is to be preferred to the inevitably protracted process called for by a constitutional requirement involving two States and two High Courts. Whereas the Chief Justice of India can informally ascertain the views of the Chief Justice of the High Courts and 1190 SUPRBMB COllkt kEPOlttS (I 982) 2 s.c.i. satisfy himself whether he should advise in favour of the transfer, the President can similarly ascertain the views of the two States. The need for a formal presentation before the President of advice from the Chief Justices of the two High Courts, from the Governors of the two States and from the Chief Justice of India is thus eliminated. 48. I shall now examine whether the power to transfer under clause ( 1) of Art. 222 can be exercised only after securing the consent of the Judge concerned or even without his consent. As I have observed, the power to transfer was not expressly conferred by any provision under the Government of India Act, 1935. What was done was to clarify that when a Judge appointed to one High Court was thereafter appointed to another High Court, he must be deemed to have vacated his office in the original High Court. In other words, it was made clear that on his subsequent appointment he could not be regarded as a Judge of two High Courts. That, it seems to me, was the intent or the speeches made by the Earl of Munster in the House of Lords and the Secretary of State for India, Mr. L.S. Amery, and Mr. Pethick Lawrence in the House of Commons when the India (tvfiscellaneous Provisions) Bill was intro· duced in the two Houses. Although they spoke of "the transfer" of High Court Judges, it is apparent that the word was used in the popular sense. It was not used in the particular sense of an obligatory transfer. There was no provision then in the Government of India Act for the appointment to another High Court of a sitting Judge without his consent. Indeed, the word used in clause (c) of the proviso to sub-s. (2) of s.220 of the Act was "appointed". That was also the word used in the original clause (c) of the proviso to clause (1) of Art. 217 of our Draft Constitution. It was only when Art. 222 was added that the word "appointed" was substituted by the word "transferred" The difference between the two words "appointment" and "transferred" in our Constitution is borne out by the different terms used in clause (c) of the proviso to clause (1) of Art. 217, where it is declared that the office of a Judge shall be vacated by his being "appointed" by the President to be a Judge of the Supreme Court or on his being "transferred" by the President to any other High Court. It is true that sub-clause (iii) of clause (b) of paragraph 11 of the Second Schedule to the Constitution, which defines "actual service", speaks of "joining time on transfer from a High Court to the Supreme Court or one High Court to another." To my mind, that plainly is an error in the drafting of the provision. ) ,.>-. - ,.. . j - $.1>. GtJP'tA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 1191 It would seem that some of the provisions in the Schedules have not been framed with the care they deserved, because in another part, Form IV in the Third Schedule, the Form of Oath or Affirmation to be taken by the Chief Justice of India before entering upon his office refers to him as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India. In clause (1) of Art. 124, and throughout the other provisions in the body of the Constitution, he is described as the Chief Justice of India. 49. It seems to me that clause (I) of Art. 222 was specifically enacted in our Constitution for the purpose of empowering the President to transfer a Judge without necessarily securing his consent. The power was intended to be in the widest terms and subject only to the obligation to consult the Chief Justice of India. If transfer was conditioned further by the imperative of securing the consent of the Judge concerned, then having regard to past practice there was in fact no need to enact Art. 222. A Judge can always be removed from one High Court to another with his consent. That had not infrequently been done during the ninety years of the High Courts in British India, and there was no reason why it could not have continued in tl~e High Courts under our Constitution. But the framers of the Constitution intended a departure from that position. By clause (I) of Art. 222 in the terms enacted, they did not include the condition that the Judge concerned must consent to his trans­ fer. 50. It was contended before us that clause (I) of Art. 222 was incorporated in the Constitution so that the Chief Justice of India could be brought in for the purpose of ensuring that the transfer was effected in the public interest only and not for the personal benefit of a Judge. The argument is without substance. Public power of this nature can be employed only in the public interest. It may be that incidentally the transfer may advantage the Judge, but in every ca~e the primary ground for transfer must be public interest. It seems to me clear that unless clause (I) of Art. 222 had been enacted, it was not possible for the President to transfer a Judge from one High Court to another without his consent. If a transfer only with his consent was contemplated, it would have been sufficient to rely on the power of the President under clause (I) of Art. 217 to appoint the Judge to another High Court, and cl:.iuse (c::) of the proviso to clause (1) of Art. 217 would remove any doubt that 1192 StJPRBME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 s.c.R. by such appointment the Judge vacated his office in the original High Court. There is no need to confer power in express terms to do a specific act which can be done with the consent of the parties under the umbrella of a general power. 51. It is worthy of note that where the element of consent was considered necessary, it was expressly mentioned in the Consti­ tution. The proviso to Art. 224A imposes that condition when a former Judge of a High Court is requested by the Chief Justice of a High Court to sit and act as a Judge of the High Court. So also is the provision in Art. 128 in respect of former Judges of the Supreme Court, the Federal Court or of a High Court requested to sit and act as a Judge of the Supreme Court. In contrast, when under clause (I) of Art. 127 a Judge of a High Court is requested to sit as an ad hoc Judge of the Supreme Court when a quoram of the Judges of the Supreme Court is not available, the Judge of the High Court is bound to accept the request and his consent is not neces­ sary. Reference may also be made to the position in England where under s.4 of the Supreme Court of Judicature (Consolidation) Act, 1925 the' High Court is divided into three divisions, the Chancery Division, the King's Bench Division and the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division. The puisne Judges of the High Court are attached to the several divisions by a direction of the Lord Chancellor. Sub-s. (2) of s. 4 of the Act provides that any such Judge may with his consent be transferred by a like direction from one of the Divisions to another. It will be noticed that although the three Divisions are part of the same High Court, nonetheless the statute el)pressly insists that on a Judge being attached to one of the Divisions he can be transferred to another Division only with his consent. · The provision was reiterated in sub-s. (4) of s. l of the Supreme Ccurt of Judicature (Amendment) Act, 1944. It is contended that the element of consent must be imported in cl. (I) of Art. 222 because a fresh oath or affirmation is necessary when a Judge enters upon his office in the other High Court, and whether he will make and subscribe such oath or affirmation rests necessarily within his volition. To my mind that consideration does not necessarily lead to the conclusion sought to be inferred. If a transferred Judge refuses to make and subscribe such oath or affir­ mation he could be regarded, it seems as guilty of misbehaviour warranting his removal. <A...·• - " .. ·~ - .. . >. ,._ - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 1193 But the principal ground in support of 'the submission that a transfer of a Judge of a High Court can only be with his consent lies in the argument that such a transfer amounts to a punishment of the Judge without trial and therefore the principle of judicial indepen­ dence is gravely prejudiced. That submission, to my mind, must be tested by an examination of the grounds on which a transfer is permissible. Clause (1) of Art. 222 does not mention the grounds on which the Judge may be transferred. Plainly, inasmuch as it is in the nature of a public power vested in a functionary of the State, it can be exercised only in the public interest. Public interest is the touchstone on which every transfer must be tested. That is the _ necessary limitation implicitly circumscribing the exercise of power under clause (1) of Article 222. All grounds which can be said to fall within that rubric may be entertained. But no ground which falls within the scope of Art. 218 read with clauses (4) and (5) of Art. 124 can be brought within that scope. The grounds envisaged by those provisions are "proved misbehaviour or incapacity". In relation to them express provision has been made by the Constitu­ tion, the grounds being so grave that if established they can result in one pen111ty only, that of removal of the Judge. 54. The removal of a Judge is a matter of the greatest serious­ ness. It affects not only the Judge personally but also, in a larger sense, affects the general reputation of the Judiciary. Consequently, the Constitution, by clauses (4) and (5) of Art. 124 and by The Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 has made the removal subject to a consti­ tutional and statutory process consisting of several stages at each of which the action for removal is screened. The Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 requiries a notice cf motion for presenting an address to the President praying for the removal of a Judge. The notice must be signed by a hundred members of the House of the People, where notice is given in that House and by fifty members of the Council of State where the notice is given in the Council. The Speaker or the Chairman, as the case may be, may consult such person as he thinks fit and after considering such material, if any, as may be available to him, he may either admit the motion or refuse to admit the same. If the motion is admitted, the Speaker or the Chairman will then constitute a Committee for the purpose of making an in­ vestigation into the grounds on which the removal is sought. The Committee consists of three members, one chosen from among the Chief Justice and other judges of the Supreme Court, the other 1194 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (19821 2 s.c.R. being a Chief Justice of a High Court and the third being a dis­ tinguished jurist. The Committee is required to frame definite charges against the Judge, and such charges together with the state­ ment of the grounds must be communicated to the Judge, who will be given a reasonable opportunity of presenting a written statement of defence. Where it is alleged that the Judge is unable to discharge the duties of his office efficiently due to any physical or mental incapacity and the allegation is denied, the Committee may arrange for the medical examination of the Judge by a Medical Board appointed by the Speaker or, as the case may be, the Chairman. The Medical Board undertakes the medical examination of the Judge and submits a report to the Committee. During the investi­ gation, the Committee is obliged to give reasonable opportunity to the Judge of cross-examining witnesses, adducing evidence and of being heard in his defence. At the conclusion of the investigation, the Committee is required to submit its report to the Speaker or the Chairman, as the case may be. If the report of the Committee finds that the Judge is not guilty of any misbehaviour or does not suffer from any incapacity no further steps can be taken in either House of Parliament and the motion pending in the House cannot be proceeded with. If the report finds that the Judge is guilty, then the motion together with the report of the Committee, is taken up for consideration by the House or the Houses in which it is pending. Jf the motion is adopted by each House of Parliament in accor­ dance with clause (4) of Art. 124 read with Article 218, then the misbehaviour or incapacity of the Judge is deemed to have been proved and an address praying for the removal of the Judge must be presented to the President by each House of Parliament in the same session in which the motion has been adopted. It is clear that where an allegation of misbehaviour or incapacity is levelled against a Judge, he has the opportunity to defend himself including the right to lead evidence as well as to cross-examine witnesses produced against him. At every stage of the process the statute provides for careful 6consideration whether the motion for removal should be continued. Allegations which are so grave as to attract such detailed procedure and which afford full opportunity to the Judge to defend himself cannot possibly be made a ground for transfer of the Judge. In my view, the grounds of misbehaviour or incapacity are clearly ruled out from the scope of clause (I) of Art. 222. I am convinced that the transfer of a Judge under that provision cannot be made for the purpose of punishing him. It was never intended that the power shoµld b\: exercised to impose a penalty by way of punish- - . " ... - - • )i . ..... ' ... .... • r+ S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 1195 meat. To permit that would be to permit a violation of the princi­ ple of judicial independence, for the only grounds envisaged by the · Constitution for punishment are grounds constituting misbehaviour and the penalty for which is removal from office. 55. In the transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another the principle of judicial independence and the rights of the Judge are protected by two safeguards. The first is that incorporated in clause (I) of Art. 222, that is to say, the obligation of the President to consult the Chief Justice of India. The Constitution expects the Chief Justice of fodia to ensure in the process of consultation that the power to transfer is not used arbitrarily against a Judge of a High Court, that it is not employed as a disguise for punish­ ing him, and that, even if the ground for the proposed transfer is made out, it will be in the public interest to effect the transfer. In this regard, the consultation with the Chief Justice of India must, in my opinion, extend to the entire gamut of the grounds on which the transfer is proposed, even where the grounds are incorporated in a policy. The protection afforded to the Judge by the obligation of consultation with the Chief Justice of India is intended to be a complete protection. It must be borne in mind that the Judge concerned is entitled to continue in the High Court to which he has been appointed for the full period of his tenure. It has already been observed that the transfer can be effected with­ out the consent of the Judge. It is, therefore, necessary to cons­ true the scope of the safeguard of consultation in its fullest com­ prehension. To properly discharge his responsibility in the matter, the Chief Justice of India must consider himself obliged to entertain not only the material furnished by the Preside.1t to him but he must also make as full an enquiry as he conveniently can for the purpose of determining whether a transfer should be advised. In that pro­ cess, he must determine not only whether the grounds on 'Vhich the transfer proposed are made out but he must also consider as relevant the personal circumstances of the Judge concerned. It is ultimately in the public interest that the personal circumstances of the Judge should be taken into consideration, for there may be a case where they may hinder the proper discharge of his duties in the High Court to which he is transferred. In that connection it is only right that the Chief Justice of India should satisfy himself by enquiring from the Judge himself about what he has to say in the matter of his transfer, J4' I 196 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 S.C.R both in regard to the grounds for the transfer as well as in regard to any hardship or inconvenience which may be suffered by him by such transfer. As a sitting Judge he is entitled to be informed of the proposed transfer and of the grounds therefore because his right to continue as a Judge of the High Court is placed in jeopardy. It is a very different case from the transfer of an officer who is a member of a service and is ordinarily transferable. As has been observed earlier, a Judge of High Court is not a member of any All India Service of Judges. It may be made clear at this stage that the Judge does not have a right of hearing in the sense in which that right is generally understood in law. The scope and degree of inquiry by the Chief Justice of India must rest in his discretion. All that is necessary is that the ]udge should know why his transfer is proposed and he should be able to acquaint the Chief Justice of India of any reason why he should not be transfer­ red. It m~y also be added that the process of consultation envisa­ ged under clause {I) of Art. 222 requires that all the material in the possession of the President must be placed before the Chief Justice of India, as well as such other information which he may need and may call for in order to render his advice. 57. The advice tendered by the Chief Justice of India should ordinarily be accepted by the President and in this regard the observations made in Union of India v. Sankal Chand Himatlal (supra) will be fully attracted. Chandrachud, J. as he then was, speaking for the majority of the Court, relying on what Bhagwati & Krishna Iyer, JJ. said in Shamsher Singh v. State of Punjab,(1) observed "that in all conceivable cases, consultation with the Chief Justice of India should be accepted by the Government of India and that the Court will have an opportunity to examine if any other extraneous circumstances have entered inro the verdict of the Executive if it departs from the counsel given by the Chief Justice of India." 'In practice, the last word in such a sensitive subject must belong to the Chief Justice of India, the rejection of his advice being ordinarily regarded as promoted by oblique considerations vitiating the order.' Krishna Iyer, J. observed "Although the opinion of the Chief Justice of India may not be binding on the Government it is entitled to ~5) [1975] 1 SCR,. ... - - t ' • - - . - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 1197 great weight and is normally to be accepted by the Govern­ ment because the power under Article 222 cannot be exercised whimsically or arbitrarily." and further : "It must also be-borne in mind that if the Government departs from the opinion of the Chief Justice of India it has to justify its action by giving cogent and convincing reasons for the same and, if challenged, to prove to the satisfiction of the Court that a case was made out for not accepting the advice of the Chief Justice of India. He added: "The danger of arbitrary action or unsavoury exercise has been minimised by straight-jacketing of the power of transfer. Likewise, the high legal risk of invalidation of any Presidential order made in the teeth of the Chief Justice's objection, runs in an added institutional protection. For it is reasonable for the court before which a Judge's transfer is challenged, to take a skeptic view and treat it as suspect if the Chief Justice's advice has been ignored." I am fully in agreement with those observations. It is open to a Judge who is ordered to be transferred to invoke the jurisdiction of the court and seek judicial relief against the transfer on the ground _ of violation of clause ( l) of Art. 222 as construed by this Court. This constitutes the second of the two safeguard mentioned earlier. 58. While on this point, I think it necessary to emphasis that the power to transfer a Judge from one High Court to another under clause ( l) of Art. 222 is an extraordinary power. Inasmuch as it can be exercised without the consent of the Judge, it can constitute a threat to the sense of independence and impartiality of the Judge. It must, in my opinion, be used most sparingly and only for very strong reason. It must be clearly understood that the onus of justifying the transfer lies heavily on the State. 59. In the debates before us pointed reference was made to a policy contemplated by the Gov\lrQment in re~ard to the transfer of 1198 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 S.C.R. of the High Court. It seems to me that any policy governing the appli­ cation of clause (I) of Art. 222· must conform in all respects to the scope and content of clause (I) of Art. 222. The power to transfer is to be found in that clause, and every act of the Government be it the framing and adoption of a policy or the actual order of transfer, must fl!ll completely within the scope of that provision. The entire content of power vested in the President respecting the transfer of Judges of the High Courts must be traced to the confines of the clause. 'Accordingly, any policy framed and adopted in this behalf must be tested on the criterion of public interest, and it must be clearly understood that "public interest" means here the interest of the administration of justice. That is the sole purpose of the grant of the power under clause (l) of Art. 222. Now, if the framing and adoption of a .Policy is an act of the President under the power conferr~d by clause (I) of Art. 222, it must be subjected to consulta­ tion with the Chief Justice of India. That is an imperative conditiqn grafted on the exercise of all power relating to the transfer of Judges of the High Courts. That the framing and adoptioq of a policy should be governed by that condition is easily explicable if it is appreciated that the policy constitutes the basic consider11tion entering the order of transfer. All considerations controlling the transfer of a Judge of a High Court must fall within the scope of the consultative process. The Constitution intends that the Chief Justice of India should be consulted before a transfer is ordered by the President. The consultation must travel over the entire ~~ea of consideraiion which prompts the transfer. The scope of consultation is not limited to any particular. It must be remem­ bered that the Constitution has insisted on consultation with the Chief Justice of India in order to protect the administration of justice and its central principle, the independence of the judiciary, from arbitrary encroachment by executive power. 60. It is contended that policy making is the exclusive and absolute preserve of Governmental power. While that may be so ordinarily; it cannot be accepted here having regard to the plain terms of clause (l) of Art. 222. It is also urged that the policy can always be tested in a court of law for its constitutional validity. and therefore the intervention of the Chief Justice of India in his consul­ tative capacity need not be contemplated. It is not possible to agree. Tb_e framing of a policy is an administrative exercise, and calls for m~king a choice of one or more considerations for execu­ tive action:withi~ the fielq gf several consideration~. When the x . " - . ,.. x - - - $.!>. GUPtA v. ONION (Pathak, J.) iI99 Chief Justice of India is consulted ori the formation of a policy by the President, the consultation involves an administrative choice of operating on an administrative plane. · When the President con­ sults the Chief Justice of India under clause (I) of Art. 222, it is consultation in relation to an executive act. The transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice, High Court of Patna. 61. Shri K.B.N. Singh was a Judge of the High Court of Patna from September 15, 1966. He was appointed Chief Justice of that Cou~t and assumed charge on July 19, 1976. On January 19, 1981 the President issued a notification, after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, transferring Shri K.B.N. Singh as Chief Justice of the High Court of Madras with effect from the day be assumed charge of that office. The transfer has been challenged in Writ Petition No. 274 of 1981 and Transferred Cases Nos. 2, 6 and 24 of 1981. The principal contentions· of the' petitioners are firstly, that there has been no effective consultion as envisaged by clause (1) of Art. 222 inasmuch as all the material considered by the Chief Justice of India.was not placed before the President, and the pro­ cess of consultation was not marked by fair procedure, and, secondly, that the transfer cannot be said to have been made in the public interest, and if different considerations have prevailed with the President and the Chief Justice of India, neither can be described as related to public interest. 62. An examination of the several affidavits and of the correspondence between the Government and the Chief Justice of India discloses the following facts : 63. The Chief Justice of India decided on visiting the High Court of Patna in February, 1980 in order to meet the Judges of the High Court and members of the Bar. After informing Shri K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice of the High Court of his proposed visit, he proceeded to Patna and during his stay there on February 24, 25 and 26, 1980 he met the Judges of the High Court individu­ ally and interviewed individual members of the Bar, and also met Judges of the District Court and members of the District Court Bar. Of twenty advocates of the High Court whom be met, there were fifteen senior advocates suggested by Sbri K.B.N. Singh. He !!Iso met the members of the Advocat~s' Association collectively at 8 0 1100 SlJt>REMll COURT REPORTS [1982] 2 s.C.R. a function arranged by them. Among other things he had also come to know that Shri K.B.N. Singh's mother was old and infirm and not in a good state of health. At that time be did not indicate to Shri K.B.N. Singh that there was any proposal to transfer him to an- other HighCourt because at that time there was no proposal to transfer him. It is clear that he returned from Patna greatly perturbed about the conditions prevailing there, and the matter continued to engage his mind thereafter. It was then that he conceived of the transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh. There was at that· time a proposal by the Government that the Chief Justices of all the High Courts should be transferred as a matter of policy to other High Courts, so that each High Court would be headed by a Chief Justice from outside. No final formulation of the scheme had been reached and no modelity or mechanism had been decided on for implementing such a policy. From the correspondence and · other material on the record it is apparent that the Chief Justice of India and the Law Minister were engaged in continuous discussion over a long period with regard to the appointment of the Chief Justice of High Courts. The discus­ sion was embodied in their letters and also took place in personal meetings and over the telephone. On December 7, 1980, the Chief Justice of India wrote to the Law Minister "in furtherance to the discussion which we had yesterday", stating that be was "firmly opposed to a wholesale transfer of the Chief Justices of High Courts'' and that "such transfers may be made in appropriate cases for strictly objective reasons" and "personal considerations must, in the matter of such transfers be wholly kept out". He mentioned that the transfer of some of the Chief Justices bad been engaging his attention for the past few months and in this connection he had made personal enquiries and had met several lawyers and may Judges of the High Courts concerned. He recommended that Shri KD. Shar~a, then acting as Chief Justice of the High Court of Rajastban, should be transferred as Chief Justice of the High Court of Kerala, and Shri K.B.N. Singh should be transferred from the High Court of Patna as the Chief Justice of the Rajasthan High Court. It appears that it was then realised that certain difficulties would arise if Shri K.D. Sharma was transferred to the High Court of Kerala. In a letter to the Prime Minister written on December 18, 1980 the Chief Justice of India proposed that the transfer of Sbri K.B.N. Singh from Patna to Rajasthan should await further consideration. After a telephonic talk with the Law Minister, the Chief Justice of India wrote on December 20, - ...,;.._ - - -~ - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 1201 1980 proposing the transfer of Shri M.M. Ismail, Chief Justice of the High Court of Madras, as Chief Justice of the High Court of Kerala and the transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh as Chief Justice of the High Court of Madras. On January 5, 1981, the Chief tJustice of India telephoned Shri K.B.N. Singh and informed him of the likeli­ hood of his transfer to Madras. He asked him if he had anything to say in the matter. Shri K.B.N. Singh wished to know why he was being transferred and the Chief Justice of India informed him that it was "Government policy" and that it was proposed to trans­ fer Shri M.M. Ismail from. Madras and it was necessary to appoint an experienced and senior Chief Justice in his place. Shri K.B.N. Singh informed the Chief Justice of India on the telephone that his mother was bed-ridden and he was not in a position to go with his mother to Madras. No other personal difficulty was disclosed. Shri K.B.N. Singh also observed that if his transfer was insisted on he would prefer to: resign. The Chief Justice of India requested him not to act in haste but to give the matter close thought, and he was also making a note of the difficulty mentioned by him and "it will have to be taken into consideration before a final decision was taken." The Chief Justice of India requested him to come to Delhi to discuss the question of his transfer. On January 8, 1981 at 7.30 p.m. Shri K.B.N. Singh met the Chief Justice of India at his residence in Delhi and was with him for some time. He discus­ sed the question of his mother's advanced age and illness; that was the only personal difficulty which he mentioned in the matter of his proposed transfer to Madras. The Chief Justice of India told him that be was unable to agree that the mother's circumstances presented any serious difficulty because there were other dependable persons in his family who could look after the mother and that, in any case, his brother Shri S.B.N. Singh, who was practising in the High Court, was quite capable of looking after the mother. Shri K B.N. Singh replied that bis mother was particularly devoted to him and he could not leave her to the care of his brother and other ~members- of the family. He mentioned that some baseless complaints may have been made to I he Chief Justice of India and that he desired to remove any wrong impression created by those complaints. The Chief Justice of India assured him that he was not proceeding on the basis of baseless complaints and that he did not believe that his conduct was blameworthy, but that if he wanted to explain any matter which according to him had created dis-satisfaction about the working of the High Court he was welcome to do so. Upon 1202 SUPREME COURT REPOkTS [1982] 2 s.c.k. that, Shri K.B.N. Singh told the Chief Justice how certain persons conn.ected. with the High Court were influenced by communal cons1derat10ns and how he, on his own part, did not permit com­ munal or other extraneous considerations to influence him adminis­ tratively or judicially. The Chief Justice of India assured him that he did not hold him to blame, but that certain persons were exploi­ ting their proximity to him and that had created unnecessary misunderstanding and dis-satisfaction. The Chief Justice of India conveyed to Shri K.B.N. Singh that his transfer was proposed in the public interest and that it was not made by way of punishment, and that it was thought of also by the transfer of Shri Ismail from Madras to Kerala. 64. It seems clear that Shri K.B. N. Singh was informed by the Chief fostice of India in full detail of the proposal to transfer him from the High Court of Patna to the High Court of Madras, and keeping in mind the telephonic conversation between them on January 5, 1981 and the personal discussion on January 8, 1981 it is apparent that Shri K.B. N. Singh was being transferred not because of any wrong or fault on his part or for any conduct for which blame could be attached to him, but because people were exploiting their proximity to him in matters which had created dissatisfaction · and unnecessary misunderstanding in the High Court at Patna. It is also apparent that Shri K.B. N. Singh was aware that such a situa­ tion prevailed because he attempted to clear himself of any blame in connection with what was happening. He was invited by the Chief Justice of India to say whatever he wanted to in the matter which "according to him had created dissatisfaction about the working of the High Court". It is clear that the matter wa~ discussed fully between the Chief Justice of India and Shri K.B.N. Singh and the latter had aniple opportunity to say what he wanted to. And it is also clear that the proposal to transfer him from Patna was not by way of punishment. It is unfortunate that a situation had been allowed to develop'in legal and judicial circles at Patna which could only be re­ medied by his transfer. That the transfer was intended to Madras was occasioned by the circumstance that Shri M.M. Ismail was being transferred from Madras to Kerala and it was necessary to send a senior and experienced Chief Justice to the High Court of i\ladras. The difficulty expressed by Shri K.B.N. Singh in regard to the condition ofliis mother's health was also considered by the Chief Justice of India, who felt that Shri S.B.N, Singh, his brother practi­ sing law in the High Court, and other dependable person in the - / - - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 1203 family at Patna could be relied on to look after the mother. Every relevant circumstance, including the personal difflculty mentioned by Shri K.B.N. Singh was considered carefully and objectively by the Chief Justice of India and on an assessment of the relevant facts and circumstances he came to the conclusion that notwithstanding any difficulty posed by a different language in Madras, as Shri K.B.N. Singh was an experienced and senior High Court Chief Justice, he should be transferred from Patna to Madras. I am satisfied that a fair procedure was adopted and all that could reasonably be done in .,. the circumstances was done in the matter, ;. . x 65. It is urged there was no full and effective consultation between the Chief Justice of India and the Government as the second discussion between the Chief Justice oflndia and Shri K.B.N. Singh took place in the evening of January 8, 1981 and the order was signed by the Prime Minister the next day. The Chief Justice of India, in his affidavit on oath has emphatically averred that "there was full and effective consultation between· me and the President of India on the question of Shri K.B.N. Singh's transfer from Patna to Madras as the Chief Justice of Madras High Court. Every relevant aspect of that question was discussed by me fully with the President both before and after I proposed the transfer". There is no material on the record for doubting the statement. It must be remembered that the matter of Shri K.B.N. Singh's transfer had been under discussion all along for a considerable time between the Chief Justice of India on the side and the Law Minister and the Prime Minister on the one other, and the discussion had taken place through written correspondence as well as oral conversation by way of discussion in personal meeting and on the telephone. It is perfectly within the realm of credibility that what had passed between the Chief Justice of India and Shri K.B. N. Singh on January 8, 1981 had also been communicated to the Law Minister and the Prime Minister before the order of transfer was signed by the Prime Minister. 66. A point was raised that the Chief Justice of India had averred in his affidavit that the consultation was effected between him and the President of India and not that the consultation took place between him and the Law Minister and the Prime Minister; To my mind, it is .clear that the Chief Justice of India is referring to the President in the sense of the "Executive Government". This is amply borne out by the lar~e volun:ie 9f <;loQumentar~ materi~ J! 1204 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982) 2 S.C.R. which shows that the Chief Justice of India was in communication with the Law Minister and the Prime Minister only. There i; nothing to suggest that he met the President personally in this matter. 67. It is also contended that the proposal to transfer Shri K.B.N. Singh had already been made by 1he Chief Justice of India to the Government as early as December 1980 and this was before any discussion on the point between him and Sbri K.B.N. Singh. Now it is clear from the record that the proposal so made was in the nature of a suggestion calling for an examination of the matter. The Chief Justice of India had visited Patna and from the material in his possession he had formed an opinion that there was a case for considering the transfer of Sbri K.B.N. Singh. The matter was only at the stage of consideration and clearly could not be finalized before Shri K.B.N. Singh had been taken into confidence. We must remember that it was the Chief Justice of India (Chandrachud J. as he then was) who had pronounced judgment in Union of India v. Sanko! Chand Himatlal Seth and Anr. (1) where in considerable detail he has dwelt on the imperative need of a full and effective consulta­ tion which, as he observed there, could require the Chief Justice of India to elicit the facts directly from the Judge concerned. It was• apparently pursuant to this that he considered it necessary to dis­ cuss the matter with Shri K.B.N. Singh otherwise, he would not have found it desirable to telephone from Delhi to Patna on Janu­ ary 5, 1981 and after discussing the matter with him then, to invite him for further discussion at Delhi on January 8, 1981. The pro­ posal was pending the consultation with the Government was going on and no final decision had been taken. As the Chief Justice of India has stated in his affidavit, the discussion with the Government continued even after the proposal. The process of consultation could continue right up to the moment the final decision was taken. The process of consultation continued actively throughout and there is no reason to doubt the objectivity which marked it. As the learned Solicitor General bas pointed out, it must not be forgotten that the Chief Justice was not a personally interested party but was only discharging the duties and responsibilities cast on him by the Constitution. A few facts may be set forth again. On December 18, 1980, the Chief Justice of [ndia requested the Prime Minister that the proposal to transfer Sbri K.B N. Singh to Rajasthan should <0 [1978] 1 §CR 423. ' .... ., .. - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 1205 await further consideration. On January 5, 1981, Shri K.B.N. Singh was informed by the Chief Justice of India that the difficulty men­ tioned by him concerning the infirmity and age of his mother was being noted by him and would be taken into consideration before a final decision was taken. It seems to me beyond dispute that the matter did not stand closed merely because of the proposal made in December 1980 to transfer him. 68. Then it is urged that clause (1) of Art. 222 contemplates that the process of consultation should be initiated by the President by a reference of the matter to the Chief Justice of India for his advice and that instead it is the latter who has initiated the process I do not see any substance in this point having regard to the conti­ nuous consultation which was going on between the Chief Justice of India and the Government. 69. I shall now deal with the task of identifying the consi­ derations which prevailed with the Chief Justice of India and the Government in transfering Shri K.B.N. Singh, and whether it can be said that these considerations fall within the expression "public interest". 70. When a Judge permits his j~dgment in a case to be in­ fluenced by the irrelevant considerations of caste and creed. of relationship or friendship, of hostility or enmity, he com­ mits a breach of his oath. It is a case where justice is not done and is denied. It is a case of misbehaviour, to which the provisions of Art. 218 read with clauses (4) and (5) of Art. 124 are attracted. There is another kind of case where a Judge acts in accordance with his conscience on the basis of the facts and the Jaw as he bona fide understands them, and yet because of surrounding circumstances it may appear that justice has not been done even though in fact it may have been done. Where. there is a danger that justice will not appear to be done, and the prevailing environment is linked with the person of the Judge, notwithstanding that he may have done nothing to promote it, the injury to the administration of justice can be as serious as a case where the Judge has consciously deviated from the standards of impartial judgment. Where there is a genuine apprehension that justice may not appear to be done, the ordinary rule is that the case pending before the Judge should be transferred to another Judge. But wher~ t4e apprehensio~ \s rootc;d jn local 8 1206 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [I 982] 2 s.c.R. association, no links with members of the Bar or influence present in close proximity to the Judge and the circumstances are such that, notwithstanding that the conduct of the Judge has done nothing to promote it, there is grave and bona fide fear in the minds of honest citizens that the fount of justice may be polluted, its effect is not confined to a single case but spreads widely, endangering the purity of the entire administration of justice. Inasmuch a.s the adminis­ tration of justice relies for its vitality on the strength of public con­ fidence, it must range supreme and, therefore, if the Judge is trans­ ferred in these circumstances it must be regarded as a transfer in the public interest. The desirability of inducting Chief Justices and a proportion of the Judges from outside the State has been empha­ sised ever since the drafting of the Constitution. During the finali­ sation of the Draft Constitution a suggestion was received by the Drafting Committee that one third of the Judges appointed to a High Court should be from outside the State. Successively, the idea has been promoted by the Law Commission of India in its Fourteenth Report and thereafter in its Eightieth Report, and also by the States Reorganisation Commission. The need has been affirmed from time to time and programmes to implement it have been constantly mooted. The Union Governmf:nt, according to evidence before us, has been actively engaged during the last two years in securing an acceptance of the policy from the Judiciary, and discussions have taken place from time to time between the Chief Justice of India and the Law Minister. The Government, has proposed that the policy should be implemented not only by appoin­ ting the Chief Justice and one third of the number of Judges to a High Court from outside the State at the time of their initial appointment to the office, but should also be taken in hand presently by the transfer of sitting Chief Justices and Judges. It has been further proposed by Government that the transfers should be effec­ ted simultaneously in all the High Courts. 71. It seems from the material on the record that although the Chief Justice of India is in agreement with the need for appoint· ment of Chief Justices and a number of Judges to the High Court from outside the State, he has not accepted yet the further sugges­ tion of the Government that the transfer should be effected as a policy implemented enmasse over all the High Courts. It seems that the Chief Justice of India is prepared to go so far only that the matter should be considered from case to case, on the objective Jllerjts of e!l\:4 case. This is i:vi\iently what he had in .~- .. - - .. " S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 1207 mind when he considered it desirable to propose the transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh as Chief Justice from the High Court of Patna to the High Court of Madras. He did so plainly on the ground that although Shri K.B.N. Singh himself was not to blame for this, people in the proximity of Shri K.B.N. Singh had created an atmosphere injurious to the administration of justice resulting in great disaffection. It is apparent that the reasons which weighed with the Chief Justice of India form the very basis of the policy promoted by the Government. The basic component of that policy is identifiable in the reasons which prevailed with the Chief Justice of India. When this view is taken, it is immediately clear what the Chief Justice of India meant when during the telephone conversa­ tion with Shri K.B.N. Singh on January 5, 1981, he explained that the ttansfer was prompted by Government policy. This also readily explains why the Government accepted the proposal to transfer Shri K.B.N. Singh. As the learned Solicitor General explained before us, the Government considered this as the first stage in the implementation of its policy, and although there was no finalisation in regard to the time and manner of inducting the Chief Justice and a proportion of the Judges in a High Court from outside the State, the proposal to transfer Shri K.B.N. Singh was rooted in the very considerations which found favour with the Government in promoting the policy conceived by it. 72. I am of opinion that the considerations which prevailed with the Chief Justice of India and the Government in the transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh were substantially identical, that for the pur­ poses of this transfer the Government had agreed that having regard to the reasons for the transfer it was prepared to consider the case on its individual merits and not to insist on the making of transfers generally for the time being. I am also of opinion that the consi­ derations on which the transfer was made must, in view of what I have observed, be regarded as falling within the expression "public interest". In my judgment, there is no violation of clause (I) of Art. 222. 72A. It is next urged that the provisions of the Memorandum issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs in the Government of India had not been complied with inasmuch as no enquiry had been made of the Chief Ministers of the States concerned before the transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh. The learned Solicitor General has statedJrom the Government records in. pis possessioq thl\t the 4aw Minister 1208 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982] 2 S.C.R consulted the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on January 3, 1981, the Chief Minister of Kerala on January 4, 1981 and the Chief Minister of Patna on January 6, 1981 in regard to the proposed transfers of Shri M.M. Ismail and Shri K.B.N. Singh. Learned counsel for Shri K.B.N. Singh points out that there was opposition by the Tamil Nadu Government to the induction of Shri K.B.N. Singh as Chief Justice of the High Court of Madras on the ground that he was not acquainted with the Tamil language and would find difficulty in coping with his duties in the High Court at Madras. It is said that if the Chief Justice of India had been informed of this objection, Shri K.B.N. Singh would not have been transferred. I have observed earlier that the Chief Justice of India had considered this matter long before, and did not consider it as a substantial difficulty. Validity of the Circular Letter dated March 18, 1981 issued ,. by the Minister for Law, Justice and Company Affairs, Government of India. '. 1 73. The Circular letter was addressed by the: Minister to ·the Chief Ministers of different States and to the Government of Punjab pointing out that several bodies and forums, including the States Re-organisation Commission, the Law Commission and various Bar Association had suggested that one third of the Judges of a High Court should, as far as possible, be from outside the State in which the High Court was situated. It was said that the suggestion was made "to further national integration and to combat narrow parochial tendencies bred by caste, kinship and other local links and affiliations." He requested that the additional Judges working in the High Court of the State should be required to give their consent to be appointed as permanent Judges in another High Court in the country, and they could name three High Courts, in order of preference, where they would prefer such appoint­ ment. It was also requested that similarly consent may be taken from persons who have already been, or may in the future be, proposed for initial appointment. He requested further that it may also be made clear to the additional Judges that giving their consent and indicating their preference would not commit th(: Government in the ll)atter of their appointment or in the matter of accommodating them according to their preference. Thereafter it appears, some of the additional Judges, whose terms were expiring, were granted further appointment as additional Judges for short periods of three months, ~ix iponths or a rear - .. - - s.i>. GtJttA v. UNION (Pathak, J.) 120~ J 74. The validity of the Circular Letter has been challenged before us on several grounds including the ground that the contents of the lette.r constitute a threat to the judicial independence of the additional Judges inasmuch as, feeling pressured by the apprehension that unless the)' conveyed their consent to appointment to another High Court they would not be given further terms as additional Judges, some of them have conveyed their consent. It has been urged that the additional Judges have a right to be considered for appointment as permanent Judges in the High Courts where they are serving, and the Circular letter should be construed as an attempt to transfer them to some other High Court without operating through the consultative process which the President is obliged under the Constitution to enter into with the Chief Justice of India. 75. It seems to me unnecessary to enter into all these points of controversy, because to my mind if the Circular letter is regarded as intending to bind the additional Judges it can have no such effect in law. An appointment of a person as a Judge of a High Court must, as observed earlier, be an appointment to a particular High Court. For the purpose of making such appointment, the constitu­ tional process must be initiated with respect to a particular High Court. The Constitution does not contemplate a single process in relation to several High Courts, collecting as many persons as there are vacancies all over India, and then in the discretion of the Govern­ ment appointing each of them where the Government pleases. To adopt this procedure will be to equate the appointment of Judges with the appointment of members of an All India Service, a position which cannot constitutionally be countenanced. There must be a separate and distinct process in regard to appointment to each High Court. The Governor of the particular State and the Chief Justice of the particular High Court have to be involved in that process, besides the Chief Justice of India. It is in the course of such a process that a proposal for appointment is made to the person intended for appointment. In other words, a valid proposal, as part of the constitutional process, is one which offers an appointment to a particular High Court. It is only when consent is given to such a proposal, that is to say consent to appointment in a particular High Court, that it can be said in law to be binding and effective. The Circular letter has invited the consent of the additional Judges in the most general terms, to appointment to any HighCourt other than the High Court in which they are serving as additional Judges. If it is intended to bind the additional Judges,. it has faifod in- its 0 1210 SUPREMll cotJR.'r REPORTS [1982] 2 s.c.il. purpose. Neither the proposal nor any consent given thereto has any legal status. It may be that the Circular lettt:r was intended only for the purpose of obtaining information informally whether \he additional Judges would be agreeable to being appointed as permapent Judges of other High Courts. But inasmuch as the consent given by the additional Judges cannot bind them, it will be open to them to consider any concre.e proposal now made offering appointment to a particular High Court with a perJ'ectly open and free mind, unhindered by any consent given earlier in pursuance of the Circular letter. It may be added that a concrete proposal can contemplate appointment only in accordance with the procedure prescribed in cl. ( 1) of Art. 217. 76. In this view of the matter, it would be sufficient to declare that the Circular letter cannot be acted on and any consent given pursuant to the Circular letter is not binding in law on those who have given it. The claim of privilege against the disclosure of certain documents. · 77. The law relating to the plea of privilege raised by the State against the disclosure of documents has advanced considerably in recent times and its evolution has been traced by brother Bhagwati who has discussed the present content of the law abroad, and has given substantial reason for taking the law forward in this country from the position enunciated by this court in State of Punjab v. Sodi Sukhdev Singh.(1) I am in broad agreement with what he has said in regard to what the present state of the law in India should be. 78. But I think it desirable to add a note of warning. There is good reason to be circumspect. Traditions and beliefs which governed life until yesterday and held an important place in the polity cannot be rooted out overnight. Change to be valid must find general acceptance, and its pace will be determined by the education of experience. The past is ever with us, and when the present takes hold it must do so conscious of its responsibility to the future. The ·rules now developed by this Court relating to the disclosure of documents need to be carefully applied. The balance between the conflicting claims of public interest represented by official dom and the public interest flowing from the administration of Justice often (!) [1961] 2 SCR 371. - .. S.I>. 01:.Jl>tA v. i.JNIQN (Pathak, J.) 121 i calls for a delicate assessment, into which per force must enter consideration vital to the operations of Government on the one hand and the demands of adjudication on the other. The responsi­ bility fixed on the Court is a serious one, and there is need to warn that this power which now 'Vests in the Court can have grave consequences if the content of its potential is not truly appreciated and realised by those who wield it. Whenever a court breaks new ground, the development and recognition of new rights is often accompanied by the birth of problems surfacing also for the first time. New doctrines must be cautiously applied, and yet no court can shirk its duty if it finds that its power has been rightly invoked. 79. In regard to the plea raised by the State on the basis of clause (2) of Art. 74 of the Constitution, there is no denying, in my view, the accuracy of what has been observed by brother Bhag­ wati, that it is the advice and its reasons tendered by the Council of Ministers to the President which are protected from .enquiry by a court, and no such protection extends to the material from which the advice proceeds. 80. On the facts of the case, it was material, to my mind, to ascertain whether indeed a full and effective consultation had taken place with the Chief Justice of India on the question whether Shri S.N. Kumar should be appointed for a further term as additional Judge, and for that purpose it became necessary to consider the contents- of the letter dated May 7, 1981 addressed by the Chief Justice of the High Court to the Law Minister. Great emphasis was laid by the parties in their submissions on the question of full and effective consultation in point of fact, and it seemed in the context in which the question was debated that the disclosure of the letter of May 7, 1981 and the connected correspondence was imperative in order that justice be administerc:d. It was not an easy decision for the Court to order disclosure, but after carefully balancing the rival interests we came to the conclusion that the balance inclined in favour of a positive order. Locus Standi 81. What remains now is to consider the objection raised H by the respondents to the maintainability of the petitions before us. My brother Bhagwati has .dealt with this objection at some length, 1212 SUPREME COtJRt REPORTS ( 1982) 2 S.C.ll. and has held that it has no substance. I find myself' in general agreement with him, and need say nothing more. 82. " Before concluding, I think it only of right to record my appreciation and gratitude for the great and valuabh: assistance offered to the Court by the very able and erudite submissions made during the' hearing of these cases. Eminent _counsel appeared on both sides, who in the discharge of their responsibilities to the Court and to the parties represented by them, did not spare themselves and brought to bear to the hearing their vast learning and enormous industry, notwithstanding that the hearing had to proceed for several weeks. 8'.I. Jn the result, Transferred Cases No. 19, 20, 21 and 22 of 1981 are:_ allowed in so far that a declaration is grant,ed that the Circular letter dated March 18, 1981 cannot be acted on aind that the additional Judges concerned shall not be held bound by their consent given in pursuance of the Circular letter, to their appointment as permanent Judges of High Courts other than those where they presently' serve. In the Transferred Case No. 20 of 1981, the respondents are directed to reconsider the case of Shri S.N. Kumar for appointment as ~n additional Judge of the High Court of Delhi for a further term. Writ Petition No. 274 of 1981 and Transferred Cases Nos. 2, 6 and 24 of 1981 are dismissed. ' I 84. In all these cases, having regard to the circumstances, there is no,'order as to costs. VENKATARAMIAH, J. This judgment can be conveniently divided in to fourteen parts thus : I. Jntroduction ' ' II. -Locus standi of the petitioners III. The doctrine of political question IV. The status of High Courts H V. Art. 217 (1). Appointment of a Judge of a High Court History. Process of consultation under Art. 217 (I) Is the opinion of the Chief Justice of India binding on - .. --4- ;. \ , .. S.f>, GuPTA v. UNION (J!enkataramiah, J.) 1213 the President ? Whether the Council of Ministers can tender advice· to the President on the question of appointment of a Judge ? Whether such advice inter­ feres with the basic structure of the Constitution ? What is the practice prevailing in some other countries? VI. Art. 224 (I). Appointment of additional Judges. History The manner in which Art. 224 (1) is applied from its commencement and its effect on the principle of independence of judiciary. Has an additional Judge whose term prescribed under Art. 224 (I) has expired any right ? Does the manner in which Art. 224 (I) is being used give rise ~o any enforceable constitutional convention ? Are the principles of natural justice to be followed at the time of consideration of the question of reappointment of an additional Judge ? VIL Art. 222 Transfer of High Court Judges. History Does a transfer of a Judge of a High Court amount to a fresh appointment in another High Court ? Does the majority judgment of this Court in Sankal Chand Sheth's case holding that the consent of a Judge is not an essential condition of a valid transfer require reconsi­ deration ? Does an order of transfer amount to a punishment ? Can a Judge be transferred on the basis of allegations of misbehaviour or of incapacity ? Does the expression 'Judge' in Art. 222 include a Chief Justice also? Is the policy of having the Chief Justice of every High Court from outside the State valid ? Whether ignorance on the part of a Jlidge of the regional language of the State in which a High Court is situated is an impediment to transfer the Judge to that High Court ? Vlll. Question of executive privilege in respect of documents relating to appointment of High Court Judges. IX. Whether there has been any error in the consultation preceding the decision not to appoint Shri S.N . . Kumar? X. The validity of the circular letter dated March_ 18, 1981 written by the Law Minister to the Chief Ministers. ff H • 1214 SUPR.BME COUR.1 kBPORTS (19821 2 s.c.a. XI. Validity of the transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh XII. Cannot the Union Government be called upon to review the strength of Judges in every High Court and to appoint sufficient number of Judges? XIII. Relief XIV. Concluding remarks PART I At the commencement of the judgment it is my duty to thank the learned counsel who have argued in these cases with exceptional ability and skill, without whose assistance it would nave been very difficult to prepare this judgment. I sincerely thank all of them. These petitions are disposed of by this common judgment because common questions of law arise for consideration in them. A brief statement of facts involved in these cases is given b:low. Transferred Case No. 22 of 1981 had originally be~:n filed in the High Court of Bombay under Article 226 of the Constitution. Later on it was transferred to the file of this Court by an orcler made under Article 139A of the Constitution to be disposed of afongwith other connected cases. The petitioners in this c~se are Shriyuts Iqbal, M. Chagla, C.R. Dalvi, M.A. Rane and Sorab K..J. Mody. They are advocates practising in the High Court of Bombay. Respondents Nos. 1 and 2 in this case are the Union Law Minister and the Union of India. Respondents Nos. 3 to 12 are the additional Judges of the High Court of Bombay appointed under Article 224 (1) of the Constitution. The above peti­ tion is filed questioning the validity of a circulair letter dated March 18, 1981 addressed by the Union Law Minister to the Governor of Punjab and Chief Minister (by name) (except the North-Eastern States) by which they were requested to obtain the consent of additional Judges working in the High Courts to their appointment as Judges of the High Courts other than those in which they were additional Judges on the lines indicated in the said circular letter. A request was also made in that letter to obtain consent to appointment as Judges from persons who 'had been Oil' may in future 'be proposed by you' (that is by the Chief Minis· ... "' - .... - , .. S.P. GuPTA v. ONION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1215 ters); It is alleged that aggrieved by the said letter, which accord­ ing to them, amounted to a direct attack on the independence of the judiciary, which was a basic feature of Constitution, the members of the Advocates' Association of Western India met at a Special General Meeting on April 3, 1981 and passed resolutions inter alia condemning the said letter as subversive of judicial independence and asking the Union Government to withdraw the said letter. The Bombay Bar Association also passed similar resolutions at its Ex­ traordinary General Meeting on April 7, 1981. On April 14, 1981 it is alleged that the Managing Committee of the Bombay Incorpo­ rated Law Society (representing the Solicitors practising in Bombay who were also advocates) passed similar resolutions and ·also authorised the petitioner No. 4 to join as a petitioner in this peti­ tion. The petitioners have inter alia alleged that the impugned letter which affected about one hundred additional Judg.es currently working in the various High Courts and which threatened them with 'transfer' to High Courts other than the one in which they were working was outside the scope of Article 222 of the Constitution which provided for such transfers and amounted to an unwarranted executive interference with the judiciary. They have also alleged that the manner of appointment of additional Judges under Article 224(1) of the Constitution was a clear abuse of that provision which empowered the President to appoint additional Judges to clear off arrears in High Courts but not where the arrears were continuously rising. The petitioners have prayed for, among other reliefs, a declaration that the impugned letter of the Union Law Minister was ultra vires and void and that the Union Government should be directed not to act on the consent given by any of the additional Judges. By a counter affidavit filed by Shri K.C. Kankan, Deputy Secretary, Department of Justice, Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs, New Delhi, the Union Government has opposed the petition. The Union Government inter alia has questioned the locus standi of the petitioners to file the petition and has further pleaded that by the impugned letter, the Union Government merely sought the consent of the additional Judges and others who had been or who were to be proposed for appointment as Judges to the effect that they were willing to be initially appointed as Judges in other High Courts. It is stated that the consent of the additional Judges had not been sought for their transfer under Article 222 of the Constitution. It is denied that there was any attempt to interfere with the independence of the judiciary. The pc>licy of appointment of Judges in High Courts from outside is justified on various 1216 SUPREME COtJllT klll>ORtS ( 198.2) 2 s.c.tl. grounds set out in the affidavit. Accordingly the Union Government has prayed that the petition may be dismissed. Transferred Case No. 20 of 1981 was originally filed in the High -Court of Delhi under Article 226 of the Constitution by Shri V. M. Tarkunde, Senior Advocate of the Supreme Court Bar after the Law Minister's letter of March 18, 1981 was written and three addi­ tional Judges of the Delhi High Court Sarva Shri O.N. Vohra, S.N. Kumar and S.B. Wad who had originally been appointed as addi­ tional Judges for a period of two years with effect from March 7, 1979 were appointed as additional Judges for a period of three months only from March 7, 1981. In addition to the declaration that the impugned letter of the Law Minister was uncom1titutional and void, Shri V.M. Tar_kunde has requested the Cour1t, among other prayers, to issue a writ in the nature of mandamus to the Union Government (i) to convert the posts of additional Judges into permanent' posts in various High Courts commensurate with the regular business of the High Courts and arrears in consultation with the Chief Justice of the concerned High Court and the Chief Justice of India and (ii) to convert 12 posts of additional Judges in · the Delhi High Court into permanent posts having regard to the regular business and the arrears of that Court. In the course of the petition the propriety and constitutionality of appointing the three additional Judges referred to above for a period of three months only from March 7, I 98 I have been questioned. The other allegations in the petition more or less are simila1r to the allegations made in the petition of Bombay Lawyers. It is not necesrary to go into certain events and proceedings that took place till the counter affidavit was filed in this case on July 22, I 98 I except the fact that Shri O.N. Vohra and Shri S.N. Kumar had ceased to be Judges with effect effect from June 7, 1981 as they had not been appointed as additional Judges for any further period and that Shri S.B. Wad had been appointed as an additional Judge from June 7, 1981 for one year more. In the counter affidavit filed by Shri K.C. Kankan, Deputy Secretary to the Government of India, th-e petition is opposed. This counter affidavit contains more or less similar pleas contained in the counter affidavit filed in the petitio1~ filed by the Bombay lawyers and in addition to them certain further pleas are raised· here in justification of the action taken by the Union Government in not appointing Shri O.N. Vohra and Shri S.N. Kumar as additional Judges for a further period and in appointing ·• ... - .. .J.. - - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, 1.) 1217 only Shri S. B. Wad as stated above. The specific plea with regard to the non appointment of Shri 0.N. Vohra and Shri $.N. Kumar and the appointment of Shri S.B. Wad runs thus : "(w) & (x) Shri Justice Vohra, Shri Justice Kumar and Shri Justice Wad were appointed for a further period of 3 months from 7·3-1981. The short-term appoint­ ment was made to enable the Government to take a final view having regard to the complaints that had been received against some of them after consultation with the constitutional authorities. The petitioner's statement that both the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court and the Chief Justice of India had recom­ mended the appointment of these 3 Judges for a fur­ ther period of 2 years is untrue and incorrect. It is strange as to how the petitioner could claim knowledge of the recommendations of the Chief Justice of India and Chief Justice of Delhi High Court. After careful consideration of the material available with it and after taking into account the views expressed by the Chief Justice of India and Chief Justice of Delhi High Court and after giving full considerations to the views of both, Government decided not to give appointments for a further term to Shri Justice O.N. Vohra and Shri Justice S.N. Kumar on the expiry of their term on 6-6-1981. Shri Justice Wad was, however, appointed for a further period of l year from 7-6-1981. It is neither necessary nor advisable to disclose to the additional Judges the reasons for their short term appointments or for their non-appointment since this would bring them within the pale of public controversy and would involve disclosure of material which neces­ sarily has to be kept confidential. There is no breach of the principles of natural justice in this". It may be mentioned here that Shri O.N. Vohra has remained absent in these proceedings but Shri S. N. Kumar has filed a separate affidavit and has presented his case through a counsel. In the course of his affidavit in addition to the pleas supporting the pleas urged by Shri V.M. Tark;unde, he has questioned the validity of th~ 8 0 1218 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 s.c.R. the proceedings culminating in not appointing him as an additional Judge after June 7, 1981. The allegations made by Shri S.N. Kumar are controverted by an additional affidavit filed on behalf of the Union Government in this case. Transferred Case No. 21 of 1981 was filed in the High Court of Delhi by Shri J. L. Kalra and others, all advocates, under Article 226 of the Constitution. The petitioners have prayerd for the issue of a writ in the nature of mandamus to the Union Govi:rnment to make an assessment of the number of permanent and additional Judges required for the High Court of Delhi having regard to its current business and the accumulated arrears, to create suich number of posts of permanent and additional Judges as may be necessary and to make appointments to those posts. The other reliefs asked in this petition are substantially the same as the reliefs prayed in Transferred Case No. 20 of 1981 filed by Shri V. M. Tarkunde. The allegations in the petition and in the counter affidavit in these two cases are also substantially the same. This petition, however, emphasises the fact that Article 224 (I) of the Constitution is being used for a purpose other than the one for which it is intended. The issues arising out of this petition are the same as those arising in Transferred Case No. 20 of 1981. Transferred Case No. 19 of 1981 was filed under Article 226 of the Constitution before the High Court of Allahabad by Shri S P. Gupta, Advocate, practising at Allahabad. Aggrieved by the circular letter dated March 18, 1981 which is impugned in Trans· ferred Case No. 22 of 1981 filed by the Bombay lawyers the non­ determination of the necessary strength of permanent and additional Judges of the High Court of Allahabad as required by Articles 216 and 224 (I) of the Constitution, the appointment of some additional Judges of the High Court of Allahabad for short-terms of six months on the expiry of the period specified in their warrants of appointment under Article 224 (1), the alleged misuse of Article 224 (!) of the Constitution by the Union Government in making appointments of additional Judges where permanent Judges had to be appointed and several other matters urged in the petition, the petitioner filed the above petition requesting the Court to issue appropriate directions having regard to the submissions made in the petition and principally he has prayed for a declaration that the three additional Judges-Mr. Justice Murlidhar, Mr. Justice A.N. Yl'rma and Mr. Justice N.N. Mittal must be deemed to have been >-. - - - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1219 appointed as permanent Judges under the warrants issued to them and that the circular letter of the Law Minister is void. The reliefs prayed for by the petitioner more or less are identical with the reliefs in Transferred Case No. 22 of 1981. The allegations made in the petition and in the counter affidavit will be dealt with in the course of the judgment as many of them are common to all these cases. Writ Petition No. 274 of 1981 is filed by Miss Lily Thomas, an advocate practising in the Supreme. Court of India under Article 32 of the Constitution. She has sought for a declaration that the transfer of Mr. Justice M.M. Ismail, Chief Justice of the High Court of Madras as the Chief Justice of the Kerala High Court is unconstitutional. She has also stated that the Union Govern­ ment had acted illegally in not appointing Mr. Justice Subramanian Poti, the seniormost Judge of the Kerala High Court as the Chief Justice of that Court in the vacancy created by the appointment of Mr. Justice Balakrishna Eradi, Chief Justice of the Kerala High Court, as a Judge of this Court. She has contended inter alia that Article 222 of the Constitution which provides for transfer of Judges does not apply to Chief Justice and that in any event Article 222 of the Constitution cannot be used to defeat the claim of the senior­ most Judge of a High Court to become the Chief Justice of that Court whenever a vacancy occurs in the office of the Chief Justice. She has pleaded that the transfer of Mr. Justice M. M. Ismail had not been made in the public interest and when such transfer is made without consent of the Judge concerned would be unconstitutional. On behalf of the Union of India it is pleaded that the transfer had been made in consultation with the Chief Justice of India in the public interest after taking into consideration all relevant matters. It is pleaded that Article 222 applies to Chief Justices also. Mr. Justice M.M. Ismail who has been impleaded as the res­ pondent No. 2 in this petition has filed an affidavit, the third para­ graph of which reads thus : "3. As soon as I was informed of the Notification of the President of India under Article 222 (1) of the Consti­ tution of India, transferring me as the Chief Justice of the High Court of Kerala, I decided (I) not to proceed to Kerala to take charge as the Chief Justice of the Hi~h Court 1220 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 s.c.R. of Kerala, (2) not to challenge the legality or the validity of the order of the President so transferring me in any Court of Law and (3) to proceed on leave preparatory to premature retirement by resigning my office. In view of this I. have nothing to submit to this Hon'ble Court in this Writ Peti· tion and I do not want anyone to litigate for or against me. In these circumstances, I have nothing to represent with_ reference to the questions of law raised in the Petition and I do not want anything about me to be argued or debated". I Mr: Justice M.M. Ismail has since resigned from his office. t ·i Transferred Case No. 2 of 1981 was originally ftled under Article 22~ of the Constitution in the High Court of Madras by Shri A. Rajappa, an advocate practising in Madras. He has prayed for a declaration that the orders of transfer passed by the Pre:sident on January 19, 1981 transferring Mr. Justice M.M Ismail, Chief Justice of the Madras High Court as the Chief Justice of the Kerala High Court and the transfer of Mr. Justice K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice of the Patna High Court as the Chief Justice of Madras High Court are void. , The principal grounds urged in the petition are that the transfers in question interfere with the independence of the judiciary, a transfer'without consent of a Judge is ultr.a vires under Article 222 of the Constitution and non-consultation with the Governor concerned ~mounts to violation of Article 217( I) of the Constitution which should precede the appointment of a Chief Justice. The transfer of a Judge who does not know Tamil language to the High Court of Madras would not be in the public interest. There is also a plea that the transfers suffer from malafides. Some or the pleas urged by Miss Lily Thomas in her petition are urged in this petition also. The Union of India has opposed the petition. It has relied on Article 222 of the Constitution in support of the impugned orders of transfer. It is stated that the transfers had been ordered in the public interest in consultation with the Chief Justice of India who is the only authority to be consulted under Article 22 2 and that the procedure prescribed under Article 217( I) of the Constitution need not be followed when a transfer is ordered under Article 222. The plea that the transfers have interfered with the independence of the judiciary is also denied. The allegation that the impugned orders had~been made malafide is also denied in the count1~r affidavit filed on \:>~half of th~ Union of India. -- }-- ·­' ... - s.