Mohar Sai and Anr. v. Gayatri Devi and Ors.

A.M. KHANWILKAR, J. 1. This appeal, by special leave, emanates from the judgment and order dated 1 st April, 2015 passed by the High Court of Chhattisgarh at Bilaspur in Misc. Appeal (C) No.1100 of 2011, partly allowing the appeal filed by the appellants herein (owner and driver of the offending vehicle) against the award passe d by the Motor Accident Claims Tribunal, Koriya, Baikunthpur, Chhati sgarh (hereinafter referred to as “ the Tribunal”), in Claim Case No.22/2008 dated 21 st September, 2011, on the finding that the deceased was liable for contributory negligence to the extent of 50% and as such, after deducting 50% of the compensation amount, the respondents/claimants would be entitled to a sum of Rs.3,86,500/- along with interest at the rate of 7.5% per annum from the date of filing of the claim petition till the date of realization. 2. Briefly stated, the respondents claiming to be the heirs and legal representatives of the deceased Krishna Kumar Sahu a lias Tipu Sahu, son of Dashrath Sahu, filed a claim petition before the Tri bunal under Section 166 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (for short “the Act”) for compensation, amounting to Rs.20,21,000/- on account of the death of Krishna Kumar Sahu in a motor accident which occurred on 14 th November, 2006. Respondent No.1 is the widow of deceased Krishna Kumar Sahu. Respondent Nos.2 to 4 are the minor children of the 513 deceased and respondent Nos. 5 & 6 are the parents of the deceas ed. They asserted that when Krishna Kumar was in his Pan Shop near the bus stand of Village Kathghor, appellant No.2 Prem Lal Rajawade came to his shop on his motorcycle bearing registration No. CG 16C/5171 with a friend, Narendra Panika, at around 1.00 P.M. and cajoled Krishna Kumar to accompany him to Village Belia. All the three left for Village Belia on the motorcycle. While returning back from Belia, when they reached Khaad Naala, the motorcycle skidded due to high speed as the driver lost control over it. Consequently, all the three persons travelling on the motorcycle were injured. The motorcycle was driven b y Prem Lal all along. They were given first aid at Government Hospital, Sonhat and then referred to Charcha Regional Hospital for furthe r treatment. Krishna Kumar died en-route to Charcha Hospital. In this background, the claim petition was filed, which was resisted by the appellants. 3. Admittedly, appellant No.1 is the owner of the off ending vehicle and appellant No.2 is the son of appellant No.1 who went along with the deceased on the offending motorcycle on the date of accident. According to the appellants, however, the motorcycle was being driven by Krishna Kumar and not appellant No.2, as alleged, when the accident took place. Appellant No.2 was sitting in the middle and Narendra Panika was sitting at the back, as pillion riders. Krishna Kumar was driving the motorcycle rashly and at a high speed. He was told to slow down but he did not pay any heed to it and eventually the accident was ca used. In other words, the deceased Krishna Kumar was himself responsible for the accident. 4.In light of the competing claims of the parties, the Tribunal framed four issues and finally answered the claim petition in favour of the claimants. The Tribunal accepted the plea of the claim ants that the offending vehicle (motorcycle) was driven by Prem Lal (appellant No.2) at the relevant time and had caused the accident due to rash and negligent driving. The Tribunal then determined the quantum of compensation amount on the basis of monthly income of the deceased estimated at Rs.3,000/- and applied multiplier of 15. Besides, the Tribunal awarded lump sum amount of Rs.25,000/- towards funeral expenses, loss of love and affection due to the death of the deceased. The Tribunal determined the compensation amount at Rs.3,85,000/- to be pai d with interest at the rate of 7.5% per annum from the date of fil ing of the claim petition until its realization. The appellants assailed the said decision MOHAR SAI AND ANR. v. GAYATRI DEVI AND ORS. [A.M. KHANWILKAR, J.] of the Tribunal by way of First Appeal before the Hi gh Court of Chhattisgarh at Bilaspur. 5. The High Court reversed the finding of fact recorded by the Tribunal that the offending vehicle (motorcycle) was driven by Prem Lal (appellant No.2) at the relevant time and instead found that the deceased himself was driving the motorcycle and had caused the accident. On that finding, the High Court proceeded to hold that being a case of contributory negligence, the claimants would be entitled to only 50% of the compensation amount to be determined by it. With regard to t he quantum of compensation amount, the High Court opined that the Tribunal failed to provide for addition of 50% to the actual income of the deceased towards future prospects and also deduction of 1/4 th of the income, instead of 1/3 rd . Further, the amount awarded towards funeral expenses and loss of consortium for the wife and loss of love and affection towards the children and parents, was enhanced to Rs.50,000/-. On that basis, the High Court opined that the total compensati on amount payable would have been Rs.7,73,000/-, but after deduction of 50% of that amount towards contributory negligence, the amoun t actually payable to the respondents – claimants would work out to Rs.3,86,500/- with interest at the rate of 7.5% per annum from the date of filing of the claim petition till the date of realization. This decision i s the subject matter of the present appeal at the instance of the appellants (owner/driver of the motorcycle). 