The State of Jharkhand & Ors. v. M/S Ajanta Bottlers & Blenders Pvt. Ltd.

A. M. KHANWILKAR, J. 1. Leave granted. 2.This appeal takes exception to the impugned judgment and order of the High Court of Jharkhand at Ranchi in Writ Petition (T) No.7499 of 2012 dated 25 th July, 2013, whereby the writ petition filed by the respondent to assail the notification dated 6 th November, 2012, as published in the official gazette on 10 th November, 2012, issued by the Board of Revenue, Jharkhand in exercise of powers conferred under Section 90 of the Jharkhand Excise Act, 1915 came to be allowed on the gr ound that the State had no legislative competence to levy tax/fee on the import of rectified spirit, as it is a non-potable liquor i.e. alcohol not fit for human consumption. Additionally, the High Court opined that the appellant-State had failed to justify the impugned levy on rectified spirit on the basis of services provided by the State in lieu thereof or being in the nature of quid pro quo . The original notification is in Hindi, the same reads thus: THE STATE OF JHARKHAND & ORS. v. M/S AJANTA BOTTLERS & BLENDERS PVT. LTD. “ANNEXURE-3 >kj[k.M xtV vlk/kkj.k vad >kj[k.M ljdkj }kjk izdkf”kr la[;k 680 19 dkfÙkZd] 1934 “kdkCn jkaph] “kfuokj 10 uoEcj] 2012 jktLo i’kZn vf/klwpuk 8 uoEcj] 2012 la[;k&1@uhfr&40&21@2012&926@jk0i0&>kj[k.M mRikn vf/kfu;e 1915 ¼vf/fu;e&2] 1915½ dh /kkjk&90 }kjk iznRr “kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] jktLo i’kZn] >kj[k.M] i’kZn vf/klwpuk la[;k&23&137&2] fnukad 29 vizSy] 1919 ds vUrxZr cukbZ xbZ fu;ekoyh fu;e&106 ¼V½ ds ckn ,d u;k fu;e&106 ¼B½ fuEu izdkj tksM+rh gS%& fu;e&106 ¼B½ %&^^vf/klwpuk la[;k&470 ,Q- fnukad 15 tuojh] 1915 ds dafMdk&3 ds “kh’kZ ^fons”kh “kjkc^ dk mi “kh’kZ ¼d½ ds vUrxZr mn~?kksf’kr fons”kh “kjkc ftldk fofuekZ.k mRikn vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk&2 ¼15½ (iii) ds vuq:i fd;k tk,xk ds mRiknu gsrq vk;kfrr lq’ko@la”kksf/kr lq’ko] ftldk mi;ksx loZizFke iqujklou fof/k ls bZ- ,u-,- ds fofuekZ.k esa fd;k tk,xk] ds fons”kh efnjk esa is; iz;kstukFkZ ifjorZu ds le; ijUrq efnjk ds cksrycanh ds iwoZ] bl mn~ns”; ls vk;kr dh x;h lq’ko@la”kksf/kr lq’ko dh dqy ek=k ij 6@& : izfr ,y-ih- yhVj dh nj ls vk;kr “kqYd tek fd;k tk,xkA** ;g vf/klwpuk jktdh; xtV esa izdk”ku dh frfFk ls izHkkoh gksXkkA la[;k&1@uhfr&40&21@2012&927@jk-i-&>kj[k.M mRikn vf/kfu;e] 1915 ¼vf/kfu;e&2] 1915½ dh /kkjk&90 }kjk iznRr “kfDr;ksa 1077 dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] jktLo i’kZn] >kj[k.M] i’kZnh; v f/klwpuk la[;k&23&137&2] fnukad 29 vizSy] 1919 ds vUrxZr cukbZ xbZ fu;ekoyh fu;e&106 ¼B½ ds ckn ,d u;k fu;e&106 ¼M½ fuEu izdkj tksM+rh gS%& fu;e&106¼M½ %& ^>kj[k.M jkT; esa ns”kh efnjk@elkysn kj ns”kh efnjk ds is; iz;kstukFkZ mRiknu ds mn~ns”; ls] vk;kfrr lq”ko@ la”kksf/kr lq’ko ds ns”kh efnjk ,oa elkysnkj ns”kh efnjk esa ifjorZu ds le; ijUrq efnjk ds cksrycanh vFkok lSpsfVax iwoZ] of.kZr mn~ns”; ls] vk;kr dh xbZ lq’ko@la”kksf/kr lq’ko dh dqy ek=k ij 0-25 :- ¼iPphl iSlk½ izfr cYd yhVj dh nj ls vk;kr “kqYd tek fd;k tk,xkA** ;g vf/klwpuk jktdh; xtV esa izdk”ku dh frfFk ls izHkkoh gksxkA la[;k&1@uhfr&40&21@2012&928@jk-i-&>kj[k.M mRikn vf/kfu;e] 1915 ¼vf/kfu;e&2] 1915½ dh /kkjk&90 }kjk iznRr “kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] jktLo i’kZn] >kj[k.M] i’kZnh; v f/klwpuk la[;k&23&137&2] fnukad 29 vizSy] 1919 ds }kjk cukbZ xbZ fu;ekoyh ds vUrxZr vf/klwfpr vf/klwpuk la[;k&1@uhfr&10&33@ 2008&583] fnukad 15 ebZ] 2008 }kjk cuk;s x;s fu;e&106¼t½ esa fuEu izdkj la”kks/ku djrh gS%& fu;e&106¼t½ %& ^^>kj[k.M jkT; ds ckgj fdlh Hkh LFkku@{ks= ls lq’ko@la”kksf/kr lq’ko@bZ-,u-,- dk] is; iz;kstukFkZ vk;kr fd;s tkus ij] vk;kr dh tkusokyh ek=k ij 0-25 :- ¼iPphl iSlk½ izfr cYd yhVj dh nj ls ikjd “kqYd ¼ijfeV Qh½ >kj[k.M jkT; esa ns; gksxkA** ;g vf/klwpuk jktdh; xtV esa izdk”ku dh frfFk ls izHkkoh gksxkA jktLo i’kZn] >kj[k.M ds vkns”kkuqlkj] ¼g-@&½ vLi’V] mi lfpo] jktLo i’kZn] >kj[k.M] jkaphA** THE STATE OF JHARKHAND & ORS. v. M/S AJANTA BOTTLERS & BLENDERS PVT. LTD. [A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.] Free translation thereof has been filed by the appellant as