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1221 Transferred Case No. 6 of 1981 was originally filed under Article 226 of the Constitution before the High Court of Madras by Shri P. Subramanian. The allegations and prayers made in this petition and the counter affidavit filed by the Union of India are substantially the same as those in transferred Case No. 2 of 1981 filed by Shri A. Rajappa. Transferred Case No. 24 of 1981 was originally filed in the High Court of Patna under Article 226 of the Constitution by two advocates Shri D.N. Pandey and Shri Thakur Ramapati Sinha ques· tioning the validity of the order of the transfer of Mr. Justice M.M. Ismail, Chief Justice of the Madras High Court, as the Chief Justice of the Kerala High Court and the order of transfer of Mr. Justice K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice of the Patna High Court as the Chief Justice of the Madras High Court. The allegations in this petition are substantially the same as those in Writ Petition No. 274 of 1981, in Transferred Case No. 2 of 1981 and in Transferred Case No. 6 of 1981. But during the pendency of this petition in this Court, Mr. Justice K.B.N. Singh who had been impleaded as a respondent was transposed as a petitioner by an order of this Court. There· after Mr. Justice K.B.N. Singh has filed an affidavit inter alia stating that his transfer was not in the public interest and that the transfer had been ordered on irrelevant and insufficient grounds. These allegations have been denied by the Union of India. It has stated in the coun­ ter affidavit filed in support of its;case that the transfer of Mr, Justice K.B.N. Singh had been made after full and effective consultation with the Chief Justice of India in the public interest keeping in view all relevant considerations. The Chief Justice of India has also filed a counter affidavit to which detailed reference will be made in due course stating inter a/ia that Mr. Justice K.B.N. Singh had been transferred keeping in view all relevant matters in the public interest and not on any ground touching his character and conduct as a Judge. India, that is Bharat, is a Union of States. It is not a federa­ tion of States like the United States of America. The word 'federa· tion' is not used in the Constitution of India. There is no dual citi· zenship in India as we find it in the United States of America. The Constitution of India contemplates only one citizenship, only one loyalty and only one sovereignty. The geographical area covered by the States and the Union. T~nitoric;~ IIl~rHiogel;I in the First 8 Schedule to the Constitution and such other areas that may be acquired constitute the territory of India which is an indivisible and indestructible whole though for administrative convenience is divi­ ded into.States and Union Territories. Parliament may by Jaw form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State; increase the area of any · State; diminish the area of any State; alter the boundaries of any State and alter the name of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State in accordance with Article 3 and Article 4 of the Constitution. The principle of unity contem­ plated 1 under the Constitution of India is much stronger than the principle underlying the Constitution of the United States of America. It is, therefore, necessary to remember and adopt it as our own rule of conduct what Washington wrote on June 8, 1783 in his message to the Governors of States in the United States of America. He wrote : i I 1: .. .). I' r 1 "There are four things which, I humbly conceive, are essential to the well being, I may even venture to say, to the existence of the United States, as an indepen­ dent power. Firstly, an indissoluble union of the States under one Federal head; secondly, a sacrc!d regard to public justice; thirdly, the adoption of a proper peace establishment; and fourthly, the prevalence of the pacific and friendly disposition among the people of the United States, which will induce them to forget their local prejudices and policies; to make those mutu­ al concessions, which are requisite to the general pros­ perity; and in some instances, to sacrific:e their indivi­ dual advantages to the interest of th1! community. These are the pillars on which the glorious fabric of our independence and national chara<:ter must be supported." (By courtesy : "The Constitution of India" .by N.R. ;.• Raghavachariar (1951) p. 17). \,, A constitution of a country is a living document and cannot, - H therefore, be interpreted in a narrow pedantic sense. A broad and · ,_, liberal spirit should inspire those who are called upon to interpret the Constitution. This does not mean that they are free to stretch ... t - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1223 or pervert the language of the Constitution. The broad purposes and the general scheme of every provision in the Constitution, its history, its objects and the result which it seeks to achieve should always be kept in view. Current usage and a priori reasoning should also be used as the tools of interpretation of the constitutional pro­ visions. The Constitution of India in order to ensure sound admi­ nistration has entrusted separate powers to different organs of the State, charging all of them with the joint responsibility of securing to all citizens of India, justice, social, economic and political, liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; equality of status and opportunity; and to promote among them all fraternity assur­ ing the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation. The said joint endeavour involves cooperation, mutual sympathy and understanding amongst all the organs. The Constitution demands that there should be mutual trust amongst and there should be no room for suspicion. Distrust and a feeling of suspicion on the part of any of the organs of the State towards any other organ is bound to result in a great national calamity. We have worked the Indian Constitution for more than thirty years. The Constitution has undergone many changes. At the end of three decades of experience one is bound to feel in the same way in which Thomas Jefferson felt about the Constitution of the United States of America in 1816. He wrote to Samuel Karcheval on July 12, 1816: "Some men look at constitutions with sanctimonious reverence, and deem them like the ark of the covenant too sacred to be touched. They ascribe to the men of the preceding age a wisdom more than human and suppose what they did to be beyond amendment. I knew that age well; I belonged to it, and laboured with it. It deserved well of its country. It was very like the present, and forty years of experience in govern­ ment is worth a century of book reading and this they would say themselves. were they to rise from the dead". We must while interpreting the Constitution realise that many of the difficulties that we may encounter now had not been foreseen by its makers. Application of constitutional provisions to actual facts of life therefore requires judicial states~~nship. The following worc!s " .. . • ... •. J I ' ·~ 1224 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 s.c.R. of Professor Frankfurter at Harvard University (who later became Justice Frankfurter) with reference to the American Constitution are equally· apposite to our· own : ., ''Every legal system for a living society, even when embodied in a written constitution must itself be alive. It is not merely the imprisonment of the past; it is also the unfolding of the future. Of all the means for ordering the political life of a nation, a federal system is the most complicated and subtle; it demands the most flexible and imaginative adjustments for harmo · nising national and local interests. The constitution is not a printed finality but a dynamic process; its application fo the actualities of Government is not a mechanical exercise, but a function of statecraft." Let us now turn to the actual issues involved in these cases. PART II I At the outset the question whether the petiltioners who are advocates can file these petitions for the reliefs mentioned therein under Article 226 or Article 32 of the Constitution has got to be considered. The contention is that members of the Har who are not personally affected by. the circular letter of the Law Minister, by the appointment of certain additional Judges for short-terms of three mon'ths, or six monrhs by the non-appointment of any of the addi­ tional Judges after the expiry of the tenure fixed under Article 224 (I) or by the non-appointment of sufficient number of Judges of the High Courts or by the transfer of some Judges have no locus standi to file these, petitions. It is contend_ed that neither qualitatively nor qua~iitatively these petitioners have sufficient interest to prosecute these petitions the result of which would not affect them either directly or even indirectly. i . ' The attitudes of the courts on the question of locus standi do not appear to be uniform. They vary from country to country, court to court and case to case. Sometimes the tests applied by courts also vary dep~nding upon the nature of the relief sought. In some cases courts liave 1 taken a very narrow view on this question holding that unless an applicant has either personal or fiduciary interest in the result of the ' it• - ' ' ~ 'f#" .. '.- - ,. s.P. GUPTA v. UNION {Venkataramiah, J.) t22S application, no relief can be granted on his application even though it may appear that the impugned action or omission of the admini­ strative authority concerned is not in accordance with law. The other extreme view is that the courts may in their discretion issue mandamus to an administrative authority at the instance of any member of the public. A close scrutiny of the authorities and texts cited before us shows that neither of the two extreme views is accepted as correct in majority of the cases. It is also seen that in many of them the courts have found some sort of special interest in the applicant which distinguishes him from the general public before granting the relief prayed for by him. A person who has a genuine grievance on account of an action which affects him prejudi­ cially is ordinarily considered to be eligible to move the Court. In England a member of public who has no personal interest in the performance of a public duty by an administrative authority may as it may be done in India under sections 91 and 92 of the Code-of Civil Procedure, 1908 in a limited _and qualified way instead of himself approaching the Court, move the Attorney-General to initiate action in courts for the benefit of the public. If the Attorney General is satisfied that action is called for in any given case, as the nominal plaintiff in a relator action "can obtain an injunction to prohibit either some breach of the criminal law or else some ultra vires act by a public authority, such as illegal .local government expenditure". H.W.R. Wade, Administrative Law, Fourth Edition, page 493. The learned author proceeds to observe : "A similar practice seems to be developing in actions brought by private plaintiffs despite the 'fundamental rule that the Court will only grant an injunction at the suit of a private individual to support a legal right'. This, if it continues, may turn the injunction into a more general remedy of public law. Another consequence will be that there will be problems of standing, since a plaintiff without a personal legal right may be required to show that he has a sufficient interest to maintain the action." If the Attorney-General declines to give his consent to a relator action the Court cannot question his exercise of discretion. " D ' . .. 1226 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ l 9S2l 2 s.c.tt. This was firmly settled by the House of Lords in Gouriet v. Union of Post Office Workers(1) reversing a bold decision rendered by Lord Denning in the Court of Appeal in Gouriet v. Union of Post Office Workers and Ors.(2) in which he had observed at page 719 thus: " ... When the Attorney-General comes, as he does here and tells us that he has a prerogative by which he alone is the one who can say whether the criminal law should be enforced in these courts or not then I say he has no such prerogative. He has no prerogative to suspend or dispense with the laws of England. If he does not give his consent, then any citizen of the land any one of the public at large who is adversely affected can come to this court and ask that the law be enforced. . Let no one say that in this we are prejudiced. We have but one prejudice. That is to uphold the law. And that we will do, whatever, befall. Nothing shall deter us from doing our duty". After his decision was reversed by the House of Lords, Lord · Denning in bis book entitled 'The Discipline of Law' at Page 144 wrote thus: "In administrative law the question of locus standi is the most vexed question of all. I must confess that ~henever an ordinary citizen comes to the Court of Appeal and complains that this or that government department or this or that local authority or this or that trade union is abusing or misusing its power. I always like to hear what he has to say. For I remember what Mr. T.P. Curran of the Middle Temple said in the year 1790 : " 'It is ever the fate of the indolent to find their rights become a prey to the active. The condition upon which God hath given liberty to man is eternal vigila11ce'. The G ordinary citizen who comes to the Court in this way is usually the vigilant one. Sometimes he is a mere busy body interfering with things which do not concern him. Then let him be turned down. But when he has a point which affects the rights and liberties of all the citizens, then I _ .... " - H . r--~ (I) [1978] AC 435: (2) ' [1977] 1 All ER 696. '; \ S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Ven/cataramiah, J.) would hope that he would be heard : for there is no other N- person or body to whom he can "appeal. But I am afraid that not everyone agrees with me." The House of Lords having ruled in the Gouriet's case (supra) the Court's jurisdiction in England appears to have been con­ fined to declaring contested legal rights subsisting or future, of the parties and of them only when the Attorney-General does not intervene. Th is is a step which the House of Lords appears to have taken with a view to stalling a new trend in public interest litigation which had been set by Blackburn v. Attorney-General(1)and Attorney­ General ex rel. Mc Whirter v. Independent Broadcasting Authority. (2) After the decision of the House of Lords in Gouriet' s case (supra) it is noteworthy that order 53 was introduced into the Rules of the Supreme Court in England in the year 1977. The relevant part of Order 53 which took effect on January 11, 1978, some six months after the decision in Gouriet's case reads : "I. (1) An application for-(a) an order of mandamus, prohibition or certiorari .. shall be made by way of an application for judicial review in accordance with the provisions of this Order. (2) An application for a declaration or an injunction (not being an injunction mentioned in paragraph (I) (b) may be made by way of an application for judicial review, and on such an application the Court may grant the declaration or injunction claimed if it considers that, having regard to-(a) the nature of the matters in respect of which relief may be granted by way of an ·order of mandamus, prohibition or certiorari, (b) the nature of th~ persons and bodies against whom relief may be granted by· way of such an order, and (c) all the circumstances of the case, it would be just and convenient for the de'clarati on or injunction to be granted on an application for judicial review. (1) [1971] 1 WLR 1037. (2) [1973] QB 629. 8' sui>iiii.iil cobb li!PoRTs ( t 98iJ 2 s.c.a. A 2. On an applicatio11 for judicial review any relief men- E· 'I '• tioned in rule 1 ( 1) or (2) may be claimed as an alter­ native or in addition to any other relief so mentioned if it arises out of or relates to or is conD1ected with the same matter. 3. (I) No application for judicial review shall be made unless the leave of the Court has b<1en obtained in accordance with this rule. (2) An application for leave must be made ex parte to a Divisional Court of the Queen's Bench Division. (3) ................................................................. . (4) ................................................................. . (5) The Court shall not grant leave unl,ess it considers that the applicant has a sufficient interest in the matter to which the application relaltes ........ .. " It appears that Order 53 was designed to stop technical procedural arguments of· many types which had marred the true administration of justice, and to provide a machinery to determine at the preliminary stage of the granting of leave to prosecute an application. for judicial review, whether the applicant has a sufficient interest in the matter to which the application relates. The phrase 'sufficient interest' whiCh, it is stated, owed its origin to an interlocu­ tory observation made by the Court in R. v. Cotham(1) and to its use by Avory,' J. in his judgment iri Ex parte Stott( 2) embraced all kinds· of phrases 'a party', 'a person aggrieved',. 'a person with a particular grievance' etc. used in various cases where the locus standi of the applicaut concerned was questioned. After the aforesaid Order 53 came into force the application out of which the case Inland Revenue Commissioners v. National Federation of Self­ Employed and Smail Businesses Ltd.,(3) decided on April 9, 1981 by the House of Lords arose was instituted before the Queen's Bench. The facts of the case were these : There was a long standing H (1) (1898] 1 QB 802 at 804. (2) [1916] I KB 7 at 9. (3) [1981] 2 All. ER 93, ) f . S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1229 practice in Fleet Street 'for casual employees on national news­ papers to receive their wages without deduction of tax and to supply fictitious names and addresses when draw:ng their pay in order to avoid tax. Their true identities were known only to their unions which operated a closed shop and controlled all casual employment on the newspapers. In order to prevent the evasion of tax by the casual employees, the Revenue made a special arrangement with the employers, the employees and the unions whereby the employees were required to register with the Revenue and submit tax returns for the previous two years (1977-78 and 1978-79 in return for an undertaking by the Revenue that they would not inve~tigate tax evaded prior to 1977. The applicant, a federation of self-employed persons and sm 'b' II businessmen which claimed to represent a body of taxpayers, applied for judicial review under RSC Order 53 seeking (i) a declaration that the Revenue had acted unlawfully in making the arrangement and (ii) an order of mandamus directing the Revenue to assess and collect tax on the newspaper employees as required by law. The Revenue opposed the application on the ground tbat the applicant did not have 'a sufficient interest in the matter' relating to the application, as required by Order 53, rule 3 (5) for the Court to grant it the necessary leave to apply for judicial review. The Divisional Court upheld that contention and refused the applicant leave. The applicant appealed to the Court of Appeal which held that, a11 a preliminary issue and on the assumption that the Revenue had acted unlawfully, lhe applicant was not a mere busybody but had a genuine grievance and therefore had a sufficient interest for the purpose of rule 3 (5). The Revenue appealed contending that the duties imposed on them by the tax legislation, including in particular the duty of confidentiality as between the Revenue and each individual taxpayer, precluded the possibility of any other taxpayer or group of taxpayers from having any 'sufficient interest' in the performance by the Revenue of their statutory duties. The House of Lords held inter alia that whether an applicant for mandamus had a sufficient interest in the matter to which the application related, for the purposes of Order 53, rule 3 (5) depended on whether the definition (statutory or otherwise) of the duty alleged to have been breached or not performed expressly or impliedly gave the applicant the right to complain of the breach or non-performance. Since the tax legislation, far from expressly or impliedly conferring on a taxpayer the right to make proposals about another's tax or to inquire about such tax, in fact 0 1230 StJPAE.MB COURT AEl.>Oil.i'S (1~821 2 s.c.il.. indicated the reverse by reason of the total confidentiality of assess­ ments and negotiations between individuals and the Revenue, and since on the evidence the Revenue in making the impugned arrange­ ment were ge·nuinely acting in the care and management of taxes under the powers entrusted to them, the application made by the applicant should be .Jismissed beacuse the applicant did not have a sufficient interest for the purposes of rule 3 (5), or (per Lord Diplock) because it had not been shown that the Revenue had acted ultra vires or unlawfully in making the arrangement. Lord Wilberforce added that as a matter of general principle a taxpayer had no sufficient interest in asking the Court to investigate the tax arrears of another taxpayer or to complain that the latter had been underassessed or overassessed; indeed there was a strong public interest that be should not. Accordingly the appeal was allowed and the original application was dismissed. In Canada, however, the rule has been that the principle requiring personal standing 'applies to legislation of a rei:ulatory character which affects particular persons or classes but where no particular persons or classes are affected more than others,. where the issue is justiciable and where the nature of the case is suitable the Court may grant declaratory relief to any citizen at its d iscre· tion as can be seen from the decision oi the Supreme Court of Canada in Thorson v. Attorney·General of Canada (No. 2)(1). Dealing with the right of a taxpayer to dispute the constitutional validity of the Official Languages Act in Canada, Laskin, J. observed in that case thus : "It is not the alleged waste of public funds alone that will support standing but rather the right of the citi­ zenry to constitutional be baviour by Parliament, where the issue in such behaviour is justiciable legal question." In Australia the prevailing view appears to be that in matters affecting public generally in order to maintain a petition for the issue of a direction to an administrative authority to act according to law 'while something less an enforceable right would be sufficient, there nevertheless must be some special right in the prosecutor, over and above those held by the public at large or by all members of a (1) [1974] 43 DLR (3d) 1. ) .. _ '· S.11. OUl>TA v. UNION (Yenkataramiah, J.) 12~1 particular class to which he belongs' (vide W. Friedmann: 'Principles of Australian Administrative Law, (Second Edition) page 180). The question of locus standi of a petitioner µnder Article 226 of the Constitution was considered by this Court in Godde Venkateswara Rao v. Government of Andhra Pradesh & Ors.(1) The facts necessary for appreciating the point decided in that case and the decision of this Court on the locus standi of the petitioner there· in can be seen from the following passage occurring at page 181: "Has the appellant a right to file the petition out of which the present appeal has arisen ? The appellant is the President of the Panchayat Samithi of Dharamji­ gudem. The villagers of Dharamajigudem formed a committee with the appellant as President for the pur­ pose of collecting contributions from the villagers for setting up the Primary Health Centre. The said com­ mittee collected Rs, 10,000/- and deposited the same with the Block Development Officer. The appellant represented the village in all its dealings with the Block Development Committee and the Panchayat Samithi in the matter of the location of the Primary Health Centre at Dharamajigudem. His conduct, the acquies­ cence on the part of the other members of the Com­ mittee and the treatment meted out to him by the authorities concerned support the inference that he was authorized to act on behalf of the committee. The appellant was, therefore, a representative of the com· mittee which was in law the trustee of the amounts collected by it from the villagers for a public purpose. We have, therefore, no hesitation to hold that the appellant had the right to maintain the application under Art. 226 of the Constitution. This Court held in the decision cited supra that "ordinarily" the peti· tioner who seeks to file an application under Art. 226 of the Constitution should be one who has a personal or individual right in the subject-matter of the peti· tion. A personal right need not be in respect of a proprietary interest : it can also relate to an interest of a trustee. That apart, in exceptional cases, as the (1) [1966) 2 S.C.R.. 172. 1232 ii 982! 2 s.c.a. expression "ordinarily" indicates, a person who has been prejudicially affected by an act or omission of an authority can file a writ even though he has no proprie­ tary or even fiduciary interest in the subject-matter · ~hereof. The appellant has certainly been prc:judiced by the said order. The petition under Art. 226 of the Constitution at his instance, therefore, is maintainable." (emphasis added) In Adi Pherozshah Gandhi v. H.M. Seervai Advocate General of Maharashtra, Bombay,(1) the expression 'person aggrieved' found in section 37 of the Advocates Act, 1961 was considered by this Court. The appellant in that case was an advocate of Maharashtra. He was convicted by a Summary Court in London on a charge of pilfering from a Departmental Store and was sentenced to pay a fine. The State Bar Council called upon him suo motu to show cause why lie should not be held guilty of misconduct. He sub­ mitted his explanation and the Disciplinary Committee of the Bar Council was satisfied that there was no reason for holding him guilty of professional misconduct. The Advocate-General of the State who has sent a notice· of the proceedings as required by section 35(2) of the Advocates Act, 1961, :and had appeared before the Disciplinary Committee, filed an appeal to the Bar Council of India under section 37 of that Act, under which, any person aggrieved by an order of the Disciplinary Committet: of the State Bar Council made under section 35 of that Act, could prefer an appeal to the Bar Council of India. The appellant objec:ted that the Advocate General had no locus standi to file the appeal. The objection was overruled by the Disciplinary Committee of the Bar Council of India and the appellant was found guilty of professional misconduct. After examining the decision of the Privy Council in Attorney-General of the Gambia v. Pierre, Sarr N'Jie (2) and other decisions cited before it, this Court held that the Advocate-General of Maharashtra could not be treated as a"person aggrievt:d' who was entitled to file an appeal under section 3 7 of the Advocates Act. The entire decision was based on the construction of the provisions (as they stood then) of the statute concerned, as it appeared to the Bench which decided the case. It may be noted that section 37 of (I) [1971] 1 SCR 863. (2) [1961JA.C. 617. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1233 the Advocates Act has since been amended authorising the Advocate General of a State expressly to file an appeal. In Bar Council of Maharashtra v. M. V. Dabholkar etc. etc.,(1) the interpretation of the words 'person aggrieved' in the Advocates Act, 1961, again came up for consideration by this Court. In that case the right of the State Bar Council to file an appeal against the decision of the Bar Coun­ cil of India before this Court was challenged on the ground that it was not an aggrieved party. That contention was negatived by Ray, C.J. by giving a liberal interpretation to the words 'person aggrieved' with the following obse~vation at page 315: "The words "person aggrieve~" are found in several statutes. The meaning of th~ words "person aggrie­ ved" will have to be ascertained with reference to the purpose and the provisions of the statute. Sometimes, it is said that the words "person aggrieved" correspond to the requirement of locus "stanrli which arises in rela­ tion to judicial remedies.· Where a right of appeal to Courts against an ad­ ministrative or judicial decision is created by statute, the right is invariably confined to a person aggrieved or a person who claims to be aggrieved. The meaning of the words "a person aggrieved" may vary according to the context of the statute. One of the meanings is that a person will be held to be aggrieved by a decision if that decision is materially adverse to him. Normally, one is required to establish that one has been denied or deprived of something to which one is legally entitled in order to make one "a person aggrieved". Again a person is aggrived if a legal burden is imposed on him. The meaning of the words "a person aggrieved" is sometimes given a restricted meaning in certain statutes which provide remedies for the protection of private legal rights. The restricted meaning requires denial or depre­ vation of legal rights, A more liberal approach is required in the background of statutes which do not deal with property rights but deal with professional (I) [1976] 1 SCR~306. 1234 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [I 982'1 2 s.c.il. conduct and morality. The role of the Bar Council under the Advocates Act is comparable to the role of a guardian in professional ethics. The words "person aggrieved" in sections 3 7 and 38 of the Act are of wide import and should not be subjected to a restricted interpretation of possession or denial of legal rights or burdens or financial interests. The test is whether the words "person aggrieved" include "a person who has a genuine grievance because an order has been made which prejudicially affects his interests" .. It has, there­ fore, to be found out whether the Bar Council has a grievance in respect of an order or decision affecting the professional co;iduct and etiquette. The pre-eminent question is : what are the inte­ rests of the Bar Council ? The interests of the Bar Council are the maintenance of standards of profes­ sional conduct and etiquette. The Bar Council has no personal or pecuniary interest. The Bar Council has the statutory duty and interest to see that the rules laid down by the Bar Council of India in relation to professional conduct and etiquette are upheld and not violated. The Bar Council act as the sentinel of pro­ fessional code of conduct and is vitally inti:rested in the rights and privileges of the advocates as well as the purity and dignity of the profession. The interest of the Bar Council is to uphold stan­ dards of professional conduct and etiqu1~tte in the profession, which is founded upon integrity and mutu­ al trust. The Bar Council acts as the custodian of the high traditions of the noble profession. The grie­ vance of the Bar Council is to be looked at purely from the point of view of standards of pirofessional conduct and etiquette. If any decision of the disci­ plinary committee of the Bar Council of India is accor­ 'ding to the State Bar Council such as will lower the standards and imperil the high traditions and values in profession, the State Bar Council is an aggrieved person to safeguard the interests of the public, the: interests of the profession a11d the i11terests of the :(3ar,'' - -- S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1235 The above two decisions are in cases in which writs in the nature of certiorari were sought. This Court has however in cases in which writs in the nature of habeas corpus or of quo warranto are prayed for relaxed the rule that ordinarily an applicant under Art. 226 should show that some personal right or fiduciary interest is prejudiced by the action or inaction of the authority concerned. In Jasbhai Motibhai Desai v. Roshan Kumar, Haji Bashir Ahmed & Ors.(1) this Court observed that "while a Procrustean approach should be avoided, as a rule the Court should not inter­ fere at the instance of a 'stranger' unless there are exceptional cir- 8 cumstances involving a grave. miscarriage of justice having an ad- C verse impact on public interests". In Fertilizer Corporation Kamgar Union (Regd.) Sindri & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors.,(2) the right of workers in a factory owned by Government to question the validity of a disposal of plant and equipment of the factory by the management was disputed. On that D question Chaudrachud, C.J. observed : "That disposes of the question as regards the main­ tainability of the writ petition. But, we feel concern­ ed to point out that the maintainability of a writ peti­ tion which is correlated to the existence and violalion of a fundamental right is not always to be confused with the locus to bring a proceeding (;under Article 32. These two matters often mingle and coalesce with the result that it becomes difficult to consider them in water tight compartments The question whether a person has the locus to file a proceeding depends most­ ly and often on whether he possesses a legal right and that right is violated. But, in an appropriate case, it may become necessary in the changing awareness of legal rights and social obligations to take a broader view of the question of locus to initiate a proceeding, be it under Article 226 or under Article 32 of the Cons­ titution. If public property is dissipated, it would require a strong argument to convince the Court that representative segments of the pub!i<; or at least a se<;- (1) [1976] 3 SCR 58. (2) [1981] 2 SCR 52 at pp. 65-66, 1236 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 s.c.li tion of the public which is directly interested and affected would have no right to complain of the infrac­ tion of public duties and obligations. Public enter­ prises are owned by the people and those who run them are accountable to the people. The account­ ability of the public sector to the Parliament is im:ffec­ tive because the parliamentary control of public enter­ prises is "diffuse and haphazard". We are not too sure if we would have refused relief to the work<!rs if we had found that the sale was unjust, unfair or mala fide." In the same case Krishana Iyer, J. after an elaborate dis­ cussion of the principle of 'locus standi' observed at page 76-77 thus: "In the present case a worker, who, clearly, has an interest in the industry, brings this action regarding an alleged wrong-doing by the Board of Management. Article 43A of the Constitution confers, in prindple, partnership status to workers in industry and we can­ not, therefore, be deterred by technical considerations of corporate personality to keep out thoie wlio seek to remedy wrongs committed in the management of pub­ lic sector. Locus standi and justiciability are different issues, as I have earlier pointed out .... I , If a citizen is no more than a wayfarer or officious iptervener without any inter.est or concern beyond what belongs to any one of the 660 million people of this country, the door of the court will not be ajar for him. But if he belongs to an organisation which has special i~terest in the subject matter, if he has some concern deeper than that of a busybody, he cannot be told off at the gates, although whether the issue raised by him i~ justiciable may still remain to be considered. I, therefore, take the view that the present petition would clearly have been permissible under Article 226." In Municipal Council, Rat/am v. Shri Vardhichand & Ors.,(1) Krishna Iyer, J. upheld the right of the people who were reside.nts (1) [1981~ 1 s. <;::.}l. 97 at pp. 99-1()0. .. . .. > - - . '--.,...__ .. ... - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1237 'or Ratlam town ·to institute a case against its Municipal Council ·ventilating a public grievance thus : "It is procedural rules', as this appeal proves, which infuse life into substantive rights, which activate them: to make them effective'. Here before us, is what looks like a pedestrian quasi-criminal litigation under s. 133 Cr. P.C., where the Ratlam Municipality the appeJlant challenges the sense and soundness of the High Court's affirmation of the trial ·court's order directing the construction of drainage facilities and the like, which has spiralled up to this Court. The truth is that a few profound issues of processual jurisprudence of great strategic significance to our legal system face us and must zero-in on them as they involve problems of access to justice for the people beyond the blinkered rules of 'standing' of British Indian vintage. If the centre of gravity of justice is to shift, as the Preamble to the Constitution aodates , from the traditional individualism of locus standi to the community orien­ tation of public interest litigation , these issues must be considered. In that sense, the case before us bet­ ween the Ratlam Municipality and the citizens of a ward. is a path-finder in the field of people's involve­ ment in the justicing process, same which as Prof. Sikes points out the system may 'crumble under the . burden of its own insensitivity'. The key question we have to answer is whether by affirinative action a court can compel a statutory body to carry out its duty to the community by constructing sanitation facilities at , great cost and on a time-bound basis. At issue is the coming of age of that branch of public law bearing on community actions and the court's power to force public bodies under public duties to implement specific plans in response to public grievances." All these Transferred Petitions were filed initially by advocates under Article 226 of the Constitution before one or the other High Court. The Writ Petition however is filed by an advocate under R Article 32 of the Constitution before this Court. The petitioners belong to different High Court B~m .\ll~ha~<\d 1 !Jombay, Madras F. 1238 SUPREME COURT REPORTS !1982) 2 s.c.1\. Patna and Delhi-and to the Supreme Court Bar. One ltflportant prayer made by them is that the Government should be directed to appoint sufficient number of permanent Judges in every High Coutt. The other points urged by them are that additional Judges should not be . appointed for short terms like three months Ot six months, that Judges should not be transferred from one High Court to another without their consent and that the circular letter of the Law Ministry should be quashed . Their principal submission is that appo· intment of additional Judges for short terms and their transfer with­ out their consent would interfere with the independence of the judi­ ciary and would violate the directive principle of State policy contai­ ned in·Article 50 of the Constitution which requires the State to take steps to separate the judiciary . from th@ executive in the public services of the State. Whatever may be the position with regard to the other prayers made in these petitions, it is difficult to hold that on the first two questions the petitioners can be held to be having no 'standing' to file the petitions. It is no doubt true that the power to fix: the number of permanent Judges to be appointed in each High Court is within the discretion of the President. But that power is coupled with a duty which the President owes to the public in general and to the lawyers and litigants in particular. If at any given point of time it is found that the number of Judges in a High Court is absolutely inadequate to meet its requirements, the members of the Bar who are vitally interested in the administration of justice can file a petition before the High Court to compel the Government to review the strength of the permanent Judges of that Court and to appoint adequate number of Judges. The members of the Bar are not called officers of courts only to impose obligations on them. They have certain rights too. It is significant that Article 124 (3} (b), Article 217 (2) (b) and Article 233 (2} of the Constitution specifically state that the legal profession is a sourr.e of recruitment of Judges of the Supreme Court, High Courts and District Courts. Entries 77 and 78 of List I of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitu­ tion , specifically refer to persons entitled to prac;tice before the Supreme Court and the High Courts . Section 29 of the Advocates Act, 1961, provides that only one class of persons. can practise the .profession of law, namely, advocates. Members of the Bar have a vital stake in the functioning of the judiciary . Members of the .Bar and . even litigants whose cases have remained undisposed for a long number of years on account of the Government not appointing sufficient number of Judges ~can therefore file a p€:tition demanding ap~~int~ent of ~uffi9i~nnnumber of perm.anent Jud~es !Q High > - )-- '- S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1239 Courts. The power under Article 216 of the Constitution is an administrative power which can be regulated in an appropriate way by the courts like any other administrative power. It is not a matter of policy simpliciter. The question of appointment of sufficient number of additional Judges under Article 224 (I) of the Constitu­ tion for the required period having regard to the arrears or the quantum of business in a High Court can also be agitated by lawyers and litigants. It is true that the Court should not ordinarily issue a mandamus in such cases unless it is satisfied that there has been a gross deriliction of duty on the part of the Government. That how­ ever is a point to be comidered before granting or refusing to grant the relief. But it cannot in any event be said that a petition filed by lawyers for the above sald reliefs is liable to be dismissed at the threshold merely on the ground of locus standi. The petitioners satisfy all the tests which are laid down in the decisions referred to above to maintain the petitions on the two questions referred to above. During the pendency of these petitions, two further circum­ stances have come into existence. Mr. S.N. Kumar who was an additional Judge of the Delhi High Court when the petition of Shri V.M. Tarkunde was filed in the High Court has ceased to be an additional Judge as his term was not extended beyond June 6, 1981. He has, though as a respondent, by filing necessary pleadings questioned the action of the Government in not extending his term and also the validity of the circular letter of the Law Minister. In the case relating to the transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh, Chief Justice of Patna High Court as Chief Justice of Madras High Court, he has been permitted to be transposed as the petitioner. He has filed an additional affidavit challenging the order of transfer. In view of these new circumstances much of the sting in the objectioP to the locus standi of the original petitioners to file the petitions is lost. It must also be stated that the learned Attorney--General also stated at the commencement of the hearing of these cases that he would not press his objection relating to the locus standi of the petitioners having regard to the magnitude and the importance of ths constitu­ tional questions involved m the cases. But Shri P.R. Mridul, learned counsel appearing for the Law Minister, however, contends that the lawyers either as a class or individually cannot be permitted to file petitions for the issue of any direction to the Government concerning the appointment or ff transfer of Judges. He has depended upon the writings of L.A. Stein, S.M. Thio, Joel Grossman all<l ~ic!iard S. Wells and Louis L. Jalfo .118 ·.F . 1240 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1'982) 2 S.C.k . . and a number of decisions in support of his submission. He has . quoted copiously from 'Judicial Protection Against The~ Executive' \ published by the Max Planck Institute. Shri Mridui argues that .an applicant must show that he has a legal or some special interest ,which is sufficient in law to move the Court and that th1e duty which , is sought to be enforced is owed to him. I have carefully considered . his submission. The conclusion reached by S.M. Thio in his essay .. entitled' ~Locus Standi in Relation to Mandamus' at page 133 in Public Law, edited by J.A.G. Griffith on which Shri Mridul has relied is of significance. It runs thus : ,. ' .. "It may be seen from the abo"ve analysis of the cases that the uncertainty surrounding the locus standi of an i applicant for mandamus is largely attributable to the ·.; variety of formulae employed by the courts to describe · the nature of the interest required to support an appli­ cation for mandamus, some of which are conflicting ·: and others ambiguous. The employment of the tradi­ , tional syntax or a "legal right" to describe the requisite .· i interest coupled with the assertion that a mandamus ·, , applicant must show that the duty is owed to him ' personally has established two particular poinlts. On the one hand a strict rule limiting standing to a pe:rson who r has a litigable right within the categories of private law. On the other hand, the courts hav,e, in the absence of such a litigable right, accorded standing to : · a person who made out a "special intere!1t" in the 'r performance of the duty sought to be enforced. The courts, in some of these cases, paid lip-service to the "legal right" test, but obviously using the term to · • connote any interest judicially recognised as worthy '" ! of protection rather than a right the invasion of which gives rise to civil actionability. They have, in the other cases. directly held it sufficient for a mandamus appli­ cant to establish a "special interest" in order to have · locus standi. As has been seen, the various judicial pronouncements requiring an applicant to show that the duty the performance of which is sou1ght to be . , secured is one owed to him personally may be discoun­ ted since they were designed to bring out the point . ~ that where the repository of the duty was a crown , ! ~ervant 1 itJ\was Jmperative for the applicant to show I t .. s.P. OUl>TA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) d4i that the duty was not one owed to the Crown. but that it was imposed on the Crown servant as persons designate and hence amenable to mandamus. On balance, the weight of authorities favour the more liberal "special interest" test under which the courts have accorded standing to persons who have a direct and substantial interest at stake. This is necessarily a matter of judicial discretion. However, the preponde­ rance of cases reveal that : (I) Where the duty sought to be enforced is imposed on a Bl public official or a public body for the benefit of a C specific class of persons, persons within the class are competent to apply for mandamus without further ado. Persons outside the class may have locus standi if they have a special interest in its performance i.e. an interest over and above that of the general public. (2) Where the duty sought to be secured is a general one and is not specifically imposed for the benefit of a• particular class of persons, the mandamus applicant must satisfy the "special interest" test. Where the failure to perform the duty has a de facto adverse effect on a class of persons over and beyond that sustained by the general public, any member of that class is competent to apply for mandamus without showing that he is more prejudiced than other members of the class. However, where the non.performance of the duty theoretically affects a class of persons more than the general public, but in actuality has only de facto effect on some members of the class, the mandamus applicant will probably have to show that his interest is more substantial than that of the interest group to which he belongs". Shri Mridul however fairly concedes that litigations of class character or public interest litigations (which may be called public injury cases) are an essential feature of modern civilised jurispru­ dence and there is no gainsaying the fact that in these cases of public wrongs and public injury a liberal approach is adopted by the courts to reach all forms of injustice particularly where prisoners, lunatics, G' 1242 SUPREME COUllT REPOllTS (1982] 2 S.C.ll. A minors and other ~eaker sections of people who cannot have access to court owing to their helplessness are involved. In support of this statement, he has brought to our notice the decision of' this Court in Mumbai Kamgar Sabha, Bombay v. M/s. Abdulbhai Faizullabhai and Ors(1) in which Krishna Iyer, J. has observed thus: B ~ ff "Fairness to respondent's counsel constrains us to ·consider in limine a flawsome plea forcibly urged that the Union figured as the appellant before us but being no party to the dispute (which was between the workers on the one hand and the establishments on the other) had no locus standi. No right of the Union qua Union was involved and the real disputants were the workers. Surely, there is terminological lapse in the ca.use-title because, in fact, the aggrieved appellants are the workers collectively, not the Union. But a bare reading o.f the petition the description of parties, the grounds urged and grievences aired, leave us in no doubt that · the battle is between the workers and employers and the Union represents, as a collective noun, as it were, · the numerous humans whose presence is indubitable in the contest, though formally invisible on the party array. The substance of the matter is obvious and formal defects, in such circumstances, fade away. We are not dealing with a civil litigation governed by the Civil Procedure Code but with an industrial dispute . where the process of conflict resolution is informal, rough-and-ready and invites a liberal approach. Proce· ' dural prescriptions are handmaids, not mistresses of justice and failure of fair play is the spirit in which Courts must view .processual deviances. Our adjectival branch of jurisprudence, by and large, deals not with .. sophisticated litigants but the rural poor, the urban lay and the weaker societal segments for whom law will be an added terror if technical misdiscriptions and defici­ encies in drafting pleadings and setting out the cause­ title create a secret weapon to non-suit a party. Where foul play is absent, and fairness is not faulted, latitude , ' is a grace of processual justice. Test litigations, (ll (1976] 3 SCR 591, 596-97. ' .. S.f>. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataratnlah, J.) 1243 representative actions, pro bono publico and like broadened forms of legal proceedings are in keeping with the current accent on justice to the common man and a necessary disincentive to those who wish to by­ pass the real issues on the merits by suspect reliance on peripheral procedural short-comings. Even Art. 226, viewed in wider perspective, may be amenable to ventilation of collective or common grievances, as distinguished from assertion of individual rights, although the traditional view, backed by precedents,· has opted for the narrower alternative. Public interest is promoted by a specious contruction of locus standi in our socio-economic circumstances and conceptual latitudinarianism permits taking liberties with indivi­ dualisation of the right to invoke the higher courts where the remedy is shared by a considerable number, particularly when they are weaker. Less litigation, consistent with fair process, is the aim of adjectival Jaw. Therefore, the decisions cited before us founded on the jurisdiction under Art. 226 are inept and them­ selves somewhat out of tune with the modern require­ ments o~ jurisprudence calculated to benefit the comm­ unity". Yet the contention of Shri Mridul is that even though the lawyers constitute a special group who can' be said to be concerned with the administration of justice in the sence of having a pro­ fessional interest in connection therewith, that by itself is not suffi·. cient for holding that they can file the petitions in respect of the reliefs prayed for by them which concern only the Judges and not the lawyers. He strongly pressed before us the view expressed by this Court in the State of Gujarat & Anr. v, Shri Ambica Mills Ltd., Ahmedabad etc.(1 ) I tl.nd that the said decision has not much rele­ vance on the question before us and it is not necessary to deal with it at length. It is also difficult to hold that the recongnition of the 'standing' of the lawyers to file these petitions would in any way interfere with the doctrine of separation of powers since it is not the case of (I) (1974] 3 SCR 760. A, D' 1i44, SUPREME Cot.lilt REPORTS iI982J 2 s.c.t. Shri )ldridul that a person who has indisputably the right to file these petitio11s cannot in law raise the questions urged before us in these cases. If the issues are non-justiciable, the petitions may have to be dismissed on the ground that the impugned administrative action is beyond judicial review but this has no bearing on the question of 'locus standi' of the petitioners, who are lawyers. Lawyers are entitled to approach the Court to direct the Governmcmt to appoint sufficient number of permanent Judges and to appoint sudicient number of additional Judges for the maximum period of two years having regard to the arrears and the business of the Court. They may also legitimately agitate that additional Judges should not be appointed when permanent vacancies have remained unfilled for no good reason. rt has, however, to be made clear that it cannot be said that lawyers only because they have a right to practice in a court have 'locus standi' to file petitions in respect of every matter concerning judges, courts and administration of justice. There ari~ many such matters in which they have no 'locus standi' to ask for relief. By way of illustration, lawyers cannot question the establishment of a new court on the ground that their professional prospects would be affected thereby. (See V.R. Mudvedkar & Ors. v. The State of Mysore.(1) Even in these cases on the question of non-appointment of Mr·. S.N. Kumar and on the question of transfer of Mr. K.B.N. Singh, the lawyer-petitioners may have no voice. But for the active participation of these two persons, the petitions regarding reliefs concerning them individually would have probably become liable to be dismissed on the ground that the lawyers have no 'locus standi' to make these prayers. But, since as already stated, Mr. S.N. Kumar and Mr. K.B.N. Singh have requested the Court to consider and if thought fit to grant relief in their favour and the learned Attorney-General has fairly stated that he would not raise the objection that the peti: tioners have no locus standi in view of the importance of the ques· tions debated in these cases, we hold that the petitions cannot be rejected merely on the ground that the petitioners who are lawyers have no locus standi to file these petitions. Before leaving this topic, it has to be observed that the question of locus standi in the field of administrative law is still in a fluid state and it is not possible (1) AIR 1971Mysore202 •. - - \ S.i>. GUPTA v. UNION tflenkataramiah, J.) 1245. to lay down in any one case the principles which can govern all situations. ~ART III The Court cannot also decline to go into the questions agitated in these petitions on the ground that they are political questions or questions within the exclusive domain of executive discretion. The doctrine of political question which was holding the field long time back in the United States of America has now been exploded. It had been assumed for sometime that the courts would not adjudi· cate claims to power by the legislative and executive branches because they presented 'political' and therefore non-justiciable ques­ tions. This claim was based on the principle of separation of powers recognised by the Constitution of the United States of America. Alexis de Tocqueville was one of the earliest writers who challenged in the year 183 5 itself the correctness of the doctrine of political question. He said in his book entitled 'Democracy in America' (published by Oxford University Press in 1961, p. 82) thus: "But the American Judge is brought into the political arena independently of his own will. He only judges the law because he is obliged to judge ·a case. The political question which he is called upon to resolve is connected with the interest of the suitors, and he cannot refuse to decide it without abdicating the duties of his post". It should, however, be borne in mind that separation of powers does not mean a rigid analytical division. It is a general guiding principle. As Woodrow Wilson put it in 1908: " ........ government is not a machine but a living thing ...... No living thing can have _its organs offset against each other as checks, and live. On the con­ trary, its life is dependent upon theit quick co-opera­ tion, their ready response to the commands of instinct or intelligence, their amicable community of pur­ ppse ....... Their cooperation is indispensible, their warfare fatal". F. 1246 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 S.C.R. (Wilson: 'Constitutional Government in the United States' 56 (1908). Each one of the organs of the State-the legislature, the execu­ tive and the judiciary-has to discharge iis legitimate duties having sound administration as the common goal. The doctrine of political question was examined in the year 1962 by the Supreme Court of the United States of America in Baker v. Carr.(1) That was a civil action in which the complaint was that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated had been denied equal protection of the laws accorded them by the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America by virtue of debasement of their votes by reason of unconstitutional . division of their electoral area situated in the State of Tennessee. The District Court dismissed their claim on two grounds namely, lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter and that the action was a non-justiciable one. The Supreme Court of the United States of. America reversed the judgment of the court below and n:maded the case to the District Court to dispose it of in the light of its decision. The Supreme Court held that the complaint of the appellants invol­ ved a justiciable cause upon which they were entitled to a trial and a decision. Brennan, J. who delivered the judgment on behalf of six of the Judges, in the course of his decision, observed at page 691 thus: "We come, finally, to the ultimate inquiry whether our precedents as to what constitutes a non-justiciable "political question" bring the case before us under the umbrella of that doctrine. A natural beginning is to note whether any of the common characteristics which we have been able to identify and label de1icriptively are present. We find none : The question here is the consistency of state action with the Federal Constitu­ tion. We have no question decided, or to be decided by a political branch of government coequal with this Court. Nor do we risk embarrassment of our government abroad, or grave disturbance at home if we: take issue with Tennessee as to the constitutionality of' her action here challenged. Nor need the appellants, in order to succeed ;.)n this action, ask)he Court to enter upon policy determinations for which judicially manageable standards are lacking. ·Judicial standards under the ------<o 369 U.S. 186; 7 L. Ed. 2nd 663, .. > ,f--- - - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1247 Equal Protection Clause·are well developed and fami­ liar, and it has been open to c:ourts since the enactment of the Fourteenth Amendment to determine, if on the particular facts they must, that a discrimination reflects no policy, but simply arbitrary and capricious action". B In Powell v. McCormack(1) the label of political question was consiclered a misnomer and all cases in which such a plea was raised were cases in which really the question of jurisdiction of the court to dedde the issue arising in them had been canvassed. The plain­ tiff in that case Adam Clayton Powell Jr. was duly elected from a congressional district of New York as a member of the United States House of Representatives in 1966. However, pursuant to a House resolution he was not permitted to take his seat on the ground that he had earlier wrongfully diverted House funds, had made false reports regarding foreign currency etc. Powell alongwith some others who were voters in the constituency then filed a suit claiming that the House could exclude him only if it found that he failed to meet the standing requirerrents of age, citizenship and residence contained in clause 2 of Article I of the Constitution of the United States of America and thus had excluded him unconstitutionally. The District Court dismissed the suit for want of jurisdiction over the subject matter. The Court pf Appeal affirmed the dismissal although on somewhat different grounds. One of the points raised before the Supreme Court of the United States of America was that the question involved was a political question and hence was not justiciable. The Suprsme Court held that it was an error to dismiss· the suit and remaded it for disposal, in accordance with law. Chief Justice Warren who spoke for the Court disposed of the defence based on political question at page 532 thus : . "(2) Respondents' alternate contention is that the case presents a political question because judicial reso- lution of petitoners' claim would produce a "potenti- G ally embarrassing confrontation between coordinate branches" of the Federal Government. But, as our interpretation of Art. 1, $ 5, discloses, a determination of petitioner Powell's right to sit would require no more than an interpretation of the Constitution. Such ff (1) 395 U.S. 486; 23 L. Ed. 2nd 491. !248 SlJPRfiME COURT Rill>ORTS ( 1982) ~ s.c.Ji.. a determination falls withiq the traditional role accor­ ded to cour.ts to interpret the law, and does not involve a "lack of the respect due to (a) coordinate branch of government", nor does it involve an "initial policy determination of a kind clearly for non-judicial discre­ tion". Baker v. Carr, 1 369,US 186 at 217; 7 L. Ed 2d 663 at 686. Our system of government requires that federal courts on occassion interpret the Constitutio;1 in a manner at variance with the construction given the document by another branch. The alleged ·~onflict . that such an adjudication may cause cannot justify the court's avoiding their constitutional responsibility .... xx xx xx xx Thus, we conclude that petitioners claim is not barred by the political question doctrine, and, having determined that the claim is otherwise generally justi­ ciable, we hold that the case is justiciable". In sum, the political question doctrine, according to R. Berger, interposes no obstacle to judicial determination of the rival legisla­ tive executive claims to receive or withhold information. The powerc to decide these claims plainly has not been lodged in eith1~r the legis­ lative 011 the executive branch; equally plainly, the jurisdiction to demarcate constitutional boundaries between the rival claimants has been given to courts. The situation is the same when private parties are involved. This rule, of course, is subject to considerations such as national security and diplomatic relations. This appears to be: the position in the United States of America. ( I In our country which is governed by a written Constitution also many questions which appear to have a purely political colour are bound to assume the character of judicial questions. In the State of.-Rajasthan & Ors. etc. etc. v. Union of India etc. etc. (1) the Government's claim that the validity of the decision of the President under Article 356(1) of the Constitution being political in character was not justiciable on that sole ground was rejected by this Court. Bhagwati, J. in the course of his judgment observed in that case at pages 80,81 thus : .( (1) [1978) 1 SCR lo l S.i>. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataralniah, J.) 12.49 "1t \\iili, thetefote, be seeli that merely because a (iuestloh has a political colour, the Court cannot fold Its hahds in despair and declare "judicial hands off". So long as a question arises whether an authority under the Constitution has acted within the limits or Its power ot exceeded it, it can certainly be decided by the Court. Indeed it would be its constitu_tional obligation to do so. It is necessary to assert in the clearest terms, particularly in the context of recent his­ tory, that the Constitution Is Supreme lex, the para­ mount Jaw or the land, and there is no department or branch of government above or beyond it. Every organ of government, be it the executive or the legis­ lature or the judiciary, derives its authority from the Constitution and it has to act within the limits of its authority. No one howsoever highly placed and no authority howsoever lofty can claim that it shall be the sole judge of the extent of its power under the Constitution or whether its action is within the confines of such power laid down by the Constitution. This Court is the ultimate interpreter of the Constitution and to this Court is assigned the delicate task of deter­ mining what is the power conferred on each branch of government, whether it is limited, and if so, what are the limits and whether any action of that branch trans­ gresses such limits. It is for this Court to uphold the constitutional values and to enforce the constitutional limitations. That is the essence of the rule of law." The objection tliat the questions involved in these petitions are non-justiciable merely on the ground that they are political in character has to be negatived. But it is made clear that the courts are not entitled to enquire into every sort of question without any limitation. There is still a certain class of questions such as inter­ national relations, national security which cannot be entertained by the Court. It is for the Court to determine in each case whether a particular question should be debated before it or not. Tile questions raised in these petitions will be considered here· after, A PART IV We are concerned in these cases with High Courts. and Judges of High .courts in our country ........ . Speaking on the nature of the Draft Constitution, Dr. Ambed- B kar in his speech delivered on November 4, 1948, in the Constituent Assembly saic;I : "All federal systems including the American are placed in a tight mould of federalism. No matter what the circumstances, it cannot change its form and shape. C It can never be unitary. On the other hand the Draft Constitution can be both unitary as weII a:; federal according to the requirements of time and circum- 0 stances ...... . There is another special feature of the proposed Indian Federation which distinguishes it from other federations. A Federation being a dual polity based on divided authority with separate legislative, execu­ tive and judicial powers for each of the two polities is bound to produce diversity in laws, in administra­ tion and in judicial protection. Upto a certain point this diversity does not matter. It may be welcomed as being an attempt to accommodate the pJwers of Government to local needs and local circumstances. But this very diversity when it goes beyond a certain point is capable of producing chaos and has produced chaos in many federal States. One has only to imagine twenty different laws if we have twenty States in the Union-of marriage, of divorce, of inheritartce of pro· perty, family relations, contracts, torts crimes, weights and measures, of bills and cheques, banking and com· merce of procedures for obtaining justice and in the standards and methods of administration. Such a state of affairs not only weakens the State but becomes intolerant to the citizen who moves from State to State only to find that what is lawful in one State is not lawful in another. The Draft Constitution bas sought to forge means and methods whereby India will have federation and at the same time will have: uniformity ,L S.I'. GUPTA v. UNION (Yenkataramiah, J.) 1251 in all the basic matters ~which are essential to maintain the unity of the country. The means adopted by the Draft Constitution are three; (I) a single judiciary, (2) uniformity in fundamental laws, civil and B criminal, anci (3) a common All India Civil Service to man Important posts. A dual judiciary, a duality of legal codes and a duality of civil services, as I said, are the logical con­ sequences of a dual polity which is inherent in a fede­ ration. In the U.S.A. the Federal Judiciary and the State Judiciary are separate and independent of each other. The Indian Federation though a Dual Polity has no Dual Judiciary at all. The High Courts and the Supreme Court form one single integrated Judiciary having jurisdiction and providing remedies in all cases arising under the constitutional law, the civil law or the criminal law." (Constitution Assembly Debates, Vol. 7 (1948-49) at E pp. 34-36-37) The High Courts in India are established by the Constitu­ tion. Article 3 76 of the Constitution, howevery, provided for the continuance of the Judges of a High Court in any Province holding office immediately before the commencement of the Cons­ titution as Judges of the new High Court in the corresponding State. Article 376 of the Constitution reads : "376. ( l) Notwithstanding anything in clause (2) 0f arti­ cle 217, the Judges of a High Court in any Province holding office immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall, unless they have elected otherwise, become on such commencement the Judges of the High Court in the corresponding State, and shall thereupon be entitled to such salaries and allowances and to such rights in respect of leave of absence auq 1252 ' I SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 S.C.ll. pension as are provided for under Article 221 in respect of the Judges of such High Court. Any such Judge shall, notwithstanding that he is not a citizen of India, be eligible for appointment as Chief Justice of such High Court, or as Chief Justice or other Judge of any other High Court. (2) The Judges of a High Court in any Indian State corresponding to any State specified in Part B of the First Schedule holding office immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall, unless they have elected otherwise:, become on such commencement the Judges of the High Court in the State so specified and shall, not­ withstanding anything in clauses (I) and (2) of article 217 but subject to the proviso to clause (1) of that article, continue to hold office until the expiration of such period as the President may by order determine. (3) In this article, the expression "Judge" does not include an acting Judge or an additional Judge." After the commencement of the Constitution, the new High Courts were allowed to exercise the jurisdiction of the ,existing High Courts, until it was duly altered by appropriate Legislature, by vir­ tue of Article 225 of the Constitution which reads : "225. '· Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to the provisions of any law of the appropriate Legislature made by virtue of powers conferred on that Legislature by this Constitution, the j11risdiction of, and the law administered in, any existing High Court, and the respective powers of the Judges thereof in relation to the administration of justice in the Court, including any power to make rules of Court and to regulate the sittings of the Court and of members thereof sitting alone or in Division Courts shall be the same as immediately before the 9omm~ncement of this Constitution, .. - "' S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1253 Provided that any restriction to which the exer­ cise of original jurisdiction by any of the High Courts with respect to any matter concerning the revenue or concerning any act ordered or done in the collection thereof was subject immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall no longer apply to the exercise of such jurisdiction". Some of the High Courts came to be constituted or reconsti­ tuted after the commencement of the Constitution under different laws made by the Par Ii amen t. An analysis of the various provisions of the Constitution and other Jaws having a bearing on the question shows that every High Court in India is an integral part of a single Indian judiciary and Judges who hold the posts of Judges of High Courts belong to a single family even though there may be a slight variation in two of the authorities who are required to be consulted at the time of the appointment. The provisions dealing with the High Courts are found in Chapter V in Part VI of the Constitution containing rrovisions governing the States and the salaries of the Judges of a High Court are paid out of the funds of the State or States over which it exercises jurisdiction. Yet it is difficult to say that each High Court is independent of the other High Courts. A perusal of the other provisions in .that Chapter shows that the State Legislatures and the State Governments have very little to do so far as the organization of the High Courts is concerned. Article 366 (14) of the Constitution states that a 'High Court means any Court which is deemed for the purposes of this Constitution to be a High Court for any State and includes (a) any Court in the territory of India or reconstituted under this Constitution as a High Court and (b) any other Court in the territory of India which may be declared by Parliament by law to be a High Court for all or any of the purposes of this Constitution'. read: Article 214 of the Constitution as it was originally enactrd "214. (I) There shall be a High Court for each State. (2) For the purposes of this Constitution the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to any Province immediately before the commencement of this Consti­ tution shall be deemeg tQ Q\: tl!e High Court for the corresponding State, ff 8 0 1254 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982) 2 S, C.R. (3) The provisi~ns of this Chapter shall apply to every High Court referred to in this article". Clauses (2) and (3) of Article 214 .were omitted by the Consti­ tution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956 and Article 214 (l) was renumbered as Article 214. Clause (2) of Article 214 contained the necessary 'deeming' provision under which the High Courts exerci­ sing jurisdiction in any Province immediately prior to the commence­ ment of the Constitution became High Courts under the Constitu­ tion as per definition contained in Article 366(14) of the Constitution Clause (3) of Article 214 stated that Chapter Vin Part VI of the Constitution did not apply to any particular High Court but generally to all the High Courts thereby suggesting that this Chapter could have very well been included in a separate part of the Consti­ tution. The legislative power to constitute a High Court is vested in the Parliament by Entry 78 of List I of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution which reads : "78. Constitution and organisation (including vacations) of the High Courts except provisions as to officers and servants of High Courts ; persons entitled to practise before the High Courts". It is today quite possible for the Parliament to pass a common High Courts Act governing all the High Courts in India replacing the existing laws governing them. The appointment of a Judge of a High Court is made by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State concerned and in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High Court. A Judge may by writing under his hand addressed to the President resign his office. He is removable from office by the order of the President passed after an address by Parliament presented in the manner provided in Article 124 ( 4) of the Constitution for the removal of a Judge of the Supreme Court. Article 222 of the Constitution states that the President may after consultation with the Chief Justice of India transfer a Judge from one High Court to any other High Court without any kind of consultation with the Governors of the States concerned or the Chief Justices of those High Courts. Article 224A of the Constitution inter alia provides that notwithstanding anything contained in Chapter V in Part VI of the Constitution, the Chief Jqsti<;e of a High Court for any State v ( > - S.P. GUPTA ¥. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1255 may at any time with the previous consent of the President request any person who has held the office of a Judge of that Court or any other High Court to sit and act as a Judge of the High Court for that State. Under paragraph 11 (b) (i) of the Second Schedule to the Constitution, the time spent by a Judge of any High Court on duty as a Judge or in the performance of such other functions (including functions connected with a different State) as he may at the request of the President undertake to discharge is tr::atcd as 'actual service'. Under Article 231 of the Constitution, Parliament may by law establish a common High O;iurt for two or more States or for one or more States and a Union Territory. Article 139A (2) of the Constitution empowers the Supreme Court to transfer any case, appeal or other proceeding pending before a High Court to any other High Court. By virtue of the proviso to clause (I) of Article 356 of the Constitution the powers vested aod exercisable by a High Court remain unaffected by any proclamation issued under Article 356 (I) by the President in relation to a State over which the High Court is exercising jurisdiction. These provisions indicate that all the High Courts organically form integral parts of a single system although their territorial jurisdictions are defined. No High Court can claim any superiority over the other either on the basis of its situation or on the basis that it is a successor to a High Court which was functioning in any Province immediately before the com­ mencement of the Constitution or on the basis of the extent of its territorial jurisdiction. All the High Courts have the same status under the Constitution. PART V The scope of the power of the President to appoint Judges of the High Courts under Article 217 (!) of the Constitution may be considered now. It may be appropriate to refer here to the position prevailing under the Government of India Act, 1935. Under section 220 (2) of that Act every Judge of a High Court was to be appointed by His Majesty and he could hold office until he attained the age of sixty years. He was liable .. to be removed from his office by His Majesty on the ground of misbehaviour or of infirmity of mind or body if the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council on a reference being made to them by His Majesty reported that be ought on any such ground to be removed. The appointment of a Judge of a High Court under the Government of India Act, 1935 was thus l\ Cr9w11 appointTQQJlt. The Governor· 1256 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 19821 2 s.c.a. General was, however, given the power under section 222 of thaJ Act to appoint additional or acting Judges on behalf of the Crow~ for a temporary period. There was no requirement of any consulta· tion with any specified judicial authority. When section 220 of the Government of India Act, 1935 came up for discussion before the House of Commons in order to ascertain whether the appointments of High Court Judges was subjected to political pressure or not, a question was raised in the following way : "The Crown must, of course, have nominations made to it. Will tho.se nominations be made by the Ministers, or will they be put forward by the Governor acting in his discretion ? The above question was replied by the Solicitor-Gene.ral of His M!ljesty's Government thus : · "I do not think there is any thing to fetter the Secretary of State in making inquiries from the Governor-General, the Governor or any body he thinks proper. I think it is a perfectly unfettered duty" t (See Parliamentary Debates Indian Affairs, Commons, 1934-35, Vol. II Col. 2685). In the ordinary course it is legitimate to assume that there must have been always consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned or with some others who were familiar with judicial matters whenever an appointment of a Judge to a High Court was made. Article 193 (I) of the Draft Constitution stated that every Judge of a High Court was to be appointed by the President by a warrant tinder his hand and seal after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State and in the case of appoint­ ment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High court of that State. In the Memorandum containing the views of the Judges of the Federal Court and of the Chief Justices representing all the Provincial High Courts prepared by the Con· ference ofthe Judges of the Federal Court and the Chief Justices of the several High Courts held in March, 1948 on the question of appointment of Judges of the High Court, it WM n:presented to the Drafting Corn mitt~ !l,S fallows : ! - s.f>. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) "The Chief Justice should send his recommendation in that behalf directly to the' President. After consultation with the Governor the President should make the appointment with the concurrence of the Chief Justice of India. This procedure would obviate the need for the Chief Justice of the High Court discussing the matter with the Premier and his Home Minister and "justifying" his recommendations before them. It would also ensure the recommendation of the Chief Justice· of the High Court being always.placed before the appointing authority, namely, the President. The necessity for obtaining the "concurrence" of the Chief Justice of India would provide a safeguard against political and party pressure at the highest level being brought to bear in the matter. It n~eds hardly to be pointed out, in this connection, that under the system of responsible Government envisaged by the proposed Constitution, the President who is to make the appoint­ ment will be the constitutional head of the executive guided by the advice of the Council of Ministers who will of necessity be drawn from the political party for the time being in power, and there may thus be some risk of political and party considerations influenc­ ing the appointment of the highest judicial officers in the country which, under the existing Constitution, has so far remained on the whole free from such influences, the Governor-General and the Governors not being elected nor owing their appointment to political parties in this country. It is therefore sugges­ ted that Article 193 (I) may be worded in the following or other suitable manner : Every Judge of the High Court shall be appointed by the President by a warrant under his hand and seal on the recommendation of the Chief Justice of the High Court after consultation with the Governor of the State and with the concurrence of the Chief Justice of India ............ (emphasis added) We do not think it neeessary to make any provi­ sion in tile Constitution for the possibility of the Chief 1258 iUPRBMB toURT RilJ>oR.ts (1982] 2 s.c.R.. Justice of India refusing to concur in an appoint­ ment proposed by the President. Both are officers of the highest responsibility and so far no case of such refusal has arisen although a convention now exists that such appointment should be made after referring the matter to the Chief Justice of India and obtaining his concurrence. If per chance such a situation were ever to arise it could of course be met by the President making a different proposal, and no express provision need, it seems to us, be made in that behalf". Ultimately Article 217 (!) which provided for the appoint­ ment of High Court Judges was enacted in the following form : "217. (I) Every Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the Pre'sident by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State and in the case of appoint­ ment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High Court and ........ " It may be noted that the three different words 'recommenda­ tion', 'consultation' and 'concurrence' used in the proposal of the Conference of the Federal Court Judges and Chief Justices of High Courts were not adopted by the Constituent Assembly but only the word 'consultation' was used in respect of all the three functionaries referred to in Article 217 (I). In Biswanath Khemka v. The King Emperor,(1) the effect of section 256 of the Government of India Act, 1935 which provided that no recommendation should be made for the grant of magisterial powers to, or the withdrawal of any magistenal powers from any person save after consultation with the District Magistrate of the District in which he was working or with the Chief Presidency Magistrate, as the case might be, was considered by the Federal Court. The Federal Court held that the procedure of consultation prescribed in that section was directory and not mandatory and non­ compliance with that would not render an appointment otherwise regularly and validly made ineffective or inoperative. The Court felt that any other view would lead to general inconvenienc~ and (I} [1945] FCR 991 - - +- s.J>. GUPTA v. UNION {Venkataramiah, J.) 1259 injustice to persons who had no control over those entrusted with the duty of making recommendations for the grant of magisterial powers It is noteworthy that the above view 'was taken by the Federal Court notwithstanding the fact that the words in the section were very emphatic and of a prohibitory character. In State of Uttar Pradesh v. Manbodhan Lal Srivastm·a(1) the provisions of Article 320 (3) (c) of the Constitution were held by this Court to be directory and that they did not confer any right on a public servant. It was further held that the absence of consultation or any irregularity in consultation with the Public Service Commission by the Government before imposing a penalty on him at the end of a disciplinary enquiry and non-compliance with Article 320 (3) (c) did not vitiate any such punishment, particularly when due enquiry had been held in accor­ dance with Article 311 of the Constitution and no defect in such enquiry had been pointed out. In reaching that conclusion, the Court depended upon the statement in Crawford on 'Statutory Construction' which was to the following effect : "The question as to whether a statute is mandatory or directory depends upon the intent of the legislature and not upon the language in which the intent is clothed. The meaning and intention of the legislature must govern, and these are to be ascertained, not only from the phraseology of the provision, but also by consider- E ing its nature, its design, and the consequences which would follow from construing it the one way or the other ............ " The words prescribing the consultation machinery in Article 217 (!) of the Constitution have to be construed in the context of the broad purposes and the general scheme of that provision ; its history, its object and the result which it seeks to achieve. It is equally necessary that the Court while construing a constitutional provision . should bear in mind that it is a part of the organic law of the country and not just an ordinary piece of legislation. A High Court is the highest judicial authority in a State and is the Court of the last resort for the majority of cases. Alongwith the Supreme Court at the apex, the High Courts have to play the role of protectors of the rights and liberties of the people and should, therefore, be manned by independent and efficient Judges. Realising the importance of (1) [1958) SCR 533. Ii60 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [i982J 2 s.c.il. the High Court in a democratic country with a federal form of Government, the Constitution states that the Judges should be appointed after following the consultative machinery provided in Article 217 (I). A citizen of India who has for at least ten years held a judicial office in the territory of India is eligible to be appoin­ ted as a Judge of a High Court. A citizen of India who has for at least ten years been an advocate of a High Court or of two or more High Courts in succession is also qualified for appointment as a Judge of a High Court. Article 217 is designed to select the best, known for their high character and unquestionable integrity from among the large number of qualified persons .• Consequently the appointment of Judges of High Courts is not made by calling for applications or holding examinations because the really deserving persons would not make applications. The range ol selection is, therefore, practically limited by the personal or acquired knowledge of the Chief Justice of the High Court c~ncerned about the advocates or Judicial Officers. In that process it may be that many deserving advocates escape notice and consideration. An advocate who is thus left out of consideration cannot make ~ grievance of it before a court of law and claim that his case should be considered for such appointment. The paramount public importance attached to the post prevents institution of such action by a member of the Bar. From the nature of the provisions contained in Article 217 (I) of the Constitution, it is also clear that any. appointment made without following the procedure of consultation with the authorities mentioned therein, which appears to me to be madatory, would not be a valid one. It is, however, contended on behalf of some of the petitioners and also on behalf of Shri S.N. Kumar that on a true construction of Article 217(1), the opinion expressed by the Chief Justice of India should be treated as final and binding on the President, having regard to the position of primacy assigned to the Chief Justice of India by the Constitution regarding matters connected with Indian judiciary. 'It is also submitted that the Council of Ministers can have no voice in the matters nf appointment of Judges. Both these contentions are repudiated by the Central Government. The question is whether Article 217(!) treats the opinion of any of the functionaries who have to be consulted thereunder and in S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1261 particular of the Chief Justice of India as final .and binding on the President. The Constitution has used different words signifying varying degrees of compulsive or binding character of the opinion of one constitutional dignitary or authority on the other wherever there is need for two or more of them participating in any decision making process under the Constitution. They are, for example, 'shall act, according to such opinion' (Art. 103 and Art. 192), 'consent' fArt. 127(1), Art. 128, Art. 224A and Art. 348(2) ), 'advice' (Art. 74 and Art. 150), 'concurrence' (Art. 370(1) (b) (ii), ·approval' (Art. 130, Art. 146(2) and Art. 229(2) ), 'recommended by' (Art. 233(2) ) and 'after consultation with'"or 'in consultation with' or 'be consulted' (Art. 124(2), Art. 127(1), Art. 146(1), Art. 217(1), Art. 217(3), Art. 222, Art. 229, Art. 233{1), Art. 320(3), Art. 341(1), 342(1) and Art. 370(1) (b) (i) )- It is significant that the words 'after consultation with' in Article 150 were substituted by the words 'on the advice of' by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, since the .Parliament wanted, as can be seen from the Notes on Clauses in the relevant Bill which later on became the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, the President to prescribe the form of the accounts of thej Union and of the States with the concurrence of and not merely in consultation with the Comptroller and Auditor General of India. From the scheme of the constitutional provisions, it appears that each of the three functionaries mentioned in Article 217(1) of the Constitution who have to be consulted before a Judge of a High Court is appointed has a distinct and separate role to play. The Chief Justice of the High Court is the most competent person to evaluate the merit and efficiency of a person recommended for the judgeship. The Governor is the proper authority who through the executive agency available to him may be able to report about tlie local position of the person proposed, his character and integrity, his affiliations and the like, which have a considerable bearing on the working of the person proposed for appointment as a Judge. The Chief Justice of India is brought into the picture to prevent any vagaries on the part of the Cnief Justice of the High Court who may be moved on occasions by petty considerations such as commuualism and favouritism or who may even be capricious in proposing names of persons for judgeship. The Chief Justice of iudia will naturally be able to assess the qualities of persons proposed having in vie.v the standard of efficiency of Judges in all· tlie High Courts in India and also to prevent unsati11factory appointments being made on the 1262 SUPRBMB couR.t RBl'oRts [19S2J 2 s.c.a. basis of faulty recommendations made by the Chief Justices of High Courts. The position of the Chief Justice of India under Article 217(1) however is not that of an appellate authority or that of the highest administrative authority having the power to overrule the opinion of any other authority. From the specific roles attributed to each of them as explained above, which may to some extent be overlapping also, it cannot be said that the Chief Justice of India has been given any position of primacy amongst the three persons who have to be consulted under Article 217( l) of the Cons­ titution. There are no express words conveying that meaning. The President has to take into consideration the opinions of all of them and he should not accept the opinion of any of them only on the sole principle of primacy. He has to take a decision on the question of appointment of Judges of the High Courts on the basis of all relevant materials before him. Article 217(1) confers the power of appointment on the President, who ordinarily has to act on the advice of the Council of Mihisters under Article 74(1) of the Constitution. Now we have to examine whether there is any compelling reason to hold that the Council of Ministers would have no voice in the matter of appoint­ ment of a High Court Judge and the opinion of the Chief Justice of India would be binding on the President. It is necess,1ry to refer here to certain articles of the Constitution. Article 74(1) provides that there shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President, who shall in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice. The proviso to that clause provides that the President may require the Council of Minister to reconsider such advice either generally or otherwise, and the President shall act in accordance with the advice tendered after such reconsideration. It is thus clear that the only means of coun · teracting any advice tendered· to him by his Council of Ministers available to the President where he feels that the advice should not be straightaway acted upon is to remit it to the Council of Ministers for reconsideration. If after such reconsideration the Council of Ministers tenders its advice the President has to act in accordance with such advice. The advice thus tendered is binding on the President. A comparison of Article 74( I) with Article 163(1) which also requires a Governor to act on the advice of his Council of Ministers shJws that the Governor may in certain matters which are within his discretionary power act independently of his Council I ~ ) \ S.P. GU1>TA v. UNION {J!enkataramiah, J.) 1263 of Ministers. There is no such exception expressly made in Article 74(1) specifically excluding any matter from its scope. Article 103 of the Constitution is another provision which has to be noticed here. It confers the power on the President to decide the question whether a Member of Parliament has incurred any disqualification mentioned in Article 102(1) of the Constitution. It reads : "103. (I) If any question arises as to whether a member of either House of Parliament has become subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in clause (1) of article 102, the question shall be referred for the decision of the President and C his decision shall be final. (2) Before giving any decision on any such question, the President shall obtain the opinion of the Election Commission and shall act according to such opinion''. Clause (2) of Article 103 lays down the only method in accor­ dance with which the President can decide a question arising under clause (l) thereof. lt requires him to refer the said question to the Election Cootmission for its opinion and to decide the question according to its opinion. Article 74(1) therefore is excluded from operation by necessary implication. A question of similar nature arising in respect of a member of the State Legislature has to be decided under Article 192 by the Governor concerned in accordance with the opinion of the Election Commission. Article 163(1) there­ fore becomes inapplicable by necesssary intendment to such a case. It is thus seen that wherever the opinion of another authority alone is binding on the President or a Governor, as the case may be, the Constitution uses appropriate words conveying such meaning. Under Article 217(3) of the Constitution which provides for the determination of the age of a Judge of a High Court, the President has to decide the age of a High Court Judge after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and this Court has observed in Union of India v. Jyoti Prakash Mitter(1) that the President cannot in deciding the case under Article 217(3) act on the advice of his Ministers. Here again Article 74(1) of the Constitution gets excluded 0) (1971] 3 SCR 483, 8 ' H 1264 sut>tlBMB OOU1lt RBPOR'i'S [ 1982] 2 s.c.il. by necessary implication. But that case stands on an entirely different footing. The function of the President under Article 217(3) is a judicial function and that makes all the differeace. This Court observed in the said case at pages 504-505 thus : "It is necessary to observe that the President in whose name all executive functions of the Union are performed is by Art. 217(3) invested with judicial power of great signi­ ficance which has bearing on the independence of the Judges of the higher Courts. The President is by Art. 74 of the Constitution the constitutional heal wbo acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers in the exercise of his functions. Having regard to the very grave consequence resulting from even the initiation of an enquiry relating to the age of a Judge, our Constitution makers have thought it necessary to invest the power in the President. In the exercise of this power if democratic institutions are to tai<e root in our country, even the slightest suspicion of appearance of misuse of that power should be avoided. Oth~rwise inde­ pendence of the judiciary is likely to be gravely imperilled. We recommend that even in the matter of serving notice and askin.g for representation from Judge of the High Court where· a question as to his age is raised, the President's Secretariat should ordinarily be the channel, that the President should have consultation with the Chief Ju~tice of India as required by the Constitution and that there must be no interposition of any other body or authority, in the consultation between the President and the Chief Justice of India. Again we are of the view that normally an oppor­ tunity for an oral hearing should be given to the Judge whose' age is in quest10n, and the question should be decided by the President on consideration of such materials as may be placed by the Judge concerned and the evidence against him after the same is disclosed to him. The Presi­ dent acting under Art. 217(3) performs a judicial function of grave importance under the scheme of our Constitution. He cannot act on the advice of his Ministers. Notwith­ standing the declared finality:_ofthe order of the President the Court' has jurisdiction in appropriate cases to set aside the order, if it appears that it was passed on collateral consi­ derations or the rules of natural justice were not observed, ... ~ S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1265 or that the President's judgment was coloured by the advice or representation made by the executive or it was founded on no evidence. But this Court will not sit in appeal over the judgment of the President, nor will the Courts determine the weight which should be attached to the evidence. Appreciation of evidence is entirely left to the President and it is not for the Courts to hold that on the evidence placed before the President on which the conclusion is founded, if they were called upon to decide the case they would have reached some other conclusion." The power of appointment of a Judge of a High Court is an C executive power and the analogy of Article 217(3) is, therefore, inappropriate. The power of the Governor with regard to matters connected with appointment or dismissal of judicial officers was construed by this Court giving the final voice regarding such appointment or dismissal only to the Governor under Article 233 of the Constitution notwithstanding the vesting of control over the subordinate judiciary in the High Court under Article 235 in the case of The Stare of West Bengal v. Nripendra Nath Bagchi.(1) In that case Hidayatullah, J. (as he then was) reconciled and interpreted Article 233, Article 234, Article 235 and Article 31 l thus : "That the Governor appoints District Judges and the Governor alone can dismiss or remove them goes without sayiog. That does not impinge upon the control of the High Court. It only means that the High Court cannot appoint or dismiss or remove District Judges. In the same way the High Court cannot use the special jurisdiction conferred by the two provisos. The High Court cannot decide that it is not reasonably practicable to give a District Judge an opportunity of showing cause or that in the interest of the security of the State it is not expedient to give such an opportunity. This the Governor alone can decide. That certain powers are to be exercised by the Governor and not by the High Court does not necessarily take away other powers from the High Courts. The provisos can be given their full effect without giving rise to (5) [1966] l ~CR 771 at l'I'· 789·7?Q:• JI 1266 SUPRBMB COURT RBPORTS [1982) 2 s.C.Ji other implications. It is obvious that if a case arose for the exercise of the special powers under the two provisos, the High Court must leave the matter to the Governor. In this connection we may incidentally add that we have no doubt that in exercising these special powers in relation to inquiries against District Judges, the Governor will always have regar<l to the opinion of the High Court in the matter. This will be so whoever be the inquiring authority in the State. But this does not lead to the further conclusion that the High Court must not hold the enquiry any more than that the Governor should ,Jersonally hold the enquiry. There is, therefore, nothing in Art. 311 which compels the conclusion that the High Court is ousted of the juris­ diction to hold the enquiry if Art. 235 vested such a power in it. In our judgment, the control which is vested in the High Court is a complete conlrol subject only to the power of the Governor in the matter of appointment (including dismissal and removal) and posting and promotion of District Judges. Within the exercise of the control vested in the High Court, the High Court can hold enquiries, impose punishments other than dismissal or removal, subject however to the conditions of service, to a right of appeal if granted by the conditions of service, and to the giving of an opportunity of showing cause as required by cl. (2) of Art. 311 unless such opportunity is dispensed with by the Governor acting under the provisos (b) and (c) to that clause. The High Court alone could have held the enquiry in this case. To hold otherwise will be to reverse the policy which has moved determinedly in this direction." Again in Chandramouleshwar Prasad v. Patna High Court and Ors.,(i) the power of appointment of District Judges exercisable by the Governor in consultation with the High Court arose !or consi­ deration. This Court recognised in that case that the power to appoint District Judges was vested with Governor but that such power could be exercised only after a full and effective consultation with the High Court. It held that if the process of consultation was defective the appointment would become invalid, The Court (2) (! 970] 2 SCR 666. - - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION Venkataramiah, J.) 1267 did not, however, go to the extent of saying that any opinion expressed by the High Court was binding on the Governor. In Shamsher Singh & Anr. v. State of Punjab(1 ) which is a judgment of a Bench of seven learned Judges of this Court, Chief Justice Ray observed at page 843 thus : "For the foregoing reasons we hold that the President as well as the Governor acts on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers in executive action and is not required by the Constitution to act personally without the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers or against the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers. Where the Governor has any discrection, the Governor acts on his own judg­ ment. The Governor exercises his discretion in harmony with his Council of Ministers. The appointment as well as removal of the members of the Subordinate Judicial IService is an executive action of the Governor to be exercised on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. Appointments and removals of persons are made by the President and the Governor as the constitutional head of the executive on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers. That is why any action by any servant of the Union or the State in regard to appointment dismissal is brought against the Union or the State and not against the President or the Governor." In the same case Krishna Iyer, J. with whom Bhagwati, J. agreed in his concurring judgment has summed up the true legal position under Article 74 and Article 163 of the Constitution at page 875 thus : "We declare the law of this branch of our Constitution to be that the President and Governor, custodians of all executive and other powers under various Articles, shall, by virtue of these provisions, exercise their formal constitu­ tional powers only upon and in accordance with the advice of their Mini·sters save in a few well known exceptional situations. Without being dogmatic or exhaustive, these situations relate to (a) the choice of Prime Minister (Chief (I) (1975] 1 S.C.R. 814. C. 1268 SUPREME· COURT REPORTS [1982] 2 S.C.R. Minister), restricted though this choice is by the para. mount consideration that he should command a majority in the House; (b) the dismissal of a Government which has lost its majority in the House but refuses to quit office; (c) the dissolution of the House where an appeal to the country is necessitous, although in this area the Head of State should avoid getting involved in politics and must be advised by his Prime Minister (Chief Minister) who will eventually take the responsibility for the step." The above decision was delivered by this Court after a careful consideration of all aspects of constitutional law bearing on the point in the light of Article 234 of the Constitution which entrusts the power of appointment of persons other than District Judges to the Judicial Service of a State to the Governor. In principle an appoint­ ment under Article 217(!) cannot be different from an appointment under Article 224. The binding nature of an opm10n expressed by an authority who has to be consulted before making an appointment of a Judge was disposed of by Chandrachud, C.J. in Re. The Special Courts Bill, 1978(1) at page 550 with the following words-" ........... the process of consultation has its own limitations and they are quite well­ known. The obligation to consult may not necessarily act as a check on an executive ......... ". Later on the learned Chief Justice again obse.rved at pages 550-551 : "Yet another infirmity from which the procedure prescribed by the Bill suffers is that the only obi igation which clause 7 imposes on the Central Government while nominating a person to preside over the Special Court is to consult the Chief Justice of India. This is not a proper place and it is to some extent embarrassing to dwell upon the pitfalls of the consultative process though, by hearsay, one may say that as a matter of convention, it is in the rarest of rare cases that the advice tendered by the Chief Justice of India is not accepted by the Government. But the right of an accused to life and liberty cannot be made to depend upon pious expressions of hope, howsoever past experience may justify them. The assurance that conven- (1) (1979] 2iS.C.R. 47~. . ......,-· - t /I - - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1269 tions arc seldom broken is a poor consolation to an accused whose life and honour are at stake. Indeed, one must look at the matter not so much from the point of view of the Chief Justice of India, nor indeed from the point of view of the Government, as from the point of view of the accused and the expectations and sensitivities of the society." The substance of these observations is that the opinion expressed by the Chief Justice of India who has to be consulted before .hand would not be binding as such on the executive. That was the reason for insisting upon in that case that the Government should appoint a Judge of the Special Court with the concurrence of the Chief Justice of India as otherwise there would have been no need for sucli insistence. The thesis that the Constitution prohibits the participation of the Executive in the appointment of Judges of superior courts and that the opinion of the Chief Justice of India alone should be binding on the President in such matters totally fails when we consider the question of appointment of the Chief Justice of India. Article 124(2) of the Constitution provides that every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with such of the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts in the States as the President may deem necessary for the purpose and that in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of India shall always be consulted. From the above clause of Article 124, it is obvious that when the appointment is to the post of the Chief Justice of India, it is not obligatory on the part of the President to consult any specified functionary. But he has to consult such of the Judges of the Supreme Court each one of whom may himself be an aspirant to the post and such other Judges of the High Courts he may consider necessary. In this situation, it is quite evident that the opinion of any one of the Judges who may be consulted cannot be treated as binding on the President. The power of appointment rests with the President who has no doubt to take the decision on the advice given by the Council of Ministers after making the necessary consultation. When the 'primacy of judicial opinion' doctrine thus fails in the case of the appointment of the Chief Justice of India, it would not be appropriate to hold that it prevails in the case of appointments of other Jud~es 9f tile Supreme Court and tl:to Judges of the High Courts. Under Article 217( 1) of the Constitution the President should, therefore, while making an appointment of a High Court Judge act on the advice of his Council of Ministers having due regard to the opinions expressed by the functionaries mentioned therein after a full and effective consultation. There is no scope for holding that either the Council of Ministers cannot advice the President on this matter or that the opinion of the Chief Justice of India is binding on the President although such opinion should be given due respect and regard. As a part of this very contention it is urged that the Executive should have no voice at all in the matter of appointment of Judges of the superior courts in India as the independence of the judiciary which is a basic feature of the Constitution would be in serious jeopardy if the executive can interfere with the process of their appointment. It is difficult to hold that merely because the power of appointment is with the executive, the independence of the judiciary would become impaired. The true principle is that after such appointment the executive should have no scope to interfere with the work of a Judge. In this connection out of curiosity I have looked into some of the books dealing with the modes of appointment of Judges in other countries. The methods by which Judges are chosen in the different countries of the world may be broadly classified according to Prof. J.W. Garner into three types- (I) election by the legislature, (2) election by the people and (3) appointment by the executive either absolutely or from a list of nominees presented by the courts or with the concurrence of an executive council or the upper chamber of the legislature. Choice by the legislature was a favourite method of selection in the American States for sometime but this system has been abandoned in all the States except Rhode Island, Verment, South Carolina and Virginia. In Switzerland the Judges of the federal tribunal are chosen by the legislative assembly of the federa­ tion. Election of Judges by the people was first introduced in France in 1790. With the advent of Napolean this system was abolished as it had become discredited by then. In thirty eight of the States in the U.S.A., the method of popular election of Judges is the rule. In nearly all countries other that the United States of America, the Judges are appointrd by the executive and even in the United States it is the method followed for the appointment of federal Judges and in six State~ for appointment of State Judges. In Belgium the Judges - y S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1271 of the Court of Cassation :ire appointed from two lists of nominees each containing twice as many names as there are vacancies to be filled, one presented by the Court itself and another by the Senate. In France it is the custom when a vacancy occurs on the Bench it is for the President of the Court and the State's Attorney to propose the names of several persons to the Minister of Justice for his consi­ deration. Generally he appoints one of the persons so recommended but sometimes for political reasons he prefers to follow the recom­ mendations of a deputy, who may be an influential member of the Minister's party. In England the nominations to all vacancies among the superior Judges are made either by the Prime Minister or by the Lord Chancellor. 'The Prime Minister nominates the Law Lords, the Lords Justices of Appeal, the Lord Chief Justice, the Master of the Rolls and the President of the Probate Divorce and Admiralty Division. It is commonly assumed that the Prime Minister is guided by the Lord Chancellor. The ordinary Judges of the High Court often called puisne Judges are nominated by the Lord Chance­ llor. The Lord Chancellor is responsible for the lesser judicial appointment.' (See R.M. Jackson, 'The Machinery of Justice in England' 1960 Edition p. 232). In his letter written by the end of 1951 to Morse Erskine, a member of the California Bar, Lord Jowitt who was the Lord ,. Chancellor in the Labour Government till October 1951, however, " stated : "I think that I can fairly say that we have established a tradition in which "politics" and "influence" (in the appointment of judges) are now completely disregarded. The Lord Chancellor selects the man whom he believes to be the best able to fill the position. In mY own case I had an unusually large number of appointments, and I can only recall appointing two men who were members of my own party. You must remember these facts which help in establish­ ing the tradition. The Inns of Courts are completely independent of any governmental control. The Lord Chancellor has always been a barrister, and must therefore be a member of one of the Inns. He is in close ·touch with all that goes on in his Inn of Court. How should I have felt if I had made a, lot of qJlworthy aprointments, when 1272 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 S.C.R. i I noticed the cold looks that I should have received when next I went to lunch at the Inn. Secondly, in practice, the Lord Chancellor would always consult with the Head of the Division to which he was called upon to appoint a Judge. If I had to appoint a ,. Judge to the Queen's Bench Division, I should, in practice, always consult with the Chief Justice; if to the Divorce , Division, with the President, if to the Chancery Division, with the senior judge. In all my many appointments, I never in fact made one without the approbation of such a person. When it came to t''.e Court of Appeal, I should consult the Master of the Rolls as to who was the most suitable person............ . . " (See 'The Life of the Law, Ed. by John Honnold (1964) p. 270) Sir Albert Napier, the permanent secretary of the office of Lord Chancellor in a paper prepared in about the year 1963 said m11ch tht: same thing as Lord Jowitt as tollows ; "The Lord Chancellor is the most appropriate Minister to advise on appointments and promotions for the very reason that he is a Judge and is qualified for that position .• by actual practice at the Bar. He knows by experience as an ' advocate, the nature and degree of the knowledge and kind of character and temperament which go to make the best judges. When he sits he hears eminent Barristers arguing before him. He is in almost daily touch as a Law Lord and a Bencher of his Inn, with the Lords of Appeal and other Judges and members of the Bar. The Bench of an inn is a society where all are equal, and talk is free, and so far as precedence is necessary, it goes by date of election and not by rank. In such a society a bad appointment could not escape criticism, and if it were ever suggested to a Lord Chancellor that he should appoint or promote the wrong man for the wrong motive, he would know not only where his duty Jay but that if he were to accede he would lose the respect of the whole profession." (See 'The Life of th\l Law, Ed. by John Honnold (1964) P· 210) )- - 8.i>. ou.PrA ii. UNiON (Venkaiaramiah, i.j . Ii73 The foregoing gives a fairly reliable picture of the English system of appointments of Judges. It is thus seen that in England the Judges are appointed by the Executive. 'Nevertheless, the judiciary is substantially insulated by virtue of rules of strict law, constitutional conventions, political practice and professional tradi­ tion, from political influence'. (Vide Halsbury's Laws of Eagland, Fourth Edition, Vol I para 5). In Australia the Justic~s of the High Court and of the other courts created by the Parliament are appointed by the Governor­ General in Council. (See Section 72(1) of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act, 1900). The appointment of federal Judges is a cabinet matter which is formally ratified by the Executive Council. It is stated that the practice is that the Attorney-General would recommend to Cabinet persons for appointment though it is the Cabinet which will make the final decision. In Canada Judges of superior courts are appointed by the Governor-General. (Vide section 96 of the British North America Act, 1867). In Japan, the Emperor appoints the Chief Judge of the Supreme Court as designated by the Cabinet and Judges other than the Chief Judge are appointed by the Cabinett In India we have adopted the procedure contained in Article 217(1) of the Constitution for the appointment of Judges of the High Courts. We do not find anything intrinsically wrong in this method. The process of consultation prescribed b; Article 217(1) acts as a sufficient safeguard against the appointment of undesirable persons as Judges of the High Courts. Our experience has been that the independence of the judiciary has not in any way been impaired by reason of the President appointing Judges on the advice of his Coucil of Ministers after following the process of consultation prescribed in Article 2 I 7(1). This method appears to have been adopted so that the appointments of Judges may have ultimately the sanction of the people whom the Council of Ministers represent in a parliamentary form of Government. In that way only the Judges may be "called people's Judges. If the appointments of Judges are to be made on the basis of the recommendations of Judges only then they will be Judges' Judges and such appointments may not fit into the sc'1eme of popular democracy. 1274 SUPi:UlMB COURT REPORTS [1982] 2 s.C.ll. As a corrolary to the above contention, it is urged that an advocate or a member of the subordinate judiciary who is recom­ mended by the Chief Justice of a High Court acquires a right to be appointed if his name is approved by the Chief Justice of India also and one of the learned counsel appearing in these cases said that such a person would be entitled to request the Court to issue a writ of mandamus compelling the President to appoint him as a Judge of the High Court. The soundness of this argument depends upon the · process of appointment itself. Article 217 of the Constitution does not say in terms that the proposal for appointment of a person as a Judge should be initiated by the Chief Justice of the High Court. Let us assume for purposes of argument that he may initiate the proposat:'recommending the name of a person who according to him is qualified for the post. The Governor may or may not agree with the proposal. The Chief Justice of India may or may not agree with the proposal. Ultimately the appointing authority has to take a decision on the question. Under the scheme of Article 217 the power to :. 'appoint a Judge of a High Court is vested in the President. While he is bound to consult the authorities mention­ ed therein and take into consideration their opinions, he is not bound by their opinions. Ordinarily one does not expect the Presi­ dent to make an appointment by ignoring all the adverse opinions expressed by the functionaries mentioned in Article 217. If there are conflicting opinions the President has to weigh them after giving· due consideration to each of them and take a decision on the question. In any event it is difficult to hold that an advocate or a member of the Subordinate Judiciary whose name is approved by the Chief Justice of a High Court and the Chief Justice of India gets a vested right to be appointed as a Judge of a High Court. In fact he has no' justiciable right at all. If for any reason he is not appoint­ ed he cannot move the Court to appoint him as a ~Judge of the High Court. The position of an additional Judge who is currently holding office and who is not reappointed stands on a slightly different footing and his case will be considered at the appropriate place. PART VI The evolution of the system of appointing additional Judges in the High Courts for such period not exceeding two years as the President may specify needs to be examined now. Appointment of a Judge who is a member of the superior judiciary for such short - .. - - S.1•. OtJP'tA v. UNION (llenkataramiah, J.) 1215 period appears to be peculiar to our country. Such practice not prevailing in the United Kingdom. Even in India we do not have Judges either in the Subordinate Judiciary or in the Supreme Court whose tenure is so short. We may have additional courts in the Subordinate Judiciary but they are manned by Judges belonging to regular judicial cadre, whose tenure is the same as the tenure of others in the cadre. Under section 4 of the High Courts Actjor the Charter Act, 1861 (24 & 25 Viet.; c. 104) it was provided that all the i'.Judges of the High Courts established under that Act held their offices during Her Majesty's pleasure provided that it was lawful for any Judge of a High Court to resign such office of Judge. Section 7 of that Act, however, provided that upon the happening of a vacancy in the office of Chief Justice and during any vacancy in the office of Chief Justice and during any absence of a Chief Justice, the Governor-General in Council or Governor in Council as the case might be could appoint one of the Judges of the High Court concerned to perform the duties of Chief Justice of that Court until some person was appointed to the office of the Chief Justice (this provision corresponds to Article 223 of the Constitution). It also provided that upon the happening of a vacancy in the office of any other Judge of a High Court and during any absence of any such Judge or on the appointment of any such Judge to act as Chief Justice it was lawful to the Governor­ General in Council or Governor in Council as the case might be to appoint a person with such qualifications as were required in persons to be appointed to the High Court to act as Judge of that Court and the person so appointed was authorized to sit and to perform the duties of a Judge of that Court until some person was appointed to the office of the Judge of that Court and had entered on the discharge of the duties of such. office or until the absent Judge had returned from such absence or until the Governor-General in Council or Governor in Council as aforesaid saw cause to cancel the appoint­ ment of such acting Judge. (This provision corresponds to Article 224(2) of the Constitution. It may be noted that the President cannot cancel the appointment of an acting Judge under Article 224(2) ). lo the High Courts Act or the Charter Act, 1861, there was no provision for appointment of an additional Judge of a High Court with a restricted tenure as it is in Article 224(1) of the Cons­ titution. i276 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (19S1j Z S.C.1'. Section 105 of the Government of India Act, 1915 contained almost· the same provisions which were found in section 7 of the High Courts Act or the Charter Act, 1861 providing for the appoint-' ment of acting Chief Justice and acting Judges. But section 101 of the 1915 Act however made provision for the appointment of addi-. tional Judges. Sub-section (2) of section 101 stated that each High Court should consist of a Chief Justice and as many other Judges as His Majesty might think to appoint. Clause (I) of the proviso to that sub-section authorised the Governor-General-in­ Council _to appoint persons to act as additional Judges for such period not exceeding two years. Such provision for the appoint­ ment of additional Judges of High Courts appears to have been made by this Act for the first time. Section 220 of the Government of India Act, 1935 as it was originally enacted provided that every High Court was to consi&t of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as His Majesty might from time to time consider it necessary to appoint. It further provided that the Judges so appointed together with any additional Judges appointed by the Governor-General in accordance with law could at no time exceed in number such maximum number as His Majesty in Council,might fix in relation to the High Court concerned. Under the Government of India Act, .1935, every Judge of a High Court held his office until he attained the age of sixty years provided that he would cease to be a Judge of the High Court if any of the events mentioned in the proviso to section 220(2) happened earlier. Section 220 of the.Government of India Act, 1935 underwent subsequently slight modifications which are of no materiality for the present purpose. Section 222 of the Government of India Act, 1935 which provided for the appointment of temporary and additional Judges of a High .Court read immediately prior to the commencement of the Constitution as follows : "222. ( 1) If the office of Chief Justice of a High Court becomes vacant, or if any such Chief Justice is by reason of absence, or for any other reason, unable to perform the duties of his office, those duties shall, until some person appointed by His Majesty to the vacant office has entered on the duties thereof, or until the Chief Justice has resumed his duties, as the case may be, be per• formed by such one of the other Judges of the t - - y S.i>. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1271 court as the Governor-General may in his A discretion think fit to appoint for the purpose. (2) If the office of any other judge of a High Court becomes vacant, or if any such judge is appoin- ted to Act temporarily as a Chief. Justice, or is by reason of absence, or for any other reason, unable to perform the duties of his office, the Governor-General may in his discretion appoint a person duly qualified for appointment a judge to act as a judge of that Court, and the person so appointed shall, unless the Governor-General in his discretion thinks fit to revoke his appoint­ ment, be deemed to be a judge of that Court until some person appointed by His Majesty to the vacant office has entered on the dujes thereof or until the permanent judge has resumed his duties. (3) If by reason of any temporary increase in the business of any High Court or by '.reason of arrears of work in any such Court it appears to the Governor-General that the number of the judges of the Court should be for the time being increased, the Governor-General in his discretion may, subject to the foregoing provisions of this chapter with respect to the maximum number of judges appoint persons duly qualified for appointment as judges to be additional judges of the Court for such period not exceeding two years as he may specify." Article 166 of the Draft prepared by the Constitutional adviser more or less adopted the language of section 222 of the Government of India Act, 1935 with some modifications. The Drafting Com­ mittee, however, redrafted Article 166 of the Draft Constitution prepared by the Constitutional Adviser by splitting it into two articles i.e. Articles 198 and 199. The redrafted Articles 198 and 199 of the Draft Constitution read as follows: "198. ( 1) When the office of Chief Justice of a High Court is vacant or when any such Chief Justice is, by reason of absence or otherwise, unable to perform the duties of his office, the duties of the 1278 StJl'itEME COtJllT llEl'OlttS [1982) 2 s.c.a. office shall be performed by such one of the other Judges of the court as the President may appoint for the purpose.~ (2) (a) When the office of any other judge of a High Court is vacant or when any such judge is appointed to act temporarily as a Chief Justice or is unable to perform the duties of his office by reason of absence or otherwise, the President may appoint a person duly qualified for appointment as a judge to act as a judge of that court. (b) The person appointed shall, while so acting, be deemed to be a judge of the Court. ( c) Nothing contained in this clause shall prevent the President from revoking any appointment made under this clause. "199. If by reason of any temporary increase in the business of any High Court or by reason of arrears of work in any such court, it appears to the President that the number of the j1;dges of the court should be for the time being increased, the President may, subject to the foregoing provisions of this Chapter with respect to the maximum number of judges, appoint persons duly qualified for appointment as judges to be additional judges of the court for such period not exceeding two years as he may specify." The Drafting Committee also introduced one more Article i .. e. Article 200 providing for the attendance of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts which conformed to the practice in the United Kingdom and in the United States of America. That Article read : "200. Notwithstanding anything contained in this Chapter, the Chief Justice of a High Court may at any time, .subject to the provisions of this article request any person who has held the office of a judge of that court to sit and act as a judge of the court, and every such person so requested shall, while so sitting and acting, have all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of, but shall not other· wise be deemed to be, a judge of that court : t - y S.J>. GUJ>'l'A V. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1279 Provided that nothing in this article shall be deemed to require any such person as aforesaid to sit and act as a judge of that court unless he consents so to do." At the conference of the Federal Court Judges and Chief Justices of the Hight Courts which met in March, 1948, it was recommended that Article 198(2) ( c) of the Draft Constitution which empowered the President to revoke the appointment of an acting judge appointed under Article 192(2) (a) should be omitted. The Drafting Committee received at this juncture a number of representations to delete the Article providing for the appointment of additional Judges and acting Judges. The comments of Tej Bahadur Sapru on the practice of additional Judges or acting Judges resuming practice after a short stay on the Bench were telling. He said: "Additional judges, under the old Constitution, were appointed by the Governor-General for a period not exceed­ ing two years. I do not know whether that condition has been reproduced in the proposed Constitution. This prohibition, however, does not apply to acting judges or temporary judges. I think the rule in future should be that any barrister or advocate, who accepts a seat on the Bench, shall be prohibited from resuming practice anywhere on retirement. I would not, however, apply this to temporary judges taken from the Services, who hold a seat on the Bench for a few months, but I would add that the practice of appointing additional and temporary judges should be definitely given up. When I said at the Round Table Con­ ference that there were acting, ad 'itional and temporary judges in India, some of the English lawyers not accustom­ ed to Indian law felt rather surprised. I am also of the opinion that temporary or acting judges ·do greater harm than permanent judges, when after their seat on the Bench for a short period they revert to the Bar. A seat on the Bench gives them a pre-eminence over their colleagues and. embarrasses the subordinate judges who were at one time under their control and thus instead of their helping justice they act as a hindrance to free justice. I have a very strong feeling in this matter and have during my long 1280 SuPRllMil COURT Rili>Otti's [19821 2 s.c.R.. experience seen the evil effects of unchecked resumption of, practice by barristers and advocates". (B. Shiva Rao ; 'The Framing of India's Constitution' Vol. IV pp. 172-173). In October, 1948, the Drafting Committee decided to dr<ip both Article 198 (2) and Article 199 providing for the appointment of acting and additional Judges. It was of the view that it was 'possible to discontinue the system of appointment of temporary and additional Judges in High Courts altogether by increasing, if necessary, the total number of permanent Judges of such courts'. On June' 7, 1949 after hearing the plea of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar 'that all Judges of the High Court shall have to be permanent', the Constituent Assembly adopted the recommendation of the Drafting Committee to delete Articles 198 (2) and 199 of the Draft Constitu · tion providing for the appointment of acting and additional Judges in High Courts. Accordingly the Drafting Committee deleted reference.to appointment of acting and additional Judges altogether in the revised Draft Constitution submitted to the Constituent Assembly on November 3, 1949 but retained only those provisions relating to appointment of acting Chief Justice and attendance of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts. In the Constitution as it was enacted finally by the Constituent Assembly these were pro­ visions for appointment of Chief Justice, acting Chief Justices and attendance of retired Judges at the sittings of the High Court. (Vide Article 217, Article 223 and Article 224). There was no pro­ vision for the appointment of acting or additional Judges. Since it was felt 'that the working of Article 224 as it was originally enacted which pro~ided for the attendance of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts was not satisfactory and that Lere was need to intro· duce provisions for appointment of acting and additional Judges as it obtained in sub-sections (2) and (3) of section 222 of the Govern­ ment of India Act, 1935, by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, I 956, .Article 224 was substituted by the new Article 224 which reads 1hus .: "224. (I) If by reason of any temporary increase in the business of a High Court or by reason of arrears of work therein, it appears to the President that the number of the judges of that Court should be for the time being increased, the President may appoint duly qualified persons to be additional 'f. -· S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1281 judges of the Court for such period not exceeding two years as he may specify. (2) When any Judge of a High Court other than the Chief Justice is by reason of absence or for any other reason unable to perform the duties of his office or is appointed to act temporarily as Chief Justice, the President may appoint a duly qualified person to act as a Judge of that Court until the permanent Judge has resumed his duties. (3) No person appointed as an additional or acting C judge of a High Court shall hold office after attaining the age of sixty years". Article 217 (I) was simultaneously amended in order to make the procedure of the appointment of permanent Judges appli­ cable to additional and acting Judges too. After amendment, t\rti<;le 217 (I) reaq~ ; "217. (I) Every Judge of High Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State and in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High Court and shall hold office in the case of an additional or acting Judge, as provided in Article 224 and in any other case until he attains the age of sixty years ................... " .. The original Article 224 which was replaced by the new Article 224 was again reintroduced as Article 224A by the Constitu­ tion (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963 again providing for the attendance of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts. Simulta­ neously Article 217 (I) was amended substituting "sixty two years" in the place of "sixty years" in it. Clause (3) of Article 224 was also amended by substituting "sixty two years" in the place of "sixty years". Tb.is completes the history of Article 224 of the Cons­ ~.itµtioi;i, 1282 SUPREMll COURT REPORTS ( 1982] 2 S.C.R. What is the true meaning of Article 224 (I) ? It empowers the President to appoint duly qualified persons to be additional Judges, if it appears to him by reason of any temporary increase in the business of a High Court or by reason of arrears of work therein that the number of Judges of that Court should for the time being be increased. The two occasions when an additional Judge can be appointed are those mentioned in Article 224 (I) of the Constitution, namely, (i) a temporary increase in its business or (ii) accumulatation of arrears of work in the High Court con­ cerned. Article 224 (I) is not, therefore, intended for meeting a situation where the work of the High Court is gradually on the inerease requiring the appointment of more number of permanent Judges. The reasons for the increase in the work of the High Courts according to the Fourteenth Report of the Law Commission were: "The problem of arrears in the High Courts must in our opinion be viewed against the very large, increase in the work of these courts in recent years, particularly during the period following the Constitution. Two main causes of this increase need mention. Firstly, the growing volume of ordinary litigation following the economic and industrial development of the country, has considerably added to the normal work of all the Courts. We append a Table (Table I) showing the extent of the increase under various heads. Secondly, there has been an expansion of the High Courts' special jurisdiction under a variety of fiscal enactments like the Income tax and Sales Tax Act and other special laws. The fact of such expansion was noticed by the High Courts Arrears Committee "as far back as 19il9. A very recent example of the con­ ferment of the special jurisdiction on the High Courts will be found in the Representation of the People Act b\· which the High Court is empowered to hear appeals from the decisions of Election Tribunal. The fundamental rights conferred by the Constitu­ tion and resort to the remedies provided for their enforcement have contributed largely to the increase in the volume of work in the High Courts. Applications for the enforcement of fundamental rights, applications y /- ... _ - S.P. otJPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, 1.) 1283 seeking to restrain the usurpation of jurisdiction by administrative bodies and applications or suits chal­ lenging the constitutionality of laws have made large additions to the pending files of the High Courts. It has to be observed that many laws have come in for challenge in the Courts on the ground of their inconsistency with the Constitution. The complexity of recent legislation has resulted in a large number of novel and difficult questions having been brought before the High Couts. Their decisions have not only taken longer time, but have led not infrequently to references to Full Benches which necessarily divert the available judge-power from what may be called normal judicial work. As a result of this large addition to their work, the disposal of ordinary civil and criminal work in the High Courts has suffered very considera­ bly. This increase of work and its specially difficult and novel character can well be regarded as an important cause of the accumulation of old cases". (Vide paragraphs 2 and 3 in Chapter 6 of Vol. I of the Fourteenth Report of the Law Commission). These observations were made in 1958. There are more rea- E ·sons now for the increase in the work of the High Courts. The Law Commission in paragraphs 54 and 57 of Chapter 6 in Volume I of its Fourteenth Report recommended thus : "54. The large increase in the volume of annual institutions which has been referred to earlier must now, we think, be taken as a permanent feature. This position accordingly necessitates a thorough revision of existing ideas regarding the number of judges required for each High Court. The strength of some of the High Courts has been increased from time to time. In doing this, however, the post-Constitutional developments which have thrown a much heavier burden on the High Courts have, in our view, not been' adequately taken into account. To expect the existing pt1mber of judges in the various High Courts to deal ' ,. ~ . . , 1284 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982) 2 s.c.a.. efficiently with the vastly increased volume of work is, in our opinion, to ask them to attempt the impossi­ ble. As pointed out to us by a senior counsel, if there is a congestion on the roads due to an increase in traffic, the remedy is not to blame the traffic but to widen the roads. The first essential therefore, is to see that the strength of every High Court is maintained at a level so as to be adequate to dispose of what may be called its normal institutions. The normal strength of a High Court must be fixed on the basis of the average annual institutions of all types of proceedings in a particular High Court during the last three years. This is essential in order to prevent what may be termed the current file of the Court falling into arrears . and adding to the pile of old cases. The problem of clearing the arrears can be satisfactorily dealt with only after the normal strength of each Court has been brought up to the level required to· cope with its normal institutions. We suggest that the required strength of the High Court of each State should be ifixed in consultation with the Chief Justice of that State and the Chief Justice of India and the strength 1 so fixed should be reviewed at an interval of two or three years. Such a review will be necessary not only by reason of changing conditions but because the implementation of our recommendations made else· where will lea:d to a quicker disposal of work in the subordinate courts which, in its turn, will result in an ·increase in the work of the High Courts. 