6. The foremost contention in this appeal is that the High Court having concluded that appellant No.2 was not driving the motorcycle at the relevant time and applying the exposition in the case of A. Sridhar Vs. United India Insurance Company Limited and Anr. ,1 the claimants at best would be entitled to compensation on ‘no fault liability principle’ under Section 140 of the Act, for it was a case of accident not because of fault of owner of the vehicle or because of the fault of any other vehicle. It is urged that no liability can be fastened on the appellants for the negligence of the deceased, much less on the pillion riders. It is also urged that the appellants come from a very humble background and are engaged in ordinary agricultural labour work. They will not be in a position to pay any compensation amount, if awarded. It is also contended that there was no relationship of master and servant, principal/employer and employee between the deceased and the appellants which alone cou ld 1(2011) 14 SCC 719 515 have been the basis for awarding compensation, much less fasten liability on the appellants to pay such amount on the principle of vicarious liability. It is submitted by the appellants that the High Court’s decision of fastening the liability on the appellants of Rs.3,86,500/-, with interest at the rate of 7.5% per annum, deserves to be set aside and the appellants ought to be absolved from any liability. Alternatively, it is s ubmitted that the compensation amount be determined under Section 140 of the Act and not under Section 166 of the Act. 7. Although notice has been served on the respondents , no appearance has been entered on their behalf. As a result, the hearing of this appeal had to proceed ex-parte against them. We have heard Ms. Sumita Hazarika, learned counsel for the appellants, at length. 8. The appellants may be right in contending that in cases where the accident occurs without any fault of the owner of the vehicle or the fault of the other vehicle, the liability to pay compensation, at best, must be determined in terms of Section 140 of the Act as has been held in A. Sridhar (supra). It is true that the High Court in the present ca se has overturned the finding recorded by the Tribunal that the motorcycle was driven by appellant No.2 at the relevant time when the accident occurred and, instead, concluded that the motorcycle was, in fact, driven by deceased Krishna Kumar. In that sense, the accid ent occurred neither due to the fault of the owner of the vehicle (appellant No.1) who, admittedly, was not present or travelling on the mot orcycle at the relevant time nor due to the fault of any other vehicle. Howeve r, on a deeper scrutiny of the materials on record, we are of the opinion that the High Court committed manifest error, an error apparent on the face of the record, in reversing the finding recorded by the Tribunal t hat the motorcycle was being driven by appellant No.2 (son of appellant No.1 – owner of the motorcycle) and had caused accident due to rash an d negligent driving. We are conscious of the fact that the respondents – claimants have neither come up in cross appeal against the reduction of the compensation amount on the finding of contributory negligence nor have they filed any cross objection regarding reversing of the crucial finding of fact by the High Court. However, it is well sett led that in motor accident claim cases, the Court cannot adopt a hyper-t echnical approach but has to discharge the role of parens patriae . This appeal being continuation of the claim petition albeit at the instance of the owner MOHAR SAI AND ANR. v. GAYATRI DEVI AND ORS. [A.M. KHANWILKAR, J.] (appellant No.1)/alleged driver of the vehicle (appella nt No.2), we consider it appropriate to examine the approach of the Hig h Court in reversing the finding of fact recorded by the Tribunal on the factum of motorcycle being driven by Prem Lal (appellant No.2, son of appellant No.1 owner of the motorcycle) at the relevant time and also that he had caused the accident due to rash and negligent driving. We are inclined to do so as it is open to the respondents to support the decree whilst urging that the finding against them recorded by the High Court on the matter in issue ought to have been in their favour as has been held by the Tribunal. 