annexure P-2. However, during the hearing as some doubt was raised about the accuracy of annexure P-2, we thought it appropriate to get the document (original in Hindi) translated from the official translator of this Court. That translated version, reads thus: “Translated version of Gazette by the Official Translator of the Supreme Court. ANNEXURE -3 THE JHARKHAND GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY PUBLISHED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF JHARKHAND No. 680 19 Kartik, 1934 Shakabd Ranchi, Saturday, 10 th November 2012 REVENUE BOARD Notification 6th November 2012 No.1/ Policy-40-21/2012-928/ Ra. Pa.- In exercise o f the power conferred by section 90 of Jharkhand Excise Act 1915 (Act-2 1915), the Revenue Board, Jharkhand makes the following addition of new rule in Rule 106 (Tha) after Rules Rule 106 (Ta) in Notification No. 23-137-2 dated 29 th April 1919. Rule 106 (Tha) : Foreign Liquor under sub-head (d) of head ‘Foreign Liquor’ in Para-3 of Notification No. 470 F. dated 15 January 1919, which manufacturing shall be done in accordance with section-2 (15)(iii) of Excise Act, for its manufacturing, the imported spirit/ rectified spirit, which shall be first used for manufacturing of E.N.A. through repeated distillation, for foreign liquor beverage (at the time of conversion), but before bottling of liquor, for this purpose Import fee shall be deposited at the rate of Rs. 6/- per L.P. liter on the total quantity of imported spirit/ rectified spirit.” This notification shall come into force on the date of its publication in the official gazette. No.1/Policy-40-21/2012-927/ Ra.Pa .- In exercise of the power conferred by Section 90 of Jharkhand Excise Act, 1915 (Act 2, 1915), 1079 Board of Revenue, Jharkhand makes the addition of new Rule – 106(Da) after Rule 106(Tha) of the Rules prepared under Board Notifi cation No.23-137-2 dated 29 th April, 1919 Rule 106(Da):- With the purpose of manufacturing of country liquor / spiced country liquor beverage in the State of Jharkhand, at the time of conversion in imported alcohol/rectified country spirit and spiced country liquor, but before bottling and storage of liquor, with the described purpose, the import fee shall be deposited at the rate of Re.0.25 (Tw enty Five Paise) per Bulk Litre on the total amount of imported sp irit/rectified spirit. This notification shall come into force on the date of its publication in the Official Gazette. No.1/Policy-40-21/2012-928/ Ra.Pa. – In Exercise of the power conferred by Section 90 of Jharkhand Excise Act, 1915 (Act 2, 1915), the Board of Revenue, Jharkhand, makes amendment in the Rul e 106 (Ja) made vide notified notification No.1/Policy-10-32/2008-583, dated 15 th May 2008 in the Rules made vide Board Notification No.23-137-2 dated 29 April 1919:- Rule 106(Ja) :- On the import of spirit/rectified spirit /ENA beverage from any place/area outside the state of Jharkhand, the permit fee at the rate of Re.0.25 (Twenty Five Paisa) per Bulk Litre will b e payable on the imported quantity in the State of Jharkhand. This notification shall come into force on the date of its publication in the official gazette. By the order of Board of Revenue, Jharkhand Sd/-illegible Deputy Secretary,” 3. As aforesaid, the High Court accepted the challenge to the above-mentioned notification for the reasons noted hitherto. The relevant discussion in the impugned judgment in that behalf, reads thus: “13. The State under List-II is empowered to levy fee under Entry 66 in respect of any of the matters in the list but not including fees taken in any Court. Entry 66 read with entry 8 of List II therefore provides competence to the State to levy fee in res pect of intoxicating liquor i.e. alcoholic liquor fit for human consumption i.e. to say on the production, manufacture, possession, transport, THE STATE OF JHARKHAND & ORS. v. M/S AJANTA BOTTLERS & BLENDERS PVT. LTD. [A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.] purchase and sale of intoxicating liquor. The present levy seeks to levy fee on the import of rectified spirit to be ut ilized