57. We are of the view that the provfaions of article 224 of the Constitution should be availed of and additional judges be appointed for the specific purpose of dealing with these arrears. The number of such additional judges required for each High Court for the purpose of dealing with the arrears will have to be fixed in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the Chief Justice of the State High Court after . taking into consideration the arrears in the particular - - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1285 court, their nature and the av.erage disposal of that court. The number of additional judges to be fixed for this purpose should be such as to enable the arrears to be cleared within a period of two years. The additional judges so appointed should, in our view, be utilised as far as possible exclusively for the purpose of disposing of arrears and not be diverted to the disposal of current work. Pari passu with the dis­ posal of the arrears, the permanent strength of the High Court will have to be brought up to and main­ tained at the required level, care being taken to see that their normal disposal keeps pace with the new institutions and that they are not allowed to develop into arrears. The appointment of additional Judges for the exclusive purpose of dealing with the arrears is, in our view, called for in a larg~ number of High Courts". The practice that grew in High Courts was, however, different. Article 224 (1) was treated as the gateway through which almost every Judge had to pass before being made permanent. It is indeed disturbing to notice that some Judges before they were made permanent had functioned as additional Judges for nearly five years. Article 217 (1) of the Constitution lays down the procedure to be followed in making the appointment of a Judge of a High Court. The President can appoint a High Court Judge after con· sultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State and in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High Court. Article 217 (I) as it was originally enacted referred to the appointment of permanent Judges only as there was no provision in the Constitution then to the appointment of additional or acting Judges. When the new Article 224 of the Constitution was subsituted in the place of the original Article 224 by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956 providing for the appointment of additional and acting Judges, Article 217 (1) also was amended requiring the appoint­ ment of additional and acting Judges also in the same manner, the only distinction maintained between the permanent Judges and the additional and acting Judges being the one relating to their tenure. A permanent Judge is entitled to be in office till he attains the age of sixty two years wherea,~ t~e tenure of an additional orJ!actin~ 8 B. Judge is as specified by the President under Article 224 (I) or Article 224 (2) of the Costitution as the case may be. It is, however, to be noted that the Constitution does not prescribe any difference in the mode of appointment of a permanent Judge or of an additional or an acting Judge. All of them should satisfy the same tests as to their fitness to be appointed as Judges irrespective of the fact whether they are appointed as permanent Judges or as addi­ tional or acting Judges. We shall hereafter confine our attention to the appointment of permanent Judges and additional Judges only. Article 216 of the Constitution reads : "216. Every High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and such other judges as the President may from time to time deem it necessary to appoint." It is well known that with the increase of the population and the number of laws and with the changes brought about in the economic, social and political life of the people, litigation in all courts has been continuously increasing. Naturally the number of cases filed in the High Courts which happen to be the highest courts in the case of a large number of matters have gone on growing. From the statements filed on behalf of the Central Government alongwith the affidavit dated August 29, 1981 of Shri T.N. Chaturvedi, Secretary (Justice), Government of India, the following facts emerge : (a) The total number of main cases pending (b) Average disposal of main cases per Judge per year during the 'years 1978, 1979 ilDd 19?0~ As on As on 31-12-1978 31-12-1979 6,13,799 6,17,239 As on 31-12-1980 6,78,951 ~60 ..... ... i.. - ~· y .... s. P.GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) (c) The sanctioned strength of per­ manent Judges in all the High Courts as on 18-3-1981. ( d) The actual strength of permanent Judges in all the High Courts as on 18-3-1981. (e) The sanctioned strength of additional Judges in all the High Courts as on 18-3-1981. (f) The actual steength of additional Judges in all the High Courts as on 18-3-1981. Sanctioned strength 308 97 405 1287 Actual strength 277 43 320 Hence on March 18, 1981 in all there were 320 Judges (perma­ nent and additiona1) in all the High Courts. At the average rate of 860 main cases per year per Judge, 320 Judges can dispose of about 2,75,200 cases per year. To dispose of the arrears of cases as on 31-12-1980 they need approximately four years since many of them are bound to be heavy Division Bench matters which consume a lot of time. Of them, it may be noted that 2,59,827 cases were more than two years old as on 31.12.1980. The fresh institu­ tions in all the High Courts are also on the increase. Fresh cases instituted in all the High Courts were 4,85,880, 5,30,614 and 5,55,719 respectively in the years 1978, 1979 and 1980. If the total average disposal of all the existing Judges per year is only 2,75,200 cases then twice the number of existing Judges would be needed even to dispose of the new cases institute)Q every yea~ l\l\vin~ ~re~~rc! tQ, 1288 SUPREME COUR1 REPORTS [1982] 2 S.C,R. the institutions in the year 1980, let alone the backlog of nearly 7,00,009 of cases. It is thus clear that the number of Judges in the High Courts, both permanent and additional, is wholly inadequate to cope up with the situation which has arisen more on account of delay in filling'up existing vacancies and on account of not increasing the strength of Judges of the High Courts to the requisite number from time to time. There appear to be some discrepancies in the statistics furnished in these cases. But it is admitted by the Govern­ ment that they need at least I 50 more additional Judges in addition to the sanctioned strength of 308 permanent Judges and 97 addi· tional Judges to clear off the arrears in two years. Article 216 of the Constitution requires the President to appoint necessary number of Judges in each High Court. The word 'necessary' in Article 216 is a crucial one. It imposes a duty on the President to review the strength of Judges in each High Court from time to time and to increase the number of Judges as and when it is necessary. No steps appear to have been taken to do so pr;:iperly and that is the reason why we have reached these staggering arrears. In the present situation, it appears, there should be at least 600 permanent Judges to fight the problem of arrears. If in any given High Court the arrears come down, then fresh appointments in that High Court may not be made. But steps have to be taken to appoint immediately at least 200 more Judges after making all the existing additional Judges permanent. In this state of affairs, it is difficult to understand as to why Judges are being appointed even now as additional Judges only for a period of two years or for lesser periods. When it is not disputed that a Judge appointed under Article 224 •(1) of· the Constitution, is not a Judge on probation, what is the\ advantage of appointing additional Judges when there is need to appoint more permanent Judges? Surely there is no' financial gain to the Government as the expenditure involved is almost the same whether a Judge is an additional Judge or a permanent Judge. On the other hand, the appointment of additional Judges even where permanent Judges are needed leads to two important disadvantage:;. First, the periodic processing of the papers relating to the renewal of the term of an additional Judge consumes a lot of time of the high functionaries who have to be consulted under Article 217 (I). Secondly, an additional Judge concerned will not be able to deal with matters as independently as a permanent Judge can. Because the conduct of an additional Judge }VOuld become subject to scrutiny by the Chief Justice of the High. t - - 'y--- - - s.i>. OIJt>TA v. UNION ( Venkataramiah, J.) 1289 Court, the Governor, the Chief Justice of India and the Presi­ dent in connection with the his reappointment just when his tenure specified under Article 224 {l) is about to come to a close, it is natural that he would not be able to deal with the matters placed before him without fear of incurring to displeasure of any one of them. We have to bear in mind that the State and the Central Government are the biggest litigants in every High Court and order passed by an additional Judge are sure to displease them in one way or the other. It is no doubt true that an additional Judge takes the oath of office to deal with the matters without fear or favour, and affection or illwill, but we should remember that he is after all a human being. If an advocate who is at the age of about 45 years, is appointed as an additional Judge for two years, what should he do if at the end of two years he is dropped on the ground that he is not fit for being continued as a Judge ? Having burnt his boats at the Bar, should he make fresh efforts to re-establish himself in the Bar? Will not his position be made more difficult if he is sent back with a label that he was not found fit to be continued as a Judge ? Similarly in the case of a District Judge who is promoted as a High Court Judge, should he go back as a District Judge at the end of the tenure fixed under Article 224 (I) ? Probably having in view all these difficulties at the time when the Constitution was enacted, no provision was made for appointing additional Judges. It was no doubt introduced in 1956 to meet emergencies arising out of sudden increase in arrears of cases. Article 224 (1) was never intended for appointing almost every Judge first as an additional Judge and then as a permanent Judge. A perusal of the list of Judges of the High Courts maintained by the Government shows that not less than 4/5th of the Judges have been initially appointed as addi­ tional Judges and then as permanent Judges. Only I/5th of them are appointed as permanent Judges initially. This may be due to the existence of vacancies in the permanent strength when they were appointed as Judges. The sanctioned strength of permanent Judges, however, at no time represented the true position as it is found that always the permanent strength fell short of the requisite number. This is not a happy position at all but this is not all. Judges whose tenure is not assured as in the case of permanent Judges but whose continuance in office after the specified period is subject to the will of any other authority generally do not inspire confidence in the 1290 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 S.C.R.. litigant public also. The decision of this Court in Krishan Gopal v. Shri Prakash Chandra & Ors.(1) supports this statement. That was a case where the appellant had questioned the jurisdiction of a retired Judge of the Madhya Pradesh High Court who had been requested to function as a Judge under Article 224A of the Constitu­ tion to try an election petition. This Court negatived that conten­ tion of the appellant holding that a retired Judge functioning under Article 224A had all the powers and jurisdiction of a sitting Judge. This Court also negatived another contention of the appellant which had been urged in support of the appeal. The appeal should have, therefore, been dismissed. The operative part of the judgment, however, was entirely different. It reads at page 215 thus : ·i "The two legal contentions which have been advanced on behalf of the appellant in our opinion, are not well founded, and we have no hesitation to repel them. All the same, looking to the special facts and circumstances of this case, we are of the opinion that it is fit and proper and in the ~interest of justice that the election petition filed by the appellant be tried by another learned judge of the High Court who may be assigned for the purpose by the Chief Justice of that Court. It seems indeed desirable that election petitions should ordinarily, if possible, be entrusted for trial to a perma­ nent judge of the High Court, even though we find that • additional or acting judges or those requested under Article 224A of the Constitution to sit and act as judges of the High Court, if assigned for the purpose by the Chief Justice, are legally competent to hear those matters. We, therefore, set aside the order dated August lO, 1973. The election petition filed by the appellant shall now be heard by a permanent judge who may be assigned for the purpose by the learned Chief Justice. The case may, therefore, be placed before the learned Chief Justice for necessary orders. The appeal is accepted accordingly. The parties in the circumstances shall bear their own costs of this Court and in the High Court". (Emphasis added) (1) (1974] 2 SCR,206, - - - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1291 What does this decision mean ? Additional or acting Judges appointed under Article 224 (I) and (2) or retired Judges requested under Article 224A of the Constitution are looked at with suspicion even by this Court. Why ? The reason is obvious. This Court felt that cases like election petitions which had political overtones should not be entrusted to additional Judges or acting Judges whose tenure was dependent upon the pleasure of the Government which had the power to withhold its consent to the fresh appointments of the Judges concerned to be made at the end of the period specified under Article 224. Is this not sufficient to hold that by constantly resorting to Article 224 (I) where it could not be done, the Govern­ ment has created a second class of Judges in the High Courts even though as we are aware their integrity, character and erudition are beyond question ? The answer has to be in the affirmative. The appointment of a retired Judge whose tenure was at the pleasure of the Government to try criminal cases was found to be violative of Article 21 of the Constitution by Chandrachud, C. J. In re. The Special Courts Bill, 1978's case (supra). In that connection the learned Chief Justice observed at page 549-550 thus : "The second infirmity from which the procedural part of the Bill suffers is that by clause 7, Special Courts are to be presided over either by a sitting Judge of a High Court or by a person who has held office as Judge of a High Court to be nominated by the Central Government in consultation with the Chief Justice of India. The provision for the appointment of a sitting High Court Judge as a Judge of the Special Court is open to no exception. In so far as the alternate source is concerned, we entertain the highest respect for retired Judges of High Courts and we are anxious that nothing said by us in our judgment should be construed as casting any aspersion on them as a class. Some of them have distinguished themselves as lawyers once again, some as members of administrative tribunal and many of them are in demand in important walks of life. Unquestionably they occupy a position of honour and respect in society. But one cannot shut one's eyes to the constitutional position that whereas by article 217, a sitting Judge of a High Court enjoys security of tenure until he attains a particular age, the retired ;E SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 s.c.tl. Judge will hold his office as a Judge of the Special 1 .j Court during the pleasure of the Government. The pleasure doctrine is subversive of judicial indepen­ dence . . A retired Judge presiding over a Special Court, who displays strength and independence may be frow­ ned upon by the Government and there is nothing to .1 prevent it from terminating his appointment as and when it likes. It is said on behalf of the Govern· ' rnent that if the appointment has to be made in consul­ , ; tation with the Chief Justice of India, the termination -I of the appointment will also require similar consulta­ tion. We are not impressed by that submission. But, granting that the argument is valid, the process of consultation has its own limitations and they are quite 'l , f well-known. The obligation to consult may not neces· sarily act as a check on an executive which is deter­ mined to remove an inconvenient incumbent. We are therefore, of the opinion that clause 7 of the Bill violates article 21 of the Constitution to the extent that a person who has held office as a Judge of the High Court, can be appointed to preside over a Special Court merely in consultation with the Chief Justice of I I India". l . This again supports the view that the present practice of appointing almost all the High Court Judges initially under Article 224 'cO and later on as permanent Judges is not conducive to the indep~ndence of judiciary. ···, , ·It is important to bear in mind that the independence of the judiciary is one of the central values on which our Constitution is based. No other constitutional agency is shielded as are the superior courts in our country with so many built-in safeguards. The Judges can, if they choose to, be guided by the doctrine of conscience only while discharging their duties. They are not expected to be under any, kind of external pressure. They are circumscribed by 'expecta­ tions of neutrality and impartiality' and by the traditions of the legal profession which is always keeping a watchful eye on every action of a Judge. In all conntries where the rule of law prevails and the po'wer to adjudicate upon disputes between a man and a man, a man - - -1- - S.P. GUPTA v. tJNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1293 and the State, a State and a State and a State and the centre is entrus· ted to a judicial body it is natural that such body should be assigned a status free from capricious or whimsical interference from outside and the judges who constitute it should be granted a security of tenure that lifts them above the fear of acting against their con­ science. Lord Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke is remembered with gratitude by all who cherish the independence of the judiciary as an inviolable part of a democratic Government. 'That when all the other judges basely succumbed to the mandate of a sovereign who wished to introduce despotism under the forms of juridical procedure Chief Justice Coke did his duty at the sacrifice of his office'. The extract from 11 Coke 63 which is found at pages 271 and 272 of the 'The Lives of The Chief Justices of England' by J.L. Campbell, Vol. I (1849) shows the courage with which Coke, C.J. resisted the attempts of Kings James I to interfere with the judicial proceedings. Archbishop Bancroft suggested that in order to curb the indepen· dence of Lord Coke the King himself should commence to decide whatever cause he pleased in his own person. Accordingly the King summoned all the Judges before him and his Council to know what they had to say against the said proposal. Coke, C.J. said : "By the law of England, King in his own person cannot adjudge any case, either criminal, as treason, felony, or betwixt party and party concerning his inheritance or goods ; but these matters ought to be determined in some court of justice . -" Hearing this, King James asked ; "My Lords, I always thought, and by my soul I have often heard the boast, that your English law was founded upon reason. If that be so, why have not I and others reason as well as you the Judges ?" Coke, C.J. replied : "True it is, plea~e your Majesty, that God has endowed your Majesty with excellent science as well as great gifts of nature ; but your Majesty will allow me to say, H with all reverence, that you are not learned in the laws of this your realm of England, and I crave leave to 1294 SUPREME COUllT REPORTS (1982] 2 s.C.R remind your Majesty that causes which concern the life or inheritance, or goods or fortunes, of your subjects are not to be decided by natural reason, but by the artificial reason and judgment of law, which law is an · art which requires long study and experience before that a man can attain to the cognizance of it. The law is the golden met-wand and measure to try the causes of your Majesty's subjects, and it is by the law that your Majesty is protected in safety and peace." The foregoing demonstrates the true role of a Judge in a country where rule of law prevails. Speaking on the Judge's Remuneration Bill in the House of Commons in March, 1954 Sir Winston Churchill, the then Prime Minister of, England observed in the course of his speech thus : ·"The principle of the complete independence of the Judiciary from the Executive is the foundation of many things in our island life. It has been widely imitated in varying degrees throughout the free world. It is perhaps one of the deepest gulfs between us and all forms of totalitarian rule. The only subordination which a judge knows in his judicial capacity is that which he owes to the existing body of legal doctrine enunciated in years past by his brethren on the bench, past and present, and upon the laws passed by Parliament which have received the Royal Assent. The judge has not only to do justice between man and man. He also­ and this is one of his most important functions consi­ dered incomprehensible in some large parts of the world-has to do justice between the citizens and the State. He has to ensure that the administration con­ forms with the law, and to adjudicate upon the legality of the exercise by the Executive of its powers. The relations between the Judiciary and the Legislature are also exceptional and privileged. Parliament has delibe­ rately maintained the judges in a special position, not only by charging their salaries to the Consolidated Fund so that they do not fall within the annual scrutiny of Parliament, but also by eschewing any claim to criticise a judge's conduct in his judicial capa- - 1 J -I - ..... S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1295 city except on a specific Motion for an Address to the Crown for the judge's removal. That has worked, as far as one can see, without any adverse comment as long as any of us can remember. Parliament has a vital interest in the efficiency and the integrity of the bench because Parliament and the Judiciary are interdependent and, from different angles, they exercise and enforce their control upon the Execu­ tive. Parliament decides what the law shall be and the judges decide what, in fact, Parliament has made it. The labours of Parliament in enacting the law depend for their effectiveness very largely on the fact that there is behind Parliament an independent judi­ ciary applying and enforcing the law with high integrity and a great measure of common sense and knowledge of daily life, and with high professional skill, an apply­ ing it in conformity with the intention of Parliament. Perhaps only those who have led the life of a judge can know the lonely responsibility which rests upon him. In criminal cases, and in some civil cases, be may have the assistance of a jury, but it is on bis shoulders that even in these cases the heaviest burden lies. In other cases in which the honour and fortune of citizens are at stake, be has the sole responsibility of decision, and a heavy one it must be. The service rendered by judges demands the highest qualities of learning, training and character. These quali­ ties are not to be 'assured in terms of pounds, shillings and pence according to the quantity of work done. A form of life and conduct far more severe and restricted than that of ordinary people is required from judges and, though unwritten, has been most strictly observed. They are at once privileged and restricted. They have to present a continuous aspect of dignity and conduct." (Parliamentary Debates-Commons (1953-54) Vol. 525 at p. 1062) 1296 SlJPRBMB COlJRT REPORTS (1982) 2 S.C.R. Moving the very same Bill in the House of Lords the Marquess of Salisbury described the high esteem in which Parliament regarded the judiciary thus : "But even Parliament has put Judges in a very special position. It has taken the precaution, as we all know, of charging their salaries on the Consolidated Fund, so that they are not subject to the annual scurtiny of Parliament ; it has also eschewed the right to criticise Judges in their judicial capacity. Parliament, which represents the British people, the whole electorate of the , country, has throughout history been at special pains to protect the independence of the Judiciary. This, I should have thought, was both natural and right. After all, the legislation that rules our lives is, in fact, the , joint creation of Parliament and the Bench ; Parliament decides what the law ought to be, and the Bench decides what in fact it is. As I see it, the work of , . Parliament largely depends for its effectiveness on the fact that both Parliament itself and the individual . citizens of the country know there is behind it the • 'Judiciary, which not only applies and enforces the law, !but interprets it, where necessary, with high integrity and vast professional skill. I imagine that there can , . be no profession where professional skill based on I ong experience is more necessary than in the case of the Judiciary." (Parliamentary Debates-Lords (1953-54) Vol. 186 at 'P· 1019) The foregoing shows the importance of the independence of the Judiciary in our body-politic. r The next point which requires to be examined is whether an additional Judge who is appointed for a specified term and who is not reappointed after the expiry of the said term can complain before a court of law about his non-appointment. In other words whether such an additional Judge has any judicial remedy at all if he is aggrieved by the Government not appointing him as additional Judge for a further term or as a permanent Judge is the question which has !o be considered here. Ordinaril~ wherever there is a - .. I - s.P. GtJPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1297 .right there should be a remedy, otherwise the right would be without meaning. On a fair construction of Article 224(1) of the Constitu­ tion which enables the President to appoint an additional Judge for a period not exceeding two years and of Article 217(1) of the Cons­ titution which limits the tenure of an additional Judge appointed to the period specified under Article 224(1), it is not possible to make a declaration that an additional Judge should be deemed to have been appointed as a permanent Judge on the ground that Y.hen his appointment was made under Article 224 (l) it was necessary for the President to appoint a permanent Judge in view of the quantum of work pending in the High Court concerned and not an additional Judge. The warrant of appointment has to be construed in accor­ dance with the unequivocal language in which it is couched and nothing more can be read into it. The Constitution does not con­ fer any right upon an additional Judge to claim, as of right, that he should be appointed again either as a permanent Judge or as an additional Judge. There is no such enforceable right. A court of law has no power to give effect to any right not recognised by law. It is also not the function of a court of justice to enforce or give effect to moral obligations which do not carry with them legal or equitable rights. It seems to be a very formidable proposition in­ deed to say that any court has a right to enforce what may seem to it to be just, apart from the Constitution and the laws. As an aid to the construction of the relevant Articles of the Constitution and in particular Article 217, and Article 224 of the Constitution, it is urged, that the British constitutional convention regarding the tenure of Judges should be adopted. Elaborating this contention, it is urged that in England there are no Judges who may be equated with additional or acting Judges. "All the superior Judges other than the Lord Chancellor hold office during good behaviour subject to a power of removal by His Majesty on an address presented to His Majesty by both Houses of Parliament". This bas been the accepted legal position since the Act of Settle­ ment 1700 and it is so formulated with the object of securing the independence of the judiciary. By a constitutional convention the procedure for removal of a Judge by the presentation of an address has been evolved. Since the independence of the judiciary is an integral part of the scheme 'of the Indian Constitution it is argued that whatever constitutional conventions are prevalent in England whose system we have adopted in creating an independent judiciary free from executive interference should be followed while interpret- fl ing the words of Article 217 and Article 224 of the Constitu­ tion. It is argued that when once a Judge is appointed to the High Court under Article 224(1) of the Constitution as an additional Judge by following the procedure of consultation prescribed in Article 217, he should either be appointed as a permanent Judge if a vacancy arises before the end of his tenure fixed pursuant to Article 224(1) which cannot exceed a period of two years or re­ appointed as an additional Judge before the end of that period if the arrears of work in the Court to which he is appointed are such that there is a need to have an additional Judge for a further period. It is urged that when the occasion to appoint such additional Judge as a permanent Judge or as an additional Judge, as the case may be, arises even though consultation with the functionaries specified in Article 217 of the Constitution should again be followed, the consul­ tation on that occasion should be limited to the existence of a vacancy of a permanent Judge or the existence of arrears, as the case may be, and not to any other question which may be relevant at the time of the initial appointment. In other words, the argu­ ment is that the consultation on the second occasion cannot relate to the capacity, integrity, behaviour etc. of the additional Judge and any other view, according to the petitio.ners, would be opposed to the spirit of the constitutional convention which should be follo­ wed in such a case as otherwise the whole process would be vitiated on account of the scope it gives for executive interference. Alter­ natively, it is urged that since almost all the additional Judges appointed after 1956 have been later on absorbed as permanent Judges, it should be held that a constitutional convention to appoint every additional Judge as a permanent Judge has come into exis· tence and that such convention should be enforced by courts. About the applicability of the principle of judicial independence embodied in the provisions relating to the tenure of Judge in the Act of Settlement, 1700, reference may be made here to Terrell v. Secretary of State for the Colonies & Anr.(1) In which a similar contention was urged in support of the case of the claimant therein. In 1930, the claimant, then in his 49th year was offered an appointment as a puisne Judge of the Supreme Court in Malaya. By a letter written on behalf of the Secretary of State, the claimant was informed that the qualifying term for a pension was seven years and that the com- (1) [1953] 2 Q.B. 482, + - - .,.... - ~.1>. GUPTA v. \:JNiON (Venkataramiah, J.) 1299 pulsoty retltlng age In the case of a Judge was 62, and the claimant accepted the appointment on those terms. In 1942, while the claim­ ant was on leave in Australia, Malaya was occupied by the enemy and the Letters Patent appointing the claimant, of which there was no copy and those relating to other Judges, were lost or destroyed. On April 7, 1942, the claimant was informed that the Secretary of State could not justify retaining him now that his post was necess­ arily In abeyance and there was no alternative but to award him pension on abolition of his office and the claimant's appointment, accordingly, ended on July 7, 1942, 17 months before h:s 62nd birth­ da)'. On the question whether the claimant was liable in law to be required to retire before the age of 62, it was contended that the principle of judicial independence embodied in the Act of Settlement, 1700, was to be regarded as part of the law of the Straits Settlements, and that therefore the claimant held office duri11g good behaviour and could not be removed; alternatively, that if he had been appoin­ ted during pleasure, the correspondence between the claimant and the Secretary of State constituted a contract enforceable against the Crown that the Crown would employ him until he attained the age of 62. It was held by Lord Goddard, C.J. that the provisions of the Act of Settlement relating to the tenure of office of Judges of the Supreme Court in England did not apply to the Straits Settlements or to any other colony; it was for the Crown by exercise of the prerogative or Parliament by statute to set up courts in an acquired territory, and the conditions under which Judges of those courts held office depended upon the terms on which the Crown or Parliament established them. Secondly, that it was clear from a consideration of the Straits Settlements Act, 1866, Royal Letters Patent of 1911 which instructed the Governor that he might appoint Judges to hold office during His Majesty's pleasure, and the Royal Warrants rela­ ting to the courts in the Straits Settlements that Judges held office during the Royal pleasure; accordingly, the claimant having been appointed by Letters Patent issued pursuant to a Royal Warrant which following the terms of the Letters Patent of 1911, held office during the Royal pleasure. Thirdly, that it was a rule of law that once it was established that the Crown had the right to dismiss at pleasure, that right could not be taken away by any contractual arrangement made by an executive officer or department of State; a Judge appointed during pleasure was in no way in a different posi­ tion from the point of view of dismissal from that of any other per­ son in the Service of the Crown; having been appointed to hold office during pleasur<; !10 9orrespondence whi9h took place b~for~ or 1300 SUPREME COURT REPORTS f 1982] 2 s.c.R. after the claimant's appointment could affect the terms of appoint­ ment; accordingly, the termination of the appointment by the Crown was justifiable in law. It is thus seen that the English court did not extend the benefit of the Act of Settlement, 1700, to a Judge appointed in a British colony. It is more difficult to extend the benefit of that Act to Judges functioning in an independent country, like India governed by its own Constitution, even though the same pattern of administration of justice is continued even now as it was in the British India. The nature of constitutional conventions, understandings and practices, according to A.V. Dicey "Make of a body, not of laws, but of constitutional or political ethics". They are not enforced or recognised by the courts. Freeman writes in his 'Growth of the English Constitution (1872)' that when an Englishman speaks of the. conduct of a public man being constitutional or unconstitutional, he means something wholly different from what he means by conduct being legal or illegal'. Constitutional conventions in England are those which mainly govern the exercise of the royal prerogative. 'The right to dissolve or to convoke Parliament, to make peace or war, to make new peers, to dismiss a minister or to appoint his suc­ cessor, even though vested in the Crown is always regulated in accor­ dance with the wishes of the ministry. A ministry which is out voted on any vital question in the House of Commons is bound to retire from office is an important constitutional understanding which is invariably obeyed. The aim of these precepts is to secure that Parlia­ ment or the Cabinet shall in the long run give effect to the will of that power which in modern England is the true political sovereign of the State-the majority of the electors or (to use popular though not quite accurate language) the nation'. A convention is a rule of constitutional practice which is neither enacted by Parliament as a formal legislation nor enforced by courts, yet its violation is conside­ red to be a serious breach of constitutional morality leading to grave political consequences to those who have indulged in such violations. They are, according to 0. Hood Phillips, 'rules of political practice which are regarded as binding by those to whom they apply, but which ......... are not enforced by the courts or by the Houses of Parliament'. Constitutional conventions, understandings, or practices therefore constitute a source of constitutional law or. binding rule of conduct though not enforced by courts. The true position'.may be summarised thus_:- - - ·+ - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramia,h, J.) 1301 "The people as a whole, and Parliament itself, recognise that under the unwritten Constitution there are certain established principles which limit the scope of Parliament. It is true that the courts cannot enforce these principles as they can under the Federal system in the United States, but this does not mean that these Principles are any the less binding and effective." -Prof. A:L. Goodhart. The conventions are evolved over a long period of political experience and are capable of regulating the operation of political power and are largely relied on particularly in those countries where there are no written Constitutions. They, however, vary from country to country in the Commonwealth. In India we have incorporated some of the conventions in the Constitution itself which has establis­ hed a Parliamentary form of Government. Articles 74, 75, 77, 85 and 117 contain some of the British constitutional conventions in a modified form. But apart from those conventions which are incor­ porated in the Constitution, there may be some conventions which are followed by those in office out of political necessity. The latter however are not capable of enforcement in courts. The courts are . not concerned with the 'Constitutional practices' which are outside the Constitution. It is, therefore, difficult t_o make a declaration on the basis of any constitutional convention not found in the Constitu­ tion that an additional Judge who was appointed after following the same procedure prescribed for appointment of a permanent Judge should be deemed to have been appointed as a permanent Judge because the circumstances warranted the appointment of a perma­ nent Judge at the time of his appointment, contrary to the express and unequivocal language of the warrant of his appointm.ent. I must confess before proceeding further that the above argu­ ment appeared to· be very attractive at one stage but on closer scru­ tiny it has to be rejected. In doing so I am influenced in no small measure by the following observations made in.the dissenting opinion of Justice Holmes in Northern Securities Co. v. United States.( 1) Justice Holmes said :- {I) 193 U.S. 197 400·401 : 48 L El:\-. ~79,~ 7t6., 1302 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 s.c.R. "Great cases like hard cases make bad law. For great cases are called great not by reason of their real importance in shaping the law of future; but because of some accident of immediate overwhelming interest which appeals to the feelings and distorts the judgment. These immediate interests exercise a kind of hydraulic pressure which makes what previously was clear seem doubtful and before .which even well settled principles of law bend." But the question is whether an additional Judge can apply to the Court to direct the Government to consider his case for such reappointment having regard to the situation in which he is placed • and the circumstances surrounding his case. This has presented some unusual difficulty in answering it. A rule of practice should, according to some legal philosophers who are principally concerned with what the law ought to be, be treated as binding if it is fair and operates in a fair society and if it involves mutual benefits to the participants, so ~hat the party who receives or expects to receive benefits, must in his turn be willing to render benefits according to the practice, because such practice gives rise to expectations, which when violated would result in harm to .one or the other. These philosophical reasons may appeal to the sense of morality but while· interpreting the Constitution, it has to be seen whether there is any room for concluding that an enforceable right has come into exis­ tence as a consequence of such practice. Prof. P.S. Atiyah, who has tried to analyse the nature of promissory obligations in the light of the theories of 'promising' associated with the natural lawyers, the utilitarians and a number of other legal philosophers in his book entitled 'Promise, Morals and Law, (1981), Oxford, observes at pages 141-142 thus: "Some philosophers have recognised that the binding force of promises may vary in a similar sort of way, but the implica.tions of this have not (I think) been properly grasped. At the lowest, recognition of these differing degrees of bindingness must involve acceptance that pure expectations are not generally thought deserving of a high degree of protection and in some cases are not thought worthy of protection at all". ' ' - - • -'!l. S.P, GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1303 If this is the position in the case of laws relating to promises of private individuals, the position in the case of an appointment under the Constitution would be weaker still unless there is any provision in the Constitution which expressly or by necessary intendment binds the authority concerned to act in a particular way. When the Chief Justice of a High Court feels that a member of the Bar should be invited to accept the post of a Judge of the High Court, after obtaining the consent of such advocate, he recommends that his case may be considered for appointment as a permanent or as an additional Judge depending on the vacancy which has to be filled up by such appointment. It is stated that in some High Courts including the Delhi High Court an undertaking would be taken from the advocate concerned when his name is recommended for th~ post of an additional Judge that he would accept the post of a permanent Judge if offered before the expiry of · the term of appointment as additional Judge. Even though such practice of taking an undertaking is not shown to be prevailing in all the High. Courts, it is seen that a suggestion had been made by K.N. Waochoo, Chief Justice of India, in 1967 that such an under­ taking should be taken. K.N. Wanchoo, C.J. recorded a note on June 29, 1967 as follows :- "When a member of the Bar is appointed Additional Judge, it must be with a view to making him permanent in the course. If that is not possible, additional judgeship should not be offered to · a member of the Bar. I agree therefore that an undertaking should be taken from the members of the Bar that they will accept a permanent judgeship when offered to them in due course ... " As stated elsewhere the prov1S1on for appointment of addi­ tional Judges was included in the Constitution by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956. From that time onwards nearly 500 persons have been appointed as Judges of High Courts. About one-fifth of them were initially appointed as permanent Judges and the rest were appointed initialy as additional Judges for a certain term and thereafter appointed as permanent Judges. Some of them were appointed as additional Judges twice or thrice before they were made permanent. Only a few of ~the!ll]~were inc;t" •' ·~ . • • •" •• ... . ' ' •' I 1304 SUPREME COURT REPORTS {1982] 2.s.c.R. made permanent, either because they had attained the age of retirement or they had resigned or for some other reason. The number of persons who were not made permanent on the ground· that they were found unfit when their cases for reappointment were considered appears to be almost insignificant as it may not be more than five. But at no time the action of the Goverqment in not reappointing an additional Judge as a permanent Judge was ques­ tioned before any Court as it is now done in these cases. What is to be noticed is that in almost every High Court a few posts have been kept as sanctioned posts of additional Judges as if they were part of the total strength. The result has been that unless all the sanctioned posts of additional Judges and at least one post of a permanent Judge have fallen vacant at a given point of time any new Judge appointed on that occasion being the junior most has to be appointed as an additional Judge and the later no appointed as a perman~nt Judge when a vacancy arises in the per· manent · strength after all other additional Judges senior to him have been absorbed as permanent Judges. Such a thing could not have happened before the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956 came into force. At that time every Judge of a High Court had to appointed only as a permanent Judge without any need for scrutinising his case again for purposes of reappointment as addi­ tional Judge or permanent Judge. From the information made available to the Court, it appears that subject to just exceptions in almost all the High Courts if a realistic review of the present strength is made the total number of permanent Judges needed '¥ill be much' more than the existing num­ ber of permanent Judges and additional Judges. This must have been the position for some years past. But still instead of increa­ sing the number of posts of permanent Judges and making appoint­ ments to them the practice of. inducting a new member as an addi­ tional Judge first and making him permanent later on has been continued quite contrary to the letter and spirit of Article 216 and Article 224(1) of the Constitution. .Since - invariably an additional Judge has been appobted as a permanent Judge in due course ex­ cept in some rare cases, every member who is appointed as an addi­ tional Judge and who has not completed the age of retirement ex~ pects that he will be made permanent as and when a vacancy arises jn the permanent strength and will be continued as an additional. ~ ' . . . , t - - ~.!.>. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramlaii, J.) H0.5 Judge by fresh appointments until such vacancy arises provided the arrears in the High Court requiring his 'continuance as an additional Judge persist. It cannot be said that such e~pectation on the part . of an additional Judge is not well founded. In addition to such settled expectation on the part of the additional Judge, as the learn­ ed Attorney-General has submitted, even on. the part of the Government there has always been reluctance to send back an additional Judge to the Bar after the completion of his term speci­ fied under Article 224(1) and to lose the services of a Judge with experience, These twin factors namely the expectation on the part of the additional Judge and the reluctance on the part of tbe Government distinguish the case of an additional Judge from the case of a new member who may be a competitor for the same post at the termination of the tenure of the additional Judge. Ordi­ narily the additional Judge is continued in service as a Judge or as an additional Judge unless there· are any relevant circumstances which would outweigh the above mentioned factors. · In the absence of any such cogent reasons for not appointing him again, the appointment of somebody else in his place would be an unreason­ able or perverse act which entitles an additional Judge to move the Court for appropriate relief in the peculiar circumstances in which Article 224(1) is being operated tillnow. At this stage an allied contention · urged in this connection may be disposed of. That contention is that an additional Judge cannot be dropped without 'giving him a reasonable opportunity of being heard in accordance with the principles of natural justice. We do not find any merit'in ·this contention since the wide 'discre­ tionary power of appointment exercisable by the President in the public interest under Article 217(1) is indicative of the absence of a11 obligation to act judicially. (Vide Para 65 Vol. I of Halsbury's Laws of England (4th Edn.) ). It is seen from the language of that Article that the Constitution has evinced an intention to exclude the operation of the rule of audi alteram partem by conferring on the President unfettered discretionary power subject only to the pres­ cribed procedure of consultation mentioned therein. (Vide Para 74, Vol. I of 'Halsbury's Laws of Eugland' (4th Edn.) ). Having regard to the high office to which appointment has to be made under Article 217( I) of the Constitution and to the association of the high dignitaries who have to be consulted before any such appointment is made the application of principles of natural justice as of right is ruled out and non-compliance with such principles 1306 SUPREME COURT REPORfS (1982) 2 s.c.A. would not vitiate the decision. But it may still be shown on the available material that there was no cogent reason for the decision. It is argued on behalf of the Government that there is no pre­ cedent in administrative law to such a conclusion being reached. There cannot be a precedent in England, in the United States of America and in Australia as there are no additional Judges in those countries of the type we are having in India and in India too we do not have a precedent because no such case has come up before the Court so far. This case is indeed an extra-ordinary one. This Court however, is under a duty to do complete justice when a matter comes before it. What kind of relief should be granted in such a case is governed by the facts and circumstances of · the case and the legal provisions governing it. If the problem is a new one a new solution has to be evolved. A Judge who has culti­ vated assiduously a sense of right and wrong sometimes may even depend upon his hunch while moulding the relief to be granted in a given case. It is a part of the judging process. The following words of Judge Hutcheson are illuminating indeed. He tells us : "I must premise that I speak now of the judgment or decision, the solution itself, as opposed to the apo­ logia for that decision; the decree, as opposed to the logomachy, the effusion of the judge by which that decree is explained or excused ..... The judge really decides by feeling and not by judgment, by hunching and not by ratiocination, such ratiocination appearing only in the opinion. The vital motivating impulse for the decision is an intuitive. sense of what is right or wrong in the particular cases; and the astute judge, having so decided, enlists his every faculty and bela­ bors his laggard mind, not only to justify that intuition to himself, but to make it pass muster with his critics. Accordingly, he passes in review all of the rules, prin­ ciples, legal categories, and concepts "whi9h he may find useful, directly or by an analogy, so as to select from them those which in his opinion .will justify his disired result." (See Jerom·e Frank : 'Law and the Modern Mind (1963) p. 112). - - _,, - y ... Ii.fl. otJMA v. bi;iOJ.; {Venkatarainiah, J,j i3o1 The following observations of Denning, L.J. (as he then was) in.Candler v. Crane, Christmas & Co., (1) though in the minority are also relevant here. He observed : "This argument about the novelty of the action does not appeal to me in the least. It has been put forward in all the great cases which have been mile­ stones of progress in our.law, and it lias always, or nearly always, been rejected. If you read the great cases of Ashby v. White (1703) 2 Ld. Raym, 938, Pasley v. Freeman (1789) 3 Term Rep. 51 and Donogue v. Stevenson (1932) A.C. 562, you will find that in each of them the judges were divided in opinion. On the one side there were the" timorous souls who were fear· ful of allowing a new cause of action. On the other side, there were the bold spirits who were ready to allow it if justice so required. It was fortunate for the common law that the progressive view prevailed." If a progressive view was possible in the English Common Law it should not be difficult to evolve solution in India under th'e Constitution to do justice within the bounds of law provided the case calls for legal redr~ss. On the facts and in the peculiar circumstances of the case, the only thing which the Court can do here is to examine the material before it in order to ascertain whether the refusal to reappoint the additional Judge concerned is based on any relevant grounds or not and to mould the relief on the basis if the finding on the above question by applying the relevant principles of administrative law. Any relief beyond this would be impermissible in view of the langu­ age of the relevant provisions of the Constitution. It is however made clear that even this limited enquiry is made possible only on account of the wrong application of Article 224(1) of the Constitu­ tional all these years. A similar enquiry may not be possible in the case of additional Judges to be appointed hereafter. (l) [1951] 2 K.B. 164 @ 178. 8 o. · i3o8 SUPREME couk't REPORTS [ 1982) 2 s.C.ll PART VII It is interesting to trace the history of the provision relating to the transfer of Judges from one High Court to another. The Draft Constitution of India did not contain any provision providing for such transfer. Clause (c) of the proviso to Article 193 (1) of the Draft Constitution merely stated that ·the office of the judge shall, be vacated by his being appointed by the President to be a Judge of the Supreme Court or of any other High Court. When two members of the Draft Constituent Assembly Shri R.R. Diwakar and Shri S.V. Krishnamurthy Rao moved an amendment to clause (1) of Article 193 of the Constitution for adding clause (d) which read as "(d) every judge shall be liable to be transferred to other High Courts" it was recorded that there was no need for the amendment as clause le) of Article 193 (I) of the Constitution provided that the office of a judge shall be vacated by his being appointed to be a judge of another High Court. Perhaps the present Article 222 of the Consti· tution was not in view at that stage. (See B. Shiva Ra,0 : 'The Framing of India's Constitution', Vol. IV p. 165). The note made by the Drafting Committee on the proposal of the Home Ministry that a convention should be established whereby a proportion of ·judges in every High Court could be recruited. from outside the Province stated that there was no bar to the recruitment of Judges of High Court in any Province from outside the Province or to the transfer of a judge of a High Court to another High Court and a convention might be established where by a proportion of judges of a High Court could be recruited from outside the Province. (B. Shiva Rao: 'The Framing of India's Constitution', Volume IV, p. 166). In view of the suggestions made in the course of the discussion on the Draft Constitution, the Drafting Committee incor­ porated in the Revised .Draft, Article 222 which read as follows : "222. (I) The President may transfer a Judge from one High Court to any other High Court within the terri­ tory of India. (2) When a Judge is so transferred, he shall, during the period he serves as a Judge of the other Court, be entitled to receive in addition to his salary such compensatory allowances as may be determined by Parliament by law and until so determined, such .. .,.. •· '( - .... y S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramialt, J.) 1309 compensatory allowance as the President may by order fix." In the letter dated November 3, 1949, forwarding the Revised Draft to the President of the Constitutent Assembly referring to the newly added Article 222, ·the Dra.fting Committee observed B thus: "Article 222 (new) : We have proposed the insertion of this new article to enable the President to transfer a judge of a High Court from one High Court to another. The present provision in the Constitution would not permit of any compensatory allowance being given to judges on such transfer. Power has accordingly been reserved to Parliament to determine by law the compensatory allowance to be paid in case they are so transferred, and, until Parliament so determines, to the ·President to fix by order the quantum of such allowance." It may be seen that Article 222 (1) which was incorporated in . the Revised Draft gave the power to the President to transfer a Judge from one High Court to another without any obligation to consult any other functionary before doing so. Bat on. the 16th November, 1949 an amendment to that Article was adopted by the Constituent Assembly which required. the President to consult the ·chief Justice of India before exercising the power of transfer. Article 222 (I) was finally enacted as follows : "222. (l) The President may, after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, transfer a Judge from one High Court to any other High Court within the terri­ tory of India". Clause (2) of Article 222 was adopted in the form in which it had been proposed in the Revised Draft as set out above. Conse­ quently Article 217 was also suitably amended by introducing the word 'transferred' in proviso (c) to clause (I) thereof. In defence of Article 222 and in particular of clause (2) of that Article providing for payment of compensatory allowance to a Judge who is trans­ ferred from one High Court to another High Court, Dr. D.R. 1310 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 S.C.R. ' Ambedkar spoke in the Constituent Assembly before Article 222 was passed thus : "The only question that we are called upon to consider is when a· person is appointed as a Judge of a High Court of a particular State, should it be permissible for the Government to transfer him from that Court to a High Court in any other State ? If so, should this transfer be accompanied by some kind of pecuinary allowance which would compensate him for the mone­ tary loss that he might have to sustain by reason of the transfer ? The Drafting Committee felt that since 'all the High Courts so far as the appointment of judges . is concerned form now a central subject, it was desira­ ble to treat all the judges of the High Courts through­ out India as forming one single cadre like the l.C.S. and that they should be liable to be transferred .from one High Court to another. If such power was not reserved to the Centre the administration of justice might become a very difficult matter. It might be necessary that one judge may be transferred from one High Court to another in order to strengthen the High Court elsewhere by importing better talent which may not be locally available. Secondaly it might be desirable to import a new Chief Justice to a High Court because it might be desirable to have a Il!an who is unaffected by local politics and local jealousies. We thought there­ fore that the power to transfer should be placed in the · hands of the Central Government. We also took into account the fact that this power of transfer of judges from one High Court to another may be abused. A Provincial Government might like to transfer a particular judge from its High Court because that judge had become very inconvenient to the Provincial Government by the particular attitude that he had taken with regard to certain judicial matters or that he had made a nuisance of himself by giving decisions which the Provincial Government did not like. We have .taken care that in affecting these transfers no such considerations ought to prevail. Transfers ought to take place only on the ground of •· ,, --. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1311 convenience of the general administration. Consequen­ tly, we have introduced a provision that such trans­ fers shall take place in consultation with the Chief Justice of India who can be trusted to advise the Government in a matter which is not affected by local or personal prejudices. The only question, therefore, that remained was whether such transfer should be made so obligatory as not to involve any provision for compensation for loss incurred. We felt that that would be a severe hardship. A judge is generally appointed to the High ·court from the local bar. He may have a household there. He may have a house and other things in which he will be personally interested and which form his belongings. If he is transferred from one High Court to another obviously he cannot transfer all his house­ hold. He will have to maintain a household in the original Province in which he worked and he will have to establish a new household in the new Province to which he is transferred. The Drafting Committee felt therefore justified in making provision that where such transfer is made it would be pt rmissible for parliament to allow a personal allowance to be given to a judge so transferred. I contend that there is nothing wrong in the amendment . proposed by the Drafting Com­ mittee." (The Constituent Assembly Debates, Vol. 11 (1949) pages 580-581) But by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, the words "within the territory of India" in clause (I) of Article 222 and the whole of clause (2) which provided for payment of compen­ satory allowance to a transferred judge were omitted. By the Cons­ titution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, a new clause (2) was introduced into Article 222. After this amendment, Article 222 of the Constitution reads thus ; "222. (l) The President may, after consultation with H the Chief Justice of India, trans(er a Judge from one High Court to any other High Court . I ' 1312 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 s.C.R. (2) When a Judge has been or is so transferred he shall, during the period he serves, after the commence~ ment of the Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, as a Judge .of the other High Court, be entitled to receive in addition to his salary such compensatory allowance as may be determined by Parliament by law and, until so determined, such compensatory allowance as the President may by order fix." This leads to the question whether under Article 222 of the Constitution, the consent of a Judge of a High Court is necessary to transfer him from one High Court to another High Court. The majority judgment of this Court in Union of India v. Sakal Chand Himatlal Sheth and Anr.(1) holds that the consent of a Judge for his transfer from one High Court to another High Court is necessary. It is, however, contended before us that the said interpretation of Article 222. is erroneous as it would affect adversely the independence of the judiciary. It is significant that Article 222 does not state in express terms that the consent of the Judge concerned is a pre-requisite for his transfer. In places where consent of a Judge is needed the Constitution has stated that such consent should be obtained from the Judge concerned (vide proviso to Article 128 and proviso to Article i224A of the Constitution). Under Article 127 (I) of the Constitution if at any time there is no quorum of the Judges of the Supreme Court available to hold or to continue any session of the Court, the Chief Justice of India may with the previous consent of the President and after con­ sultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned request in writing the attendance at the sittings of the Supreme Court as an ad hoc Judge for such period as may be necessary of a Judge of a High Court duly qualified for appointment as a Judge of the Sup­ reme Court to be designated by the Chief Justice of India. Clause (2) of Article 127 makes it obligatory on the part of the High Court Judge who is so designated to attend the sittings of the Supreme Court in priority to other duties of his office at the time and for the period for which his attendance is required and while so attending he shall have all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges and shall discharge the duties of a Judge of the Supreme Court. It is signi­ ficant that Article 217 does not require the consent of the Judge to to be. designated under Article 127(1) to be obtained before asking u> [197BJ 1 s.c.R. 423. .. - ) - - !i.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) J 3i3 him to function as an ad hoc Judge of the Supreme Court even though it may involve the shifting of his residence during the period specified in the Jetter of request sent to him under Article 127(1). A Judge of a High Court Itlay have to be shifted from one place to another when the reorganisation of the State· in which the High Court is situated takes place even though such shifting may not strictly amount to transfer under Article 222 (See V.B. Raju v. State of Gujarat & Anr.) (1) and such shifting may not depend upon the willingness of the Judge concerned. It cannot be said that any transfer or shifting of a ~Judge without his consent would amount to a punishment and would interfere with the independence of the Judge concerned or of the judiciary. If the requirement of the consent of the Judge in question is read into Article 222 then the power conferred on the President ceases to be a power in the juris­ prudential sense. · A power is defined by Salmond as ability con­ ferred on a person by the law to alter, by his own will directed to that end the rights, duties, liabilities or other legal relations either of himself or of other persons. Powers are either public or private The former are those which are vested in a person as an agent or instrument of the functions of the State. We are not here conc.er­ ned with the latter class. If Article 222 is construed as requiring the consent of a Judge to be transferred then the power of the President can be neutralised by the Judge withholding consent. Such a construction would virtually confer on an unwilling Judge an immunity against the exercise of the power by the President under Article 222 even though public interest demands the transfer of the Judge. Article 222 would in that case become almost ineffective. 'That being so, such a construction has to be avoided. One other reason which prompts me to say so is as follows : By way of comparison we may refer here to some of the provisions of the Supreme Court of Judicature (Consolidation) Act 1925 (15 & 16 Geo. 51. c-49) of England which appears to have been used as a model for some of the relevant provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935 and of the Consiitution. Section 3 of that Act corresponds ·to Article 224A of the Constitution. Section 7 of that Act corresponds to Article 127 and section 8 of that Act corres­ ponds to Article 128. Section 4 (I) of that Act provides for the establishment of three Divisions of the Hi~h Court and they are P> [1981] 1 SCR 613. SUPREME COURT REi>ollts {19821 2 s.t.tt now called the Chancery Division, the King's Bench Division (now called the Queen's Bench Division) and the Family Division (formerly known as the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division). Section 4 (2) of that Act which provides for the attachment of a puisne Judge to one · of the above said three Divisions and his transfer from one Division to another reads : "4. (2) The· puisne 1udges of the High Court shall be attached to the several Divisions thereof by direction of the Lord Chancellor and any such Judge may with his consent be transferred by a like direction from - one of the said Divisions to another : Provided that no direction shall be given for the transfer of a puisne judge from the King's Bench Divi­ sion or from the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division without the concurrence of the President of that Division." [Emphasis added] The pattern of the above section shows that if the Constitu­ tion makers intended that the transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another under Article 222 should be with his consent, they would have included necessary words in .Article 222. The words corresponding to the words "with his consent" in the above said section 4 (2) are significantly absent in Article 222 of the Cons­ titution. It is argued by Shri H.M. Seervai, learned counsel for the petitioners in Transfer Case No. 22 of 1981 that the majority decision of this Court in Sakal Chand Sheth' s case (supra) holding that the consent of the Judge concerned is not necessary for trans­ ferring him from one High Court to another High Court under Article 222 of the ·Constitution requires to be reconsidered for the reason that the assumption of Chandrachud, J. (as he then was) and Krishna Iyer, J. that there was no provision for transfer of Judges of High Courts in the Government of India Act, 1935 is erroneous and that every such transfer should be considered as a fresh appoint· ment of the Judge concerned in the court to which he is transferred. It is contended that if the effect of a transfer under Article 222 is a fresh appointment, the consent of the Judge so transferred should be considered as an essential pre-requisite of every suc!J transfer. I should sa)' !It t)le o-qtset that the aq~umerit ·is really an ingenious - 1 -- \ I S.P. GUPTA ... UNION Venkafaramiah, J.) 1315 . I - i one, but it does not appear to have been presented in Sakal Chand Sheth's case (supra) in the form in which it is argued before us. We shall examine the above contention . now urged before us in two parts-(!) whether there was a provision for a transfer of a Judge under the Government of India Act, 1935? and (2}, If, there was such a provision, whether the decision of, the majority in ·Saka! Chand Shfth's case (supra) requires to pe rl'<;onsi<ll'el'd 7 It is true that Chandrachud, J. (as he then was) ·arid Kri~h~a Iyer, J. have both stated in the course of their opinions that there was no provision in the Government of India Act, 1935 providing for the transfer of a Judge from one. High Court to . another High Court and both the. learned Judges proceeded on the assumption that under that Act the_ induction . of a . Judge of one .High Court in another was possible only by a fresh appointment: Even Bhagwati and Untwalia, JJ. who constituted the - minority in Sakal· Chand Sheth's case (supra) proceeded on the same basis. :Bhagwati.-J. , observed,fo that case at page473; "Neither in proviso (c) nor in any other provision of the _Government of India Act, 1935 was the word 'transfer' used and there was also no specific pr~vision in that Act conferring power to transfer a' High· Court Judge." Untwalia, J. observed in that case at page 510: "Neither in proviso (c) nor in any other section of the Government of India Act was· the word "transfer" used or such a power conferred in terms on the Governor­ General." It is, however, asserted before us that there was a'. pro· vision for transfer in the Government of• India Act, 1935 : for the following reason. Section 220 (2) of the· Government of India Act, 1935 as itwas origin~lly enacted read :___; . "220 .. (2). Every judge of a iligh Court shall be appointed by His Majesty by. warrant under .. the Royal Sign Manual and shall hold office until he attains . the age of sixty. years : · · - Provided that- (a) a judge may by resignation under his hand addressed to the Governor resign his office; (b) a judge · may . be : removed from his office by Ji His Majesty by warrant· under the Royal Sign Manual on th\'. ¥round of. misb\'haviour or \lf 1316 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 S.C.R. infirmity of mind or body, if the Judicial Com­ mittee of the Privy Council, on reference being made to them by His Majesty, report that the judge ought on any such ground to be removed." On October 26, 1944, the British Parliament enacted the India (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1944 by which clause (c) was added at the end of the proviso to sub-section (2) of section 220 of the Government of India Act, 1935. Section 2 of the said amending Act of 1946 read ; "Judges to vacate office on trransfer. "2. At the end of the proviso to sub-section (2) of - section two hundred and twenty of the principal Act (which-relates to the term of offices of judges of High Courts) there shall be added the following para­ graph:- "(c) the office of a judge shall be vacated by his being appointed by His Majesty to be a judge of the Fed~ral Court or of another High Court." Section 6 of the said amending Act of 1944 provided that the above amendment made by Section 2 thereof in the Principal Act should be deemed to have been made therein immediately before the passing thereof and thus.the newly added clause (c). of the proviso to Section 220 (2) was given retrospective effect Then reliance ·is placed on the speech of Earl of Munster made on July 4, 1944 in the House of Lords in support of the Bill which latter became the said amending Act, the relevant part of which read thus :- "Clause 2 of the Bill makes it clear that if a Judge of the High Court is transferred to another High Court or to the Federal Court, he shall not retain his office of a judge of· the High Court from which he was transferred. This is the only Clause which will be retrospective. I might mention that there is a· similar provision in Section 10 of the Supreme Court of ·Judicature Act, 1925 applicable to High Court Judges in this country : (unqerlining supplied). - - .. y - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1317 See Hansard. (Lords) Vol. 132, Col. 632 of July 4, 1944. Reliance is also placed on two other. speeches made in the Hou'se of Commons ort September 27, 1944 on the same Bill, the relevant ,parts. of which are given below : ' The Secretary of State for India (Mr. Amery) stated : "The second clause clears up a doubt which had been expressed as to whether under the provisions of the Act a Judge transferred in India from one High Court to another or to the Supreme Court (sic) might not be considered as still holding his position in his original Court. In our own Judicature Act, 1925, that point is made clear in Sec. 10. This I . Clause simply adopts the Indian c<,indition to the wording of our own Judicature Act." (underlining supplied) (See Hansard, (Commons) Vol. 49.3, Col. 345 of 27-9-1944). Mr. Pethick Lawrerice also observed : "With respect to the Judges, I understand the pro­ posal is merely intended to put beyond question what was certainly the intention in regard to them. That is, I understand the only part of the Bill which is retros­ pective. It is simply to clear up doubts ...... " (ibid _Col. 347) The argument constructed on the basis of the above material is that clause (c) of the proviso to section 220 (2) of the Govern­ ment of India Act, 1.935 provided for the transfer of Judge, of one High Court to another High Court although it used the word 'appoint' and that is made clear by the use of the word 'transfer' in the marginal note of section 2 of the amending Act of 1944 which introduced the amendment. I have carefully considered the above submission but I have to state that it requires Jot of credulity to accept it in the circumstances of the case. The source of inspira­ tion for this argument is easily traceable to the marginal note to section 2 of the India (Miscellane01.