9. The respondents, in support of their claim that the deceas ed Krishna Kumar travelled as pillion rider and was sitting in the middle, between the two other persons who were travelling together on the motorcycle, had examined witnesses who spoke about the fact that Prem Lal along with Narendra Panika came to the Pan Shop of deceas ed Krishna Kumar and cajoled him to accompany them to Villag e Belia. Krishna Kumar agreed to go with Prem Lal and when he left his Pan shop, the vehicle was being driven by Prem Lal (appellant No.2). The witnesses have also unambiguously mentioned that when they reached Village Belia and left from that Village, Prem Lal was driving the motorcycle and Krishna Kumar was sitting in the middle and Narendra Panika behind him. The witness Jawahar Lal (AW-5), has also stated that while he was going to Sonhat from Baikunthpur in a jeep, he saw Krishna Kumar going with his friends on a motorcycle and sitting in the middle. Few minutes thereafter, the accident occurred. The respondents, through their witnesses, have also established that the motorcycle was owned by appellant No.1 and appellant No.2 used to drive that motorcycle himself. The appellants did not even produce any tittle of evidence, except the bare words of the appellants and their witnesses Nar endra Panika (DW-2) and Jai Prakash (DW-3) who are obviously interested witnesses. Taking the entirety of the evidence on record, the Tribunal in paragraphs 17 and 18 of its judgment observed thus: “17. Examining the witnesses Gayagtri (AW-1), Rajkumar (AW-2), Sanjay Pratap Singh (AW-3), Bhagwat Prasad (AW-4), Jawahar Lal (AW-5), Sandeep Kuma (AW-6) and the documents exhibited it was found that on 14.11.2006 near the Khad Naala near village Kailashpur motorcycle no.CG 16C/5171 met with an accident, and the riders of the motorcycle Premlal, Narendra Panika, a nd 517 Krishna Kumar were injured. Krishna Kumar was seriously injured and therefore, he died while being taken to Charcha hospital. 18. From the statement of applicant no.1 Smt. Gayatri Devi and the Criminal Complaint no.39/08 before the Chief Ju dicial Magistrate, Baikunthpur, prima facie case against Premlal Rajwade under section 279, 304A of IPC has been registered on the basis of the witnesses and documents and the matter is pending before the court. These facts have stood the test of cross-examination.” 10.Again, in paragraphs 22-24, the Tribunal negatived the plea of the appellants being far-fetched and accepted the version of the respondents – claimants that the motorcycle at the relevan t time was being driven by Prem Lal (appellant No.2) and he had caused the accident due to rash and negligent driving. Paragraphs 22-24 read thus: “22. On the basis of the above mentioned statements of the Defendant Premlal (DW-1), Witness Narendra Panika (DW-2), and Jayprakash (DW-3) the claim of applicants that Krishna Kumar died in a motorcycle accident is proved. 23. The defence of the defendants is that on the said date the motorcycle was being driven by deceased Krishna Kum ar. Defendant witness Premlal (DW-1), Narendra Kumar (DW-2), and Jayprakash (DW-3) in their chief examination have sta ted that while going back from Kailashpur the said vehicle was being driven by Krishna Kumar. Krishna Kumar was driving the motorcycle in high speed and negligent manner, due to which he was not able to control the vehicle and accident was ca used. Witness Premlal (DW-1) has refuted the claim of the applicants in his cross examination and has stated that deceased Krishna Kumar knew how to drive all kinds of vehicles. But he has conceded of not having any knowledge whether Krishna Kumar had any driving licence or not. This witness has stated that the deceased had scooter for himself. However, the defendants have not been able to produce any reliable evidence as to the ownership of the said scooter and neither any valid licence to prove that Krishna Kumar had a license to drive to vehicles. Narendra Panika (SW-2) has also not produced any documents relating to the vehicle of the deceased neither relating to the driving license of the deceased. Witness Jayprakash (DW-3) has admitted that he di d MOHAR SAI AND ANR. v. GAYATRI DEVI AND ORS. [A.M. KHANWILKAR, J.] not see the accident happening. In this situation, the burden of proof is on the defendants to prove that deceased had a valid driving licence and that he was the one who was driving the motorcycle. The defendants have failed to produce any reliab le evidence in this regard. The vehicle involved in accident CG-16/ C5171 is owned by Mohar Sai and it was regularly driven by Premlal (Defendant no.2), if he or his father (defendant no.2 and 1) had allowed deceased Krishna Kumar, so both of them are definitely liable for the accident, because without finding o ut whether the deceased had a valid driving license, the defendants allowed him to drive the motorcycle. 24. Therefore, on the basis of the above evidence it is decided that on question no.1 and 2 the applicants have been able to successfully prove against the defendants. On the other had the defendants have not been able to prove their case on questi on no.2. Therefore, the question no.1 is adjudicated as Yes and question no.2 is adjudicated as No.” 11. The view so taken by the Tribunal, it appears to us, was not only a possible view but also in conformity with the scale to be applied for appreciation of evidence in motor accident case s namely preponderance of probabilities. Nevertheless, the High Court reversed this well considered finding of fact recorded by the Tribunal by merely observing thus: “11. After evaluating the evidence of witnesses, it would reveal that the Applicant had examined the eye witness Sanjay Pr atap Singh as A.W.3, but he has stated in cross examination that he has not seen the incident and reached the spot after the accident had happened. Similarly, witness Bhagwat Prasad only says about the fact that before the occurrence of accident, the vehicle wa s driven by Premlal. Another witness Jawharlal Sahu has stated in his cross examination that he has not seen the incident. Therefore, taking