~~ Provisions) Act, 1944, whi~h 1318 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 S.C.R. reads : 'Judge to vacate office on transfer'. The importance of a . marginal note in statutory construction so far as English' statutes are concerned appears to be very little as can be gathered from ·the following words in Craies_ on 'Statute Law' (sixth Edn.) page 197 :- "The side notes are not part of the Act and I believe are not considered or amended by the legislature." Lord MacNaughten in the Privy Council considered it well settled that the marginal notes cannot be referred to for purposes of construction, Thakurain Ba/raj Kunwar v. Rae Jagatpal Singh (1904) L.R. 31 I.A. 132, 142 and Lord Hanworth M.R. referring to the Superannuation Act of 1859, said : "It was contended that these catchwords· could be used to explain the meaning of sections upon which they appear. As explt1ined:by Baggallay L. J. in Att.-Gen. v. G.E. Ry. (supra) marginal notes are not part of an Act of Parlia­ ment. The Houses of Parliament have nothing to do with them, and I agree with the learned Lords Justices in that case that case the· courts cannot look at them Nixon v. Att.-Genl. (1930) I Ch. 566, 593". E In Maxwell on 'The Tnterpretation of -Statutes' (12th Edition) it is stated at pages 9-10 thus : "The notes often found printed at the side of sections in an Act, which purport to summarise the effect of the sections, have sometimes been used as ·an aid to construction. But the weight of the authorities is to the effect that they are noi parts of the 'statute and so should not be considered, for they are inserted not by Parliament nor under the authority of Parlia­ ment, but by irresponsible persons". In 'Statutory Interpretation' by Sir Rupert Cross (1976 Edition), we have a very instructive passage explaining the rl!lative importance of certain parts of a statute, including side notes (or marginal notes). The learned author is of the view that although H the long title, preamble (if any) and short title of a statute may be described as aids to the ascertainment of the intention of Parlia· Jllept, cross-headings, side notes (or marginal notes) and punctua- - ... .. -~- S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1319 tion merely indicate the intention of the dr.aftsman. He proceeds to observe at pages 107-108, 113-114 thus: "There is a bewildering mass of conflicting dicta on the question whether some of the above items can be treated as aids to construction at all and, when it is conceded that they may be so treated, upon their weight. This is due to a failure to distinguish between two stages in the pr0cess of interpretation ·at which the aids may be relevant. The first stage is that at which· the judge has to decide whether he has any real doubt about the meaning of the word, phrase or passage which he is called upon to interpret. At this point it is hard to believe that he can or should have any inhibitions concerning the parts of the statute which he will read. No doubt he will begin with the section containing the wo~d, phrase or passage in dis­ pute. He can hardly help taking account of the punctuation and side note. If he is to fulfill his duty of reading the whole Act; when it is necessary to do so in order to determine whether there is an ambi­ guity, he must look at the long title, preamble (if any), short title and cross-headings. If, after this perfor­ mance, the judge is satisfied that the word, phrase or passage the meaning of which is in . dispute really only has one meaning in the context, he must apply that meaning; but if he has doubts on the subject he will think again. It is at this point that the distinction between the enacting parts of a statute and the other parts becomes crucial. If the sole cause of doubt is a disparity between the . otherwise clear and unambiguous words and a title, preamble, heading or side note, the judge must disre­ gard his doubts and apply the otherwise clear and unambiguous words. This is because there is a rule of Jaw according to which, although the parts of the statute which do not enact anything may be consulted as a guide to Parliamentary intent and hence to the meaning of the enacted word, effect must not be given to any doubts which they may raise about the meaning of that word. If, howevc::r, the Jud~e has do4bts abqu~ c· the meaning of the statutory provision he is consi­ dering for some such other reason as-its lack of clarity or apparent pointlessness, he may take the title, preamble, heading or side note into consideration in determining how those doubts should be resolved. As we shall see, reservations have been expressed about the propriety of taking any of the above items into consideration, and it is necessary to be especially cautious when endeavouring to -state the law with regard to the extent to which the short title and ·side - notes, not to mention punctuation, may be taken into consideration, but it is submitted that the following remarks of Lord Upjohn in Director of Public Prose­ cution v. Schildkamp (1971) A.C. 1 at p. 28 amply justify the above general account of the relevance of the items mentioned at the beginning of this section to the judicial process of interpretation. The remarks were maae with special reference to cross ·head in gs : "When the Court construing the Act is reading it through to understand it, it must read the cross­ headings as well as the body of the Act and that · will always be a useful pointer to the intention of Parliament in enacting the immediately following sections. Whether the cross-heading is no more than a pointer or label, or is helpful in assisting to construe, or even in some cases to control, the meaning or ambit of those sections must necessarily depend on the circumstances of each case and I do not think it is iJOSsible to l~y down any rules." - ' The matter must now be considered in slightly greater detail. Side notes Chandler v. Director of Public Proseculions(1) may be-cited as conclusive authority for the proposition p) p964J A.C. 763. ... S.~. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1321 that side notes (frequently spoken of as "marginal notes") cannot be used as aids to construction in any circumstances. The defendants, members of the Com­ mittee of One Hundred, the aim of which was to further nuclear disarmament, participated in a demons­ tration at an airfield with the object of grounding all aircraft. They were charged with and convicted of an offence against s. 1 (I) of the Official Secrets Act 1911 which punishes those 'who approach prohibited places for a purpose prejudicial to the safety of the State. The side note reads "penalties for spying" and it was conceded that the defendants wete not spying, but their appeal to the . House of Lords was dismissed on the ground that they were acting for a purpose prejudicial to the safety of . the State within the meaning of s. 1 (1 ). Lord Reid said : , "In my view side notes cannot be used as an aid to construction. They are· mere catch words and I have never heard of it being supposed in recent times that an amendment to alter a sidenote could be proposed in either House of Parliament. Side notes in the original Bill are inserted by the draftsmen. During the passage of the Bill through its various stages amendments to it or other reasons may make it desirable to alter a side note. In that even I have reason to believe that alteration is made by the appropriate officer of the House-no doubt in consultation'with the draftsma~. So side note cannot be enacted in the same sense as the long title 6r any part of the body of the Act." In spite of its great weight, three remarks may be made with regard to this passage. In the first place what Lord Reid said would seem to be equally applicable to cross­ headings, yet we have just seen that this has not pre­ vented them from being treated in much the same way as the long title and preamble. Secondly, even iflt is the: case that side notes cannot be called in aid in order to resolve•doubts, it can hardly be the law that they are to be disregarded by the judge when he is perusing the Act with a view to ascertaining whether 1322· SUPREME couk'i' REroRTS [ 1982) 2 s.c.a. be has any doubts. No judge can be expected to treat something which is before his eyes as though it was not there. In the words of Upjohn, L.J. : "While the marginal note to a section cannot control the language used in the section, it is at. least permissible to approach a consideration of its general purpose and the mischief at which it is aimed with the note in mind. Finally, Lord Reid's remarks in Chandler v. Director of Public Prosecutions must be read in the light of his subsequent remarks in Director of Public Prosecutions v. Schildkamp [1971] A.C. 1 at p. 10 : "But it may be more realistic to accept the Act as printed as being the product of the whole legisla­ tive process, and to give due weight to everything found in the printed Act. I say more realistic because in very many cases the provision before the court was never even mentioned in debate in either House, and it may be that its wording was never closely scrutinised by any member of either House. In such a case it is not very meaningful to say that the words of the Act represent the in­ tention of Parliament but the punctuation, cross­ headings and side notes do not." In Bhinka & Ors. v. Charan Singh, (1) Subba Rao, J. (as ke then was) observed thus : " "Maxwell on Interpretation of Statutes", 10th Edn., gives the scope of the user of such a heading in the interpretation of a section thus, at p. 50 : "The headings prefixed to sections or sets of sections in some modern statutes are regarded as preambles to those sections. They cannot control the plain words of the statute but they may ex­ plain ambiguous words," (1) [1959] Supp. 2 SCR 798@ 809. ,. - r -. -. S.P. GUPTA v. UNiON (Venkataramiah, J,) t323 If there is any doubt in the interpretation of the words in the section, the heading certainly helps us to resolve that doubt." In Indian Aluminium Company etc. v. Kerala State Elearicity Board, (1) Bhagwati, J. Said : "It is true the marginal note cannot afford any legiti- . mate aid to a construction of a section, but it can cer­ tainly be relied upon as indicating the drift of the sec- . tion, or, to use the. word of Collins M.R. in Bushell v. Hammond (1904) 2 K.B. 563 "to show what the section was dealing with"." A reading of the passages and decisions referred to above leads to the view that the Court while construing a statute has to read both·the marginal.notes and the body of its provisions. Whe­ ther the marginal notes would. be useful to interpret the provisions · and if so to what extent depends upon the circumstances of each case. No settled principles applicable to all cases can be laid down in this fluctuating state of the law as to the degree of importance to be attached to a marginal note in a statute. If the relevant pro­ visions in the body of the statute firmly point towards· a construc­ ,tion which would conflict with the marginal note, the marginal note has to yield. If there is any ambiguity in the meaning of the pro­ visions in the body of the statute, the marginal note may be looked into as an aid to construction. The marginal note in question was not incorporated in the Government of India. Act, 1935. Moreover, the marginal note differed in material respects from clause (c)"which was added to the proviso to section 220(2) of the Government of India Act 1935 as clause (c) referred to appointments to the Federal Court and to another High Court. There could be no transfer of a High Court Judge to the Federal Court. He could become a Judge of the Fede­ ral Court only on being appointed as such under section 200(2) under a separate warrant of appointment. Even in the case of High Courts, a Judge of a High Court could become a Judge of another High Court under the Government of India Act, 1935 only by an appointment under section 220(2) by a warrant of appointment. c1> [1976] 1 s.c.R. 10@86-81. 1324 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 s.c.ll. There was no independent provision corresponding to Article 222 of the Constitution providing for transfer in the Government of ·India Act, 1935. The Bari of Munster and Mr. Amery who spoke in the British Parliament on the subject were probably influenced by the marginal note in the amending Act and if I may say so got into an error of proximity when they relied on section 10 of the Supreme Court of Judicature (Consolidation) Act, 1925, which established the ~upreme Court of Judicature in England consisting of His Majesty's High Court of Justice and His ~fajesty's Court of Appea·l both of which were in iJhe same building at the Royal Courts of Justice. Even there section 10(2) of that Act provided that the office of any · Judge of the High Court would be vacated by his being appointed as a Judge of the Court of Appeal and the same Act used. 'trans­ ferred' in section 4(2) thereof where it was dealing with the transfer of a Judge of the High Court from one Division to another Division The Marginal note and the speeches relied on are, therefore, of-not much use. On this slender material we cannot hqld that there was a ·provision for transfer of a High Court Judge under the Govern­ ment of India Act, 1935. I am of the view that there is no error committed by the learned Judges in stating so in Sakal Chand Seth's· case (supra) and the decision· in that case is not liable to be reconsi­ dered on the ground now urged before us. E It is alternatively urged that as the Constitution has used the words 'transfer' aQd 'appointment' interchapgeably in Article 222 and in paragraph l l(b) (iii) of the Second Schedule to the Constitu­ tion, the word 'transfer' in Article 222 should be read as equivalent to 'appointment' and a transfer of a Judge therefore results in a fresh appointment which requires his consent. Paragraph 11 (b)(iii) F · of the Second Schedule to the Constitution reads thus : "11 (b) "actual service" i1Viludes (i) ........... . (ii) .......... .. (iii) joining time on transfer from a High Court to the Supreme Court or from one High Court to another." The contention is that since a High Court Judge can become a Judge of the Supreme Court only by a fresh appointment and that - - -I ...... \, S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkatarami'ah, J.) • 1325 fo paragraph 11 (b) (iii) of the Second Schedule to the Constitution the word 'transfer' i~ used to 'denote such appointment,' it should be held that even when a High Court Judge is transferred to another High Court he must be deemed to have been appointed afresh in the Court to which he is transferred and because it is a fresh appoint­ ment his consent is necessary. as it is needed under Article 217(1). In support of this submission reliance is placed on another part of Maxwell on 'The Interpretation of Statutes' (12th Edition) at page 286 where it is stated thus : "Just as the presumption that the same · meaning is intended for the same expression in every part of an Act is not of much weight, so the presumption of a change of intention from a change of language:__which is of no great weight in the construction of documents­ seems entitled to less weight in the construction of a statute than in any other case : for the variation is sometimes to be ·accounted for by the draftsman's concern for "the graces of the style" and his wish to avoid the repeated use of the same words, sometimes by the circumstance that the Act has been compiled from different sources, and sometimes by the alterations and additions from various hands which Acts undergo in their progress 'through Parliament". The decision in State of Bombay v. Heman Santlal Alreja(1) is also cited before us for our consideration in support of this con­ tention. In that case, the High Court of Bombay has observed at pages 23-24 thus : "The argument is very attractive and receives consi­ derable support from two different expressions used in the Constitution. It is perfectly true that the ordinary and normal canon of construction requires that when we find in a statute or in a constitution two different ·expressions used, as far as possible two different mean- ings must be given to these expressions, because it must be assumed that the Legislature or the Consti- tuent Assembly did not use two different expressions H (1) AIR 1952 Bom. 16. !326 • SUPRBMll COURT R~PORtS (1982] ~ s.c.R.. wiihout intending to convey two different meanings. But instances are not unknown where two different expressions have been used to convey the same meaning". In the aforesaid Bombay case the learned Judges were concern­ ed ·with the apparent difference between two expressions 'law in force' and 'the existing law' of which the latter expression was more compendious than the former and could include within its scope both the former expression 'law in force' which meant Jaw actually in force and any law potentially in operation such as law which had 'been suspended or which had not been extended to certain territories. The two expressions found place in Article 13 and Article 372 respectively of the Constitution. On a consideration of the relevant circumstances, the Bombay High Court came to the conclusion that 'existing law'_ and 'la"'. in force' had been used in the Constitution without any distinction or difference. We are not faced with any difficulty in this case of the sort with which the Bombay High Court had to deal in the above decision. The Constitution has used the word 'appojntment' and 'transfer' to convey two different senses, the first meaning the initial induction of a person into a post and the latter meaning the shifting of a person from one post to another equivalent post. The members of the Constituent Assembly were quite familiar with this distinction which was well known to the bureaucracy at the time when the Constitution was enacted. The following history of the legislation supports the view that the two expressions are not used in the same sense as meaning 'appointment' only but they mean two different concepts as stated earlier. Clause (c) of proviso to· section 220 (2) of the Government of India Act, 1935 which is the earliest of the relevant clauses read as : "(c) The office of a Judge shall be vacated by his being appointed by His Majesty to be a Judge of the Federal Court or of another High Court" Clause (c) of the proviso to Article 193 (1) of the Draft Constitution which did not contain a provision for the transfer of High Court Judges read asfollows: "(c) The office of the Judge shall be vacated by his being appointed by the President to be a Judge of the Supreme Court or of any other High Court" ..... - .... s.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) . 1327 In the Revised Draft Constitution which was submitted to the Constituent Assembly on November 3, 1949, in which a provision for transfer had been included in Article 222, Clause (c} of the proviso to Article 217 (!) which almost remained unaffected read as: "(c) The office of a Judge shall be vacated by his being appointed by the President to be a Judge of the Supreme Court or of any other High Court in any State specified in the First Schedule". But on November 16, 1949 the above clause was amended at C the stage of the third reading of the Constitution emphasizing the difference between 'appointed' and 'transferred' and in order to bring it in accord with Article 222 which provided for transfer of High Court Judges. After the amendment it read as under : "(c) The office of a Judge shall be vacated by his being appointed by the President to be a Judge of the Supreme Court or by his being transferred by the Presi­ dent to any other High Court within the territory of of India" (emphasis added) (See Constituent Assembly Debates, Vol. 11 p. 596) . If the Constituent Assembly had thought that . 'appoi~ted' and 'transferred' were interchangeable, there would have been no need for the amendment as the provision in the Revised Draft Constitu- tion was sufficient. But it deliberately amended· the provision as · F stated above by distinguishing a 'transfer' from an 'appointment'. Jf in spite of this amendment, the Constituent Assembly has allowed paragraph 11 (b} (iii) in the Second Schedule to the Constitution to remain as it is, it only means that it thought that the word 'transfer' bad been used therein in a broad sense meaning a physical 'transfer' of the Judge concerned which included both appointment to the Supreme Court and transf~r to another ·High Court and that is clear by the use of a common expression 'transfer' in respect of both the events which follow it in that clause. Moreover, this argument now pressed before us runs• counter to Article 222 of the Constitution which appears to be a complete code on the topic of transfer of a High Court Judge. If transfer is a fresh appointment, Article 217 1328 SUPREME COUkT REPORTS [l 982) 2 s.c.k. A (!) of the Constitution would immediately be attracted and that provision contains an entirely different procedure of consultation from what is contained in Article 222. I, therefore, do not find any merit in this contention. F. The next contention urged against the correctness of the majority decision in Sakal Chand Sheth' s case (supra) is the one that appealed to Untwalia, J. in that case, namely, that a transferred Judge cannot become a Judge of the High High Court to which he is transferred without taking a fresh oath in accordance with Article 219 of the Constitution in the form pres­ cribed in the Third Schedule to the Cqnstitution. · The gist of the argument may be summarised thus : Article 219 provides that every person appointed to he a Judge of a High Court shall before he enters upon his office, make and subscribe before the Governor of the State, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution. The form of the oath in the case of Judges of High Court reads : "I, A.B . having been appointed Chief Justice (or a Judge) of the High Court at (or of) ....... do swear in the name of God that solemnly affirm I will bear true faith and allegience to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgment perform the duties of my. office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will and that I will up­ hold the Constitution and the laws." It may be noted that the place where the High Court is situated or the State to which it pertains should be inserted in the blank space shown in the form of oath set out above. Clause (c) of proviso to Article 217 (1) of the Constitution states that the office of a Judge of a. High Court shall be vacated by his being appointed by the President to any . otlier High Court within the territory of India. The argument is that since a Judge of a High Court has to take a fresh oath when he is appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court he should also take a fresh oath when he is transferred to another High Court before he enters upon his duties - - - r S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) J329 there for the reason· that he ceases to be Judge of a High Court to which he is originally appointed on beiqg transferred and the oath taken earlier would come to an end on such transfer as the oath is with reference to the High Court concerned, (which is inserted in the blank space in the form of oath). It is argued that it is not possible for a person to function as a Judge unless the oath is operative. If a transferred Judge has therefore to take a fresh oath then it is urged that the order of transfer would become a a fresh appointment for which his consent would be required by necessary implication as it is necessary in the case of a first appoint- . ment under Article 217 (I). It is difficult to agree with this conten­ tion. What is the object of an oath ? An oath is taken by a Judge in order to show his allegience to the Constitution and to affirm that he will duly and faithfully discharge his duties as a Judge without fear or favour, affe<!tion or ill-will and that he will uphold the Constitution. The essential part of it is what he swears or affirms to do. The words "having been appointed Chief Justice (or a Judge) of the High Court at (or of)" in the form of oath are only descrip­ tive of the person who takes the oath. The oath is not confined to the High Court where he enters bis office. It will operate as lo~g as he discharges judicial duties either In that High Court or in ·any other High Court to which he may be transferred under Article 222 of the Constitution or even when be discharges any other duty which he may be requested to do by the President as provided in paragraph 11 (b) (i) of the Second Schedule to the Constitution. The oath binds him even after his retirement. A persual of some of the provisions of the Constitution would establish this. Under Article 127 of the Constitution a High Court Judge can be asked to discharge the duties of a Judge of a Supreme Court. Under Art.224A a retired High Court Judge can be asked to sit in the High Court where he had worked as a Judge before his retirement or in any other High Court and decide "Cases. In neither of these two cases he has to take a fresh oath, even though he discharges judicial duties. It is contended that since in the first of these two cases he is not treated as a regular Supreme Court Judge but continues to be a High Court Judge and in the second case be is entitled to have all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of, but shall not otherwise be deemed to be a Judge of the High Court where he functions under Article 224A no fresh oath would be necessary. This contention overlooks the necessity . for taking the oath. The necessity for the oath is that the person who discharges judicial duties in a superior court should perform those duties without fear or fav.our1 affection or ill-will. If that is I 8 1330 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 s.c.a. so, can we say that the effect of the oath come~ to an end when he leaves the High Court which is mentioned in the form of oath taken by him or is confined to that High Court ? Then it would mean that a High Court Judge who is requested under Article 127 under Article 224A would not be bound by the oath when he discharges judicial duties pursuant to those Articles. Such a construction can­ not be permitted. The oath he has taken would be operating as long as he discharges any duty arising out of or traceable to his status of being a Judge of a High Court. A Judge functioning under Article 127 and Article 224A cannot be freed from the obligations flowing from the oath even 'though a particular High Court is meniioned in the form of oath taken by him. The position cannot be different when a Judge of a High Court is transferred under Article 222. On such transfer he may cease to be a Judge of the High Court where he was working before such transfer bui he continues to be a Judge nontheless and goes to the Court to which he is transferred as a Judge and not as a newly appointed person who is still to blossom into a Judge by taking the oath as prescribed by Article 219 of the Constitution. Incidently we may refer to the decision of the High Court of Allahabad iii Hira Singh & Ors. v. Jai Singh & Ors. (1) in which the question of a Judge not taking o.ath had arisen for considaration in a slightly different situation. In that case a preliminary objection was taken to the Constitution of the B.ench before which the case came up for hearing as the Bench consisted of Justice Uma Shankar Bajpai, who had been originally appointed as an additional Judge of that Court under the Government of India Act, 1915 and who after some extensions had been appointed as a permanent Judge on March 17, 1937 with effect from April l, 1937. Part 3 of the Government of India Act, 1935 which came into force on April l, 1937 provided that any Judge appointed before the com'mencement of that Part to any High Court would continue in office and should be deemed to have been appointed under that Part. One of the contentions, which appears to have been urged in this case, was that without taking a fresh oath as required by section 220(4) of the Government of India Act, 1935, Bajpai, J. could not function as a Judge. That contention was negatived by the Full Bench in the following way at page 590 : \!l AlR 1937 All. 588 (F.B) - -· - . ...,_ S.i>. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1331 "All that s. 220(4) requires that every person appointed to be a Judge of a High Court shall,' before he enters upon his office, make and subscribe before the Gover­ nor or some other person appointed by him an oath according to the form prescribed. The oath is neces­ sary before entering upon his office as a Judge. As already pointed out, Bajpai, J. entered upon his office as a Judge of this Court long ago and took the oath which has then prescribed under Cl. 3 of our Letters Patent. The mere fact that he has now been made a permanent Judge does not mean that he "enters upon his office" as a Judge of this Court a fresh, necessitat­ ing a fresh oath which is required for a person who enters upon his office for the first time. If. this were not the correct interpretation, then the result would be that every time that· an additional Judge's term if ex­ tended, he would have to take a fresh oath. This is contrary to the established practice of this Court. It may also be pointed out that under s. 223 of the Act the powers of the Judges of a High Court in relation to the administration of Justice in this Court are the same as immediately before the commencement of Part 3 of this Act." This decision proceeded on the basis that an additional Judge once appointed does not change his status as a Judge even when his -tenure is extended or is made permanent. We need not go to that extent in this case since we are concerned with a Judge who is trans­ 'ferred from one post to another equivalent post. i am of the view that no fresh oath need be taken by a Judge who is transferred before entering upon duties as a Judge in the High Court to which he is transferred since the oath already taken continues to bind him and the transfer is only traceable to the status which he had acquired after taking the oath earlier in the Court to which he was initially appointed. It is not correct to state that the effect of that oath'comes to an end because he vacates his seat in the Court where he was functioning before his transfer. Since there is no necessity for a fresh oath after his transfer; even though as a matter of abundant cautioQ the practice of t11king fresh 011th is pre- 1332 · SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982) 2 s.c.R. A vailing now a days, it cannot be said that he is appointed afresh as a Judge in the Court to which he is transferred. There is one other ground to hold that the transfer does not result in a fresh appointment. . If it is a fresh appointment in a new High Court with his consent, payment of an additional compensa­ tion under Article 222(2) of the Coustitution to the Judge who be­ comes a Judge of that High Court nuder. an order of transfer under Article 222(1) would become anamolous as the other Judges of that Court who are initially appointed to that Court would be getting the usual salary, allowances and other perquisites allowable in the case of a High Court Judge. It is only when a Judge is transferred in the public interest without his volition it can be said that payment under Article 222(2) would not be discriminatory as then he would1be belonging to a different class. The payment under Article 222(2) can be justified only by holding that the transfer under Article 222(1) does not result in a fresh appointment in another High Court to which a Judge is transferred. ' If a Judge who is transferred under Article 222 of the Consti­ tution is to be treated as haying been appointed a fresh in the High Court to which he is transferred then he will have to be assigned a rank below all the other judges who were working in that Court before he was transferred. It is only if it is held that he goes there as a person already appointed as a Judge though in another High_ Court then he can reasonably be assigned seniority over others who · were appointed after he was appointed initially as a High Court Judge. Any other view would be irrational. The argument that a transfer can be made only with the con­ sent of a Judge· on personal grounds also does not appeal to me. While explaining this ground, an illustration of a Judge who on grounds of health is seeking transfer from one· High Court to ano­ other was given. The illogicality of this submission becomes obvi­ ous when we consider whether there can be any justification for paying such a Judge the Compensation under Article 222(2) after he is so transferred. There is no merit in this submission. Relying upon clause (2) of Article 222 of ·the Constitution H which provides for payment of compensatory allowance in addition to his salary to a Judge who is transferred to another High Court ·- - I ... - s. P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1333 from the Court to which he was originally appointed it is argued that A transfer Is a punishment or an injury for which compensation is provided under Article 222(2) of the Constitution. It is difficult to accede_ to this submission. A transfer under clause (1) of Article 222 of the Constitution could not ever have been considered to be a punishment in disguise, the transfer being in the public interest. The transfers may not be on account of any conduct of a Judge which is not relished by the transferring authority. It may be on account of the public interest such as providing another High Court with a competent Judge who is able to discharge his duties effecti- vely in that Court. Payment of such compensatory allowance does not imply that a transfer involves an element of punishment. It is· difficult to imagine that Article 222 was enacted by the Cons.tituent Assembly as a measure of punishment to an erring Judge. It may be that when a Judge is transferred in the public interest, he suffers some inconvenience but such inconvenience cap.not be termed as a punishjllent. I am sure that the Chief Just ice of India and the · President will duly consider all aspects before ordering such a transfer. The following observations of Chandracbud, J. (as he then was) in Sakal Chand Seth's ,case (supra) fully explain the true legal position at pages 444-445 thus : "Unquestionably, the fundamental principle on which these constitutional provisions and decisions rest can­ not oe allowed to be violated or diluted, directly or indirectly. But then the question .. is : Is there any need or justification, in order to uphold and protect the independence of the judiciary, for construing arti­ cle 222(1) to mean that a judge cannot be transferred from one Higu Court to another without his consent ? I think not. The power to transfer· a High ·Court Judge is conferred by the Constitution in public inte­ rest and not for the purpose of providing the executive with a weapon to punish a .Judge who does toe its line or who, for some reason or the other, has fallen from its grace. The executive possesses no ·such power under our Constitution and if it can be shown though we see the difficulties in such showing that a transfer of. a High Court Judge is made in a given case for Jan extraneous reason, th!( e,i;e,~y\~e,. of the PC!We.r CllD, ff 1334 / SUPREME .COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 S.C.lt. appropriately be struck down as being· vitiated by legal mala fides. The extraordinary power which\ the Constitution has conferred on the President by article 222(1) cannot be exercised in a manner which is calcu­ lated to defeat or destroy in one stroke the object and purpose of the various provisions conceived with such care to insulate the 'judiciary from the influence and­ pressures of the executive. The power to punish a High Court Judge, if one may so describe it, is to be found only in article 218 read with article 124(4) and (5) of the Constitution, under which a Judge of the High Court can be removed from his office by an order of the President passed after an address by each House of Parliament, supported by a majority of the totai membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two thirds of the members of that House present and voting, has been presented to the President in the same session for such removal; on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity. Thus, if the power of the President, who has to act on the advice of the Council of Ministers to transfer a High Court Judge under article 222( I) is strictly limited to cases in which the transfer becomes necessary in order to sub­ serve public interest, in other words, if it be true that the President has no power to transfer a High Court Judge for reasons not bearing ox;i public interest but arising out of whim, caprice or fancy of the executive or its desire to bend a Judge to its own way of think­ ing, there is no possibility of any interference with the independence of the judiciary if a Judge is transferred without his consent." The. last sentence of the above passage is of great significance. It is clear from the ab,ive passage with which I respectfully agree, that an order of transfer made under Article 222 is liable to be struck down by the Court if it is shown that it has been made for an extraneous reason, that is, on a ground falling outside the scope of that. Article under that Article a Judge cim be transferred· when such transfer subserves public ir.terest and the President "has no power to transfer a High Court Judge for reasons not bearing on public interest but arising out of whim, •aprice, or fancy· of the executivr or its - + - - - .. - -....;,.. . S.P. GUPTA v. UNION ( Venkataramiah, J.) 1335 desin: to bend a Judge to its own way of thinking". It is also clear from the above· decision that "the power to punish ·a High Court · Judge, if one may so describe it, is to be found only in Article 218 read with Articles 124(4) and (5) of the Constitution under which a Judge: of a High Court can be removed from his. office by an order of the President after an address by each House of Parliament" is presented in accordance with those clauses on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity. The question debated before us is . whether under Article 222, it is open to the President to transfer a Judge from one High Court to another High Court on the ground of 'misbehaviour or incapacity' and whether the said ground falls within the scope of 'public interest' which is the only relevant consideration on the basis of which a transfer can be made under that Article. It is argued that even though the observations made in the majority judgment which are extracted above point out that no valid transfer can tacke place under Article 222 on the ground of misbehaviour or incapacity of a Judge, the followmg passage at page 446 in the same judgment suggests to the contrary : "Experience shows that there are cases, though fortu­ nately they are few and far between; in which the exi­ gencies of administration necessitate the transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another. The factious local atmosphere sometimes demands the drafting of a Judge or Chief Justice from another High Court and on the rarest of rare occasions which can be counted on the fingers of a hand, it becomes necessary to withdraw a Judge from a circle of favourities and non-favouri­ ties. The voice of compassion is heard depending upon who articulates it. Though transfers in such cases are pre-eminently in public interest, it will be impossible to achieve that purpose if a Judge caqnot be transferred without his consent. His personal iute­ rest may lie in continuing in a Court where his private interest will be served best, whereas, public interest may require that his moorings ought to be served to act as a reminder that "the place of justice is a hallow­ ed place." In Sakal Chand Seth's case (supra) the main question for ff · determination was whether a Judge could be transferred at all with- out consent. The majority reaCQ«tq tl~e <:onclusiq.q that Ile could; 0 .E 1336 SUPREME COURT REPORTS Il98i] 2 S.C.R. be transferred in public interest without his consent. The Court· was not specifically concerned with the question whether such trans­ fer could take place on a ground which could be the basis for Parliament proceedings for the removal of a Judge under Article 218 read with Atticle 124( 4) and (5) of tlie Constitution. Since this question has been directly raised in this case it requires to be examined more closely having regard to the scheme of the constitu­ tional provisions. Clause (b) of the proviso to Article 217 (I) of the Constitution states that a Judge of a High Court may be removed from bis office by the President in the manner provided in Clause (4) of Article 124 of the Constitution for the removal of a Judge· of the Supreme Court. Article 218 of the Constitution provides that the provisions of Clauses (4) and (5) of Article 124 shall apply_ in relation to a High Court as they apply in relation to the Supreme Court with the substitution of references to the. High Court for references to the Supreme Court. Clauses (4) and (5) of Article 124 read as follows-: "124. (4)' A Judge of the Supreme Court shall not be removed from his office except by an order of the President passed after an address by each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting has been presented to the President in the same session sor such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity. (5) Parliament may by law regulate the procedure for the presentation of an address and for the investi­ gation and proof of the misbehaviour or incapacity of a Judge under clause (4)." Clause (5) of Article 124 authorities the Parliament by law to regulate the procedure for the presentation of an address and for investigation and proof 'Of the misbehaviour or incapacity of a Judge under clause ( 4) thereof. In exercise of the said power Parliament has enacted the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 (Act .51 of 1968) whic~ is applicable to Judges of both the Supreme Court and High Courts. The procedqre prescribed by that Act i6 an elaborate pner - + - ~t - s.i>. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1337 Section 3 to 6 of the above said Act lay down inter alia that the proceedings for removal of a Judge can be commenced with a notice of motion for. presentation of an address to the President pray­ ing for the removal of a Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court in the case of a notice given in the Lok Sabha, signed by not less than one hundred members of that House and in the case of a notice given in the Rajya Sabha, . by not less than fifty members of that House. The next· step is· the consideration of the said notice by the Speaker of the ·Lok Sabha or the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. as the case may be who may on the basis of the material before: him either admit the motion or refuse to admit it. If the Notice is admitted, the Speaker or the Chairman should keep the motion pending and constitute a committee of three members of whom one should be chosen from among the Chief Justice and other · Judgc:s of the Supreme Court, one from among the Chief Justices of the High Courts and one person who in the opinion of the Speaker or the Chairman, as the '?ase may be, is a distinguished jurist. If notices of motion are given on the sam~ day in both the Houses, no committee can be constituted unless the motion has· been admitted in both the Houses and if it is so admitted by both the Houses then the committee should be Constituted jointly by the Speaker and the Chairman. The committee so constituted has to · frame charges and hold an enquiry in accordance with the proce­ dure prescribed therefor. At the conclusion of the enquirr if the committee reports that the Judge is not guilty of the charges, the motion pending in the House. cannot be proceeded with. If the committee finds that the Judge against whom the enquiry is institu­ ted is guilty of any misbehaviour or suffers from any incapacity then the motion should be taken up for consideration by the House concerned. If thereafter the motion is adopted by each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the · me:mbers of that House present and voting and an address is presen­ ted to the President in the prescribed manner by each House of Parliament in the same session, a Judge of the Supreme Codrt or of a High Court can be removed from office. We are concerned here with the transfer of a Judge whose stock-in-trade if we may use this' expression, is liis reputation. People accept the decision of a Judge not because his decision is always correCt but because it is rendered by a person known for his wisdom H integrity, character and impartiality. It is only on account of these 1338 SUi>RBMB COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 s.c.R. qualities of a Judge, people have faith in the judiciary .. The litigants naturally exfject the presiding officer of a Court to be a virtuous person. If there is a slight rumour which would adversely affect his reputation, he ceases to command the respect of the people. Even a correct judgment given by a Judge who is transferred would be viewed with suspicion;· if it is known that a Judge, . whose character and conduct are not above reproach is liable to be trans­ ferred from one High Court to another High Court, even when his transfer is effected in the public interest and not on the ground of his character or conduct. Then, how can a Judge who is transfersed command. the respect of the Bar and the people in the State to which he is transferred when his moral personality stands destroyed by the very act of transfer unless the order of transfer carries a postscript . that he is not being transferred on any ground of misbehaviour or incapacity ? _ The following words of the Bhagavad Gita are quite relevant here: 11-34, (To the honour~d, infamy is surely worse than death) If a Judge with a bad reputation is transferred, then it would not subserve any public interest at all since the people in the State _ to which be is transferred will not have faith in him. More than all, in the absence of any procedure for any enquiry in which a Judge can clear his conduct, is it fair to expose him to public ridicule ? · · Can payment of compensation under Article 222 (2) of the Constitution be of any avail to an honest Judge ? Looking at .the problem from another angle, can we say that the Constitution has provided for payment of a reward under Article 222 (2) to a ... Judge who is transferred on the allegation of misbehaviour or incapacity which is not established at an inquiry? All- tliese questions may be set at rest by reading down Article 222 as not conferring on the President the power to transfer a Judge on the basis of untested allegations or rumours about acts of misbehaviour or incapacity of Judge and it appears that such a construction would not merely be in conformity with Articles 218 and 124 (4) and (5) but also would be consistent with the independence of' the judiciary. As the law now staµds it is not open to any single individual, whether it is the - r >- •. I s.t>. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1339 Presidi:nt or the Chief Justice of India or anybody else to take cognizance of any allegatio~s of misbehaviour or of incapacity of a Jud,ge and to take any legal action on their basisunder the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968. Obe hundred Members of the Lok Sabha or fifty Members of the Rajya Sabha alone can initiate- any action on such allegations. Naturally, all others . are excluded from taking cognizance of them and acting on them_. In the absence of any categorisation of acts ol misbehaviour or incapacity into different classes-like those on the basis of which Parliamentary procet:dings for the removal of a Judge may be initiated and those on thi: basis of which an order of transfer under Article 222 of the Constitution can be passed, it would be incorrect to hold that a transfer of a Judge can be made under Art. 222 on more allegations of misbehaviour or incapacity of a Judge. Article 218 and Article 124 (4) and (5) of the Constitution make it clear that Article 222 cannot be resorted to in any such case, and if it is utilised by the President in that way, the transfer would have to be set aside on the ground of excess of jurisdiction. When once it is declared that a· transfer of a Judge cannot be made at all on the ground of allega­ tions of misbehaviour or of incapacity and can only be made in the public interest, the reputation of a transferred Judge would remain unsullied. and no evil consequences such as those indica.ted above would follow. It should be stated here that the learnced Attorney-General has fairly conceded that no transfer of a Judge under Article 222 is possible on any of the grounds which may form the basis of a charge in a parliamentary proceeding under clauses ( 4) and (5) of Article 124 read with Article 218 of the Constitution. It is, there­ fore, declared that a transfer based on any such ground being out- · side the scope of Article 222 is liable to be set aside. But a transfer made in the public interest ·in accordance wit!} Article 222 but with- . out the consent of the Judge who is transferred is unassailable. It was faintly suggested by one of the petitioners that Article 222 of the Constitution does not in terms apply to a Chief Justice ofa High Court and hence the transfer of a Chief Justice was bad. This contention is based on, the assumption that the word 'Judge' in Article 222 does not include within its scope a 'Chief Jm;tice'. It is submitted that a Chief Justice is different from other Judges of a High Court for the following reasons .: {a) Article 216 of the . , 1340 SIJPRllMll COlJR'i' RllPORTs [19S2J 2 s.c.a. · Constitution states that a High Court should always have a Chief Justice. It may riot have any other Judges ; (b) a Chief Justice's post has to be filled up by making a separate appointment under Article 21 7 ( l) even when it is filled up by a person who is already holding the post of a Judge and the method of consultation is different in his case, a Chief Justice has to take a fresh oath ; (c) when a Judge is appointed, the Chief Justice qas to be consulted ; (d) when the Chief Justice's post is vacant or when the Chief Justice is absent, any other Judge may be appointed to perform the duties of the Chief Justice under Article 223 and the Judge so appointed functions only as an acting Chief Justice ; ( e) under Article 229; the Chief Justice alone is entrusted with the duty of appointing servants of the High Court and has control over them ; (f) under the Second ·Schedule to the Constitution, the salary of a Chief Justice is fixed at Rs. 4,000/ - per mensem whereas other Judges get Rs. 3,500/- only; (g) under Article 159, a Governor has to make and subscribe the oath before the Chief Justice and only in his absence before the se_niormost Judge available and (h) even in the official ranking assigned for ceremonial purposes, the Chief Justice is placed higher than the other Judges of a High Court. These points of distinction between a Chief Justice and a Judge of a High Court no doubt are there but they do not appear to be conclusive for decid_ing the question before us. The expression 'Judge' is not defined in the Constitution. We have, therefore, to go through. all the relevant provisions of the Constitution to ascertain its true meaning. If we proceed on the basis that the expression 'Judge' does not include a 'Chief Justice', ~everal anamolous results follow. In Article 217 (I) the procedure for appointment of a Judge is provided. It says that every Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the Pi:esiden t after consulta· tion which the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State and in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, · the Chief Justice of the High Court. This clause makes it clear that the expression 'Judge' includes a 'Chief Justice' also. If a Chief Jus­ tice is not a Judge, there would be. no separate age of retirement for him. Clauses (a), (b) and (c) of the proviso to Article 217 (I) would also become inapplicable to Chief Justice as the word 'Chief Justice' is not used in them. Similarly, Article 217 (2) which pres­ cribes qualifications of a Judge, Article 217 (3) which provides _the procedure for determination of the age of a Judge, Article 219 which requires a Judge to make and subscribe an oath, Article 220 ·• , S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Jlenkataramiah, J.) 1341 which imposes restrictions on the right of persons who have held office as permanent Judges to practice in certain courts, Article 221 · which prescribes and protects the salaries of Judges and Article 224A which provides for appointment of retired Judges to sit and act as Judges of a High Court would become inapplicable to a Chief Justice. Article 225 which has preserved the powers of Judges of High Courts which they were exercising before the com­ mencement of the Constitution becomes inapplicable to a Chief Justice. If the term .'Judge' did not also include a 'Chief Justice' all Chief Justices of High Courts · who were holding office immedia­ tely before the commencement of the Constitution had to vacate their offices on January 26, 1950 because Article 376 (1) and (2) referred to 'Judges' only. If the contention urged on behalf of the petitioners is accepted, the foregoing absurd results would ensue. Some othertonsequences of accepting this contention will be that the expression 'one Judge' occurring fli Article i33 (3J of the Consti­ tution will not include a 'Chief Justice' of a High Court and by analogy, the word 'Judges' in Article 145 (2) and (3) will not include the 'Chief Justice of India'. In these circumstances, the reasonable way to construe the above Articles of the Constitution is to interpret the word 'Judge' whenever it appears in the Constitution as including the 'Chief Justice' also except where a particular provision· expressly or by necessary implication distinguishes a Cheif Justice from a Judge .. In all other places, the word 'Judge' should be considered as having been used i11 a generic sense. The conclusion is so self-evident that it is not necessary to support it by authorities. Article 222 of tl:ie Constitution, therefore, applies to all Judges of High Courts includ­ ing a Chief Justice.. Of course, a Chief Justice can only be trans­ ferred as a Chief Justice of another High Court and not as a Judge. I may say a few words here on the policy of appointing the Chief Justice in. every High Court from outside the State. In our country we ·are used to the British Chief Justices presiding over the High Courts for more than a century. Many of them turned out to be distinguished Judges and the fact that ·they were functioning in a country which they had not known before drd not act as any hind­ rance to their work. Even the ignorance of any of the local languages did not act as a serious obstacle to their functioning efficiently. c. E- 1342 StJPllEMB cotnit 1lEP01lts [ 1982) 2 s.C.R. The Fourteenth Report of the Law Commission having considered the question of appointment of Chief Justices of High Courts from outside the State observed in Chapter VI thus : "26. A large body of evidence before us has suggested that it should be made in invariable practice to fill~a vacancy in the office of Chief Justice by appointing a Judge from outside the State. Such course, it is said, will have the advantage of giving the Chief · Justice of India a wide choice in recommending a person suitable for that office. It has also been pressed upon us that bringing a Chief Justice from outside the State will have a very healthy influence, that, it will promote a sense of unity in the country and prevent the Chief Jus!!ce being swayed by local connec­ tions and local influences. It may he mentioned that that Chief Justices · f.rom outside the State have been appointed in some of the States and these appoint­ ments have proved a success. Though the ~nalogy may not be very pertinent, we. may refer to the practi,ce of appointing Governors who do not belong to the State, which has been in vogue since the advent of the Constitution. 27. On the other hand it has been urged with considerable force, that it would not be fair, that competent persons on the Bench of the State High Court should be shut out from the chance of occupy­ ing the office of the Chief Justice in their own States. It has also been pointed out that the proposed practice may prevent members of the Bar from · accepting appointments as judges, the opportunity of serving as Chief justices in their own States being denied to them. 28. On the whole we are of the view that it would be difficult to lay down such an inflexible practice. It ·should, we think, be clearly understood, that the senior-most. puisne judge of a Court, should not merely by reason of his seniority have an expecta­ tion of succeeding to the office of the Chief Justice. In every case of a vacancy in the office of the Chief + - + - > S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) -1343 Justiee, the senior puisne judge should be appointed to the office, only if he bas the necessary qualifications. Indeed the Chief Justice of India may well bear in mind the desirability of appointing a Chief Justice from outside the State by reason of the consideration we have mentioned. Even in cases where the senior­ most puisne judge is fit to occupy the office, it would be doing no injustice to him to leave him out and appoint him to a similar office in another State." The 80th Report of the Law Commission observed in Chapter VI thus: C "6.19. It would not be a healthy practice in case the seniormost judge is considered not suitable for the office of Chief Justice to appoint a junior judge from the same court as Chief Justice. In such an event, the proper course, _in our opinion, would be to appoint some judge from outside the State. It should also be ensured that the judge so appointed as Chief Justice should have been on the High Court Bench for a sufficiently iong time and should have that much seniority as a judge as not to cause resentment in the senior judges of the High Court that someone junior in service has been appointed in super-session of their claim. While appointing 6omeone from outside the State as Chief JustiCe of the High Court, care must also be taken to see that his tenure as Chief Justice is not so long as to black the chances of not only the seniormost judges but also of other judges in the High C~mrt. By the words "blocking the chances", we mean not only preventing· the appointment of a person.as Chief Justice but also substantially reducing the length of his term as Chief Justice. Of course, arthmetical exactitude and precision in these matters cannot be insisted upon". Neither of the above two Reports of the Law Commission, however, notices any impropriety in appointing Chief Justice from outside. Such practice has its own distinct advantages particularly H in these days. Since the Chief Justice of India- has got to be consul- 'ted before appointing a Chief Justice of a High Court one may feel ' ... 1344 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19821 2 s.C.ll assured that there will be very little room for anything prejudicial to the community of High Court Judges happening by the imple­ mentation of the policy of appointing Chief Justices of the High Courts from' outside the State. The advantages of having some Judges in every High Court from outside have been considered by some high-power bodies earlier. The States Reorganisation Commission presided over by Justice S,' Fazal Ali, former Judge of the ,Supreme Court of India • in its Report prepared in the year 1955 observed at paragraph 861 thus: "861. Guided by the consideration that the principal organs of. State should be so constituted as to inspire confidence and to help in arresting parochial trends, we would also recommend that at least one-third of the number of Judges in a High Court should consist of persons who are recruited from outside that State. In makin~ appointments to a High Court Bench, pro­ ·. fessional standing and ability must obviously be the overriding consideration. But the suggestion we have made will extend the field of choice and will have the advantage of regulilting the staffing of the higher judi· ciary as far as possible on the same principles as in the case of the Civil Service". • In para 58 of the Summary of Conclusion and Recommenda­ tions given at the end of its Report, the States Reorganisation Commission recommended: "58. , At least one-third of the number of Judges in the High Court ·of a State should consist of persons who are recruited from outside that State, (paragraph 861)". The Study Team on Centre-State Relationships (Shri M.C, Setalvad, former Attorney-General was the Chairman of the Team) appointed by the Administrative Reforms Commission also consi­ dered the question of appointment of High Court Judges in its Report submitted in the year 1968. Dealing· with the r~commen­ dations of the States Reorganisation Commission on the above questions, the Study Team observed ; · · - - ·). - - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1345 "We would neverthless .suggest that, without necessa­ rily preparing panels, the recommendation of the State Reorganisation Commission should be given effect to as far as possible. Some "outside" appointments are made even now but these are few and far between. A serious effort to increase their number will make its own contribution to efficiency, independence and national integration. Unlike the suggestion for the · panel, this proposal does not affront any canons of delicacy and discretion. And yet a couple of objec­ tions might be raised and need to be dealt with : (a) obviously, when appointing an, 'outsider", it will be necessary to consult the Chief Justice and the_ government of the State from which he hails. As the Chief Justice of the High Court in which the vacancy occurs will not have any personal knowledge of the suitability of the candidate, he will be unable to give his opinion although consti­ tutionally required to do so. The objection is of a technical nature. The spirit behind the present procedure is that the opinion of the Chief Justice who knows the candidate's reputation and· ability should be given due weight. We notice that "outside" appointments have been m~de in the past without any constitutional difficulties arising. The same could continue to happen in the future. Difficulties might arise if Chief Justices of High Courts to which "outsiders" are allocated object frequently to candidates -so allocated: But the whole approach recommended here postulates an enlightened national policy on the problem to which Chief Justices can be expected to subscribe. Normally, therefore, a Chief Justice should not object to the allocation of a carefully selected man. There is in any case no virtue in making any Bench the monopoly of the local Bar irrespec­ tive of available merit there or not ; (b) it may be thought that the authority .and prestige H of a High Court would be affected in case members of an o\ltsi9e lllll' life appointed to it. This is aIJ 1346 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 S.C.R.. · insubstantial objection, because a High Court must command respect for the quality of justice that it dispenses and not for its ability to promote members of its Bar to the Bench. Leaving this aside, the proposar in any case does not envisage that more than one-third of the number of judges of a High Court will come from outside. This cannot seriously affect the prestige and authority of the High Courts and the Chief Justices. Besides any fancied diminution h the position of the Chief Justice on account of this one-third compo­ nent from outside will be offset by the fact that candidates from his State may be going to other High Courts through a selection procedure in which he is associated." (Vide Report of the Study Team on Centre-State Relations, Vol. I pages 188-190). + Accordingly the Study Team recommended at page 195 of 'i V~lume I of its Report that as far as practicable, one-third of the r number of Judges of a High Court should be from outside, It appears from paragraph 13.21 of Volume I of the Report of the Study Team that the Chief Justices themselves handpressed for the transferability and the formation of an all-India cadre of Judges. The relevant part of th~t paragraph reads : "13.21.... . ..... Transferability and the formation of an all-India cadre of Judges was urged by the Chief Justices on the following grounds : ~ (i} that such a cadre would have the advantages of extending the field of choice of High Court Judges and of regulating the staffing of· the higher judiciary on the same lines as that of the civil service ; (ii) that a judiciary so recruited would be more inde­ pendent having less local connections ; - - -"'-' 1 - S.I>. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1347 (iii) That the difficulty experienced in constituting division· benches in hearing cases as one or.more of the judges recruited from the State had been engaged in the case ·at an early stage either as counsel or as party or happened to be related to one or more of the litigants would be avoided ; (iv) that a unified cadre of High Court Judges with . free transfers all over the country would help to break down the barriers of regionalism which held sway in many parts of the country" The foregoing shows that the Chief Justices did not find any­ thing objectionable in th transfers of Judges provided they were made in accordance with Article 222 of the Constitution. The Study Team, however, followed the recommendation made in the Fourteenth Report of the Law Commission but added : "We consider that it is important to make "outside" appointments a reality, and that once that is done it is not necessary to insist on a regular system of transfers". The 80th Report of the Law Commission has also approved the above idea of having some Judges ia every High Court from outside. The principle underlying this policy is not something new to oriental countries. In the letter half of the eighteenth century in · China, there was in vogue a rule called the 'Law of Avoidance'. "The 'Law of Avoidance' required that no one be appointed to high positions in his native province and 'no two members of the same family be allowed to work in the same locality or service, so as to prevent nepotism and the forming of cliques". (Immanual CY. Hsu : 'The Rise of Modern China', Second Edition, p. 62). One of the arguments in favour of appointing one-third of the Judges in every High Court from outside the State is that such a step would assist in bringing about national integration. It is my A. view that there is a good deal of substance in this argument al- H though some dismiss the idea very lightly. Clauses (a) to (e) of ,Article 51 A of the Constitution need t<;> be quoted here : 1348 . SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 s.c.R. ·A .SIA. It shall be the duty of every citizen of India- (a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem; (b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals whicli inspired our national struggle for freedom; (c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty; unity and integrity of India; (d) to defend the country and render national. ser­ vice when called upon to do so; (e) . to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; ...... " Article 51A of the Constitution which lays down the funda· mental duties of the citizens of India was introduced into the Con•­ titution with effect from January 3, 1977 probably to remind Indians of certain values which they were slowly neglecting during the period of thirty years following the independence of the country. Even in the year 1963 itself by the Constitution (Sixteenth Amend· ment) Act, 1963, the form of oath to be taken by a Judge which is set out in the Third Schedule to the Constitution was amended by adding the words "that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India". The preamble of the Constitution was amended with effect from January 3, 1977 by substituting the words "unity and integrity of the Nation" in the place of the words "unity of the. Nation" whic)l. were there earlier. These amendments had .to be made to fight the divisive forces which were raising their ugly heads in different corners of India. The nation should be grateful to the makers of the· Constitution· for enacting the provisions relating to the Indian judiciary which have brought into existence an unitary judicial system in a federal Constitution. Law (dharma) has always been an unifying force in India. The entire country from Kashmir to Kanya Kumari possesses this great inner bond of unity. Judges and lawyers who are the votaries of Indian law should feel' proud of their heritage. Just as the Jndian soldier feels proud of defending \ - - - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1349 the borders of the country treating the whole country as a single unit, Judges and lawyers should feel that they are a part. of a single judicial system operating throughout India and that they are not just members of one St11:te or another. They should be pre­ pared to work in any part of India irrespective of the State in which they arc born or brought up: Today no High Court can afford to remain .isolated from other High Courts as a judicial island. Law­ yers and Judge of one High Court should be prepared to receive with open arms lawyers and Judges of other High Courts. They should also be prepared to spare the services of their Judges to be utilised in other High Courts. It _is only then the-dream of an inte­ grated Bar and of an integrated judiciary will be fully realised. The Indian judicial system i;i one way is a great forging instrument of unity which, if properly used, can assist the country in bringing about national integration which is no longer a mere slogan. Natio­ nal integration is an absolute necessity now. If national integration is not a matter of public interest, what else can be in the public interest ? • It is difficult to believe that Judges who_ day in and day out are applying decisions of English, American and Australian courts while administering justice will not be able to pick up 'the local laws in force in the State in which the High Court to which they are trans­ ferred is situated. Are not the Judges of the Supreme -Court who come from different State deciding cases from all the States in which very often they have to construe one local law or the other ? The argument that the efficiency of Judges will suffer if they are trans­ ferred is merely an argument of despair which has got to'be rejec­ ted. The plea that a Judge of a High Court should always know the language of the rogion is again unsustainable. The Constitution makers knew that in India there were a number of regional langu­ ages: Yet they enacted Article 222 of the Constitution without any limitation. A Judge of one High Court who does not know the regional language of another State may be transferred to the High Court of that State. It is well known that many Britishers who did not know any Indian language discharged their functions very effici­ ently as High Court Judges in India before the commencement of the Constitution. The language of the High Courts has always been English. Even after the commencement of the Constitution, many Judges who did not under~t!!Ild the; local lim~uage have fun(,':tionec.I G, 1350 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 s.c.it. as High Court Judges to the satisfaction of all concerned. When the reorganisation of States took place in 1956, the States Reorganisa­ tion. Commission consisting of Shri Justice Fazal Ali, Shri H.N. Kunzru and Shri K.M. Panikkar strongly pleaded as stated earlier for appointment of at least one-third of Judges of a High Court from outside the State. English is now the language of the Supreme Court and all the High Courts~ Article 348 of the Cons· titution reads : "348. (I) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing pro­ visions of this Part, until Parliament by law otherwise provides- (a) al proceedings in the Supreme Court and in every High Court, (b) the authoritative t.ext~- (i) of all Bills to be introduced or amend­ ments thereto to be moved in either House of Parliament or in the House or either House of the Legislature of a State; (ii) of all Acts passed by Parliament or the Legislature of State and of all Ordi­ nances promulgated by the President or the Governor of a State, and (iii) of all orders, rules, regulations and bye laws issued under this Constitution or under any law made by Parliament or the Legislature of a State, shall be in English language. (2) Notwithstanding anything in sub-clause (a) of clause (I), the Governor of a State may, with the previous consent of the President, authorise the use of the Hindi language, or any other language used for any official purposes of the State, in proceedings in the High Court having its principal seat in that State ; - ) - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1351 Provided that nothing in this clause shall apply to any judgment, decree or order passed or made by such High Court. (3) Notwithstanding anything in sub-clause (b) of clause (1), where the Legislature of a State has prescribed any language other than the English language for use in Bills introduced in, or Acts passed by the Legislature of the State or in Ordinances promulga'.ted by the Governor of the State or in any order, rule, regulation or bye· law referred to in paragraph (iii) of that sub­ clause, a translation of the same in English language published under the authority of the Governor of the State in the Official Gazette of that State shall be deemed to be the authorita· tive text thereof in the English language under this article" . Judges of one High Court trained in English language should not, therefore, find any difficulty in carrying on their duties in other High Courts which are situated in other States. All the high-power bodies which have expressed their opinion in favour of transfers of I Judges have felt that the advantages flowing from the transfers of High Court Judges would outweigh the disadvantages, if any, including those flowing from the various regional languages of India. It is not possible to hold that the transfers of Judges would be opposed to the public interest on this ground also. It is pertiment to deal with a statement made in Sakal Chand Sheth' s case (supra) at page 454 which reads as follows : "Policy transfers on a wholesale basis which leaves no scope for considering the facts of each particular case and which are influenced by one-sided governmental considerations are outside the contemplation of our Constitution". On the basis of this it is argued that policy transfers as such are not 'permissible under Article 222 of the Constitution. I do not understand the above said observations as conveying that meaning and if they so convey th&t meaning; th~n it has to be J " ,, •••.•. .J• •• 1352 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 s.c.R. observed that they are too broadly made. Wb1t the above state· ment means is that even where a transfer is made pursuant to a valid policy, each transfer should recieve adequate consideration at the bands of the authorities concerned. All other relevant matters in relation to the Judge who is proposed to be transferred pursuant to the policy should be considered before ordering his transfer. If on such consideation it is found that he should not be transferred, the proposal should be given. up and the question of transferring another Judge in furtherance of the policy may be taken up for consideration. By doing so the policy remains unaffected and the public interest to be served by the policy also would not suffer. But if it is argued that the above statement bars every tran~fer made pursuant to a policy which is in the public interest then it bas to be held that to the extent it bars such trans­ fers is opposed to the provisions of Article 222 which empowers the President to transfer a Judge after due consultation with the Chief Justice of India, of course, in the public interest and is thus not binding as such a construction would curtail the width of the power under Article 222. I am of the view that in view of the foregoing reasons and opinions expressed by several expert bodies any transfer of a Judge of a High Court under Article 222 of the Constitution in order to implement the policy of appointing the Chief Justice of every High Court from outside the State concerned and of having at least one· third of the Judges of every High Court from outside the State, of course, after consultation with the Chief Justice of India would not be unconstitutional. · PART VIII In order to establish their case, learned counsel appearing for Shri V.M. Tarkunde and Shri S.N. Kumar, called upon the Union Government to produce the records pertaining to the con­ sultations made by the President under Article 217 (1) of the Constitution in so far as the case of Shri S.N. Kumar was con· cerned. The demand made by them was opposed by the Union Govern~ent on the ground of privilege. It was contended by the Union Government that the documents whose discovery was sought 1'ein¥ those containin? communications m~c!~ by high constitutional - + r - - s.i>. GUl>TA v. UNION {Venkataramiah, ).) 1353 functionaries regarding a high level appointment it would not be proper to compel the Union Government to produce them. The question which relates to the circumstances in which the Government can claim that the documents, the production of which is demanqed before a court of .law, should not be compelled to be produced on the ground of privilege is ot great constitutional importance. In Duncan & Anr. v. Cammell, Laird & Company Ltd.(1) decided during the Second World War by the House of Lords such a question arose for consideration. On June 1, 1939, the submarine, Thetis, which had been built by the respondents in that case under contract with the Admiralty was undergoing her submergence test in Liverpool Bay, and while engaged in the operation of a trial dive sank to the bottom owing to the flooding '/ of her two foremost compartments and failed to return to the surface with the result that all who were in her, except four sur· vivors were overwhelmed. Ninty-riirie men lost their lives. A large number of actions were instituted by those representing, or dependent on, some of the dei:eased against respondents and three other persons claiming damages for' negligence. All of these actions, except two, were stayed until after the trial of two test actions, which were consolidated, the plaintiffs in those two test . actions being the appellants in the above case. The respondents, in their affidavit of documents objected to produce certain docu­ ments called for by the appellants on the ground that they (the res­ pondent) had been asked by the Treasury Solicitor on behalf of the First Lord of the Admirality not to produce the said documents which had come into their possession under a contract with the Gornment and to claim crown privilege in respect of them. The First Lord of the Admiralty also filed ari affidavit stating that the documents in question had been considered by him and he had formed the opinion that it would be injurious to the public interest that any of the said documents, should be disclosed to any person. The documents to the production of which objection was thus taken included (either in original or in ·copy) the contract for the hull and machinery of the Thetis, letters written before the disaster relating to the vessel's trim, reports as to the · condition of the Thetis when raised, a large number of plans and specifications relating to the various parts of the vessel etc.. The trial Judge declined to allow inspection of the documents and the (I) (1942] A.C. 624. 0 11 SUPREME cbukt REPoRtS [ 1 ~82] 2 s.c.t. Court of Appeal affirmed his decision. The House of Lords also upheld the claim of privilege by an unanimous decision, holding that a Court of law should uphold an objection taken by a public department called on to produce documents in a suit between private citizens if on grounds of public policy they ought not to be produ­ ced and that documents otherwise relevant and liable for production must not be produced if the public interest required that they should be withheld. The House of Lords in that case laid down two tests on which documents may be withheld one based on the contents of the documents and the other namely · the class to which the documents belonged, which on grounds of public interest must be withheld from production. It proceeded to lay down that an objection validly taken on the ground that it would be injurious to the public interest was conclusive. But it was held that the mere fact that the minis­ ter of the department did not wish the documents to be produced was not an adequate justification for objecting to their production. Production could also be withheld when the public interest would otherwise be damnified 'as where disclosure would be injurious to national defence or to good diplomatic relations or where the prac­ tice of keeping a class of documents secret was necessary for the proper functioning of the public service. In such a case, it was held that the court should not require to see the document for the purpose of ascertaining whether disclosure would be injurious to the public interest. It was further held that it was essential that the decision to object should. be taken by the minister who was the political head of the department concerned and that he should have seen and considered the contents. of the documents and himself formed the view that on grounds of public interest they ought not to be produced and such objection should ordi· narily be taken in an affidavit of the minister. This decision, it may be seen, laid down that privilege could be claimed in respect.of a document on two alternative grounds viz. (a) that the disclosure of the contents of the document would be injuri­ ous to the public interest by endangering national security or diplomatic relations and (b) that the document belonged to a class which should not be disclosed to ensure the proper function­ ing of public service. Viscount Simon who spoke for the House of Lords in this case expressed his disagreement with the decision of the Privy Council in Robinson v. State of South Australia (No.2) (1) (1) [1931] AC 704. - - .., - y - s. i>. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1~55 in which it had been held that it was proper for a court to inspect the documents in respect of which . privilege had been claimed to determine. whether their production would be prejudicial to the public welfare. In the course of his· speech, the noble Lord observed at page 641 thus: "As.Lord Parker said in another connection : "Those who are responsible for" the national security must be the sole judges of what the "national security re­ quires": The Zamora [1916] 2 A.C. 77,107- In Robinson v. State of South Australia (No. 2) (1931) A.C. 704, the Judicial Committee reversed the deci­ sion of the Supreme Court of South Australia, which had refused to order the inspection of documents which the minister in charge of the department objected to produce on grounds of public policy, and remitted the case to the Supreme Court with the direction that it was one proper for the exercise of the court's power of inspecting documents to determine whether their pro­ duction would be prejudicial to the public welfare. I cannot agree with this view. Their Lordships' conclu­ sion was partly based on their interpretation of a rule of court which was in the same ter'ms as O.XXXI, r. 19A, sub-r.2, of the Rules of the English Supreme Court. This sub-rule provides : "Where on an appli­ cation for an order for inspection privilege is claimed for any document, it shall be lawful for the court or a judge to inspect the document for the purpose of deci­ ding as to the validity of the claim of privilege." In my opinion, the Privy Council was mistaken in regar­ ding such a rule as having any application to the subject matter. The doubt expressed on the point by du Parcq L.J. in the present case is fully justified. The withholding of d0cuments, on the ground that their publication would be contrary to the public interest, is not properly to be regarded as a branch of the law of privilege connected with discovery. "Crown privilege" is for this reason not a happy expression privilege, in relation to discovery, is for the protection" of the litigant and could be waived by him, but the rule that the interest of the state must not be put in jeopardy by producing documents which would injure 1356 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982J 2 S.C.R. it is a principle. to be observed in administering justice, quite unconnected with the interests or claims of the particular parties in litigation, and, indeed, is a rule on which the judge should, if necessary, insist, even though no objection is taken at all." Nearly five years after the judgment in Duncan's case (supra) the Crown froceedings Act, 1947 was passed by the British Parlia­ ment and the Crown privilege recognised under the common law was regulated by section 28 of the said Act. But that section was, however, subject to the proviso that it could not override any rule of law which authorised or required the withholding of any docu­ ment or the refusal to. answer any question on the ground that the disclosure of the document or the refusal to answering of the ques­ tion would be injurious to the public interest. Robinson's case (supra) which was dissented from by the House of Lords as stated above arose out of an action in South Australia. The Judicial Committee had held in that case that a South Australia Rule which provided that where on an application for an order for inspection, privilege was claimed for any document it was lawful for the Court or a Judge to inspect it for the purpose of deciding as to the validity of the s:laim applied where privilege was claimed for an official document on the ground that its disclosure would be con­ trary to the interests of the public even though the claim was sup­ ported by a statement to that effect by the Minister responsible. It was further held that the Court had always in reserve, the power to inquire into the nature of the document for which protection was so sought and to require some indication of the injury which would result from its production. The Judicial Committee added that the claim to protection in the case of documents relating to trading, commercial or contractual activities of a State could rarely be sustained especially in time of peace and that documents would prejudice the case of the State in the litigation or assist the other party was a compelling reaso.nfor their production only to be over- borne by the gravest reasons of State policy or security. · In three cases which came before the Court of Appeal after Duncan's case (supra) was decided by the House of Lords, while it was held ~hat on matters touching national security and foreign affairs, the application of the principle enunciated in the Duncan's case (supra) in an unqualified manner was not open to question, ;. - - > - - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1357 doubts were entertained about its application without modification to a class of documents (See Merricks v. Nott-Bower,(1) Re Grosve­ nor Hotel, London (No. 2)(2) and Wednesbury Corporation v, Ministry of Housing and Local Government) (3) When it was asserted by the Attorney General that so long as the objection was taken in proper form, the Judge must treat the claim of privilege as conclusive, in Re Grosvenor Hotel's case (supra) Lord Denning, M.R. after refer­ ring to · the practice prevailing in Scotland and Commonwealth countries, observed .at pages 361-362 thus : "In view of these developments, I think that it is open to the House and I believe to us, to reconsider that matter : and I must say that, in my. judgment, the law of England should be brought into line in this matter with that of Scotland and of the rest of the Commonwealth. The objection of a Minister, even though taken in proper form, should not be conclusive. If the court should be of opinion that the objection is not taken in good faith, or that there are no reasonable grounds for thinking that the production of the docu­ ments would be injurious to the public interest, the . court can override the objection and order production. It can, if it thinks fit, call for the documents and ins­ pect them itself so as to see ·whether there are reason­ able grounds for withholding them : ensuring, of course, that they are not disclosed to anyone else. It is rare indeed for the court to override the Minister's objection, but it has the ultimate power, in the interests of justice, to do so. After all, it is the judges who are the guardians of justice in this land; and if they are to fulfil their trust, they must be able to call on the Min.ister to put forward his reasons so as to see if they outweigh the interest of justice." The privilege based not on their contents but on the ·class G to which the documents belonged was held to be not acceptable. On balance however the Court of Appeal upheld the privilege in the light of the above observations. (1) [1964) l All. E.R. 717. (2) [1964] 3 All. E.R. 354. (3) [1965] l All. E.R .. 186 . 1358 SUPREMB COURt REPORTS (1982) 2 s.C.R. It is interesting to notice here the recommendation made by the General Council of the Bar in England in a memorandum issued by it in February, 1956 after a critical examination of the decision in Duncan's case (supra). In para 15 of that memorandum the Council recommended thus : "We therefore recommend- (I) A departmental head seeking the exclusion of any evidence should be required to state in his affida­ vit whether tpe adduction of such evidence would be pre-judicial to the national security, including diplomatic relations, or some other head of public interest, which he should specify. (2) In either case the departmental head should be required to state whether the evidence would be so prejudicial when adduced in open or in closed court. (3) Where his claim to privilege is based on ground of national security it should be conclusive. (4) Where his claim is based on grounds of public interest other than national security it should be examinable by the court. (5) The court should be given power to order a hear­ ing or partial hearing in closed court on the ground that publication of . any evidence to be given in the course of the proceedings would be prejudicial to the national safety or the national interest. • (Vide Appendix 4 to 'Law and Orders, by C.K. Allen, 2nd Edn.) Lord Chancellor Viscount Kilmuir also made 'a statement on June 6, 195_6 in the House of Lords on the question of Crown privi­ lege arising out of the decision in Duncan's case (supra). In the course of that statement after referring to the two grounds on which - ., - >· - - S.P. CiUP!A v. UNION (J!enkataramiah, J.) 1359 privilege could be claimed according to Duncan viz. (a) that the dis­ closure of the particular·document would injure public interest e.g. by endangering public security or prejudicing diplomatic relations and (b) that the document fell within a class which the public inte­ rest required to be withheld from production, Lord Kilmuir stated thus: "The claiming of Crown privilege on the first ground that I have mentioned has always been acceptable to the courts and public opinion. Where, however, the claim has been made on the ground that the document · belongs to a class, especially, in proceedings where the Crown's position seems very like that of an ordinarily litigant, it has been criticised on the ground that the administration of justice is itself a matter of public interest and should be weighed against the other head of public interest, that is, 'the proper functioning of the public service.' The reason why the law sanctions the claiming of Crown privilege on the 'class' ground is the need to secure freedom and candour of communication with and within the" public service, so that Government decisions can be taken on the best advice and with the fullest information. In order to secure this it is neces­ sary that the class of documents to which privilege applies should be clearly settled, so that the person giving advice or information should know that he is doing· so in confidence. Any system whereby a docu­ ment falling within the class might, as a result of a later decision, be required to be produced in evidence, would destroy that confidence and undermine the whole basis of class privilege, because there would be no certainty at the time of writing that the document would not be disclosed. It is sometimes suggested that a claim for privilege on the class basis should be referred to and decided by a judge. This suggestion goes much further than ·the position in Scotland, where the power of the judge is only exercisable 'in very special circumssances' and does not permit any examination of the ground of the ·F 1360 SUPREME COURT RllPORTS [1982] ~ s.c.k. claim. This ground namely, 'the proper functioning of the public service', must in our view be a matter for a Minister to decide, with his knowledge of govern· ment and responsibility to Parliament, rather than for a Judge. A Judge assesses the importance of a particular document in the case that he is hearing, and his incli· nation would be to allow or to disallow a claim for privilege according to the contents and the relevance of the document, rather than to consider the effect on the public service of the disclosure of the class of docu­ ments to which it belongs. The result would be that the same kind of document would sometimes be pro­ tected and sometimes ·disclosed, which would, as I have said, be destructive of the whole basis of the class privilege. I would emphasise that claims of Crown privilege are made in respect <Jf all documents falling within the class, irrespective of whether 0heir production would be favourable or unfavourable to the Crown's interests. All Crown lawyers are familiar with cases in which the Crown's interests have in fact been prejudiced by the application of the rule. The proper way to strike a balance between the needs of litigants and those of Government administration is, in our opinion, to narrow the class as much as possible by excluding from it those categories of documents which appear to be particularly relevant to litigation and for which the highest degree of confidentiality is not required in the public interest." (Vide Appendix 4 to 'Law and Orders' by C.K. Allen, 2nd Edition pp. 467-468) The three decisions of the Court of Appeal n~ferred to above which had been decided by Lord Denoning M.R., Harman and Salmon, L.JJ. came up for consideration again before the Court of Appeal in - .. I - - ·• - ,_ U•. GtJl>t'A v. tJ1'llON (Venkataramlah, J.) 1361 Convay v. Rimmer (1) consisting of Lord Dennin·g, M.R. Davies and Russell, L. JJ.. The relevant facts of this case were these. The plaintiff, a probationer police constable was prosecuted by a Superin· tendent in the constabu.la.ry on a. charge of stealing an· electric torch belonging to another probationer constable. The prosecution failed and the plaintiff was acquitted but soon afterwards he was dismissed from the police force as unlikely to become an efficient police officer. The piaintiff sued the Superintendent for malicious prosecution. On discovery in the action the Home Secretarv claim­ ed Crown privilege for a class· of documents which included the probationary reports relating to the plaintiff and the report leading to his prosecution; the privilege was claimed on the ground that dis­ covery, of documents of that class would be contrary or injurious to the public interest. The claim of privilege was in proper form. It was not suggested that the claim was not taken in good faith or . that the Home Secretary was mistaken in thinking the documents to be of the class stated. The Registrar of the Court directed the defendant to produce the documents. But Browne, J. allowed the appeal by the defendant and the Attorney General and disallowed the claim for discovery. It is 0 this order which was questic;med before the Court of Appeal. In this case, Lord Denning who was in the minority directed the production of the documents. The other two learned Judges, however, felt that Duncan's case (supra) could not be departed from by the Court of Appeal and that the observations in the three cases referred to above questioning the validity of the privilege based on the class to which the particular document belonged were not binding Davies L.J. with whom Russell L.J. agreed observed at pp. 1271;.72 thus : "I turn now to the 1964 trilogy of cases, namely, Merricks v. Nott-Bower [1964] I All B.R. 717; Gros­ venor Hotel, London (No. 2) [1964] 3 All B.R. 354; and Wednesbury Corporation v. Ministry of Housing and Local Goyernrnent [1965] I All E. R. 186, men· tioned earlier in this judgment and decided in this Court by the same trinity of judges, viz. LORD DEN­ NING, M.R., HARMON and SALMON, L.JJ.. The judgments in those cases are, of course, most weighty and most interesting; but, within the greatest respect, . I cannot accept them as decisions that English Law is other than I have suggested that it is. Some general (I) [1967] 2 All, E.R. l~O. 0 1362 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982J 2 S.C.R observations may be made about those cases. In the first place, in not one of them did the court order pro­ duction of the documents in question or itself inspect them; so that, wheth~r or not the observations made in those cases were obiter, as in that state of affairs I am inclined to think that they were, the Crown had no opportunity of challenging in the House of Lords the validity of the views expressed in this Court. Secondly, in each case the court was much exercised about the form and sufficiern:y of the Minister's certificate or affidavit. In the present case no such question arises. Third, all those decidons proceeded on the basis that then: was a difference or dichotomy, as HARMAN, L.J: called it in Re Grosvenor Hotel, London (No. 2) [1964] 3 All E.R at pp. 364, 365 between contents cases and class cases; though it would appear that SALMON, L.J. would make a sub-division between high "class" cases ar.d low "class" cases (See [1964) 3 All E.R. at pp. 370 2,nd 371). I am bound to say that I can see no logical distinction, though there obviously may be a practical one, between high. class cases and low class cases, any more than there is between class cases and contents cases. Fourth, all of the judgments procee­ ded on the basis that the observations of VISCOUNT SIMON in Duncan's case [1942] 1 All E.R. 587 as to class cases were obiter and wrong. Fifth, very little weight was attached in any of those cases to the deci­ sion in Auten v. Rayner [1958] 3 All E.R. 566. Finally all the judges were ei•ercised in their minds as to desir­ ability of the law of England in this respect being the same as that of Scotland and of Commonwealth coun­ tries, such as Australia, Canada and New Zealand. Whether the Jaw in those Commonwealth countries, whose courts are, of course, in'fluenced by Robinson v. State of South Australia (No. 2) [1931] All E.R. Rep. 333; is precisely the same a·s the Jaw of Scotland, as laid down in Glasgow Corpn. v. Central Land Board 1956 S.C. (H.L.) l is, perhaps, open to doubt. That it is desirable that the law on this important constitu­ tional matter should be the same every where is beyond question: but, in my judgment, the only tribunal in this country which can achieve that object is the House - - .... S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1363 of Lords, who now have the power to alter or vary the decision at which, as I have said,, in my opinion they arrived in Duncan's case [1942] 1 All E. R . 587'' . The appeal was dismissed in accordance with the opinion of the majority. The clock was thus again put back · by the Court of Appeal. Conwa}"s case (supra) was taken up in appeal before the House of Lords in Conway v. Rimmer & Anr. (1) After a review of a number of decisions which had been rendered before Duncan's case including Robinson's case decided by the. Privy Council and the decisions of the Court of Appeal subsequent to the decision in Duncan's case, the House of Lords reversed the decision of the Court of Appeal. It directed that-the documents in question should be produced before the Court which had called them for its inspection and if it was found that disclosure would not be prejudicial to the public interest or that such possible prejudice would be insufficient to justify non­ disclosure, an order for disclosure of the reports should .be made. It is important to note that in this case one Lord after another rejected the contention that the possibility of future disclosure would affect'candour. Lord Reid observed at page 881: "So far as I know, however, no one has ever suggested that public safety has been endangered by the candour or completeness of such reports having been inhibited by the fact that they may have to be produced if the interest of the due administration of justice should ever require production at any time." Lord 'Morris observ~d at page 891 : "In many decided c!J.ses, however, there have been references to a sugges­ tion that if there were knowledge that certain documents (e g. reports) might in some circumstances be seen by eyes for which they were never intended the result would be that in the making of similar documents in the future, candour would be lacking. Here is a suggestion of doutful validity. Would the knowledge that there was a remote chance of possible enforced production really affect candour ? If there was knowledge that it was conceivably possible that some person might himself see a report which was written about him, it might well be that candour on the part of the writer of the report would be encouraged rather than frustrated. The law is ample in its protection of tho~y wlw ~r~ hoq~st in re~ordin~ (1) [1968] l All. ER ~74 ftL 0 0 0 1364 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [I 982] 2 s.c.tt. opinions which they are under a duty to express. Whatever may 1 be the strength or the weakness of the suggestion to which I have referred it seems to me that a court is as well and probably better qualified than any other body to give such significance to it as the circumstances of a particular case may warrant." Lord Hodson observed at page 904 : "It is strange if civil servoots alone are supposed to be unable to be candid in their statements made in the course of duty without the protection of an absolute privilege denied other fellow subjects". Lord Pearce said at page 912: "There are countless teachers at schools and universities, countle>s emplo· . yers of labour who write . candid reports unworried by the outside chance of disclosure ... " Lord Upjohn obsered at pages 914-915 : "The reason for this privilege .js that it would be quite wrong and entirely inimical to the proper functioning of the publlc service if the public were to learn of these high level communications, however, innocent of the prejudice to the State the actual Contents of any particular document might be, that is obvious. It has nothing whatever to do, however, with candour or uninhibited/ freedom of expression, I cannot believe that any Minister or any high level military or civil servant would feel in the least degree inhibited in expressing his honest views in the course of his· duty on some subject such as even the personal qualifications and delinquencies of some colleague, by the thought that his obser~ations might ~ne day see the light of the day." Commenting on this decision, H.W.R. Wade wrote : "Their Lordships heaped withering criticism upon this class "principle" which is that complete cll!sses of official reports and documents ought tci be kept secret, at whatever cost to the interests of litigants, merely because otherwise there would not be "freedom and candour of communication with and within the public service" (Vide 'Crown Privilege Controlled at Last' by H.W.R. Wade [1968] 84 The Law Quarterly Review·p. 171 at 172). Duncan's case (supra) stood accordingly modified. - In Rogers v. Home Sercetary(1), the appellant required the production of a certain Jetter written about him to the Gaming Board for Great Britain which had the duty to make unusually extensive inquiries not only into the capacity and diligence of all applicants for licences to maintain· gaming establishments but. also into their character, reputation and financial standing and any other circumstances appearing to the Board to be relevant before issuing (1)1t1973~ A.(:. 386. - - "\ y - s.P, GUPTA v. U_NION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1365 licences under the Gaming Act, I 968. Applications made by · a Company of which the appellant was a director.had been refused by the Board. It was the custom of the Board to obtain confidential information about applicants from the police. The· appellant said that there came into bis possession from an anonoymous source a copy of a letter written about him to the Board by Mr. Ross, Assistant Chief Constable of Sussex. Obviously this letter had been . abstracted by improper means from the files of the Board or of the Police~ The appellant said that this letter contained highly damaging libellous statements about. him and that he wished to take proceedings to clear his reputation. The means he chose for doing that was to seek to prosecute Mr. Ross for criminal libel. To succeed he had to prove the letter. So he applied for its produc· tion. ·The Attorney-General opposed the summons and he succeeded. The House of Lqrds in appeal in the above case upheld the privilege. Lord Reid observed in the course of his speech at pages 400-401 thus :- .j "The ground but forward has been said to be Crown privilege. I think that that expression is wrong and · may be misleading. There is no question of any pri· vilege in the ordinary sense of the word. The real question is whether the public interest requires that letter shall not be produced and whether that public interest is so strong as to override the ordinary right and interest of a litigant that he shall be able 'to lay before a court of. justice all relevant evidence. A Minister of the Crown is always an appropriate and often the most appropriate person to ass'ert this public interest, and the evidence or advice which to he gives the court is always valuable and may some· times be indispensable. But, in my view, it must always be open to any person interested to rai<e the question and there may be cases where the trial judge should himself raise the question if no one else has done so. In the present case the question of public . interest, was raised by both the Attorney­ General and the Gaming Board. In my judgment both . were entitled to raise the. matter. Indeed I think that in the circumstances it Wl;\S the duty of the board to do as they hav~ gon~., . · · " · · · · · · " · , F. 1366 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 S.C.R, The claim in the present case is not based on . the nature of the contents of this particular letter. It is based on the fact that the board cannot adequately perform their statutory duty unless they can preserve the confidentiality of all communications to them regarding the character, reputation or antecedents of applicants for their consent. Claims for "class privilege" were fully considered by this House in ·Conway v, Rimmer (1968) A.C. 910. · It was made clear that there is a heavy burden of proof on any authority which makes such a •claim. But the possibility of establishing such a claim was not ruled out. I venture to quote what.I said in that· case at p. 952 : "There may be special reasons for withholding some kinds of routine documents, but I think that· the proper test to be applied is to ask, in the language of Lord Simon in Duncan v. Cam· mell Laird & Co. Ltd. (1942) A.C. 624, 642, whe· ther the withholding ·of a document because it belongs to a particular class is really 'necessary' for the proper functioning of the public .service." I do not think that "the public service" should be construed ·narrowly. Here the question is whether the 'Yithholding of this class of documents is really neces· sary to enable the board adequately to perform its statutory duties. If it is, then we 11re enabling the will of Parliament to be-carried out." In a latter case before the House of Lords i.e. Burmah Oil Co. Ltd. v. Bank of England,(1 ) it was again laid down that there was no rule of law that a claim by the Crown the grounds of public interest for immunity from production of a class of docu· ments of a high level of public importance was conclusive and that the. Court had the power to inspect the documents before deciding. whether they should be disclosed after balancing the competing interests of preventin,g harm to the State or ;the public ~ervice by (I) (1979] 3 All. E.R. 790. 1 •, - - - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkatarami(lh, J.) 't'f67 disclosure and preventing frustration of the administration of justice by withholding disclosure. In the last decision of the House of Lords to which our attention is drawn i e. Science Research Council v. Nasse,(2) the question as to how for confidentiality could be a ground for claiming privilege in respect of any document arose for consideration. That case arose out of disputes between two employees and their emplo­ yers which wer~ raised before the Industrial Tribunal. The emplo· yees' complaint was that they had been discriminated against by their'. employers in the course of their employment. B~fore · the Tribunal they were called upon for production of some docu­ ments. The Court of Appeal had allowed appeal of the employers holding that if the documents were disclosed it would be in gross breach of faith and could lead to .industrial trouble. Dis­ missing the appeal, the House of Lords held that while no principle of public interest immunity protected such confidential documents and that they were. not immune from discovering by reason of confidentiality alone, the Tribunal in the free exercise of its discretion to order discovery should have regard to the fact that they were confidential and that discovery would be a breach of confidence, so that accordingly, relevance alone though a necessary ingredient did not provide an automatic test for discovery, the uJimate test being whether discovery was necessary for disposing fairly of the proceedings and in order to decide whether it was n.ecessary, the tribunal should inspect the documents considering whether special measures such as "covering.up" or bearing in camera should be adopted. Dealing· with the rule of 'public interest immunity' claimed by a1person who is called upon to produce any document,. Lord Scarman observed in the above case thus: "Whatever may be true generaliy of the categories of 'public interest, the "public interest immunity," which prevents documents from being produced or evidence from being given is restricted, and is not, in my judgment, to be extended either by demanding ministers or by the courts. And, though I agree with my noble and learned friend, Lord Edmund­ Davies, in believing t411t l\ court may ref11~e t<? wdc;:r . (1) [1980J A.C. 1028. 1368 SUPREME COURT REPORTS I 1982) 2 S.C.R production of a confidential document if it takes the view that justice does not require its production, I do not see ·the process of decision as a balancing act. If the document is necessary for fairly disposing of the case, it must be produced notwithstanding its confidentiality. Only if the document should be pro­ tected by public interest immunity, will there be a a balancing act. And then the balance will not be "between "ethical or social" values of a confidential relationship involving the public interest and the document's relevance in the litigation, but between the public interest represented by the State and its public service, i.e., the executive government, and the public interest in the administration of justice : see Lord Reid. Thus my emphasis would be different from that of my noble and learned friends.. "Public interest immunity" is, in my judgment restricted .to what must be kept secret for the protection of government at the highest levels and in the truly sensitive areas of execu­ tive responsibility." In England, acco~ding to Prof. S.A. De Smith, as matters now stand "a government department can seldom expect to succeed in a claim based solely on prospective deteriment. to that facet of the public interest which requires candid expressions of opinion within the public service. In any event the court will prefer to rest a decision to exclude evidence on a more general ground than "Crown privilege" -e.g. that it is contrary to the public interest to require the disclosure in legal proceedings of information obtained in con· fidence for a limited purpose. Courts are likely to accept without question a Minister's certificate that disclosure would be injurious to national security or diplomatic relations, or that the document relates to Cabinet proceedings; but in any marginal case they can be expected to insist on privately inspecting the documents or classes of documents and then rejecting claims to exclude evidence of "'routine" matters but ac<;:epting claims to exclude documents referring to matters of high policy. It is doubtful whether any material dis­ tinction is now to be drawn between "contents" claims and "class" claims." The scope of the powers of courts in England where a claim to privilege is made is also explained at para 90 in Volume 13 of 1 ... ... / ·' - ·y - s.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1369 Halsbury's. Laws of England, (Fourth Edition) thus : "90. Powers of court-The decision wheth~r to allow ·or reject the claim to Crown privilege, and if so to what extent, is and remains the decision of the court, an.d the view of the political minister that the pro­ duction or disclosure of documents or information, whether because of their actual contents or because of the class of documents to which they belong is not conclusive. The court will give full weight to the .view . of the minister in every case, but it has and is. entitled to exercise a residual power, and indeed a duty, to examine the objection and the grounds raised by the minister to support his view that production would be injurious to the public interest. If, in spite of the cer­ tificate or affidavit ofthe minister, the court is satis· fied that the objection is not taken bona fide or that the grounds relied on by the minister are insufficient or misconceived or not clearly expressed or that there .are no reasonable grounds for ·apprehending danger to the public interest, the court has a residual power to override the objection. For this purpose, the court is entitled to see the documents before ordering pro­ duction, and the court can see the documents without their being shown to the parties, but the minister should have a right to appeal before the documents are in fact produced. ' The court will more readily uphold an objection on the ground of the contents of a .document, and for this purpose the minister need not go into any detail. But where the minister raises the objection to produc­ tion on the ground that the documents belong to a class the production of which would be injurious to to the public interest, he must describe with .some par­ ticularity the nature of the class and the reasons why they should not· be disclosed.. For this purpose the proper test to be applied . is whether the withholding of a document because it belongs to a particular class is really necessary for the proper functioning of the public service, and the term "public service" in this context should not be construed - 0 SUPREME coufl'i' REPORfS It 98~} 2 s.c.ii.. narrowly. In considering a claim to Crown privilege in relation to a class of documents, the fact that the documents were communicated in confidence to the Crown is a very material consideration, but neverthe· less the court may conclude that the public interest in such confidentiality is outweighed by the public interest than they should be disclosed in the adm!nistra­ tion of justice." In Australia too the very same pos1t1on prevails. It is sufficient to refer to the observaions of Gibbs, A.C.J. of the High Court of Australia in Sankey v. Whit/an & Ors.(1} decided in November, 1978 at page 542 which are as follows : "What are now equally well es'tablished are the respec­ tive roles of the court and of those usually the Crown who assert Crown privilege. A claim to Crown privilege has no automatic operation; it always remains the function of the Court to determine upon. thai claim. The claim, supported by whatever material may be thought approprfate to the occasion does no more than draw 'to the court's attention what is said to be the entitlement to the privilege and provide the court with material which may assist it in determining whether .or not Crown privilege should be accorded. A claim to the privilege is not essential to the invoking of Crown privilege. In cases of defence secrets, matters of diplomacy or affairs of government at the highest level, it will often appear readily enough that the balance of public interest is against disclosure. It is in these areas that even in the absence of any claim to Crown privilege (perhaps because the Crown is not a party and may be unaware of what is afoot) a court, readily recognizing the proffered evidence for what it is, can as many authorities establish of its own motion enjoin its disclosure in court. Just as a claim is not essential neither is it ever con'clusive although, in the areas which I have instanced the ~court's acceptance of the claim may often be no more than a matter of (I) 21 A.L.R. SOS. - 1 - S;P. GUPTA v. tJNioN (Venkataramiah, ).) 1371 form. It is not conclusive because the function of the court once it beeomes aware of the ·existence of material to which Crown privilege may apply is always to determine what shall be done in the light of how best the public interest may be served, how least it will be injured." In Canada the prevailing view of law appears to be the same as stated above . as can be seen from the decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in Regina v. Snider(1) in which Rand, J. has stated thus : "Once the nature,.general or specific as the case may be, of documents or the reasons against its disclosure, are shown, the question for the Court is whether they might, on any ratio.oat view, either as to their contents or the fact of their existence be such that the public interest . requires that they should not be revealed ; if they are capable of austaining ·such an interest, and a Minister of the Crown avers its existence, than the Courts must accept his decision. On the other hand, . if the facts, as· in the example before us, show that, in the ordinary case, no such interest can exist, then such a declaration of the Minister must be taken to have been made under a misapprehension and be !· disregarded. To eliminate the Courts in a function with which the tradition of the common law has inves­ ted them and to hold them subj~ct to any opinion formed, rational or irrational by a member of the Executive to the prejudice, it might be, of the lives of private individuals, is not in harmony with the basic conceptions of our polity. But I should add that the consequences of the exclusion of a document for reasons of pub.Jic interest as it may affect the interest of an accused person are not in question here and no implication is intended as to what they may be .. What is secured by attributing to the Courts this preliminary detetermination of possible prejudice is protection against Executive encroachments upon the administration of justice ; and in the present trend of ~ . (1) [1954] 40.L.R. 489, 1372 SUPREME COURT llEPORtS (1982} 2 S.C.R. government little can be ;-more essential to the main­ tenance of individual security. In this important matter, to relegate the Courts to such a subserviency as is suggested would be to withdraw from them the confidence of fodependence and judicial appraisal that so far appear to have served well the organization of which we are the heirs. These are considerations which appear to me to follow from the reasoning of the· Judicial Committee in Robinson v. South Australia, (1931) A.C, 703." In the United States of America, the question relating to the limits of executive · privilege came up for consideration before the Supreme Court in· Marbury v. Madison(1) probably for the first time. In that case William Marbury and three others severally moved the U.S. Supreme Court for a rule to James Madison, Secretary of State for the United States, to show cause as to why a manda_mus should not issue commanding him to cause to be deliver­ ed to them respectively their several commissions as Justices of the Peace in the District of Columbia. In the affidavit fi,led in support of the petition they pleaded that Ar1ams the former President had nominated the applicants to tbe Senate for their advice and consent to be appointed J_ustices of the Peace ; that the Senate advised and consented to the appointments, that commissions in due form were · signed by the said President appointing them Justices, that the seal of the urated States was in turn affixed to the said commissions and that Madison had declined to cause them to be delivered even though they had acquired the right to the offices. In the course of the proceedings certain questions were put to the Attorney-General Levi Lincoln relating to the Commissions and where they had been kept and on objection being raised to the questions ·the court said that 'if Mr. Lincoln wished time to consider what answers he should make, they would give him time, but they had no doubt he ought to answer. There was nothing confidential to be disclosed. If there had been he was not obliged to answer it ; and if he thought that anything was communicated to him in confidence he was not bound to disclose it; nor was he obliged to state anything. which would criminate himself; but that the fact whether such commissions had been in the office or not, could not be" a confidential fact; it is a fact H (1) 5 U.S. 137. ·1 r L ··~ •.'l. !i.P. OtJPTA v. tJNto!'I (Venkataramtah, i.) 1373 which all the world have a right to know. If h~ thought any of the questions improper, he might state his.objections'. In United States v. Burr(4) Chief Justice Marshall ruled: "thBt the President of the United States may be subpoenaed and examined as a witness and required to produce any paper in his possession, is not contro­ verted. The President, although subject to the general rules. which apply to others, i;nay have sufficient motives for declining to produce a particular paper, and those motives may be such as to restrain the court from enforcing its production. I can readily conceive that the President might receive a letter which would be improper to exhibit in public, because of the manifest inconvenience of its exposure. The occasion for deman­ ding it ought,· in such a case, be very strong, and to be fully shown to the court before its production could be insisted on." According to Wigmore the scope of the privilege in America, beyond secrets in the military or international sense is by no means clearly defin~d. Paragraph 2379 in Volume. VIII of Wigmore on 'Evidence' reads : · "Same : Who determines the Necessity for Secrecy. So far as the privilege has legitimate scope, it raises the question how the existence of the facts which make it applicable is to be determined. If it extends only (as its just limits prescribe) to matters involving inter­ national negotiati6ns or military precautions against a foreign enemy, the presence of such matters in the documents . or com,nmnications sought to be disclosed must by some authority be predetermined, before the privilege can be deemed applicable. If it extends to the larger scope indicated by the English rulings, still the existense of a necessity for secrecy must be in each instance declared. Who shall make this deter- . minations ? ------------(1) 25 Feb. Cas, 187 (No. 14694) (Cir. ct. Va )807) 1314 st.Jt>llEME COURT REPORTS (19821 2 s.c.il. Obviously, and by aQalogy with other privileges, the Court (ante, 2193 2271, 2322; post, 2550). But the judg1.: (urges the learned in cum bent of that office, in Beatson v. Skene (1)."woulQi be unable to determine it without ascertaining what the document was,"­ surely an unavoidable process; which inquiry," however' it is added, "cannot take place in private," -a singular assumption. It would rather seem that the siinple and natural· process of determination was precisely such a private perusal by the judge. Is it to l?e said that even this much of disclosure 9annot be trusted ? Shall every subordinate in the department have access to the secret, and not the presiding officer of Justice ? Can- . not the constitutionally coordinate body of government share the confidence ? It is ludicrous to observe a Chief Magistrate, as in Beatson v. Skene, solmenly protesting his incompetence to share the knowledge of a fact which had never been secret at all and had for months been spread abroad by the hundred tongues of scandal. The truth cannot be escaped that a Court· which abdicates its inherent function of determining the facts· upon which the admissibilty of evidence depends' will furnish to bureaucratic officials too ample . oppor­ tunities for abusing the privilege. The lawful limits of the privilege are extensible beyond any control, if its applicability. is left to the determination of the very official whose interest it may be to shield a wrong­ doing under the privilege. Both principle and policy demand that the determination of the privilege shall be for the Court; and this has been . insisted upon ·by the highest judicial personages both in England and the United States : Conclusion : The privilege, when recognised, should therefore be subjected to the following limitations : (1) 5 H & N. 838. .• r - S.P. dtiP.TA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1315 ; (1) Any executive or administration regulation pur­ , porting in general terms to authorise refusal to disclose official records in a particular department when duly requested as evidence in a court ' of justice should be deemed void (on the logic of 1355; 2195; ante). 8 (2) Any statute declaring in general terms that official records are confidential (ante 2378, n. 7) should be liberally construed to have an implied exception for disclosure when needed in court of justice. C (3) The procedure in such cases should be : A letter of request (like a letter rogatory, ante,. 2195a) from the head of th_e Court to the head of the Department (accompa'lying the S!Jbpoena to the actual custodian), stating the circumstances of the litigation creating the need for the document ; followed (in case of refusal) by a reply from the Departmental head stating · the circumstances deemed to justify the refusal ; and then a ruling by the Court, this ruling to be appealable ·and determinative of the privilege." Writing about the immunity claimed by President Nixon against the demand for disclosure of certain types of documents, Raoul Berger writes in his book· entitled 'Executive Privilege : A Constitutional Myth' (1974) at page 264 thus: "Candid interchange" is yet another pretext ·for·doubt­ ful secrecy. It will not explain Mr. Nixon's claim of blan-· ket immunity for members of his White House staff on the basis of mere membership without more; it-will not justify Kleindienst's ass'ertion.of immunity from congre­ ssional inquiry for two and one-half million federal emp­ loyees. It is merely another testimonial to the greedy expensivenes.s o.f power, the costs of which patently out­ weigh its benefits. As t!Je latest branch in a line of ille· gitimate succession, it illustrates the .excesses bred by the claim of executive privilege. And in practice it has -·· E • 1376 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (198.2] .2 s.C:.k. realised Lord Pearce's pregnant observation ; ''What a complete lack of common sense a general blanket protection of wide class may yield". Conway v. Rimmer (1968] 1 All E.R. 874, 910. The problem will not be met by pruning a branch here and there; . the axe must be put to the root of a claim that is altogetbe r without constitutional warrant, leaving . it to the good sense of Congress and the people-and, if need be, the courts:-to work out an accom­ modation for such matters as confidential com­ munications between .the President and his immediate advisers, excluding any communications with respect to illegal acts. To leave it with the executive branch to decide is to court more of the "horrors" revealed by recent history". Professor Arthur Schles'inger Jr. States : "The secrecy system has become much less a means by which Government protects national security than a means by which the Government safeguards its reputation, dissembles its purposes, buried its mistakes, mani· pulates its citizens, maximizes its power and corrupts itself" (Quoted by Curt Mathews, St. Lewis Post-Despatch Feb. 26, 1973, sec. l-12B p. I). Now a few words about the legitimacy of the rule of 'official secrecy' may be mentioned. The tendency in all the dornocratic countries in recent times is to liberalise the restrictions placed on the right of the citizens to know what is happening in the various public offices. The emphasis now is more on the right of a citizen to know than on his 'need to know' the contents of official docum::nts. It is pertinent to refer to the practice prevailing in Sweden. In his article entitled 'Laws on Acces to Official Documents', Donald C. Rowat writes :- "When I visited Sweden in 1973 to study its unique system of openness, I was lucky enough to accompany a reporter who worked for the Swedish national press agency, as he made his daily rounds of three govern­ ment departments. To my amazement, all incoming and outgoing documents and mail were laid out in a special press room in each department for an hour every morning for reporters to examine. If any - - -! ·~-- - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1377 reporter wanted further information on a case, he simply walked down th.e hall to. look at the depart­ ment's flies. No special permission was needed. Such a system of open access is so alien to the tradi­ tion of secrecy else where as to be almost unbeliev­ ble. Sweden's long experience· with· the principle of openness indicates that it changes the whole spirit in which public business is conducted. It causes a decline in public suspicion and distrust of officials, and this in turn gives them a greater feeling of confidence. More important, it provides a much more solid foundation for public debate, and gives citizens in a democracy a much firmer control over their government.". (Vide Indian Journal of Public Administration, Vol. XXV, No . .4; October·DecQmber, 1979 lit pages . C)90·991) The position In Sweden l!Ppe11rs tQ represent an extreme i:3se of openqess of !ldministr;ltive proges~, Max Weber (1864-1920) who was very critical of the rule of official secrecy observed : "Every bureaucracy seeks to increase the ·superiority of the professionally informed by keeping their know­ ledge and intentions secret. Bureaucratic administra­ tion always tends to be an administration of "secret sessions": in so far as it can, it hides its knowledge and actions from criticism. The treasury officials of the Persian Shah have made a secret doctrine of their budgetary art and even use secret script. The official statistics of Prussia, in general, make public only · what cannot do any harm to the intentions of the powerwielding bureaucracy. The tendency towards secrecy in certain administrative fields follows their material nature : everywhere that the · power interests of the domination structure towards the out­ side are at stake, whether it is an economic competitor of a private enterprise or a foreign potentially hostile polity, we find secrecy. The pure interes~ of the II 1378. SUPREME COURT REPORTS (19S2] 2 S.C.R. bureaucracy in power, however, is efficacious far beyond those areas· where purely functional interests make for secrecy. The concept of the "Official Secret" is the specific iti vention of the bureaucracy, and nothing is so fanatically defended by the bureaucracy as this attitude, which cannot be substantially justified ' beyond these specifically qualified areas. In facing a parliament the bureaucracy, out of a sure power instinct, fights every attempt of the parliament to gain knowledge by means of its own experts or from interest groups. The socalled rights of parliamentary investi · gation is one of the means by which parliament seeks such knowledge. Bureaucracy naturally welcomes a poorly informed and hence a powerless parliament at least in so far as ignorance somehow agrees with !he bureaucracy's interests." (H.H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (trans.), from Max Weber, Essays in Sociology, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1948, pp. 233-4) (By courtesy of Dr. S.R. Maheshwari). In India many intellectuals have always thought that as far as possible there should be openness in administration. Opposing the Official Secrets (Amendment) Bill which came up for discqssion in the Imperial Legislative Assembly in March, 1903, Gopal Krishna Gokhale pleaded : . "The proper and only remedy worthy of the British Government is not to gag newspapers as proposed in this Bill but to discourage the issue of confidential circulars which seek to take away in the dark what has been promised again and again in Acts of Parliament, the Proclamations of Sovereigns and the responsible utterances of successive viceroys. From the standpoint of the rulers; no less than of the ruled, it will be most unfortunate if Indian papers were thus debarred from writing about matters which agitate the Indian com­ munity most. What happened, for instance, last year when those circulars .were published ? For sometime before their publication, the air was thick with the rµmour that Government had issued orc;lers to shut out - -- 1 - - - ~-. •, S.P. OUP'rA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, _J.) 1379 . ,, ''Indians. from 'all •posts in the Railways Department, ·carrying a salary of 'Rs. 30 and upwar!ls a month. It was impossible to ;believe a statement of this kind, but it was not possible to contradict it effectively when It was practically on every tongue. The damage done to the prestige -of the Government was considerable and it was only when the circulars were published that the exact position came to be understood. The circulars ·as they stood, were bad enough in all conscience but they were not so bad as the public had believed them to '.be. What was laid down in them was not that Indians ·were to be shut out from all appointments higher than ·Rs. 30 a month but that Eurasians and Europeans were to have, so far as practicable, a pre­ ference in making appointments to such posts. The fear.that such lamentable departures from the avowed . policy of Government might be dragged into the light of day, acts at present as an effective check on the adoption of unjust measures, and I think it will have a disastrous effect on the course of administration ; if this check were to be done away with and nothing better_ substituted in its place." (Abstract of the. Proceedings of the Council of the E Governor General of India Assembled for the purpose of Making Laws and Regulations, Vol. XLII, 1903, pages 280-281) . . Saiyad Muhammad and Asutosh Mukherjee also opposed the Bill. '.Those speeches gave ample .su·pport to the movement which stood for the' freedom of the press in India. Few persons have the vision of these great leaders. The need for making access to infor­ mation about the activities of Government more liberal has been explained .by Dr. S.R Maheshwari in the book entitled ''.Open Government in India" (1981) at pp. 95~96 thus: "Administrative India puts the greatest weight on keeping·happenings within its corridors secret, thereby denying ·the citizens access to information about them. Such orientations produce deep contradictions in larger sociospolitical system of t4e land which itself js F· tt 1380 SUPREMB COURT REPORTS (1982j 2 S.C.R. in a state requiring nourishment and care. As the latter is still relatively new and in its infancy, its growth processes inevitably get retarded for want of information about the Government,· which means from the Government. Over-concealment of governmental information creates a communi".ation gap between the governors and the governed, and its persistence beyond a point is apt to create an alienated citizenry. This makes democracy itself weak and insecure. Besides, secrecy renders administrative accountability unenfor­ ceable in an effective way and thus induces administra­ tive behaviour which is apt to degenerate into arbitrari­ ness and absolutism. This is not all. The· Government, today,· is called upon to make policies on an ever increasing range of subjects, and many of these policies must necessarily impinge on the lives of the citizens. - It may sometimes happen that the data made available to the policy. makers is of a selective nature, and even the policy-makers and their advisers may deliberately suppress certain view­ points and favour others. Such bureaucratic habits get encouragement in an environment of secrecy and openness in governmental work is possibly the only effective corrective to it, also raising, in the process, the quality of decision-making. Besides, openness has an educational role in as much citizens are enabled to acquire a fuller view. of the pros and cons of matters of major importance, which naturally helps in building informed public opinion, no less than goodwill for the Government." It may be necessary to deal_ with the question ~f official secrecy in greater detail in a case where the constitutionality of the claim for official secrecy, independently of the power of the Court to order discovery of official documents in judicial proceedings, arises for consideration. We are concerned in this case "'.ith the power of the Court to direct thQ disclosure of official documents in judicial proceedin~s. - - ) - S.P. GUPTA:V. lJ.NlON (Venkataramiah, n 1381 We shall now turn to the Indian law. In the State of Punjab v . . Sodhi Sukhdev Singh,(1) a Constitution Bench of this C'mrt had occasion to examine the limits of the privilege of the Government in the light of sections 123 and 162 of the Indian Evidence 'A~t, 1872. Section · 123 reads : "l 23. No one shalL be permitted .to give any evidence derived from unpublished official records relating to any· affairs of State, except with the permission of the officer at the head of the department concerned, who shall give or withhold such permission as he thinks fit." Section l 6i-reads : .. "162. A witness summoned to produce a document shall, if it is in his possession or power, bring it to ,A Court, notwithstanding any objection which there may D. be to its production or to its .admissibility. The validity of any such objection shall be decided\ on by the Court. The Court, if it sees fit, may inspect the docu- ment, unless it refers to matters of State, or take E other evidence to enable it to determine on its admissi- bility .. If for such a purpose it is necessary to cause any document to be translated, the Court may, if it thinks fit, direct the translator to keep the contents secret, unless the document is to be given in evidence ; and, if the interpreter disobeys such direction, be ~hall be held to have committed an offence under section l 6) of· the Indian Penal Code, 1860 ·( 45 of I 860)." The decision in Sodhi Sukhdev Singh's case (supra) was render­ ed in the light of the development of the law on the above question in England upto the year 1960. Gajendragadkar, J. (as he then was) speaking for the majority <:>bserved iQ that case at pages 393.395 thus t (1) (1961) 2 SCR 371, .1382 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982) 2 S.C.R. "Thus our conclusion is that reading ss. 123 and 162 together the Court cannot hold an enquiry into the possible injury to public interest which may result from the disclosure of the document in question. That is a matter for the authority concerned to decide ; but the Court is competent, and indeed is bound, to hold a preliminary enquiry arid determine the validity of the objections to its production, and that necessarily invol­ ves an enquiry into the que~tion as to whether the evi­ dence relates to an affair of State under s. 123 or not. In this enquiry the Court has to determine the character or class of the document. If it comes to the conclusion that the document does not relate to affairs of State then ·it should reject the claim for privilege and direct its production. If it comes to the conclusion that the document relates to the affairs of State it should leave it to the head of the department to decide whether he· should permit its production or not. We are not impressed by Mr. Seervani's argu­ ment that the Act could not have intended that the head of the department would permit the production of a document which belongs to the noxious class. In our opinion, it is quite conceivable that even in regard to a document falling within the class of documents relating to affairs of State the head of the department may legitimately take the view that its disclosure would not cause injury to public interest. Take for instance the case of a document which came into existence quite sometime before its production ia called for in litiga­ tion; it is .not unlikely that the head of the department may feel that though the character of the document may theoretically justify his refusing to permit its production, at the time when its production is cl~imed no public injury is likely to be caused. It is also possi- . hie that the head of the department may feel that the injury to public interest which the disclosure of the document may cause is minor or insignificant, indirect or remote ; and having regard to the wider extent of the direct injury to the cause of justice which may result from its non-production he may decide to permit its production. Jn exercising his discretion under s. ' - 1 ·.• ' S.P. GUPTA ... UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1383 123 in many case the head of the department may have to weigh the pros.and cons of the problem and objec­ tively determine the nature and extent of the injury to public interest as against the i~jury to the adlI)inistra­ tion of justice. That is why we think it is not un­ reasonable to hold that section 123 gives discretion to the head of the department to permit the production , of a document even though its production may theore­ tically lead to some kind of injury to public interest. While construing ss. I 23 and I 62, it would be irrele-. ·vant t<t"consider why the enquiry as to injury to public interest should no.t be within the jurisdiction of the Court, for that clearly is a matter of policy on which the Court does not and should not generally express any opinion. In this connection it is necessary to add that the · natur~ and scope of the enquiry which, in our opinion, it is competent to the Court to hold under s. 162 would remain substantially the same whether we accept the wider or the narrower interpretatio 1 of the expres­ sion "affairs of State". In the former case the Court will decide whether the document falls in the class of innocuous or noxious documents ; if it finds that the · document belongs to the innocuous class it will direct its production ; if it finds that the document belongs ~ to the noxious class it will leave it to the discretion of the head of the department whether ·to permit its pro­ duction or not. Even on the narrow construction of the expression "affairs of State" the Court will deter­ mine its character in the first instance ; if it holds that it does not fall within the noxious class which alone is included in the relevant expression on this view an order for its production will follow ; if the finding is· that it belongs to th.e noxious class the question about its· production witr b\: left to the 'discretion of the head of the department. We have already stated how three views ate possible on th.is point. ·In our opinion Mr. Seervai's contention which adopts .one extreme position ignores the · effect of s. 162, whereas the contrary p9~itio~ w4i9~ js also ~xtr~m\: in char~~\er ·, ) ~ . . ~ •. 1384 SUPREMll COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 s.c.R. ignores the provisions of s. 123. The view, which we are disposed to take about the 'authority and jurisdic­ tion of the Court in such matters is based on a harmo~ · nious construction of s. 123 and s. 162 read together ; it recognises the power conferred on the Court by cl . . (I) of s. 162, and also ·gives due effect to the discretion vested in the head of the department by s. 123." A similar question arose again before this Court in State of · U.P. v. Raj Narain and Ors.(1) Ray, C.J. speaking for himself and Alagiris.wamy, Sarkaria and Untwalia, JLobserve.i&at pages 348-349 thus: · "The several decisions to which reference has already been made establish that the foundation of the law behind sections 123 and 163 of the Evidence Act is the same as in English law. It is that injury to public interest is the reason for the exclusion from disclosure of documents w.hose contents if disclosed would injure public and national interest. Public interest which _ demands that evidence be withheld is to be weighed against the public interest in the administration of justice that courts should have the fullest possible access to all relevant materials. When public interest outweigh's the latter, the evidence cannot be admitted. The court will proprio motu exclude evidenc:e the pro­ duction of which is contrary to public interest. It is in public interest that confidentiality shall be safeguar­ ded. The reason is that such documents become sub­ ject to privilege by reason of their contents. Confi­ dentiality is not a head of privilege. It is a considera­ tion to bear in mind. It is not that the contents con­ tain material which it would be damaging to the natio­ nal interest to divulge but rather that the documents would be of class which demand protection. (See Rogers v. Home Secretary [1973] A.C, 388 at p. 405). · To illustrate the class of documents would embrace Cabinet papers, Foreign Office despatches, papers re­ garding the security to the State and high level inter­ departmental minutes. In the ultimate analysis the (I) [19?SJ 3 S.C.R. 333, ' 9.P. GUPTA v. UNION. (Yenkatafamiah, J.) 1385 contents of the document are so 'described that it could · be seen at once that in the public interest the docu­ ments 'are to be withheld. (See Merricks and Anr. v. Nott Bower & Anr. [1964] All B.R. 717. It is' now the well settled practice in our country · that an o.bjection is raised by an affidavit affirmed by the head of the department. The Court .may also · re­ . quire a Minister to affirm an affidavit. That will arise in the course of the enquiry by the Court as to whether the document should be withheld from disclosure. If ·the Court is satisfied with the affidavit evidence that the document should be protected in public interest from production the matter ends there. If the-Court would yet like to satisfy itself the Court may see the document. This will be the inspec'tion of the docu­ ment by the Court. Objection as · to production as well.as admissibility contemplated in ·section 162 of the Evidence Act is decided by the Court in the en­ quiry as expfained by this Court in Sukhdev Singh' s ·case [1961] 2 S.C.R. 371." · In his concurring judgment, Mathew, J: said at pages 359 and 361 thus: · "When a question of national sec~rity is involved, the cou~t may not be the proper forum to weigh the matter and that is the ·reason why a Minister's certificate is ., ' ,_ taken as conclusive. "Those who .are responsible for • . I I , ) the nat10nal security must be the sole judges of what national security requires". As the executive is solely responsibly for national security including foreign relations, no other organ could judge so well of such matters. Therefore, docu­ ments in relation to these matters might fall into a class which per se might require protection. But the executive is not the organ solely responsible for public interest. It represents only an important element in it; but there are other elements. One such element is the administration of justice. The claim of . the executive - 1386 0 G, ff SUPlllMI! COURT R~PORTS [19821 2 s.c.k. to have exclusive and conclusive power to determine what is in public interest is a claim based on the~assump­ tion that the executive alone· knows what is best for the citizen. The Claim of the executive to exclude evidence is more likely to operate to subserve a partial interest, viewed exclusively from a narrow departmental angle. Ii is impossible for it to see or gi'Ve equal weight to another matter, namely that justice should be done and seen to be done. When there are more aspects of public interest to be considered, the court will, with reference to the pending litigation, be in a better posi­ tion to decide where the weight of public interest pre­ dominates. I The power reserved to the court is a power to order production even though public interest is to some extent prejudicially affected. This amounts to a re­ cognisation that· more than· one aspects of public inte­ rest will have to be surveyed. The interests of govern­ ment for which the Minister speaks to not exhaust the whole public interest. Another aspect of that interest is seen in the need for impartial administration of justice. It seems reasonable to assume that a court is better qualified than the Minister to measure the importance of the public interest fn the case before it. · The court has tp make an assessment of the relative claims of these different aspects of public interest. While there are overwhelming arguments for giving to the executive the power to determine what matters may prejudice public security, those arguments give no sanction to giving the executive an exclusive an power to determine what matters may affect public interest. Once considerations of national security are left out, there are few matters public interest which cannot safely be discussed in public. The administration itself knows of many classes of security documents ranging from those merely reserved for official use to those which can be seen only by a handful of Ministers of officials bound by oath of secrecy. ' i + ) r ,. • ~ '· • "' "'.