into statements of witnesses alongwith FIR wherein it is stated that at the relevant time, the vehicle was being dri ven by the deceased himself appears to be more plausible. Ex.D-4 is a document of MLC of two persons, which is an intimation sent by Doctor Ex.D-4 purports that the doctor intimated the police about the injured persons and it contains the statement that 3 pers ons were travelling in the motorcycle and the driver of the motorcycle 519 had died. This was sent on 14.11.2006 at about 11.45 p.m., that is the date of accident and immediately after the incident happened. Reading it alongwith the statements of pillion riders who w ere also travelling on the motorcycle would clearly go to show t hat that at the relevant time, the vehicle was being driven by the deceased Krishna Kumar Rajwade itself. 12. So taking into account the facts which have emerged from evidence and documents on record, I am of the opinion that the finding of the learned Claims Tribunal that at the relevant time the vehicle was being driven by Premlal Rajwade appears to be not sustainable and is set aside. Accordingly, it is held that deceased was also liable for contributory negligence for the accident.” 12. The entirety of evidence has not been analysed by the High Court, including the material evidence of witnesses who had seen Prem Lal (appellant No.2) driving the motorcycle and deceased Krishna Kumar sitting behind him as pillion rider, whilst leaving his Pan shop and when they reached Village Belia and again, when they left that village, including having been seen by Jawahar Lal (AW-5) on the way just befo re the occurrence of the accident. The High Court has not di scarded the version of the claimants’ witnesses as untruthful. Bes ides the oral evidence adduced by the claimants, the Tribunal also took not e of the police papers in respect of the Criminal Complaint No.39/08 filed before the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Baikunthpur, for offence punishable under Sections 279 and 304A of the Indian Penal Code and the statement of the witnesses referred to therein. The High Court, however, selectively relied on the statements of interested witnesses examined on behalf of the appellants and Exh. D-4 and Exh. D-5. Exh. D-4 is a document of MLC of Narendra Panika who presumably gave intimation that Krishna Kumar was seriously injured and that he succumbed to injuries before he could be shifted to the hospital. The version given to the doc tor by appellant no.2 and Narendra Panika was unilateral and not verified from independent eye witnesses before recording the same. Exh.D- 5 was similarly founded on the intimation given by the two injured persons who obviously did not reveal the correct position for reasons best known to them. Notably, the eye witnesses examined by the claimants have neither been discarded as untruthful nor has the High Court found any contradiction in the version given by them. Their version remai ned unshaken during the cross-examination. As such, the High Court MOHAR SAI AND ANR. v. GAYATRI DEVI AND ORS. [A.M. KHANWILKAR, J.] committed manifest error in reversing the finding of fact recorded by the Tribunal by solely relying on the version of interested wi tnesses examined by the appellants in defence. On the other hand, the analysis of the totality of evidence by the Tribunal is consistent with the principle of preponderance of probabilities. 13. Once this finding of the High Court becomes doubtful, the principal argument of the appellants must fail, in which case the question of applying Section 140 of the Act does not arise. For the same reason, the exposition in the case of A. Sridhar (supra), will be of no avail to the appellants. In other words, we find no infirmity in the finding recorded by the Tribunal that the motorcycle was driven by Prem Lal (appellant No.2) at the relevant time and had caused the accident due to rash and negligent driving resulting in injuries to all the three persons travelling on the motorcycle, including the deceased Krishna Kumar who succumbed to the injuries before being admitted in Charcha Hospita l. No serious argument has been made about the quantum of compens ation determined by the High Court providing for future pros pects and deducting 1/4 th towards personal expenses, including applying the multiplier of 16. Even if any argument in that behalf is available to the appellants, as the amount involved is insignificant and the diff erence between the quantum determined by the Tribunal and the quantum determined by the High Court is only marginal (the Tribunal determined Rs.3,85,000/- and the High Court determined Rs.3,86,500/-), we decline to interfere in exercise of our jurisdiction under Artic le 136 of the Constitution. At the same time, we must clarify that we have not examined the justness of the finding of the High Court regarding contributory negligence against the deceased and pr oviding for deduction of 50% compensation amount therefor. For, the respondents have not assailed that part of the finding of the High Court. 14. Taking overall view of the matter, we have no hesitation in concluding that in the facts and circumstances of the pres ent case, no interference under Article 136 of the Constitution is warranted. Hence, this appeal is dismissed with no order as to costs. Divya Pandey Appeal dismissed.