· ' 1 .. ~ . S.P. GuPTA v. UNION .(Yenkatara,171iall, J.) 1387 There was some controversy as to whether -the Court can inspect the· document for the purpose of coming to conclusion whether the docume.nt relates to affairs of state. In. Sodhi Sukhdev Singh' s case [1961] 2 S.C.R. 37·1 this court has said tllat the court has no power to inspect the documents. In the subsequ~t case (Amar Chand Butai/ v. Union of. India & Others (A.I.R. 1964. S.~. 1638)) this court held that the nor­ mal method of claiming privilege was by an affidavit sworn by thi:: head of the department and· that, if no proper affidavit was filed the claim for privilege was ' liable to. be rejected. But, this Court i1_1spected the.docu­ ment to see whether it related to affairs of state. It mjght be that the court wanted to make sure that · p.ublic interest is protected, but whatever be the reason, .the court dic,i exercise the power to inspect the docu- . ment. In England, it is now settled by the decision in Conway v. Rimmer [196~] 1 All B.R. 874 that there is resid_ual power in court to decide "'.het4er the disclo· sure of a document is in the interi)st of public and for that purpose, if necessary, to inspect the document, and that the statement of ,the head of the department that the disclosure would injure public interest is not .final." ' It seems that by this decision the law in India was brought.in line with the deci~ion of the House of Lords in Conway's case (supra). After hearing the arguments on the question of privilege, this Court directed the Government to submit .the documents i~ respect which privilege was claimed for its insp~ction. Those documents ii;icluded the .correspondence between the Chief Justice of the High Court of Delhi, the Chief Justice of India and the Minister of Law and Justice and some official notings relating to th~ question of reappointment of Shri S.N. Kumar as a Judge of the High Court of Delhi. The above order was made as the documents in question had no concern with either the security of the State or with the diploma- ·- ·'· l.?S8 . -StJPllEME COURt REPORTS (1982) 2 s.C.ll. tic relations between om country and any foreign country. They no doubt related to a 'high level' appointment, but it was felt by us that that fact by itself was not sufficient in the circumstances of the case to prevent the Court from directing the Government to produce the documents for its inspection before deciding the question of discovery. The question whether these documents should be allowed. to be disclosed as prayed for by the parties concerned, depend upon our view.on the question whether such disclosure would subserve the publice interest. Iris accepted on all hands that the docu­ ments in question were 'high level' documents relating to the appointment of a Judge of a High Court and any order to be made on the question of disclosure had to be made after considering the pros and cons of all relevant matters. Having inspected the documents the Court had to consider· whether their disclosure would create or fan ill-informed or captious, public or political criticism or whether the business of the Government would be exposed to the gaze of those ready to criticise without adequate knowledge of background or perhaps some axe to grind, as observed by Lord Reid in Conway v. Rimmer (supra). The wise words of Lord Keith in Burmah Oil Co.' s case (supra) that the public interest might 'demand' though no doubt only in a very limited number of cases, that the inner working of government -should be exposed to public gaze, and there may be some, who·would regard this as likely to lead, not to captious or ill-informed criticism, but to criticism calculated to improve the nature of that working as affecting the individual citizen also had to be kept in view by the Court while dealing with this case. The Court had to strike a balance between the public interest in the proper functioning of the public service and the public interest in the administration of justice. The Court also considered whether the disclosure would lead to any other futher consequence of any body taking any further action on the basis of these documents. The rµling in Riddick v. Thames Board Mills Ltd.(1) was also examined. In that case, Lord Denning has observed at page 75 thus : "In order to encourage o.penness and fairness, the public interest requires that documents disclosed on discovery are not to be made use of except for the (I) [1977] ~ W.L.R,63. > . >­ / - - .-.·, S.P: GUptA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) l3M purposes·ofthe •action in which they are disclosed . . They are not to be made a ground -for comments in' the newspapers, nor for bringing a libel action, or for any other alien purpose. The principle was stated in a work of the highest authority 93 years ago by Bray J., Bray on Discovery, 1st ed. (1885), p. 238: "A party who has obtained access to his adver­ sary's documents under an order for production has no right to make their contents public or communicate them to any stranger. to the suit .. . . nor to use them or copies of them for any collateral object ...... If necessary an undertaking to that effect will be made a condition of granting an order ... " Sinqe that. time such an undertaking has always been D implied, as Jenkins J. said in Alterskye v. Scott (1948) 1 All E.R. 469, 471. A party who seeks discovery of documents gets it on condition that he will make use of them only for the purposes of that action, and no other purpose. The modern authorities are well discussed by Talbot J. in Distillers Co. (Bichoimicals) Ltd. v. Times Newspapers Ltd. (1975) Q.B. 613, 621 and I would accept all he says, particularly as to the weighing of the public interest involved : see p. 625." Ours is an open society which has a government of the people, which has to be run according to the Constitution and the laws. The expression 'affairs of State' ·should, therefore, receive a very narro.w meanning. Any claim for interpreting .it with a wider connotation may expose section 123 of the Evidence Act to be challenged as being unconstitutional. In this case the questions involved are (I) : Whether there was divergence or opinion between the opinion of the Chief' Justice of the Delhi High Court and the opinion of the Chief Justice of India ? (2) Whether the opinions expressed by them were relevant (or deciding the question of fitness of Shri S.N. Kumar for appoint­ ment as additional Judge or permanent Judge of the High Court of Delhi ? (3) Whether the consultations made under Article 217, (1) B' 1390 SUPREME COURT RBPOilTS ' ; .~ ' ,- 1. ,.._ (19821 2 s.c.R. were proper ? (4) Whether the decision of the President not to appoint Shri S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge or permanent Judge could be characterised as perverse ? The · pleadings in the , case naturally could not give us a complete picture in view of the secrecy involved in the process of recommendation and the claim of privilege made on behalf of the Government. The standing of the parties concerned to question the decision of the President was also raised apart from the question of non-justiciability of the issue itself. Since Shri S N. Kumar himself took active interesf in the litigation and asked for relief, the absence of locus stand! of Shri V.M. Tarkunde (the petitioner) did not matter much. On the question of justiciability, we felt that an additional Judge who was not reappointed could move the Court for a direction to the Government to consider the question of his reappointment in a fair way for the reasons recorded else where in this judgment. We· felt that the issue involved the performance of a duty which was judicially identified and its breach was capable of judicial deter­ mination and that it was possible to grant relief; though in a limited way, if circumstances warranted_ it. When we considered the con­ tentions of the parties against the background of the facts and . the important questions of constitutional law and their application involved in this case, we felt that a decision not to direct disclosure · of the documents would result in graver public prejudice than the decision to direct such disclosure and that the public interest involved in the administration of justice should prevail over the public interest of the public service in the peculiar circumstances of the case. We also felt that in the circumstances of this case if disclosure was not ordered, there would be room for many undesirable conjectures and surmises about the entire process of consultation under Article 217 (I). Accordingly by our order made earlier in the course of these proceedings we directed the disclosure of the documents after careftilly consid_ering all11spects of the case including the weighty reasons of our learned brother Fazal Ali, J. to the contrary. PART IX The next important and delicate question for consideration is whether the non-appointment of Shri S.N. Kumar .as an additional · H Judge even though the arrears of work in the High Court of Delhi justified the _appointment of more number of Judges is legal and proper. Article 217(1) of the Constitution which empowers the - - .. s. P. GUPTA V.· UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1391 President to appoint Judges of High Courts does not make any distinction between the tests that should be applied in the ·· case of appointment of a permanent Judge and the tests to be applied in the case of the appointment of an additional Judge, as to the fitness of the person to be appointed. The same tests ·have to be applied even when a person who has already been appointed as an additio­ nal Judge is to be considered for appointment as a permanent Judge or for appointment as a'n additional Judge for another period although as already mentio11ed an additional Judge has two factors in his ·favour which have to be taken into consideratio_n by the appointing authority in the context of the manner in which Article 224 of the Constitution has been operated all these days. . Since the appointment in question is to the post of a Judge, questions of integrity and of character of the person proposed for the post do assume large importance in taking a decision. The appointing authority cannot merely act on mere absence of evidence of lack of integrity or character of the person concerned. The appointing authority should on the other hand feel positively assured about the integrity and good character . of such pers.on. Having regard to the importance of the office of a Judge ~fa High Court, the consti­ tutional and legal immunities that a Judge enjoys and the need for infusing confidence in the mind of the people who approach courts seeking impartia-1 justice, the. appointing authority has to take some­ times hard decisions and it is likely that in that process some person who is realy honest may not be.· appointed on account of some doubt expressed by one or the other amongst .the functionaries who have to be consulted under Article 217(1) of the Constitution or on ·. account of some other relevant material that may be available to the appointing authority. Hence if a person is not appointed as· a Judge after the usual process of ·consultation is over it does not necessarily mean that in fact he lacks integrity or character. If the matter bad- been placed in the above light in this case perhaps the task of the Court would have been less onerous .. But in the course of the arguments, serious allegations of political v~ndetta, consplracy, malice, fraud etc, were made against the Prime Minister, Law Minis­ ter an_d the -Chief Justice of the Delhi, High Court. A deeper probe into the case has, therefore become necessary. The lirst submission was that as there was an unc~ntradicted news e. item appearing in a newspaper according to which the Prime Minister H "' had expressed dissatisfaction with the Judges appointed by the Gove­ rnment which was in office' prior to her becoming the Prime Minister . 1392 SUPitl!ME COURt REPOllT~ . [1982} 2 s.c.ll. in January, 1980, the action taken in respect of Shri S.N. Kumar who had been appointed by the previous Government was traceable to the said reaction of the Prime Minister. It iS difficult to accept this submission because there were about sixty such additional Judges appointed by the previous Government and out of them it is seen that only four-one of the Allahabad High Court, one of the Rajas. than High Court and two of the Delhi High Court including the petitioner have not been reappointed as additional Judges. If the policy was not to appoint such Judges, as a matter of policy, in the case of others also a similar decision would have been taken. But that has not been the case. As can be seen from the List of Judges of the High Courts as on January I, 1980, there were 12 additional Judges in the Delhi High Court. Of them one died in 1980 and nine (including Mr. Ju~tice Wad) had been either made permanent . or continued as additional Judges by the present Government.. Only two i.e. Shti S.N. Kumar and Shri O.N. Vohra hav.e not been conti­ nued. Hence it is difficult to draw an inference that it is on account of any political ground that Shri S.N. Kumar has not been continu­ ed. This argument that the Prime Minister took a hostile attitude towards Shri S.N. Kumar on account of political ground is incon­ sistent with another argument 11rged before us, namely that the Law Minister had tried to mislead the Prime Minister when he wrote on March 3, 1981 that "the Jetter of the Chief Jlistice of Delhi High Court makes a serious complaint against the integrity of Shri S.N. Kumar and I deliberately avoid going into the merits or the details at this stage as I am proposing a short extension in his tenure pre­ sently'\ The argument is that even though the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court had not made any serious complaint, the Minister for Law had stated so in order to mislead the Prime Minister. Whether factually he had tried to mislead her or not will be dealt with later. But the statement that he was misleading the Prime Minister who, according to the learned counsel for Shri S.N. Kumar had made up her mind to take some action prejudicial to Shri S.N. Kumar appears to be incongruous. Perhaps• it would have been acceptable if the case was that the Prime Minister was favourably disposed towards Shri S.N. Kumar but the Law Minister had tried . to mislead her. .., The next allegation is that the Chief Justice Qf the Delhi High· Court and the Minister for Law had entered into a conspiracy to do harm to Shri S.N. Kumar. This aspect of the mat~er also will ·- > .. .. '- y !I.I'. GUPTA v. UNION (Penkataramiah, J.) 1393 be discussed later on, But this contention is, however, inconsistent with another argument that the Law Minister had tried fo put ~ndue pressure on the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court to furnish some particulars which .were against Sbri S.N. Kumar and secured the letter of May 7, 1981. Conspiracy presupposes the existence of a voluntary combination of two or more persons to ac_hieve some unlawful object or to bring about some res ult injurious to some other person or persons. If there were only two in a given case and one of them had exerted. pressure on the other to secure some infor­ mation it would not be a case of conspiracy but a case of extortion of some information by one from the other. The preceding discus­ sion shows that there is inhereut ·inconsistency in some of the contentions. which are urged° before us, In the instant case, we are concerned with the Chief Justice of India, the Chief Justice of .the Delhi High Court and the Law Minister each of whom is holding a very high office and each of whoin is entrusted with high responsibilities. Each one of them has to express his candid ·opinion on the matter in issue. It is not unknown that on the same matter any two honest persons may have two different opinions. There is no allegation in· the-case that either the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court or the Law Minister had any personal ill will against Shri S. N. Kumar. There is no allega­ tion also to the effect that the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court had anything to gain by colluding with the Law Minister. He had been appointed as the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court before Febrnary 19, 1961 on which date he wrote the first letter expressing his opinion against the reappointment of Shri S.N. Kumar. Further the Chief Justice of the Delhi High .Court is not impleaded as a respondent in the case. It is wholly improper and opposed to all canons of judicial process to make any comment against him with­ out giving him an opportunity to defend himself. Under the Cons­ titution, he is under a duty to express his opinion on the question of appointment of a Judge in the High Court of Delhi. Such·opinion ·should be about all relevant aspects including the reputation and integrity of the person concerned. In discharge of his constitutional obligation, the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court wrote to the Law Minister on Fi:brnary 19, 1981 as follows: \. ••• , • i l - 1394 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 S.C,R. SECRET & CONFIDENTIAL CHIEF JUSTICE HIGH COURT OF DELHI D.O. No~ 275-HCJ/PPS New Delhi, the 19th February, 1981 My dear Shiv Shankerji, Mr. Justice S.N. Kumar was appointed an Addi­ tionai Judge of this Court for a period of two years vide Notificatfon No. 50/8/78-Jus., dated 6.3.1979 issued by the Government of India, Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs (Department of Justice). He assumed the charge of his office in the afternoon of March 7, 1979. Normally extension of the tenure of an Additional Judge is recommended keeping in view the pendency in Court. The pendency in this Court still justifies the appointment of Additional. Judges. There have, how­ ever, been serious complaints against Mr. Justice S.N. Kumar, botJi oral and in writing. These complaints have been received by me direct as well as through you. I have examined these complaints and find that some of the complaints are not without basis. Responsible members of the Bar and some of my colleagues, whom I. would ratlier not name, have also complained about Mr. Justice Kumar. I have no investigating agency to conclusively find out whether the complaints are genuine or not. All the the same the complaints have been persistent. There is one other factor ,which has been brought to my notice. It is rather unfortunate that Mr. Justice Kumar has also not been very helpful in disposing of cases. Some responsible members of the Bar and some of ·my colleagues have also expressed doubts about Justice. Kumar's integrity. In the above circumstances, it is my very painful duty not to recommend· an extension ~for Justice .. - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Yenkataramiah, J.) 1395 Kumar. You may, however, examine the matter at your end and take such steps as you think proper. With regards, Shri P. Shiv Shanker, Minister of Law, Justice And Company Affairs, Government of India, Shastri Bhawa·n, New Delhi"." Yours sincerely, Sd/­ (PRAKASH NARAIN) A reading of the aforesaid ietter shows that it was being written in anguish and with a feeling of sincerity. It is not shown that the Chief Justice of the Deihl High Court had made any state­ ment which was false to his knowledge, or which he did not believe to be true or which he believed to be untrue. A Chief Justice of a High Court has no machinery to investigate into complaints but be has got to state about the fitness of the person to be appointed as a Judge. It is seen that be has relied on the statements of some of .his colleagues and some Of the members of the Bar. He has no doubt not given their names. It is not also possible to expect .him to give out their names having regard to the constraints of law which applies to persons who make ~uch statements. It is significant that even the Chief Justice of India has not given the names of Judges and of lawyers who were consulted by him as stated in his Jetter dated May 22, I 981. There is no reason to disbelieve the statement of the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court that he bad heard some statements which suggested that the integrity of Shri S.N. Kumar was in doubt. The said statement may be in fact not true. We cannot go into the correctness or otherwise of those statements in proceedings of this character. It is enough to state that it is not shown that the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court had not heard such statements at all. In this situation if the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court had conveyed whatever he had heard and had not recommended .continuance of Shrl S.N. Kumar, he cannot be considered as having committed any act of impropriety even though Shri Kumar had not in fact done anything which. was improper as a Judge. If Shri Kumar is a victim of false rumour he deserves sympathy but jt js not open to '?on<Jem!l the 11ction of the 1396 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982] 2 s.c.a. Chief Justice of ~he Delhi High Court which he had to discharge in the public interest and true to his oath of office. The next aspect of this part of the case relates to the question whether there was full and proper consultation With the function-, aries mentioned in Article 217( I) of tli'e Constitution. In the case of the High Court of Dell1i which is situated in the Union Territory of Delhi, consultation with the Governor does not arise (vide section 4 · of the Delhi High Court Act, 1966). The only two authorities who ·have to be consulted by the President are the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court and the Chief Justice of India. The process of consultation referred to in Article 217(1) requires that the authori­ ties concerned should be given sufficient information and also suffi" cient opportunity to furnish their opinion .. The .... question whether such information was furnished and whether such opportunity· was given depends upon the facts of each case; In the instant case the letter dated February 19, 1981 written by_ the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court was made available to the Chief Justice of India. On that the Chief Justice of India observed on March 3, 1981 : "I would like to look carefully into the charges against Shri S.N. Kumar. The Jetter of the Delhi Chief Justice dated February 19, 1981 seems to me too vague.to accept that Shri Kumar lacks integ­ rity". The Chief Justice of India, however, recommended that Shri S.N. Kumar may be appointed for a period ·of six months so that he could enquire into the matter in the meanwhile. On the same date i.e. March 3, 1981, the Law Minister put up a note for the consideration of the Prime Minister suggesting that Shri S.N. Kumar may be appointed as· an additional Judge for three months so that a final decision could be taken within that period. It is true that the Law Minister has stated in this note that the Ch'ief Justice of the Delhi High Court had made 'serious complaint' against the integrity of Shri S.N. Kumar. The word 'serious' according to the Shorter Oxford Dictionary means 'requiring earnest thought, consideration or application'. Any remark against the reputation.or integrity of a person to be appointed as a Judge of a High Court is a matter which requires earnest consideration. It is, therefore, difficult to hold that the Law Minister had made any misrepresentation to the Prime Minister in recording the aforesaid note. After Shri S.N. Kumar was reappointed as an additional Judge with effect from March 7, 1981, the Law Ministc:r wrote on March ;;= I 1 - ' ... - s P. GUPTA v. UNION ( Venkataramiah, J.) 1397 I 9, 1981 to the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court bringing to bis notice the note of the Chief Justice of India made on March 3, 1981 that the letter of the Delhi Chief Justice dated February 19, 1981 seemed to him too vague to accept that Sbri Kumar lacked integrity and added : "2. In the light of these observations of the Chief Justice of India, I· shall be grateful for your further comments on the question of continuance or otherwise of Shri Justice S.N. Kumar. His term expires on 6.6.198 I and I would be grateful. if your comments reach me by '15.4.1981.'.' . C It is seen from the letter dated March 28, 1981 written by the Delhi Chief Justice to the Chief Justice of India that the Chief Jus­ tice of India had also written a letter dated March 14, 198 I (which is not placed before us) to the Delhi Chief Justice about . the same subject and that the Chief Justice ,of the Delhi High Court had met the Chief Justice of India on March 26, 1981 (this date is mentioned in the letter of the Chief Justice of India dated May 22, 1981 which will be referred to later on). After that meeting the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court wrote to the Chief Justice of i~dia the Jetter dated March 28, I 981 referred to above. It reads : "Secret My dear Chief Justice, . Chief Justice High Court of Delhi New Delhi D.O. No. 292-HCJ/PPS March 28, 1981 I am in receipt of your letter dated ~4th March, 1981 G with regard to Mr. Justice S.N. Kumar. Since then I have also had an opportunity to discuss this delicate matter with you. There were three points mentioned in my D.O. No. 275-HCJ/PPS dated 19th February~ 1981 addressed to the Law Minister, a copy 'QfWhi~~ \V!lS f<_>fW!lrcled to you. ~ - ff C· 1398 SUPllEME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 s.c.R. had also mentioned in that letter that I have no investiga­ ting agency to conclusively find out whether the complaints are genuine or not. Unl!erstandably there will be some who would support the allegations and there will be some who would refute them. Therefore, it is natural that there may be variance between the views that may be expressed by different people. Indeed, my experience is that people are hesitant in speaking out frankly. With regard to the complain ts about Justice Kumar's integrity and gen era) conduct, the matter has already been discussed between us. About Justice Kumar not being very helpful in disposing of cases. I enclose a statement of disposal by. Justice Kumar in 1980. Just by way of comparison I have also included the figure of disposal in the same period of my other two colleagues· whose case> for re-appointment are under consideration. \ With warm regards, Encl: Hon'ble Mt. Justice Y. V. Chandrachud, Chief Justice of India, 5, Krishna Menon Marg, New Delhi." Yours sincerely, Sd/­ (Prakash Narain) Alongwith this letter, a statement of cases was sent as stated in its last paragraph. On the same date i.e. March 28, 19s1 the Delhi Chief Justice wrote to the Law Minister enclosing a copy of the letter written by him to the Chief Justice of India. That letter runs as under : "Secret· Chief Justice High Court of Delhi New Delhi D.O. NO. 293-HCJ/PPS March 28, 198l •' - - - I S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1399 My dear Shiv Shankerji, I am in receipt of your D.O. No. 50/2/81-Jus. dated 19th March, 1981. I have received a letter from the Chief Justice of India with regard to my observations and recom{aendations made in my D.O. No. 275-HCJ/PPS dated 19th February, 1981, addressed ·to you, a copy of which was sent to the Chief Justice of India, asking me to furnish him with "details and concrete facts in regard to the allegations against Justice Kumar." I have since had an opportunity to discuss the entire matter in detail with the Chief Justice of India. After the discussion I have addressed a letter to the Chief Justice, a copy of which is enclosed. Perhaps you will consider this to be sufficient 'comments' on my part as desired by you in your letter under reply about the observations of the Chief Justice of India which you have quoted in your letter. With regards, Encl : 1 Shri P. Shiv Shanker, Minister of Law, Justice And Company Affairs, Government of India. Shastri Bhavan, New Delhi." Yours sincerly, Sd/­ (Prakash Narain) On April 15, 1981, the Law Minister wrote to the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court asking for any material which provided the: basis for his recommendati<?i;i, ~t reads i · . T llllt!I / 1400 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982] 2 s.c.a. A "Confidential 8 My dear Chief Justice, D.O. No. 50/2/81-Jus April 15, 1981 · I am to band your d.o. letter No. 293·HCJ/PPS dated 28th M 0 arcb, 1981 and a copy of your letter to the Chief Justice of India bearing the same date, regarding Shri Justice S.N. Kumar, Additional Judge, Delhi High Court. The Chief Justice of India bad felt that the reasons giv1m in your earlier letter were vague and wanted more concrete particulars. It is true that you have no investigating agency to conclusively establish the truth of complaints. Neverthe· less, you must have had some material which provided the basis on which you concluded that Justice Kumar's reputa· tion for integrity was not above board and recommended that he may not be continued. In view of the observations of the Chief Justice of India asking for concrete material, it would be necessary for us to have it with your comments I would, therefore, be grateful; if it be furnished to me at the earliest. 2. I would also request you to send me your comments promised in your letter No. 268-HCJ/PPS dated 12th November, 1980 on the complaints of Shri Sabir Hussain. 3. From the statement of disposal of cases sent by you, it is observed that· it is really in the second half of 1980 that there has been a sharp drop in the disposals of Justice Kumar. Could there be any specia.1 reason for this? I may please be informed whether the nature of cases assig· ned to Justice Kumar, in the terms of time normally required for their disposal, was roughly similar to the nature of cases disposed of by Justice Vobra and Justice Wad. 4. I shall be grateful for an early reply. With regards, Shd Justice Prakash Narain, Chief Justice, Delhi High Court, filew Pelbi," Yours sincerely, Sd/· (P. Shiv S:h;u~kar) - 1 - f I ' s.f>. GtJi>tA v. UNION {Ven/cataramiah, i.) 1401 In reply to this letter the Chief Justice of .the Delhi H~gh Court wrote on May 7, 1981 a Jetter by way of reply which bas given rise to some serious controversy in this case. That letter reads : "Secret (For Personal Attention Only) Dear Mr. Minister, Chief Justice High Court of Delhi New Delhi D.O. No. 296-HCJ/PPS New Delhi, the 7th May, 1981 I am in receipt of your D.O. 50/2/81-Jus., dated i5th April, 198 !. . Hon'ble the Chief Justice of India bad made certain observations with regard to my recommendation about Mr. Justice S.N. Kumar and the same were communicated to me by you for my comments in your D.O. No. 50/2/81· Jus. dated 19th March, 1981. The Chief Justice had also written to me a letter dated 14th March, 1981, asking for "details and concrete facts in regard to the allegations against Justice Kumar." As. I wrote to you in. my D.O. No. 293·HCJ/PPS, dated 28th March; 1981, I discussed the matter with Hon'ble the Chief Justice and as desired by F him, in reply to his letter, wrote my D.O. No. 292-HCJ/PPS dated March 28, 1981, a copy of which was forwarded to you. Accordingly, it is not only embarrasing but painful for me to write this letter.· As you; bow ever,. desire to know what material provided the basis for me to con- clude that Justice Kumar's integrity was not above board, G ·I give beii:>"Y. some facts.- In the.first half of 1980, Justice Kumar. was sitting singly and was doing mostly Original Side matters but also some Appellate Side matters: Chance remarks came to my knowledge about bis conduct in Court as well as about his' integrity. Somewhere early in -' _,,,...,. 1402 SuPREMil Cotiitt REPORTS (1982) 2 s.c.A.. May, 1980, one of my colleagues met me and said that he was rather perturbed about information with him to the effect that'if a substantial amount was paid to Justice Kumar, suits brought by a particular party against an insurance company would be decided in favour of that party. I had not paid much atten­ tion to the earlier reports but when this was brought to my notice, and I was at that time not the Chief Justice, I thought to myself that after the summer vacations, to save Justice Kumar from any embarrassment, he should be put on a jurisdiction other than original jurisdiction. Therefore, when as Acting Chief Justice I constituted the Benches for the second half of 1980. I put Justice Kumar in a Division Bench to sit on the Appellate Side and Writ Jurisdiction. In my view this was a safe way to finish the rumours if the same were incorrect and thus safeguard the reputation of a Judge. Surprisingly enough, Justice Kumar did not release the original suits, regarding which allegations had been made, from his board and continued to deal with these suits even in the second half of 1980. 'fhese suits were Suit No. 1489 of 1979, Suit No. 1417 of 1978 and Suit No. 1401 of 1979 filed by Jain Sudh Vanaspati Ltd., and Jain Export Pvt. Ltd. against the New India Assurance Co. Ltd. In August, 1980, th~ same colleague of mine who talked to me earlier and another coileague mentioned that doubts were being expressed about the integrity of Justice Kumar vis-a-vis the aforesaid cases and some others. Since I was only acting as Chief Justice at that time, I did not want to take any precipitate action. I, however, made dis-· creet inquiries from some of the lea ding counsel and they in strict confidence supported the allegations. This made me look into the matter more carefully when to my astonishment I found that it was not only the three suits mentioned above but that there were other Single Bench matters also which had been retained by Justice Kumar on his board despite being put)ll the Division Bench. There is fairly a long list of these cases. In some of these the parties involved were rich and influential including some former princes. ··After I was appointed Chie~ Justice early in January, - -. ··". S.P. otrl>'i'A v. UNION (Venkataramiah, i.) 1403 1981, I looked into this matter a little more deeply and made further inquiries. Some of the lawyers were non·commit ta! and understandably so. Others, however, asserted with some force that Justice Kumar's . reputation was not above board. I talked to some of my other colleagues besides the two who bad earlier spoken to me. They also said that unconfirmed reports have been circulating in the Bar which were not very com­ plimentary to Justice Kumar. This made me conclude that the reputation for integrity of Justice Kumar was not what should be -for a Judge of the High Court. To my mind, reputation of integrity is just as impor­ tant as a person actually being above-board. With regard to the . complaint of Mr. Sabir Hussain, Advocate, I had looked into ~he relevant files besides showing the complaint to Justice Kumar. My colleague liad, of course, no comments to make nor could I ask him for the same. The litigation referred to in Mr. Sabir Hussain's complaint ended by the suit being decided in his favour as is apparent from the judgment and decree in Suit No. 550 of 1975. The learned Judge did not, however, give his decision on all the prayers or with regard to all the parties to the suit. From the record I could not find any evidence of alleged partiality. It is correct that the learned Judge took over six months in pronouncing judgment , after the case was closed. I would not like to comment further on the merits of the decision because that is a judicial matter. But it is correct that the judgment does not deal with all the matters raised in the suit or regarding which evidence was adduced. It is also · correct that all the evidence adduced has not been discussed in the judgment. - The inferences made by Mr. Sabir Hussain from such a judgment are possible but it is a matter which should only be commented upon judicially. With regard to the disposal st~tement for the second half of 1980, I may mention that no special type of work was allocated to the Bench of which Mr Justice Kumar was 8 1404 SUPRBMB d ouR.t REPORTS (198~1 ~ s.".ft a member. The Bench disposed of eleven main cases and 7 Misc. petitions. Normally when matters are heard by a Division Bench alternate judgments are written by the two members of· the Bench. Credit, however, is given to both the Judges for the total disposal by the Bench. To clarify, if 18 matters were disposed of by the Bench, 9 judg­ ments would normally be written by each Judge in regular matters but each Judge will get credit of 18. So far as motion matters are concerned, short orders admitting or dismissing a case are dictated in open Court by the senior of the two Judges. No credit is given for disposal of motion matters. Except for the Division Bench doing Tax matters or Criminal Appeals, other Division Benches have writ matters L.P. As. and other types of civil matters listed before them. There is no special type of work assigned to any particular · Judge or Bench in our High Court. Normally the distribu­ tion of work is in the broad categories of criminal work, tax work and civil matters. Sometimes, depending upon the special aptitude of a Judge, one particular type of cases are listed before that ~Judge in greater number. There was no special distinction between the work that was being done by the Bench of which Justice Kumar was a member and the Benches of which Just ice V ohra and Justice Wad were the members. This would be evident . from a reading of the. classification of cases disposed of by the various Benches which are all broadly mentioned as Main Cases in the statement of disposal sent by me to , Hon'ble the Chief Justice. I enclose for your ready reference the break up of the Main Cases. You will notice that the Division Bench of which Justice Wad was a member heard and disposed of 11 Writ Petitions, 79 Letters . Patent Appeals, 11 Sales Tax References, I Civil Misc: (Main), 2 Criminal Contempt Petitions and 5 Income Tax References besides 7 Misc. Petitions. The Bench of which Justice Vohra was a member disposed of 8 Regular First . Appeals, 55 First Appeals from O.rders, 3 Company Appeals, 10 Civil Writ Petitions, 7 Criminal Appeals, 18. Letters Patent Appeals, 3 Civil Revisions etc. etc. The Bench of which Justice Kumar was a member disposed of ? - -\ .. ). ~.f>. dttPtA '· UNION (Penkataramiah, J.) 1405 I Letters Patent Appeal, 9 Civil Writ Petitions and 1 First Appeal from Order besides 7 Misc. Petitions. In my original letter to you I had•mentioned about other complaints regarding Justice Kumar besides the complaints about integrity. These pertain to his conduct with counsel in Court. . Generally speaking an incident in Court is nothing more than exchange of, at the worst, hot words. Unfortunately incidents in Justice Kumar's Court have been occurring more frequently than ir others. In some cases I am told, and in one I have venlied, a senior counsel had to go to the extent of recording the incident and making his comments about unfair conduct of the Judge on affidavit which was placed on the record of the case. It created an unhappy situation. fo view of what I have written a!>ove and my talks with you, it is now for the Government to see whether it would like Justice Kumar to continue as a Judge of the Delhi High Court. As far as I am concerned, my view have already been expressed in my letter dated 19th February, 1981. · With regards, Briel: 3 Shri P. Shiv Shanker, Minister of Law, Justice & Co. Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi." Yours sincerely, Sd/­ (Prakash Narain) Three statements are enclosed with this letter showing the number of cases disposed of by Sbri S.B. Wad, Shri 0. N. Vohra G and Shri S.N. Kumar. After the above letter of May 7, 1981 was received, the Law Minister recorded a note on May 19, 1981 asking for the opinion of the Secretary (Justice) which read as follows: "Last ·evening I spoke to. the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court for an early reply to my letter dt ........ .. · in view of the fact that the time left for. the decision . .H 140() SUi>IU!MB COURT REPORTS (19821 2 s.c.k. of cases of S/Shri Justice Vohra, S.N. Kumar and S.B. Wad was very short. He assured me that he would send his reply within a day or two and said that t)le matter necessarily involved a little time as he had to wade through the proceedings of the "Kissa Kursi Ka" case and make a few enquiries. He requested me that his reply may be kept secret for personal attention only, as he desired in his earlier letter dated 7th May, 1981. In fact, I recall that before issuance of the letter dated 7th May, I 981, he informed me to treat it secret though at that moment .I did not try to probe the implications and details of his request. When he made the request now, for keeping the letter secret, I asked him as to what exactly ·he meant by 'secret for perso­ nal attention only' as indicated in the 7th May, 1981 · letter. In the context during the 'discussions he re­ quested that his letter may be avoided from being brought to the notice of CJI for the following reasons : I. For reasons stated in the opening portion of his letter dated 7th May, 1981. 2. He felt highly embarassed and perplexed after he addressed the original letter dtd. 19.2.1981 about Shri S.N. Kumar as the contents of that Jetter came clearly to be known to Shri S.N. Kumar and certain of his colleagues on the bench as a result of which it embarassed him in discharge of his duties and functions. He felt that the contents of his Jetter dated 7th May, 1981 would also get into the hands of Shri S.N. Kumar and certain of his other colleagues and he would thereby be put to greater embarassment which might create problems for him in future in the discharge of his .duties as Chief Justice .. . 3. He felt that the Chief Justice of India had already started wrongfully denigrating him for his letter of February '81 as some of his friends conveyed to him the feelings of the CJ.I. - ; S.i>. OUP'tA v. UNION (i'enkataramiah, J.) 1407 He categorically informed me that he. could not afford to spoil his relations with the CJI on the one ' hand and on the other could not desist from express­ ing without fear or favour what he felt cif c~rtain matters and if be is going to be suspect for discharging his functions fairly and conscientiously, than his func­ tioning as the Chief Justice would never be smooth vis­ a-vis CJI. · In view of the above, Secretary (J) may examine immediately as to whether it is inevitable to fttrnisb the letters of the Chief Justice of Delhi to the 'CJI for his comments or would it be sufficient if on the basis of his previous endorsements, we address a letter to the CJI for .his ad\lice, making him available, if need be the material available with us including the purport of the IR report. In the latter case drafts may be put up. Secretary (Justice)" Sd/· (P. Shiv Shankar) 19-5-81. Thereaften on May 21, 1981, the Law Minister wrote to the Chief Justice of India requesting him to give his opinion on the con-· tinuance. of Shri S.N. Kumar. It. has to be mentioned here that by then an interim order had been passed by, this Court asking the Union Government to take a decision on the continuance of Sbri S.N. Kumar ten days before the expiry of bis tenure as additional Judge which was to come to an end on June 6, 1981 i.e. on or before May 27, 1981. It is admitted that the letter of' May 7, 1981 written by the Dell;ti Chief Justice to the Law Minister was not sent to the Chief Justice of India alongwith the letter of May 21, 1981. The letter of February 19, 1981 referred to above was, however, sent .. But the letter of May 21, 1981 contained a reference to the meeting which had taken place between the Delhi Chief Justice and the Chief Justice of India ill para;, thereof. The letter of May 21, 1981 reads: 1408 E. SUPREME c6tJRt REi>Okts "D.O. No. 50/2/81-Jus My i J 98~J 2 S.C.R. May 21;1981 In his letter dated 19th Februa~y, 1981 the Chief · Justice of the Delhi High Court (copy enclosed} had recommended that Justice Kumar may not be given any extension. By another letter of t!ie same date he had recommended an extension of two years for Justice Wad. 2. You had advised on 3i:d March, 1981 as below: "I have recommended, for reasons mentioned in the concerned file, that Shri O.N. Vohra's term should be extended by ~ix months. Shri Vohra is senior to Shri S.N. Kumar and Shri S.B. Wad. In the interests of propriety, the term of these two Judg­ es should also be extended by six months. I would like to look carefully into the charges against Shri S.N. Kumar. The letters of the Delhi Chief Justice dated February 19, 1981 seem to be too vague to accept that Shri Kumar lacks integ­ rity. True, that there are no complaints against Shri Wad. But, since he is junior to the other two Judges, his term ought not to be extended, ·longer than that of the other two.: That is to say, Sliri O.N. Vohra, Shri S.N. Kumar and Shri S.B. Wad should all be extended by six months." I 3. In regard to complaints regarding Justice Kumar's integrity and general conduct, the Chief Justice of the High Court discussed the matter with you as mentioned in his D.O. letter No. 292-Hd dated 28th March, 1981, to you, a copy of which he had sent to me. In that letter he had also mentioned the: dis- · posals of Justice Kumar. 4. When you had tendered your advice dated 3rd March,· 1981 the following I.B. report regarding Shri S.N; Kumar had been brought to your notice :-. , (Extract from J.B. report omitted) t . - I ' 'l - 9.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1409 An extract of a further report received is enclosed. 5. You will please see that in ryour advice dated 3rd March, 1981 you desired to look carefully into the charges against Shri S.N. Kumar. In terms t!iereof if you were pleased to make any inquiries, I shall be grateful to have the details. 6. I would be grateful for your urgent advice in regard to the continuance or otherwise of the terms of Justice S.N. Kumar and Justice S.B. Wad. With regards, Shri Y.V~ Chandrachud, Chief Justice of India, Supreme Court, New Delhi. Bncls : As above." Yours Sd/- (P. Shiv-Shanker) The Chief Justice of India was camping at Simla then. The Government of India had to take a decision as per the · interim order of this Court on or before May 27, 198i. In view of the urgency involved; the Chief Justice· of India sent his reply as per letter of May 22, 1981 through a special messenger from Simla to the Law Minister which reads as follows :- - "Chief Justice of India Confidential By Special Messenger My dear Shiv Shanker, Supreme Court of India New Delhi Camp: Simla May 22, 1981 I am in receipt of your letter (D.O. No. 50/2/81- Jus) dated May 21! 1981 seeki~~ m~ aqvi<;e in re~arct rE 1410 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982] i S.C.R. to the con ti nuance or otherwise of the terms of Justice S.N. Kumar and Justice S.B. Wad who are at present functioning as additiona_I Judges of the Delhi High Court aud· whose terms were extended by a period of three months with effect from March 6, 1981. Shri Prakash Narain, Chief Justice of Delhi High Court, had written a letter dated February 19, 1981 to you, a copy of which was sent to me. The Chief Justice had recommen~ed in that letter that Justice Kumar's appointment should not be extended furt~er for three reasons : (I) that serious complaints were received against Justice Kumar orally as well as in writing; (2) that Justice Kumar was not very helpful in disposing· of cases; and (3) that some responsible members of the Bar and Bench had expressed doubts about Justice Kumar's integrity. By my letter dated March 14, 1981 to the Delhi ChiefJustice I requested him to furnish further details and concrete facts in re-· . regard to the allegations against Justice Kumar since the result of the enquiries made by me was quite at variance with what the Chief Justice had stated in his letter of March 19. The Chief Justice met me on March 26, 1981 when he told me that Justice Kumar was very slow in. his disposals and that he doubted his integrity bec:ause even after-Justice Kumar's allocation was changed from the original side to the appellate side, he still continued to heat the part-heard cases on the original side. The Chief Justice did not mention anything adverse in re­ gard to Justice Kumar's political leanings or affiiiations By my request the Chief Justice prµmised to send a statement showing the disposals .of Justice Kumar. I have made the most careful . and extensive enqui­ ries in regard .to both of these matters and I am satis­ fied that there is no substance in any one of them. I have with me a detailed statement of the disposals of Justice Kumar from which it would appear that no charge can be made against him that he is slow in his - I ' - - - ll.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1411 disposals. Justice Kumar was sitting with Justice T.P.S. Chawla for quite some time during the period under consideration and it is a matter of wide know­ lege that Justice Chawla takes an enormously long time over the cases which come before him. Sitting with Justice Chawla as a junior Judge. Justice Kumar could have done precious little to hasten the disposal of cases which came before the Bench. As regards the complaint of the Chief Justice that Justice Kumar's integrity was doubtful since he conti· nued to fake old ·part-heard matters· even after the allocation of his work was changed, I have made en· quiries not only from members of the Bar but from the sitting Judges of the Delhi High Court which show that it is a common practice in the Delhi High Court that even after the allocation of a Judge is changed from the original side to the appellate side and vice-versa, he continues to take up part-heard cases on which a substantial amount of time has been already spent. Justice Kumar therefore did nothing out of the way or unusual in taking up part-heard cases after the alloca· tion of his work was changed, I find it therefore diffiult to agree that Justice Kumar's term should not be extended for the reasons mentioned by the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court. I : disagree with the learned Chief Justice, on enquiries made by me, that Justice Kumar is either ~low in his disposals or that his integrjty is doubtful. I must mention that I also made independent en- · quiries in .regard to Justice Kumar's integrity generally and apart from the reason for which the learned Chief Justice thought that Justice Kumar lacked integrity. Not one member of the Bar or of the Bench doubted the integrity of Justice Kumar. On the other hand several of them ~tated that he is a ma,n of unquestioned · inte~rity. 1412 SUPREMB COURT REPORTS [ 1982) :! s.c.a. You have annexed to your letter an extract of a further report from the r. B. which says that : (Portion relating to l.B. report omitted) On my return on May 26, 1981 I will get into touch with Justice Kumar and make enquiries from him as also from other persons who are likely :o be in the know of the matter. Until then it is impossible for me to tender any opinion one way or the other. I would therefore propose that Justice Kumar's term, a11d consequently Justice Wad's term, should be extended by a further period of three months. With regards, Shri P. Shiv Shanker, Minister for Law, Justice and Company Affairs, New Delhi." Yours sincerely, Sd/- (Y. V. Chandrachud) This letter recommends a further extension by three months to Shri S.N. Kumar pending further enquiry by the Chief Justice of India on the contents of some l.B. report. But the Chi-tf Justice cf .India is categorical . that the three reasons viz. "(I) that serious complaints were received against Justice S.N. Kumar orally as well as in writing; (2) that Justice Ku.mar was not very helpful in disposing of cases; and (3) that some responsible members of the Bar and the Bench had expressed doubts about Justice Kumar's integrity" given by the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court were unsustainable. The letter refers to tb.e meeti!1g of March 26, 1981 between tb.e (;b.ief Justice of India and tb.e Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court. The rest of the contents are self-explanatory.. This let~er is followed by the letter of May 29, 1981 by the Chief Justice of lndia to tile Law Mipister whi1;h rµns as under ; ~ - }' ' s.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah; J.) 1413 "CHIEF JUSTICE OF INDIA Confidential My Dear Shiv Shanker, SUPREME COURT OF INDIA NEW DELHI May 29, 1981 While in Simla, I received your letter dated May 21, 1981 in connection with the extension of the term of Justice S.N. Kumar and Justice S.B. Wad whose term as Additional Judges of the Delhi High Court is due to expire on June 6, 1981. Immediately on receipt of your letter I sent a reply to you dated May 22, 1981, recommending, for the time being, that the term of the two Judges be extended by a furiher period of three months. In so far as Jtistice Wad is concerned, there was no difficulty in recommending the extension of bis term for the normal period of two years pr until the occurrence of a permanent vacancy. but that could · .not be done since he is junior in appointment to Justice S.N. Kumar and a further report from the I.B. was enclosed along with your aforesaid letter in regard to Justice Kumar. I had stated in my reply that after my return to Delhi I will make enquiries into the · allegations contained in the l.B. repoct against Justice Kumar and shall thereafter tender my advice on the question regarding the f,urther extension of his term. .c .E The report of the l.B. contains the following · F information in regard to Justice Kumar : (Portion relating to I.B. report omitted) I have already stated in my reply of the 22nd that G I do not agree that Justice Kumar's term should not be extended as an additional Judge for.· the reason either that he is slow in bis disposals or that he Jacks integrity . I, t berefore, recommend that the term of Justice S. N. Kumar as an Additional Judge should be extend- ed by a further p~rjog of two rear~. ' 1414 SUYRliME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 S.C.R. As a consequence, the term of Justice S.B. Wad should also be extended by a further period of-two years. With regards, Shri P. Shiv Shanker, Minister of Law, Justice And Company Affatrs, New Delhi." Yours sincerely, Sd/- (Y.V. Chandrachud) This letter recommends an extension of two years of Shri S.N. Kumar instead of three months' extension recommended in the letter of May 22, 1981. But by .the time the letter of May 29, 1981 was received, the Law Minister had recorded his note on May 27, 1981, the relevant part of which reads : · "In my letter to the C. J. I. dated 21.5 .1981, I categorically N'quested to have the details of inquiries that he might have made in terms of his advice dated 3.3.1981. I desired the details consciously as I did so with the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court since the C.J.I. termed the letter of C.J. Delhi dated 19.2.81. addressed to me as too vague to accept that Shri Kumar lacks integrity. I regret that notwithstanding my specific request as to details, the CJ.I. did not furnish me the same and on the contrary reading his letter dated 22. 5. 81 would reveal that he became a victim of hi-s own charge of vagueness made by him against the Chief Justice of Delhi. C.J.I. cloes mention that C.J. Delhi met him on 26.3.1981. He also refers about the · common practice in the · Delhi High Court that even after the allocation of a Judge is changed from the original side to the appellat(: side and vice-versa, he continues to take up part­ heard cases on which a substantial an11ount of time has been already spent. I presume that when C.J. Delhi and the C.J. of the Supreme Court met, the former myst have informed the latter about the d<:tails ( f. ' .,. - , S.P. GUPTA v. UNJON,(Venkataramiah, J.) 1415 that he had mentionP.d to me in his lett~r dated ,7.5.81. A This presumption. is raised on the basis of.the letters from the Chief Justice, Delhi. Even cassuming that there is a prevaient practice as referred to by the C.J .I., the C.J.I; Iiimself says that such cases .should be those · on _which substantial amount of. time has been already spent. The CJ.I. surprisingly has left the matter there, · without further probing as to whether the pa·rt-heard matters which Justice Kumar· chose to handle as a single.Judge notwithstanding his having been allocated to the Division Bench were such on which substantial · amount"°of time had already been spent by him. The C.J.I. in his advice proceeds from the premises that ·taking up part-heard cases after the allocation of work is' changed does not amount to lacking in integrity. · If it were that simple I would not have joined issue, but the details furnished by the C.J. Dellii in his letter dated 7-5-81 go further. The C.J.I. also observes that he made inquiries in regard to Justice Kumar's integrity generally. The C.J.I. states that in bis general inquiries no member of the Bar or the Bench doubted the integrity of Justice Kumar. I regret that the letter of C.J.I. is not only Jacking in details as desired by me but too vague. The premises on which he does not doubt the integrity of Shri Justice Kumar is wholly different. ' · In the matter of assessment of integrity', I prefer . that the veiws of C.J. Drlhi_ be given credence as it is in his association that the Judge concerned discharges his duties and that .he has a better occasion and opportunity to watch his working and conduct. The correspondence from the C.J.' of Delhi addressed to me furnishes clear details which cannot easily by brushed aside. I therfore agree with the observations contained in the note of the Secretary (Justice) and opine that Shri Justice S.N. Kumar may not be continued any further as· additional· Judge of the Delhi High Court after the expiry of the present tenure Oil 7.6.1981 anq thus recommenq !IC'?ordingly" '. 1416 SUPR~MB COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 s.c.R. In the earlier part of the aforesaid note, the Law Minister has stated that he "would avoid going to the I.B. Reports of Shri Kumar's disposals or even the behaviour in the Court and prefer to confine to the question of reputation and 'integrity" of Shri S.N. Kumar. The consultation process thus came to an end. The two questions to be considered here are whether the Union Government committed an error am·ounting to an unfair act in not sending the letter of May 7, 1981 of the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court to the Chief Justice of India and w)lether on account of not sending that letter, the consultation process is vitiated. The note of May 19, 1981 of the Law Minister containing the reasons given by the Delhi Chief Justice for requesting th~ Law Minister not to send the letter of May 7, 1981 to anybody else is confirmed by the following letter da:ted May 29, 1981 written by the Law Minister to the Delhi Chief Justice : "D.O. No~ 50/2W/81-Jus. Part May 29, 1981 My dear Chief Justice, When you spoke to me on 18th· May, 1981, you had requested me that the letter that you were propos­ ing to send to me regarding Justice O.N. Vohra should be kept secret for personal attention only. You had made a similar request about letter dated 7th May, 1981 regarding Justice S.N. Kumar. On my request you elucidated that when you marked your letter dated 7th May, 198 I, "secret for Personal Attention only" what you were particular about was that the letter may not be brought to the notice of Chief Justice of India for the following reasons :- I. · For the reasons stated in the opening portion of your letter dated 7th May, 1981. 2. You felt highly embarassed as the c:ontents of your letter dated .19th February, 1981 about Shri Kumar came clearly to be known to Shri S.N. Kumar and some of his colleagues on the Bench. You felt that the contents of your letter dated 7th May, 1981 might .also ? - - s. i>. oui>TA v. tn.lioN lvenkataramiah, J.) 1417 get known to them and cause you further embarassment. 3. You felt that the Chief Justice of India bad already started wrongfully denigrating you for your letter of February 19, 1981. 2. You mentioned that you could not desist from expressing without fear or favour what you felt about certain matter but at the same time you · were particular that your relations with the Chief Justice of India should not .be spoiled. 3. For similar reasons you were particular that your letter regarding Shri O.N. Vohra should not be sent to him as also for the additional reason that a senior counsel whose name figured .therein had enjoined secrecy. Your letter regarding Shri O.N. Vohra dated 22nd May, 1981 has since been received by us. 4. In view of. the emphasis laid by you on keeping these letters confidential from the Chief Justice of · India we have not shown these to him. This is for favour of your information. With regards, Shri Prakash Narain, Chief Justice, Delhi High Court, New Delhi." Yours sincerely, Sd1-. (P. Shiv Shanker) The note of the Law Minister dated May 19, 1981 and the letter of May 29; 1981 written by the Law Minister to the Delhi Chief Justice which refer to the request of the Delhi Chief Justice clearly establish that the letter of May 7, 1981 was not sent to the Chief Justice of India not as part of any conspiracy o.r pact between the Law Minister and the Delhi Chief Justice but at the reque;t of the Delhi Chief Justice. It is not also shown as to what advantage the - i418 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 s.C.lt Law Minister was deriving by withholding the said letter from the knowledge of the Chief Justice of India unless we.start with the assumption that for some undisclosed reason the Law Minister was bent upon treating Shri S.N. Kumar with an 'evil eye and an uneven hand' and for that reason:he kept back the letter froni the knowledge of the Chief Justice of India. The Chief Justice has given three rea­ sons for requesting the Law Minister not to send the letter outside his office. The first reason is, according to the Chief Justice, contained in' the first paragraph of the letter of May 7, 198l. That paragraph refer to the meeting which had taken place between the Chief Justice of India and himself on March 26, 1981 on all relevant point relating to the proposal of reappointment of Shri S.N. Kumar and the fact that he had written the letter of March 28, ·1981 to the Law Minister 'as desired' by the Chief Justice of India. That there was full and frank discussion between the Chief Justice of India and the Delhi Chief Justice with reference to the very particulars referred to in the letter of May 7, 1981 is Clear by the following facts : (i) The state­ ment "with regard to the complaints about Justice Kumar's integrity and general conduct, the matter has already been discussed between us" which is found in the letter of March 28. 1981 written by the Delhi Chief Justice to the Chief Justice of India, (ii) the reference to the meeting in the letter of the same date addressed by the Delhi Chief Justice to the Law Minister enclosing a copy of the above said letter dated March 28. 1981, (iii) the reference to the meeting in the letter of the Law Minister t~ the Chief Justice of India dated May 21, 1981 and (iv) the reference to the meeting in ·the letter of the Chief Jlistice of India dated May 22, 1981 written from Simla. This is further supported by the affidavit dated July 17, 1981 of Shri S.N. Kumar himself which had been filed long before the date on which .documents in question were directed to be disclosed by the Court i.e. in October, 1981. The relevant part of the aforesaid affidavit of Shri S.N. Kumar reads: "Hon'ble the Chief Justice of India, on the other hand discussed the matter with me at length about my work and other general matters. I gave him full and true information and supplied him relevant papers for his consideration. Since thr Government has n9t disclos­ ed the reasons for its action I have no other course open but to apprise this Court briefly of what is in my knowledge. It was alleged that I was slow and that it was improper for me to continue to deal with original +· - 1 .; - 7 -·· S.1'. GtJPTA v. UNiON (Venkataramiah, J.) 1419 · work while sitting on the a·ppeltate side, A compara­ tive assessment of work disposed of by eight Judges who sat on the original side with me showed that the work disposed of by me was· nearly maximum. I disposed of 8i'7 matters' during 256 sittings out of which 385 were civil suits and 442 miscellaneous matters. RegardiPg the second allegation, I say that on the contrary it would be improper for a judge not to finish a part heard matter. I acted in accordanc~ with well established practice of Court I know that two judges of this Court threatened issuing of contempt notice to the officer concerned who removed a part heard matter 'from . their lists. The ·practice is so well understood that the Registry of the Court its'elf fixes cases accor­ dingly in routine. Furthermore a perusal of the procee­ dings in the part heard' matters would reveal the ridiculous nature of the allegations'' . . Then Shri S.N. Kumar refers to the proceedings .in Suit No. 5/1980, Suit No. 87/1975, Suit Nos. 1408, 1409 and 1417/1979, Suit No. 304/1974, Suit No. 327/1979, Ex. No. 11/1978, C.C.P. No. E 13/1979 and Suit No. 73/1979. Thereafter he says: "20. As stated above, !informed the Chief Justice of India that the old established practice in Delhi High , Court is that.a part heard matter goes with the Judges and is heard by him whether he goes over from the appellate side to the original side or vice versa. A bunch of over 30 part heard Regular Division Bench matters were heard during January and February, 1981 on Friday by me sitting .with Chawla, J. while I was holding court singly on the Original Side w.e.f. 5.1.1981. L.P.A. 32 of 1980 was heard during February, 81 by me while sitting with Mr. Chawla, J. Even on 24th April, 1981 (Friday) when the aforesaied material was sent to the Chief Justice of India by me the foliowing part-heard matters were posted in the Division Bench of which I was a member : 0 ·H i42Ci ~tiPRBME CoURT RBPO~ts [ 19821 2 s.c.a, (1) Civil Writ No. 557/79 and Civil Wrft No. 1231 of 1979. (2) Civil Writ No. 61/80 with C.Ms. Practically every· week once from January, 81 till the end of May, 81, I was sitting in Division Bench with Chawla, J. to finish part-heard matters." When a question was put by the Court as to who gave the particulars of the cases referred to above, the learned counsel mentioned that they were given by the Chief Justice of India. That · means that the Chief Justice of India had been furnished all the particulars by the Delhi Chief ·Justice earlier at the meeting which took place on March 26, 1981.and the Chief Justice of}ndia had also the explanation of Shri S.N. Kumar. It i& not necessary for us here to assess correctness or otherwise of the conflicting versions of the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court and of Shri S.N. Kumar bearing on the matters referred to above but tlie aforesaid particulars are sufficient to hold that sufficient information was available with the Chief Justice of India to record his opinion on the question of appointment of Shri S. N. Kumar and no material of any substantial importance had been kept back from the knowledge of the Chief Justice of India. The letter of May 7, 1981 written by the Chief Justice of the Delhi High. Court to the Law Minister which is quoted above more or less contained the same particulars. There would have been some reason to complain if the material contained in the letter of May 7, 1981 was favourable to Shri S.N. Kumar and the Chief Justice of India had recommended that Shri S.N. Kumar should not be appointed in ignorance of the contents of the letter of May 7, 1981. On the other hand, on the basis of the material which had been made' available to him, the Chief Justice of India had made a report favourable to Shri S.N. Kumar. There appears to be not much substance in the submission that Shri S.N. Kumar was denied the benefit of a further refutation by the Chief Justice of India of the allegations in the letter of May 7, 1981 and that he had suffered thereby. Such reiteration whould not have added any further strength to hi~ case. It cannot, therefore, he said· that the process of consultation ,had become de[ecti ve or that Shri S.N. Kumar had been prejudiced by reason of the Government keeping back the Jetter dated May 7, 1981 from the knowledge of the Chief Justice of India out of respect to the wishes of the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court. + 1 \ S.Jl. OUM'A v. UNION (Yenkataramialt, J.) 1421 One of the arguments urged on the basis of the Law Minister's not dated May 19, 198.J may be disposed of here. That argument is that since the Chief Justice.of the Delhi High.Court had stated that he was looking int<,> the file of the 'Kissa Kursi Ka' case in which Shri 0.N. Vohra had convicted late Shri Sanjay Gandhi (son of the Pi:ime Minister) who was later on acquitted by· the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court was looking into irrelevant papers at the instance of the Law Minister or the Prime Minister to find out some material against Shri O.N. Vohra who was also not continued as additional Judge and hence his opinion given against Shri S.N. Kumar also was a motivated one. Apart from the above reference to his looking into the file of 'Kissa Kursi Ka' case, ·we do not have any other material to draw the above conclusjon except the fact that Shri Vohra also had not been con­ tinued. It is not known what opinion was expressed by the Delhi Chief Justice on that material. Sbri Vohra himself has not ques­ tioned the decision taken in his behelf. The Court cannot go outside the record. Prejudice· and passion cannot be allowed to overtake reason. It is not open to the Court to draw an adverse inference against the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court who is. not before the Court. Any attempt. to do. so would be an unjudicial act. There is, therefore, no merit in this contention. It is, however, contended that the Law Minister had tried to 'preempt' the decisio:u on the issue by making up his mind on May · 27, 1981 not to reappoint Shti S.N. Kumar even. before the Chief Justice of India w.rote his final letter dated May 29, 1981 recom­ mending reappointment of Shri Kumar for a period of two years instead of three months as stated in the letter dated May 22, 1981. There does not appear to be any undue haste or impropriety on the part of the Law Minister in making his recommendation not to appoint Shri Kumar on May 27, 1981 for two reasons : (I) that the Government had to take a decision on that question on. or before May 27, 1981 as directed by the interim order referred to above and (2) that tqe Law Minister had expressly kept out of consideration the I.B. reports while taking his decision, as can be seen from the note of - May 27, 1981 on which alone the Chief Justice of India had reserved his opinion in his letter dated May 22, 1981 which showed that on the other questions he had finally expressed his opinion. Another point which may be noticed here is that the granting of ·extension to a Judge pending enquiry into a material aspect of the case may not strictly be . in consonance with the Constitution. It may be irregular to issue a warrant of appointment pending inquiry into the n. 1422 stJJ>RllME cot.JRT RllPbil.ts [1982J i s.c.a. A fitness of the person to be nppointed as a Judge. Hence it . cannot be sad that the.re was any transgression of ordinary rule of official conduct on the part of the Government in finaily processing the file by May 27, 1981.. The Pre~dent has taken his decision on a consideration of the material before him and in doing so he is·not shown to have relied on any irrelevant ground. The President, as observed earlier, is entitled to arrive at his own decision on the question of appointment of a Judge after consultation with the dignitaries mentioned in Article 217(1) of the Constitution. He is not, however, bound by the opinion of any of them although he is expected to give due regard to the opinions expressed by them The President in the instant case has, as stated by the learned Attorney General, out of prudence deeided not to reappoint Shri S.N. Kumar as the opinions of the two constitutional dignitaries were conflicting on the question of in­ tegrity, a question vital to the appointment ofa Judge. There appears to be no constitutional impropriety in the decision of the President. The reason for not reappointing Shri Kumar is not an irrelevant one. Moreover there is a distinction between the appointment of a Judge without proper and effective consultation as required by Article 217(1) and a non·appointment of a person as a Judge preceded by defective consultation. In the former case the validity of the appointment may be open 'to question but in the latter case ordinarily no petition will lie except under an extra ordinary case like the one here where the scope of Article 224 of the Constitution was not correctly understood by the authorities. Every one of the authorities viz. the Law Minister, the Chi<if Justice of India and the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court has dis­ charged his duties in this case with a sense of responsibility. But it is unfortunate that they could not arrive at an unanimous opinion. If the reasons had been irrelevant, probably the Court could have asked the Government to reconsider the matter. ,But that is not the case here. G Shri· R.K. Garg, learned counsel for Shri Kumar strenuously urged before us that Shri S.N. Kumar was ready to establish his innocence and an opportunity should be given to him to do so. His anxiety in making that submission is quite understandable. But unfortunately the Court cannot undertake this function in view of H the restricted scope of the jurisdictiOn of this Court in this case. In spite of the limitations which appeared to exist at the earlier stages of this case, this case has turned out to be r1:markable _,. - s.t>. ·OUl>tA v. UNION (Yenkataramiah, J.) .1423 for two reasons. Fiist, the Court directed for the purpose of deciding this case the disclosure of the documents relating .to ,the ' appointment to a high constitutional office which may not have been possible in ·any other Commonwealth country even now and secondly the Court has come to the conclusion that it is open to the Court to determine whether the decision not to reappoint Shri S.N. K'umar was due to cogent reasons or ·not in the peculiar circumstances of this case even when the relevant constitutional provisions are silent about it. In these two respects, this case should be considered as an important milestone in the development . of administrative law in our country. The Court, however, cannot proceed further in this case and try to find out the truth or .other­ wise of the complaints said to . have been made against Shri S.N. Kumar. It is true that lf the complaints are really untrue, then Shri Kumar has paid the penalty for no fault committed by him. But it should be a matter of some consolation that the Chief Justice of lndi~ has 'exonerated him fully. It is also made clear· that the Court has dedined to grant the prayer of Shri S.N. Kumar without expressing any opinion one way or the other on · his integrity or efficiency. The result of this case should demonstrate to all those who are today holding the" posts of fodges and to those who aspire after judgeships how difficult it is to maintain the fair · image of a Judge. The decision of the President not to appoint Shri S.N. Kumar as an additional Judge of the High Court df Delhi cannot, therefore, be interfered with. . PART X The validity of the circular letter dated March 18, 1981 sent by the Law Minister to all the Chief Ministers is seriously assailed before us by the petitioners; It is contended by them that the letter amounts to a threat to all the' additional Judges whose. consent for being appointed as permanent Judges in High Courts other than the one in whjch they were working is sought. The Government contends that the letter does not contain any such threat and that it had been sent in o_rder to implement the policy of the Government to have some Judges. in every High Court who belong to other States. By the letter in question, the Law Minister has requested the Chief Ministers of States (except North-Eastern States) and the Governor of Punjab to ascertain the wishes of all additional Judges working in their High.Courts and persons whose names have been recommended fo~ ap.pointment as Judges of High Courts whether 1424 $lJPRllME COtJltt llllPOllTS (19821 2 s.c.R., · A they are willing to work in High Courts outside t~eir States.. The circular letter reads : .G "D.0. No. 66/10/81-Jus. My dear, Minister of Law Justice and Company Affairs, India New Delhi-11000 I. March 18, 1981 It has repeatedly been suggested to Government over the years by several bodies and forums including the States Re-organisation Commission, the Law Commission and various· Bar·· Associations that to further national integration and to combat narrow parochial tendencies bred by caste, kinship and ~other local links and affiliations, one third of the Judges of a High Court should as far as possible be from outside the State in which that High Court is situated. Some· how, no start could ·be made in the past in this direction. The feeling is strong, growing and justified that some effec,tive steps should be taken very early in this direction. 2. In this context, I would request you to- · (a) obtain· from all the Additional Judges working in the High Court of 'your State their consent to be. appointed as Perman~nt Judges in any other High Court in the country. They could, in addition, be request­ ed to name three High Courts, in order of perference, to which they would prefer to be · appointed as Permanent Judges; and (b) Obtain from persons who have already been or may in the future be proposed by you for initial appointment their consent to be appointed to any other High Court in th.e country alongwith a similar preference for three High Courts. .... l S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1425 3. While obtaining the consent and the preference·of the persons mentioned in paragraph 2 above, it may be made clear to them that the furnishing of the consent or the indication of a preference does not imply any commitment on the part of Government either in regard to their appointment or· in regard to accom­ modation in accordance with the preferences given. 4. I would be grateful if action is initiated very early by you and the written consent. and preferences of all Additional Judges as well as of persons recom.mended by you for initial appointment are sent to me within a fortnight of the receipt of this letter. C S. I am also sending a copy of this letter to the Chief Justice of your Hi~h,Court. With regards, . To 1. Governor of Punjab Yours sincerely, . Sd/- (P. Shiv Shanker) 2. Chief Ministers (by name) (except North-Eastern States) In its Fourteenth Report, the Law Commission suggested that F . the whole country should be treated as a single unit for the purpose of selection of Judges of the High Court. The relevant part of the report reads : "59. Further, the whole country must be treated as a single unit for the purpose of selection as it is vitally important that the best available talent which the country is capable of providing be mobilized for the task of meeting a situation which has undoubtedly assumed the proportions of an emergency. If suitable persons of the necessary merit and character are in the opiriion of the appointing authority not available in thi: St;j.te, the authority $h911ld not hesitate to draw ff 1426 SUPRBMll COURT RBPORTS [1982] 2 s.c.a. upon persons available in other States. Selections from the Bar must necessarily be of persons of out­ standing merit commanding a large practice who ·may Well be willing to make a pecuniary sacrifice and render public service by accepting these judgeships. An effort should be made to persuade suitable senior practi­ tioners to accept these judgeships at least for a short period as a public duty. Their position at the Bar must be of such eminence that it could not be suggest­ ed that acceptance by them of judgeships . was likely to increase their earnings on their reverting to the Bar." (Vide Para 59 in Chapter 6 of the 14th Report of the Law Commission of India, V:ol. I) The advantages gained by having persons from other States as Judges of High Court were'stated by the·Law Commission presided over by Justice H.R. Khanna, in its 80th Report thus : "6.21. We may next deal with the question of having in each High Court about one-third of judges from outside the State. Recommendation for this purpose was made by the States Reorganisation Commission. The Law Commission presided over by Mr. Setalvad in its fourteenth Report observed in this connection : "The recent creation of various zones in the country and the efforts to treat the States forming part of these zones as one unit for various pur­ poses would we hope, lead to the States forming part of each· zone tv be recruiting ground for appointments to the High Courts from the mem­ bers of the Bar in these States. It is hoped that in this manner the expectation of the States. Reorganisation ·commission that at least one· third of the High Court judges ·would be persons drawn from outside the State will be realised". Likewise, the Study Team on Centre-State Relations appointed by _the Adminisirative Reforms Commission also suggested that so far as practicable one-third of the number of judges of a High Court ~hould be from. outsid~. 1 ... ._.,. - S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkatilramiah, J.). 1427\ We have given the matter our earnest considera­ tion and are in substantial agreement with the recom­ mendations mentioned above., In our opinion, there should be a convention,. according to which one-third of judges in each High Court should be from another State. This would normally have to be done through the process of initial appointments and not by transfer. It would also in the very nature of things be a slow and· . gradual process and take some .. years before we realc!h th!\ proportion, 6.~2. Evolving such a. convention would, in our . opinion, not only help in the process of national integration but would also improve the functioning of various High Courts. It would secure on the Bench .of.each High Court the presence of a number of judges who would not . be swayed by local considerations or affected by issues which may rouse local passions and emotions. As observed by us in one of our earlier Reports, one of the essential fhings for the d~e administration of justice is· not only the capacity of th~ judges to· bring a dispassionate approach to cases handled by them, but also to inspire a feeling in all concerned that a dispassionate approach would underlie their decision. Quite . often, cases which arouse strong emotional sentiments and regional feel­ ings come up before courts of law. To handle such cases, we need judges who not only remain unaffected by .local sentiments and regional feelings, but also appear to be so. None would be better suited for this purpose than judges hailing from other States. It is a common feeling amongst old lawyers that apart from cases with political overtones, the English judges show­ ed a sense of great fairness and brought a dispassionate approach in the disposal of judicial cases handled by them. We in India are in the fortunate position of having a vast country. There can, therefore, be no difficulty in having a certain percentage of judges who - hail from othe'r States. The advantages gained by having persons from other States as judg~s would be much greater compared with any disadvantage whicq might result therefrom", · · · - 1428 SUPREME COURT REPORTS { 1982] 2 s.c.i. While rejecting the contention that the transfers of High Court Judges during the emergency in the year 1976 had been made in the interests of national integration, ~Chandrachud, J. (as he then was) observed in Sakal Chand Seth's case (supra) at page 450 thus : "As regard the first, no one can deny that whatever measures are required to be taken in order to achieve national integration would be in public interest. Whether it is necessary to transfer Judges from one High Court to another in the interest of national integration is a moot point. But that is a p;licy matter with which courts are not concerned directly. One may, however, venture, the observation that there are numerous other ways of achieving natio11al integration more effectively than by transferring High Court judges from one High Court to another. Considering the great inconvenience, hardship and possibly a slur, which a transfer from one High Court to another involves, the better view would be to 'leave the Judges untouched and take other measures to achieve that purpose. If at all, on mature and objective appraisal of the situation it is still felt that there should be a fair sprinkling in the High Court judiciary of persons belonging to other States, that object can be more easily ·and. effectively attained by making appointments of outsiders initially. I would only like to add that the record of this case does not bear out the claim that any one of the 16 High Court' Judges was transferred in order to further the cause of national integration". (emphasis added) Untwalia, J. observed in that very case at page 507 thus : "The purpose of national integration, if othenvise it is a good thing to be achieved, or the need of particular High Court for a Judge possessing a particular type of proficiency or some such grounds of public interest can well be achieved at the time of the initial appoint­ ments; as for example, a member of th.e Bar practising in a particular High Court may be appointed at the very threshold, if he so· agrees to be appointed, a Judge of another High Court so that after retirement - \'. t ,. ' ~ . • ! ~ .... .T ..... ' : , .' • .... ~;. S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1429 f '" ! . ~ f. ' • • " '' • • . : • • I ;, · .he may come back and resume his practice in the High Court where he wa"s so doillg. . '1 sh~ll. perhaps, be crossing my permissibfo 'limits if I embark to write an essay or a the'sis o'n the various 'aspects of the 'needs of such public interest high-ligh"ti0g 0 the minus points also in them, nor. will it serve any useful purpose. These are ma'tters of policy decision entirely within the realm of the governmental power". (emphasis added) These "two 'exfracts from the decision in Sakal Chand Sheth's case (supra) cfoarly state that if as a matter o!f policy the Govern~ ment proposes to 'appoint some Judges in every High Court from· outside the State, it is a matter within the realm of the Government. They have- not siated that it is constitutionally impermissi~Ie to do so. The objections raised by the petitioners to the opinions of the Law Commiesion referred to above are that they could not be relied on as the said opinions had not been tested by the 'purifying process' of an argument at the Bar and secondly the recruitment of members of the Bar or of the subordinate judiciary functioning outside the State would be unconstitutional as there would be no possibility of an effective consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court· and the Governor of the concerned State as they would have no opportunity of personally assessing the quaiities of members of the Bar and. the subordinate judiciary working outside their jurisdiction. The Report of the Committees of the Law Commission are entitled to great respect as they are prepared by experienced persons after taking into consideration all relevant aspects and sometimes the evidence collected by them from several sources. If they are to be excluded many opinions expressed in many of the books relied on by the pethioners themselves have to be excluded. Reports of the Law Commission can be looked into to understand the history of the legislation; the object with wh~ch certain legal provisions are enacted and 'what advantages may be d~rived by adopting a parti­ cular policy. Reports of the Law Commission have been made use of by this Court earlier to understand the history of the legislation which was under consideration and the object with which if was passed. (Vide Balchand. /airi v, State of Madh)'a Pradesh.(1) ·The (1) - [1977] 2 SCR 52, o· 1430 SUPREME COURT REPORTS · [1982] 2 s.c.R: second limb of this argument over\O)kS the fact that the Constitu­ tion dues not state that the Chief Justice of the High Court and the _ Governor of the State should personally know the persJns recom­ mended under Article 217 of the Constitution and that they cannot collect information about them by any other source such as the Chief Justice of .the -High Court having jurisdiction over the area where they are working or the Governor of the other State. In the true nature of things such personal knowledge cannot be insisted upon. If that is insisted upon, the cons.ultation with the Chief Justice of Irtdia itself may turn out to be ineffective for the very same reason for he cannot be expected to have personal knowlege about many persons whose names are recommended by the Chief Justices of the various High Courts and Governors. In the context of Article 217, it has to be held that the functionaries who have to express opinion under that Article can ascertain aff relevant infor­ mation about a person proposed for the appointment by any other reasonable means and they need not know them personally. Any other view would result in the exclusion of a large body of lawyers who are not practising before the High Courts from consideration for appointment as High Court Judges, which certainly could not · have been the intention of the Constitution makers. . The next contention urged in this connection is that this is an indirect attempt to transfer some additional Judges from one High Court to another. It cannot be so for the reason that the transfer of an additional Judge (appointed under Article 224(1) ) unless the arrears"have been cleared off and the transfer of an acting Judge (appointed under Article 224(2)) in any-event would not be possible at all. An additional Judge is appointed for a term not exceeding two yeJ!.rS only with a view to clearing· off the arrears in a High Court. If that is the sole object of appointing him, how can he be transferred as an additional Judge in the public interest from that Court to another Court unless the purpose for which -he is appointed is achieved namely, clearing off the arrears? Moreover when his stay as an additional Judge is very short it would not subserve the interest of efficiency of public service if he is mact'e to work in more than one High Court during that short period unless there is not sufficient work to be assigned to him in the High Court in which he is initially appointed as an additional Judge. The case of an acting Judge appointed under Article 224(2) of thu Constitu­ tion is a self-evident one. An acting Judge is appointed to act as. a Jud~e until the permanent Judge in whose place he is appointed ha~ - s.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1431 resumed his office. He cannot, therefore, be transferred under Article 222 contrary to the express terms of Article 224(2). In view of this declaration the petitioners cannot entertain any suspicion that the circular letter has been issued to achieve the object of transferring additional Judges, during their tenure fixed under Article 224(1). This, however, does not come in the way of an additional Judge or an acting JuJge being appointed as a permanent Judge either in his own High Court or in any other High Court before the tenure specified under Article 224( l) or Article 224(2), as the case may be, comes to an end. . I also do not find .any substance in the submission made on behalf of some of the petitioners that the circular letter of the Law Minister suggests that the additional Judges who have not given their consent would be under a disadvantage in the -1ilatter of their continuance as additional Judges or of their appointment as perma· nent Judges· in their own Court. The learned Attorney-General has stated before the Court that 'beyond any inherent or incidental advantage that the implemeptation of the policy of appointing out· side Judges may confer, no other advantage or disadvantage is to be visited on any person by reason of his having given consent or his refusal in response to the inquiry stated in the impugned letter of 18th March, 1981'. In view of the above statement, I take it that the portion in paragraph 3 of the letter, namely, 'it may be made clear to them that the furnishing of the consent · or the indication of a preference does not imply any commit­ ment on the part of Government either " in regard. to their appointment or in regard to accommodation in accordance with the preference given' does not carry with it ·any sinister design. It is submitted on behalf of the Government that such a ·statement had to be made because the necessary censultations under Article 217(1) of the Constitution had yet 'to be made. This explanation is ·accepted reserving liberty to any additional Judge, who is prejudiced by his not givfng consent, to approach the Court for appropriate relief if an occasion arises to do so. There is also no merit in the contention. that since the·circular letter. has been addressed without the previous consultation of the Chief Justice of India, Article 217(1) and Article 222 of the Cons­ titution had been violated. The letter as can be seen from its tenure . is intended to find out whether any additional Judge is willing to be appointed as a Judge in any othe( Hit?h Cou_rt. ~uch a~point~en~ - ·-·---·-. 1432 SUPREME COURT REPORTS I 1982) 2 S;C.R has to be made only in accordance with Article 217(1) of the <;ons­ titution. Before making such appointment, the President had to consult all the functionaries mentioned in Article 217(1) inciuding the Chief Justice of India. Article 222 .of the Constitution does not ·come into picture at all as no transfer is contemplated under' the letter. The letter relates to initial appointments only. In the circumstances there is no error committed by the Law Minister in writing the inpugned letter to the Chief Ministers. • All the co~tentions of the petitioners regarding the circular letter of the Law Minister dated March 18, 1981, therefore fail. PART XI We are concerned in the case of Shri KB.N. Singh with the question Wh~ther the order of his transfer as the Chief Justice of the High Court of Madras is valid or not. Earlier it has been held that the consent of the Judge to be transferred is not necessary under Article 222 of the Constitution and that such transfer can be made in the public interest as laid down by the majority in Sakal Chand Sheth's case (supra). The order in question is an adminis­ tr.ative order which is passed by the President in .accordance with the opinion expressed by the Chief Justice of India, who is the sole authority to be consulted under Article 222. In this case also as per. directions of this Court, the relevant papers· have been pro­ duced by the Union Goverment. It is urged that the manner in which consultation is made in this case is not in accordance with law as the President had not initially asked the Chief Justice of India to gi-ve his opinion on the question of transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh but the Chief Justice of India had on bis own accord ' advised the Union Government to. transfer him first to the High Court of Rajasthan and later on to the High Court of Madras. Article 222 does not lay down the procedure to be followed for effecting a transfer. Even granting that the proceedings for transfer of a Judge are initiated by the Chief Justice of India the order of transfer would not be bad as under Article 217 (I) of the Constitu­ tion which is couched in almost the same language, an appointment of a Judge would not be bad only because the Chief Justice · of a High Court who is one of the autlJ.orities to be consulted initiates the proposal. In fact the practice has been that the Chief Ju~tice of the l-lii:h Court invariably initiates it. This conten- - 1 - S.P. OuptA. v. UNION (Jlenkataramiah, J.) 14l3 . , I tion is'not therefbre' one'of sut1stiince!. The' crux of me· question is wlietlier'the authority exercising' the power of.transfer has brought to the knowledge of the authority to be consulted all' the relevant material with .it and has given sufficient opportunity .to· tender his opinion. Thete is n·o allegation that'tlle',Gov~rnment had kept back . any relevant information from the· Chief Justice of lhdia: The'· Chief Justice of India himself says in his counter affidavit that there was full and effective consultation witli hiin. A fair reading of the letter of the Chief Justice of fodia dated December 7, 1980 shows that there was prior discussion about· the question of transfers of Chief Justices of High Courts and that there was a suggestion by the Government that.there should be a- transfer of all Chief Justices of High Courts so that in every High .. C.ourt there was a Chief Justice who hailed from outside the State. This suggestion stems from the proposed policy of the Government which is clear from the state~ ment of the Law Minister in the Lok Sabha on July 24, 1980, the relevant part of which reads : " Policy is whether we . should have the«.:~hief JustiCe from outside. This is the policy. How we should have.is·a matter of mechanism." .There are similar refe­ rences ;to it•in some other. speeches' of·the'Law Minister both in the Lok Sabha and in the Rajya1Sabha:. Even1 though it' appears from some·of the speeches of the Law· Ministert.that such· a policy had not taken a fi'nal shape, the· ChierJustice:ofllndia had been told that the Government had'an'idea~to bring1int0force·such a policy before the middle1ofl980.. From certain notings" on the file• relating to the appointment of ChieHustice of the· Delhi High C~urt which were·disclosed by'the Union Governm~nt as per orders~of the Court dated November.18, 1981 it. is evident· that there was discussion between the Central Government and,- thei Chief Justice· of India about the policy of appointing the Chief Justice of every High Court from outside, the,State. The first.note.of the Law Minister dated May 15, 1980, where he specifically refers to the said policy refers to the discussion he had with the Chief Justice of India on it. The next' note inthat•fi!e· is' of·the Chief.Justice of India. It is dated June 5; 1980 an'd the relevant part of it· reads : --· "lt would become.necessary:in the ·very near future to evolve an All India policy for. appointments of Chief Justices in the various High Courts. ·The difficulties in taking any,ad hoc decision on that question are of such grave magnM:ude that it would be impossible at this F . G· ·A 0 0 1434 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982) 2 S.C.l stage to appoint an outsider as a Chief Justice either of the Delhi High Court or of the Andhra Pradesh High Court " • This note is followed by the note of th! Law Minister dated July 21, 1980. In that it is stated : "The Chief Justice of India and I had a detailed discussion yesterday morning on the question of appointment and transfer of Chief Justices of the High Courts so that .the position of the Chief Justice of a High Court is held by an outsider as a matter of policy. This would avoid discriminatory treatment which would have otherwise invited· undue criticism .. In view of the discussion with the C.J.I., it appears desirable to appoint Shri Justice Prakash Na.rain as the Permanent Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court and Shri Justice Kuppuswami as Permanent Chief Justice of Andhra Pradesh High Court, subject to the general policy decition oil having the Chief Justice: from outsid.e that High Court. It is clearly under­ sto_od that subject to the genera.I policy decision and the mechanism that would be evolved to give effect to that policy, Shri Justice Prakash Narain and Shri Justice Kuppuswami would be transferred to different High Courts~ . . . . . ..... " Then there is a long note dated July 31, 1.980 of the Chief Justice of India in which he bas observed thus : " ... The heart of the matter however is whether as, a general All India policy, a Judge of a High Couirt ought never to be appointed as the Chief Justice of that High Court. I am prepared to keep an open mind on this question because the pros and cons of the issue has still to be thrashed out. But the better view may be that transfers of sitting Chief Justices may be made. only in appropriate cases, that is to say, when a strong case for the transfer has been made out. Similarly, appointments of Chief 'Justices may be •. I s.P. GU1>°i'A v. UNION (Venkatarainiah, J.) i43.5 made from outside, whenever the circumstances warrant. This involves the assessment of each indivi­ dual situation as and when its asises ... At this stage it is unnecessary to say anything more on the subject except to clarify that though I recognise the need to evolve an All India policy· for appointments ·of Chief Justices in the various High Courts, I do not think that it will be either feasible or proper to transfer each and every sitting Chief Justice · of the High Court to another High Court, or io appoint an· outside Judge as the Chief Justice whenever a vacancy of a Chief Justice arises. Such a course will introduce numerous complications the general nature of which I have discussed with the Law Minister. The question is so replete with practical difficulties and involves a question of such high principle that a very careful thought shall have to be given to it before a final decision is taken. · I, therefore, reiterate my earlier recommendation that Mr. Justice Prakash Narain should be appointed as the permanent Chief Justice of. the Delhi High Court and Shri Justice Kuppuswami as the permanent Chief Justice:. of the Andhra Pradesh High Court. I consider it unnecessary to add that these appoint­ ments should be "subject to the general policy" .of. appointing Cbief Justices from outside, because if, eventually, a decision is taken that every Chief Justice must come from outside, it will naturally become necessary to consider the transfer of Mr. Justice Prakash Narain and Mr. Justice Kuppuswami." The above notings show that the Chief Justice of India who had been apprised of the proposed policy of . the Government had not opposed the fransfe~ of Chief Justices of High Courts as a matter of policy but only had expressed certain points which needed to be considered before taking a final decision on the question. 1436 stJl>ltllMll cotillT li.El>ottts ( t 982) 2 s.c.tl. In this letter dated December 7, 1980 however the Chief Justice . of India says "though I am firmly opposed to a wholesale transfers of the Chief Justice of tbe High Courts, I take the view, which I have expressed from time to time that such transfers may be made in appropriate cases for stricitly objective reasons." It.is true the Chief Justice of India stated that he was oppost:d to 'whole­ sale transfers' but he does not appear to have opposed the policy of having the Chief Justice of every High Court from outside the State. This statement 'niay me~n that at the same. time the transfers or appointments of all the Chief Justices of all the eighteen High Courts in accordance with the p'alicy may not be advisable The~e may be a Chief Justice,who has only three or four months of service before his superannuation~ There ·may he a Chief.Jµstice who is ailing and who cannot th~refore .. be m'aved to another High Court immediately. Moreover the Chief Justice ~f India has to get into touch with each one of the Chief Justices before an order of transfer is made in his case to ascertain from him his pro~lems. There may be some. difficulty in finding out a suitable High Court for a Chief Justice because the question of adjustment of seniority between him and the other J~dg es of that Court may pose a problem. It is probably on account of these difficulties the Chief Justice of India stated that he was . opposed to ·a 'wholesale transfer' of the Chief Justices. This statement cannot be read as conveying the meaning that the ~hief Justice of India wanted that only some particular Chief Justice should be transferred or that the policy should be implemented in the case of particular High Courts. There is no doubt that a policy decision ·should ultimately be applicable to all High Courts. But it can be applied by stages. A policy or for that matter a law may have to be applied by stages in differe_nt areas and in the case of different institutions or bodies by reason of administrative compulsion and such application cannot be considered as either arbitrary or capricious or unconstitutional. Sometimes the application of a policy or a law in all areas or in respect of all institutions to which it is ultimately intended to apply simuitaneously may defeat ,the very policy or law, even though it may be otherwise beneficial. The difficulties involved in such 'whole­ sale' application might have given rise to the difficulty expressed by the Chief Justice. This appears to be a reasonable construction to be placed on the sitid statement of the .Chief Justice of India. One should remember. that the said statement is in a letter and not in a statute and is one made in the· context of previous correspondence and discussions which have gone on for some "· + ·. S.P. GtJPt~, v. VNION.{Penkataramialr, J.) 1437 ti~e in an inforryial W~Y: Moreoye,r: a,p.J?ljcy is, not somethiJ)gv wbi~h should take the form of a formal statute or a written code. It can be gathered from a course''or' action~;. COl}duct and can take' its birth whe~-the fl~st step is taken'id its direction. . ..... . The question of policy is a matter, entirely for the President to decide. Even though the Chief Justice of- India .is consulted in that behalf by. the President since th~. policy relates to the. High Cour.ts, his opinion is not binding.on the President. lt is open to the Presi­ dent to adopt any policy, which is sµbject only. to the judicial review by the Court. Under Article 222 of- the Constitution the. Chief .Justice of India has to be consulted on the· question whether a particular Judge should be transferred and ·where he should be transferred1 w)lile implementing the, said policy. If the Government requests, the Chief~ °Justice of; lndia to give his opinion on. a transfer. to implement.the.said policy.w.hich is really in the public interest he cannot decline to do. so. Even though the Chief Justice.was opposed, to the.'wholesaleJransfers'.· ofrJµdges there is no bar for.the.Government treating the., recommendation for trans­ fers made by the. ChieUustice,ofrlndia.as a., part of,.the.implementa­ tion of its. policy. That, the., transfer, of:Sbri. ~.B.N. Singh was on account of·the .policy.of1the.,Governmeqt,caJI. be ·gathered: from the following statemenfs,in th.et affidavits1 ~led, before this Court : In paragraph 8.of,tlw.,a!fid!lvlt date4.~Rt~m.ger,l6, l9811 o(~hri K.B.N. Singh. It.is stated,: "When the dep_qnent;wapte,d,tp kp,ow why he might be transferred t(l M;l~ras, the_,Hon,'ble,sChjef. Jµstice of India merely said, t~t; it was the,,Qovern1m;nt p9ljcy, but.gave. no clue as to what necessit_ated1hi$,tran&fer frpm, PatQa '·to.· Madras.'." In para 2(g) of the .a~d~yit.o(ihe C~i~fJustj(ie, ,~f.'Ip4~~ h~ 1 h~s; ~~ated : "I deny that w.hen,Shrj.K.ltN. Si.nghswa~ted:: to, kn,ow, qv% the tele­ phone on,Janu!!rY;S.: 19~!, I~ s!atl?fi m11r~IYith1L~' it1was.tpe 'Govern­ ment policy' .. .'; In paragraph ·8 of the Rejoinai;r,ajfidavit dated October 16, 1981 of Shri K.B.N. Singh, it is stated "at one point he also said1that, it. v.:a~ Gove,rn~enj 1 pqli~y.,. to.,effe<?tftr!Lµ,sfer .in, batches of two or, thr~'l·" It is seen that the two· Chief. Justices-Shri M,M, Ismail and Shri K.-B.N. Singh were transferred·at thC'first instance. Some other transfers probably would-have followed•but for the filing of- these petitions. It is already held that the ·policy of·having the Chief Justice in every High Court from outside tlie State is not unconsti­ tutional and that it.could·be achieved" by resorting to Article:222<;>f H - 1438 SUPREME COURT lllll>OltTS ! 1982] 2 s.c.ll. A . the Constitution. The transfer ordered pursuant to that policy can- 8 not therefore be considered as either discriminaiory or not being in · the public interest. Io fact such transfers are in the public interest for reasons already stated. In is seen from the Counter Affidavit of the Chief Justice of India that the transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh had not been recom­ mended by him on the basis of any allegation of· misbehaviour or of incapacity can form a basis for action under Article 218 read with Article 124(4) and (5) of the Constitution. The relevant part of that Counter Affidavit reads : · "It is true that he (Shri K.B.N. Singh) said that it was possible that some baseless complaints may have been made to me and that he would like to remove any wrong impression which those complaints may have .created. I told him that I do not go by baseless com­ plaints, that I did not believe that his conduct was blameworthy but that if he wanted to explain any mat­ ter, which according to him had created dissatisfaction about the working of the High Court, he was free to to do so. Thereupon Shri K.B.N. Singh told me how certain persons connected with the High. Court were influenced by communal considerations and how he, on his own part, did not permit communai or any other extraneous considerations to influence him ad­ ministratively or judicially. I assured him that I did not hold that he himself was to blame but that certain persons were exploiting their proximity to him which had created needless misunderstanding andl dissatis­ faction.'" The foregoing clearly shows that the Chief Justice of India had never formed .an opinion that there -was any error committed by Shri K.B.N. Singh. Hence there can be no ·basis for the apprehen­ sion in the mind of Shri K.B.N. Singh that the transfer was being used as a measure of punishment in his case. If it had been a selec-. tive transfer ordered without regard to the public interest it would have been unconstitutional.· But this is noi such a transfer .• The order does not attach any stigma to. Shri K.B.N. Singh. It is a · bonafide one made in implementation of a perfectly valid policy · which may be implemented in instalments. · .. ·. S.P. (lUP1A v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 143\) ,,. · It is true that earlier the ChiefJusiice .if India had recom· mended that Shri K.B N. Singli should be transferred to the R.ajasthan High Court. That was .a part of the chairi. of transfers then proposed;' It had not taken a final shape since s'hri J(B.N. · Singh had not yet been informed about it and his views liad not yet been ascertained. But when 'it was decided to transfer Shri M.M. !Smail to the Kerala High Court, tlie Chief Justice of India felt that the services of Shri K. B. N. Singh being a senior Chief JUstice were reqU'ired by the High Court of Madras. There is nothing unusual about this alteration but on the other hand shows that the ChiefJustice of India had an op'l:n mind on the question of transfer until he dlade his final recommendation. The next submission made in this case is that the procedure followed in connection . with the. impugned orC:er of transfer is not fair. Chandrachud, J. (as he then was) has dealt with the question of procedure to be followed before ordering the transfer ofa Judge under Article 222 of the Constitution in Sakal Chand Sheth's case (supra) at page 456 th us : "Article 222 (l) postulates fair play and contains built­ in safeguards in. the interests of reasonableness. In the first place, the power to transfer a High Court Judge can be exercised lh public interest only. Secondly, the President is under an obligation to consult the Chief Justice of India which means and requires that all the relevant facts must be placea before the Chief Justice. Thirdly, the Chief Justice owes a corresponding duty, both.to the President and to the Judge who is propos­ ed to be transferred, that he shall consider every rele­ ·vant fact before he tenders his opinion to the Presi­ dent: ·In' the discharge of' this constitutional obliga­ tion, the Chief Justice woultl be within his rights, and indeed it is his duty whenever necessary, to elicit and ·. ascertain further facts either· directly from the Judge concerned or from other reliable sources. The execuc tive cannot and ought not to establish rapport with . ; tlie Judges which is the function and privilege of the Chief Justice. In substance and effect, therefore, the Judge concerned cannot have reason to complain of arbitrariness or unfair play, if the due procedure is · followed." ·G B, Q, 1440 SUJ>ltEMil COUR.t R.lll'Oltts, [1982) 2 s.c.lt. It is evident from the above passage that the duty of consider· ing every relevant fact pertaining to a Judge is of the Chief Justice of India .on the question of his transfer under Article 222 of tho Constitution. In his counter affidavit the Chief Justice of India bas given the P,articuiars· of the enquiry he. had made. before recommen·· ding that Shri K.B.N. Singh should be transferred to Madras. He. first talked to Shri K.B.N. Singh over the telephope onJanuary;S.·. 1981 and informed him about the proppsal to transfer. him. to• Madras. Again on January 8,. 1981 Sbrj K.B.N. Singh.met thei Chief Justice of.India at New Delhi and,tbe question of transfer, was. again discussed. The relevant part of the counter affidavit, of. the• Chief Justice of India.reads : • "2·(f) It is true, as stated by Slfri'K'.B~N. SingH in paragraph 8 of bis affidavit, that I conveyed 'to· him· on·the evening of· January· 5, 19811 over the·telepb'one that it was proposed to transfer Shri Justice M:M. Ismail to Kerala and that he, Shri K.B;N: Singh may­ have to go to Madras. I telephoned'Shri K.B!N;Singli on January 5, 1981 in order to zpprise him of the likeli· hQQd ,of. his transfer·· to Madras. and.; to· ask him if he had. auYthing, to say 1 on the~uestion,of;his .• proposed transfer, (g) I deny.that when Shri K.B.N. Singh wanted to know over t.he telephone on J<1nuary,5 why_ he may be transferred to Madras, I stated mcrely,that it was the "government policy" an,d gave·no .clue1a.s-to what necessitated his transfer. from ' Patna. to .. Madras. I conveyed to him sp~ifically -that. it· was .piopPSed to transfer Shri Justice MiM. Ismail . from Madras and it was necessary to apppint an .. experienced ·and:.senior Chief Justice in his place. (h) It is true that Shri K.B.N. Singh .told me over the telephone that his mother.was bed,ridden and was not in a position to go with him to Madras.. I deny that he told ml( of any other p~rso.nal circum· stance by. reason of which it would be difficult for him to go on transfer to M a<lras. . The only difficulty which he mentioned then or at any other time was that his mother was old and bed-ridden and .would S.P. ClUPTA 11. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) 1441 not <t,herefore be able to go to Madras. He told me that if his transfer was insisted upon, he would prefer to 1'esign. I requested him not to act in haste and to give the matter ·a close thought. I added that I was making a no.te of the diffiquity mentioned by him and that it will have to be taken foto consideration before a final decision was taken. I requested him to come to Delhi to discuss the question of his transfer. (3) · Sbri K.B.N. Singh has stated in patagraph 9 of his affidavit that be tnet me in Delhi three or four day!i later, told IIle or his acute and insurmountable personal difficulties in the event of his transfer to Madras, that he was with me for about 10-15 ·minutes and that t was nott-committal in the matter of his transfer. Shri K.B N. Singh saw me at my residence on January 8, 1981 at 7.30 p.m. He was with me for quite some time much longer than 10 or IS millutes. I discussed with him the question of bis ·mother's advanced age and illness, which was the only personal difficulty which lie mentioµed in the matter of his · proposed transfer to Madras. l told him that I was unable to agree with him since there were other depend­ able persons in his family who could look after his mother and that, in any case, .his brother Shri S.B.N, Singh who was practising the in High Court was quite capable of looking after the mother. He replied that h·is mother had a special attachment to him and he could not leave her to the care of his brother or other members of the family. It is true that he said that it was possible that some baseless complaints may hl!ve been· made to me and that he would like ·to remove any wrong imprrssion which those complaints ,may have created. I told him that I do not go by baseless complaints, that I did not believe that his conduct was blameworthy; but that if he wanted to explain any matter, which according to him had created dissatisfaction about the working of the High Court, he was free to do so. Thereupon Shri K.B.N. Singh told me how certain persons connec­ ted with the High Court were influenced by commu­ ,nal considerations and how he on his own part did not 1442 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982) 2 S.C.R permit communal or any other extraneous considera­ tions to influence him administratively or judicially. I assured him that I did not hold that he himself was to blame but that certain persons were exploiting their proximity to' him which had created, needless misunderstanding and dissatisfaction. There are many more matters which he mentioned on the evening of January 8, 1981 but they do not directly bear upon the matters i!l issue her :in and I will, therefore, not refer to them. (4) The statement contained in paragraph 10 of the affidavit of Shri K. B. N ~ Singh that he had not conveyed to me his consent to the proposed transfer is true. I however deny that be was not consulted regarding his transfer_ to Madras. I had discussed the. matter with him threadbare on more than two or three occasions. I deny that no reason, ground etc. necessitating. or justifying his transfer was· disclosed to him or discussed with him by me. On my part, I conveyed to him that his transfer was made in public interest, that it was not made by way of punishment and that it was also necessitated by the trans fer of Shri Justice Ismail from Madras to Keral_a.'' Although Shri K.B.N. Singh has not fully accepted the facts narrated in the passage extracted above, there is no reason for not accepting in its entirety the statement made by· the Chief Justice of India The above passage clearly shows thiit the Chief Justice of India had acted strictly in accordance with the procedure Indicated by him in Sakal Chand Sheth's case (supra). There is, therefore, no ground to hold that the case of Shri K.B.N. Singh's transfer was not considered by the Chief Justice of India in a fair and reasonable way. The next submission made on behalf of Shri K.B.N. Singh is that all aspects of the case were not placed before the President by the Chief Justice of India. This again is met by the statement of the Chief Justice of India in his. counter affidavit that "there was full and effective consultation between me and the President 9f India on the question of $bri K.:a.N, Singh's transfer from .. I ·-.,,,,,,. J ' S.P. GUPTA Y·. UNION (Venkatciramiah, J.) 1443 Patna to Madras as the ·Chief Justice of the Madras High ; Court. Every relevant aspect of that question was discus­ sed by me fully with the President both before· and after I pro­ posed the transfer." At the hearing· the Court. was informed · that the President had not discu~sed the matter personally with the Chief Justice of India. The expression "President" should be under· stood here in· the constitutional sense. The discussion must have taken. place with the Minister concerned. It is not possible fo accept the submission that _no such discu)lsion could have taken place at all after Shri K B.N. Singh met the Chief Justice of India on the evening of January 8, 198 I because the Prime Minister had taken the decision on January 9, I 981 and there was no written record in support of it. From the records produced before us it is seen that discussion has gone a between the authorities concerned sometimes over telephone and sometimes at a meeting. No minutes are kept of many 'such· discussions It cannot, therefore, be said that either there was no time to discuss or nJ such discussion had taken place at all. It has to be borne in mind that the Chief Justice of India asked Shri K.B.N. Singh to me~t him at New Delhi to discuss the matter further and accordingly S!lri K.B.N. Singh met him on January 8, 1981. If the Chief Justice of India had felt that any representation to be made by Shri K.B.N. Singh was ·irrelevant he would not have called him for discussion at New Delhi. After discussing the matter with him he must have discussed the matter before the decision was taken on January 9, 1981 with the other authority concerned. In the course of the discussion referred to above all matters which had come to the knowledge of the Chief Justice of India must have been placed before the person with whom the discussion had taken place. All,. official acts must be deemed to have been done in accordance with law. There ·is, therefore, no merit in this contention also, The last submission on the above question was that whereas the Chief Justice of India had recommended that Shri K.B.N.' Singh should be transferred as a part of selective transfers, the President had treated them as part of the policy of haviiJg a Chief Justice in every High Court from outside the State which had not taken a final shape and therefore there was no consensus on the object to be achieved by the transfer. As already observed, the question of policy ;~ within tl1e r~!l)W of the Governm.ent T4erefore, even if tqe Chief. 0 1444 SUPRBMB. COURT RB1>6RTS (1982] 2 s.c.tt. Justice of India considered that the recom'inendation made by him was one of six or i!even transfers suggested by him, which would mean for the time'being a partial implementation of the policy, it cannot be said that the transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh is bad, for, all aspects relating to Shri K.B.N. Singh were considered by the appro­ priate authority before ordering the transfer. The tradsfer in question . .is not a stray case of transfer. A few ,other transfers were in · contemplation at the relevant time and they necessitated considera­ tion of individual cases separately. The transfers of Shri M.M Ismail and Shri K.B.N. Slngh were ord.ered. In all probability but for these petitions some more transfers would have materialised by now. We have to note that Artie)~ 222 of the Constitution is not confined only to policy transfers involving all Judges. Even indivi­ dual Judges may be transferred for administratfve 'reasons in the public interest. In the circumstances of the case, it is difficult to hold that the transfer was an act of victimisation. One other con­ tention raised in this case is that the Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu and Bihar had not been consulted in accordance with a memorandum issued by the Government. The question whether there can be any memorandum supplementing the provisions of Article 222 is a matter of doubt. But since the· c'aurt is informed that both the Chief Ministers had been consulted about the transfer of Shri K.B.N. Sin'gh, there is no need to probe into this point any further,, The decision to transfer a Judge under Article 222 of the Constitution, as already stated, is an administrative one. It is not• alleged that any of the functionaries participating in that decision had any_ ill will against Shri · K.B.N. Singh. The existence of mala­ fides niay have been a ground to set aside the impugned order of transfer provided it had been alleged and established. In E.P. Royappa v. Stat.: of Tamil Nadu and Anr.( 1) while rejecting a contention against an order of transfer which had been ·impugned in that case, Bhagwati, J. has observed thus : "Secondly, we must not al.so overlook that the burden of establishing malafides is very heavy on the person who alleges it. The allegations of. malafides are often more easily made than proved, and the very serious­ ness of such allegations demands proof a high ·order or credibility." (1) [1974] 2 SCR 34$ at ts. 390. - - > ... S.P. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, J.) I 445 In this case, no such allegation of malafides is made against any authority. On the other hand the material available in the case clearly establishes that due procedure had been followed and all facts that justify the transfer have been affirmatively proved. It is shown that the authorities concerned felt satisfied ·about the need for the transfer. In view of the above finding, Shri K.B.N. Singh cannot derive much assistance from the observations made in the Barium Chemicals Ltd. & Anr. v. The Company Law Board & Ors.(1) and in Rohtas Tndustries Ltd. v. S.D. Agarwal & Anr.(2) On the facts and in the circumstances of the case it is not possible to hold that the order of transfer of Shri K.B.N. Singh as the Chief Justice of the High Court of Madras is illegal and void. PART XII Now the question is what relief can be granted in these cases. In the earlier part of this judgment there is a detailed discussion about the continued neglect on the part of the Government in not making a proper review from time to time of the number of perma­ nent Judges necessary for each High Court and the irregular exercise of power under Article 224 (I) of the Constitution in appointing additional Judges even though it was necessary to appoint permanent Judges. Even according to the Government there is need to appoint at least 150 Judges to clear off the arrears within two years. Article 216 of the Constit~tion, as observed earlier, confers power on the President to appoint adequate number of Judges in every High Court. In the United States of America the conditions in which a writ of mandamus may be issued to a Governor or the President are set out in paragraphs 140, 141 ·and 153 in Vol. 52 of the American Jurisprudence 2d. under the title 'Mandamus' thus : "140. Governor. The question of how far the governor of a state is subject to the supervisory control of court through the writ of mandamus is one of gravity and importance which the courts regard as extremely delicate, and the solution of which they undertake with great reluctance. In some jurisdictions the courts refuse to issue the writ against a governor under any circumstances, whether (1) [1966] Suppl. SCR 311. (]) (1969] 3 SCR 108. 1446 D ,. SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 S.C.R. the act sought to be enforced is regarded as ministerial or otherwi~e, on the theory that interference with his action constitutes a violation of the doctrine of separa­ tion of powers, or upon the ground that issuance of a writ is inexpedient because of possible difficulty in enforcing it. Under this view, a writ is not issuable against an executive for_ the purpose of compelling him to perform a duty, even though it is imposed upon him by statute. This reasoning has been rejected in many jurisdictions, which allow the maintenance of ~andamus proceedings against a governor under certain circumstances. All courts agree that the remedy is nof available to control the performance by a governor of political functions or functions requiring the exercise of discretion, but some will issue the writ to require the performance of ministerial duties, or to resfrain 'an act in violation of law. Needless to say, mandamus will not issue to· compel the'' performance by a governor of an act which does not fail within his prescribed duties, ' or which h~s already been performed. 141. Political and discretionary functions. 1 State governors are invested by law with important governmental or political powers and duties belonging to the executive branch of the government, and the due performance thereof is intrusted to their official honesty judgment and discretion. As to these purely executive or political functions devolving upon the chief executive officer of the. state, and as to any other duties necessarily involving the exercise of official judg­ ment arid discretion, the doctrine is uncontroverted that mandamus will not lie to control or compel his action. Applying the foregoing rule, the courts have denied the writ when sought to compel the governor to call an election; count or reject votes cast at an election; issue a commission or certificate of election to office ; make an appointment to office: rescind an order removing or suspending an officer; recommend the passage of a particular Jaw ; sign or veto bills ; institute a proceeding for the transfer of a 1' I S.P. GUPTA v. UNION ( Venkataramiah, J.) 1447 I federal prisoner to the state court; grant a pardon ; approve a parole ; borrow funds; sign or approve a warrant ; issue bonds ; subscribe to stock as required by statute ; appoint a commission to appraise property which1is sought to be condemned; allot 'or pay over money received from the Federal Government; approve a contract ; or perform other like duties. If it is the constitutional or statutory duty of a governor to exercise his discretion with respect to a . certain matter, he may be required by mandamus to do so, but, of course,· the writ does not lie to direct the manner in which his discretion shall be exercised . . ' •. 153. .President of United States As is also true in the case of a state governor, which' in most respects is' a similar office' mandamus does not lie to control the administrative or executive discretion of the President of the United States, and if the President delegates one of his functions to another officer, an order by the latter is an administra­ tive order of the President, which .cannot be vacated by mandamus. The celebrated case of Marbury v. Madison is generally considered as authority for the view that.the co~rts have no jurisdiction to issue a writ of mandamus against .the President to compel him to perform any act incidental to his office, whether purely ministerial in its character or not although the writ may is1me against the heads of departments of the Federal Government when the act to be performed is purely ministerial, not involving judgment or discretion. On the other hand, in a later case in the Federal Supreme Court, although the case did not involve the President, the Attorney-General of the United States in his argu­ ment, although appearing in behalf of the officer to whom the writ of mandamus was prayed, conceded that such a writ might be issued against the President I D .. E ., .H 1448 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1982] 2 s.c.R. of the United States to compel him to perform a merely ministerial duty ............... " Para 28 of Halsbury's Laws of England, (4th Edn.), Vol. I, page 32 reads : · "28. Duty and discretion. The repository of a statutory power may be endowed with a discretion whether to act, and, if so, how to act. A discre­ tionary power is typically conferred by words and phra$es such as "may", "it shall be lawful", "if it thinks fit" or "as it thinks fit". A statutory discretion is not, however, necessarily or indeed, usually absolute : it may be qualified by express and implied legal duties to comply with substantive and procedural requirements before a decision is taken whether to act and bow to act. Moreover, there may be a discretion whether to exercise a power, but no discretion as to the mode of its exercise ; or a duty to act when certain conditions are present, but a discretion how to act. Discretion may thus be coupled with duties. On the other band, duty unaccompanied by any discretion requires action in a prescribed manner and form to be taken when the conditions precedent exists ; performance of such a duty is a mere minis­ terial act." It is true that the words in Article 216 of the Constitution are undoubtedly empowering 'but it has been so often decided as to have become an axiom that in public statutes words only direc­ tory, permissory or enabling . may have a compulsory force where the thing to be done is for the public benefit or in advance­ ment of public justice.' (Vide R. Tithe Commissioners).(~) Earl Cairns said in Julius v. Bishop of Oxford,(') construing the words (it) shall be lawful' thus : "But there may be something in the nature of the thing empowered to be done, something in the object for which it is to be done, something in the conditions under (1) [1849] 14 Q.B. 459 at 474 (2) [1880] 5 A.C. 214@ 222-23. .. " ) < " 8.P. GUPTA v, UNION ( Venkataramiah, J.) 1449 which it is to be done, something in the title of person or persons for whose benefit the power is to be exer­ cised, which may couple the power with a duty, and make it the d~ty of the person in w~om the power is reposed to exercise that power when called upon to do _so", In Padfield & Ors. v. Minister of Agriculture Fisheries and Food & Ors.,(1) the House of Lords .had to construe the provisions - of the Agriculture Marketing Act, 1958 which provided for a com~ mittee of investigation to be cons.tituted, which was to consider and report on certain kinds of complaint "if the Minister in any case .. so directs". The complaint of the appellants who were members of the sou'th east regional committee of the Miik Marketing Board was that the board's terms and prices for the sale of milk to the board did not take fully into account the variations between the producers and the cost of bringing milk to a liquid market. In effect the complaint was that _the pri~e .differential worked un­ fairly against the producers in the popular south east region where · milk was more valuable, the cost of transport was less and the price_of land was higher. 'There had been many previous requests to the board but these had failed to get the board in which the . south east producers were _in a minority to do anything about the matter. tlie Minister declined to refer..the matter to the committee. Thereafter the appellants applied to the Court for an order of man­ damus commanding the Minister to refer the complaint to the Committee for investigation. The Divisional Court made an order against the Minister. But the Court of Appeal by a majority (Diplock and Russel L. JJ. Lord Denning M.R. disseritirig) set aside the order of-the Divisional Court. On further appeal to. the-House of Lords, the appeal was allowed and the case was remitted. The House of Lords held that the coin plaint was a substantial· and a genuine complaint, neither frivolous, repetitive nor vexatious, the reasons of the Minister for not referring the matter to the Com­ mittee of iiives!lgation namely that the complaint raised wide issues, that his reasdns were 1iiifettered so that in effect it was sufficient that he should bonafide have considered the matter, 'were not good reasons in law, and indeed left out of · account the merits of the complaint ;nd showed that he was not exercising bis discretion in accordance with ·the intentiou of sectio!l 19 of the Act of l 95 8. (1) [1968] ~ All B.R. 694. -~--· ------ 1450 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1982] 2 s.c.R. The matter was remitted to the Queen's Bench' Division to require the Minister to consider the application of the appellants in accor­ dance with law. Lord Upjon in his concurring judgment observed that even if the words in a statute conferred an unfetterep discre­ tion on the Minister, it ought not to make any difference in this case. He said at pages 718-719 thus: "My Lords, I believe that the introduction of the adjec­ tive · "unfettered" and its reliance thereon as an answer to the appellants' claim is one of the funda­ mental matters confounding the · Minister's attitude, bonafide though it be. First, the adjective nowhere appears in s. 19, it is an unauthorised gloss by the '­ Minister. Secondly, even if the section did contain that adjective, I doubt if it would make any difference in faw to his powers, save to emphasise what he has. already, namely that acting lawfully he has a power of decision which cannot be controlled by the courts ; it is unfettered. But the use of that adjective; even in an Act of Parliament. can do nothing to unfetter the control which the judiciary have over the executive; namely that in exercising their pewers the latter must act lawfully; and that is a matter to be determined by looking at the Act and its scope and object in con­ ferring a discretion on the Minister rather than by the use of adjeclive." The importance of he decision in Padfield's case (supra) was underscored by Lord Denning M.R. in Breen v. Ama/¥amat~q Engineering Union(1) thus : "The discretion of a statutory body is never unfettered. It is a dicretion which is to be exercised according to law. That means at least this : the statutory body must be guided by relevant considerations and not by irrelevant. If its decision is influenced by extraneous considerations, which it ought not to have taken into account, then the decision cannot stand. No matter that the statutory body may have actetl in good faith neverthelss the decision will be set aside, That is (1) ~1971] 2 Q.B. 175 <$ 1901 " ' -- I ~ SJ>. GUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiah, :f.) i4S1 established by Padfield v. Minister of Agriculture Fisheries and Food [1968] A.C. 997 which is a land­ mark in modern administrative law". Notwithstanding the principle of separation of powers found entrenched in the Constitµtion of the United States of Ameri<;a, as can be seen from_ the last part of para 141 of VoJ. 52 of the American Jurisprudence 2d. under the title 'Mandamus', if it is the constitutional or statutory duty of a governor or the President to exercise his discretion ,.with respect to a certain matter he may be required by mandamus to do so but the manner in which he has to discha~ge that duty cannot be directed by the courts. As observed jn the English decisions referred to above it is manifest that a statutory discretion is not necessarily or . indeed usually absolute, it may be qualified by express and implied· legal duties to comply with substantive and procedural requirements before a decision is taken, whether to act and how to act. I am of the view that the power conferred on the President by Article 216 of the Constitution to appoint sufficient number of Judges is· a power coupled with a duty and is not merely a political function. In the instant case ordinarily the court would have been reluctant to issue any mandamus to the Government to comply with the duty of determination of the strength of Judges of High Courts. But having regard to the undisputed total inadequacy of the strength of Judges in many High Courts, it appears to be inevitable that the Union Government should be directed to determine within a rea­ sonable time the strength of permanent Judges r\)quired for the disposal of cases instituted in them and to take steps to fill up the vacancies after making such determination. At this stage it should be mentioned that Shri P.R. Mridul , made a statement on behalf of the Minister of Law, Union of India in the course of his arguments as follows : A- "The Union Government has decided to inc1 ease the . G · number of posts of permanent Judges,.. in the various High Courts keeping in v!ew the load of work, the guidelines prescribed and other relevant considerations. In fact in 1980 itself, on the basis of institution; dis- · posal and arrears of cases and the guidelines presc~ibed, H the Governments of seven States where the problem was· more acute, had been addressed to consider - I 1452 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1982) 2 s.c.1l. augmentattion of the Judge strengths of their High Courts. It has been decided that where necessary the guidelines prescribed will be suitably relaxed by taking into account local circumstances, the trend of litigation and any ·other special or relevant factors that may need consideration. The Union Government will take up the matter with the various ·State Government so that after consulting the Chief Justices. of the High Courts, they expeditiously send proposals for the con­ version of a substantial number of posts of <j\dditional Judges into those of permanent Judges. The Union Government ·has also decided that ordinarily further appointments of Additional Judges will not be made for periods of Jess than one year," PART XIII For the reasons given above, I am of the view that the Union Government, which has the responsibility of appointing sufficient number of Judges in every High Coutt should be directed to review the strength of permanent Judges in every High Court, to fix the mu:nber of permanent Judges that should be appo!nted in that High Court on the basis of the workload and to fill up the vacancies by appointing permanent Judges, While making. these appointments the Union Goverqment should first consider the cases of ~he addi­ tional Judges who are now in office fQr appointment as permanent J.udges in those vacancies. A writ in the a.Bove terms sJ;iall be iss.ued to the Union Government. All the other reliefs prayed for in these petitions are refused. There shall be no order as to costs. PART XIV In the course of the hearing of these. cases several other questions of great importance touching the administration of justice such as the conditions of service of judicial ·officers, particularly of the members of the •subordinate judiciary, their salaries am! allow­ ances, housing conditions etc. which needed to be looked into very urgently .came up. for discussion, Similarly many ·facets of the conduct of Judges and of lawyers were also discussed. During the hearing many useful remarks came to be made both on the side of < ' ' ... ) !l.P. GtJPtA v. t.INION {Yenkataramiah, J.) i453 --·· '.,,_ ._ ,,_ .. · .. the Bar and on t.he side of the Bench. All this exercise was done w.ith a vle·~··t~.e~j,11~.~ising the. i~p~rtance ofthe indc;p~.n~ence of th~ judi,c\a,t:.Y. a.\lA t~e; ii?,dep~nqence.' qf the B.a.r which are, fun.9.11~ mental ~o Republican Constitution whose main ch1;1racteristic ought to. b,e yirt~e: An Qbservation' of David Hume is.~ort~y 9.f note here. He said : • .- t "To bala,n,ce a large St~te of society whethe,r Mo~ar­ chical or Republican, on general laws, is a work of so ~r~~t difi:iculty 'tha\ n9 ·human geni~_s ho'wev~~ ~ompre­ hensive, is abl.e by the mere dint of reason and reflec~ ,.-, .• ,I '• • '•·< ' • , , ', •• • .. , • • • ti on, to effect it.• The judgments of many should ~nite in this work ; experience. m~st guide their l~bou~ till).~- must.· b~lgg it. to perf~ction:; and .tl).e' f;,elh:ig. o( inconvenience must correct the mistakes which they {neyita~iy (;n i,9tQ in · th~ir fi'rst. tri~l.s 11:1:1.«il e~pi;~i,- ments." · ,,,., ... , .. ,. .. We have come across in these cases many such mistakes, though committed honestly without realising the import or impor­ tance of• some of the provisions of the Constitution. Perhaps ther.e was no occasion to think about theni so far. It is hoped that at least hereafter in any step that is taken in the matter of appoint-. ment of Judges, the clear implications of the Constitution are kept in view by all concerned. These cases . have made us think about ourselves and our learned brothers in t1'e ~p.er.~ur . j11dici~:Y· Qf' the QQ.untry. _ We are made to realise that we a_re all mortal; with. all t,he human frailties and that only a few know in this world tlie truth behind the follow• ing statement of ~~c~~ J?; Mo~,~~~~,: "\\'~e. I. n_<?t to follow the straight road for its straightness, I should follow it for having found by experience that in the end it is commonly the happiest and the most use,fu,I t~a~~·· .. It i,s, t~u,c; tha~ the; Jl/dge~ oft_~.c; ~i¥,h. Co:1ms and the_ Supreme Court hold their tenure not at the pleasure of the Presi· dent but ti.Ii they attai'n the presc~ibed ag~ of retiferpent ; that thelr removal is possible only after following· an elaborate procedure ; that their salaries and :;il;lowances an4: pensio11 a.lie 9harged on ~h~ consolid~ted funds of the States or of the Union ; that no discus- _, ___ ··~--- - i454 SUPREME cotJkt REPORts ! 1982) 2 S.C.k. sion can take place in the legislatures with respect to their conduct in the discharge of their duties except on a motion for their removal that they have the power to punish a' person for contempt of court . and· they are protected by a host of other provisions of law which are intended to make them feel and to remain independent of any external agency such as the executive. These, as far as they go, are necessary for ensuring the independence of the judiciary. But if the judiciary should be really independent something more is necessary and that we have to seek in the Judge himself and not outside. A 'Judge should be independent of himself. A Judge is a human being who .is a bundle of passions and prejudices, likes and dislikes, affec­ tion and ill-will, hatred and contempt and fear and recklessness. In order to be successful Judge these elements should be curbed and kept under restraint and that is possible only by education, training, continued practice and cultivation of a seme of humanity and dedi­ cation to duty. These curbs can neither be boug.ht in the market nor injected into1 human system .by the written or unwritten laws. If these things are there even if any of the protective measures provided by the Constitution and the .Jaws go the independence of 'the judiciary will not suffer. But with all these measures being there still a Judge may not be independent. Jt is the inner strength of Judges alone that can save the judiciary. The 'life of a Judge does not really call for great acts of self sacrifice ; but it does insist upon small acts of self-denial almost every day. The following sloka . explains the true traits · of men with discretion which all Jud gcs should possess : f.p~ ;ftffif~ im '" ~~ ~l : ~tmr(J ~ 'fl q.{~ I ftlil' lil'l ~~ '!'l'mt~ '" ~q-q: ' Slf~~ ~ l'f "1ro: II • • (Let men trained in ethics or morality, insult or praise ; let Iakshmi (wealth) accumulate or vanish a.s she likes ; let death come t?day itself or at the end of a yuga (millennium), men with discre­ tion will not deflect from the path of rectitude). - t J - I . r S.P. OUPTA v. UNION (Venkataramiqh, J.) 1455 This is only an ideal. It is difficult to attain it but every Judge should at least ende_avour to set bis eyes on that goal. ORDER ' In view of the majority decision, all the Transferred Cases and B Writ Petitions are dismissed With no order as to costs. S.R. . ' Transferred Cases and Petitions dismis.~ed