for the purpose of, firstly for manufacture of ENA through re- distillation process and then for manufacture of IM FL. Rectified spirit is not fit for human consumption and it therefore does not come within the meaning of intoxicating liquor as contained in Entry 8 of List II. Levy on the import of rectified spirit is not a fee on intoxicating liquor i.e. fit for human consumption. By the impugned notification, the Board of Revenue in exer cise of power conferred under section 90 of the Excise Act, 1915 has chosen to levy fee on the import of rectified spirit whi ch is used for manufacture of ENA through re-distillat ion process and then for the purpose of manufacture of IMFL at the time before bottling @ Rs. 6.00 per LP Litre. Industrial alcohol/non-potable spirit i.e. rectified spirit being not alcoholic liquor fit for human consumption, cannot be the subject matter of any regulation or control by the State under Entry 8, 51 and 66 of List II of Seventh Schedule of the Constitution. The State has the power to levy fees under the garb of grant of privile ge from those who deal in liquor or alcohol fit for hu man consumption i.e. potable liquor as distinct from non-potable liquor or alcoholic liquor unfit for human consumption. Under Entry 51 of List-II, State has been empowered to le vy excise duty on alcoholic liquor fit for human consu mption manufactured or produced in the State and countervailing duty at the same rate or lower rates on similar goods manufactured or produced elsewhere in India. Even under the instant Entry, the rectified spirit which is non potable liquor, does not come within the meaning of alcoholic liquor fit for human consumption on which the State can levy excise duty under Entry 51 of List-II. The levy of import fees on rectified spirit therefore by the State Legislature before bottling of IMFL by shifting the e vent of taxation, cannot be held to be justified as in pi th and substance, the levy is on import of rectified spirit i.e. non- potable liquor i.e. alcohol not fit for human consumption. Levy of fee on non-potable liquor i.e. unfit for human consumption or industrial alcohol is permissible under Entry 52 of List-I of Seventh Schedule of the Constitution. Under Entry 84 of List-I, 1081 excise duty on tobacco and other goods manufactured or produced in India can be levied except on alcoholic liquor for human consumption; opium, Indian hemp and other narcotic drugs and narcotics. In the wake of such clear demarcation of legisl ative fields between Union and State Legislature, the imp ugned notification levying import fees on rectified spirit i.e. non potable liquor or alcoholic liquor unfit for human consumption by applying the rule of pith and substance, 18 cannot come within the legislative competence of the State Legislature. The impugned levy therefore is beyond the legislative competence of the S tate Legislature and consequentially also beyond the rul e making power of the Board of Revenue .” (emphasis supplied) And again……………. “16. The respondent State sought to justify the levy as a regulatory measure for supervision and control of potable liquor to protect public health and morality. However, there are no materials brought on record by the respondent State to justif y that any services in lieu thereof are provided in the nat ure of quid pro quo to justify the imposition of such a levy . The petitioner is already having various licences granted by the Excise Department, Government of Jharkhand in Form- 19, 19(B), 20, 25 and 28(A) prescribed by the Board of Revenue and is paying the licence fee for grant of such licences. Under Form-19 a licence for compounding and blending of foreign liquor is given. In Form- 19(B), petitioner has been granted licence for the manufacture of foreign liquor / beer as also for the sale of foreign liquor / beer through licencee distributors as also to import or transport t he same under bond. The petitioner has a licence for bottling of potable foreign liquor under Form-20 for which it pays fees in advance of Rs. 50,000/- for the year. In Form-25 it has been granted licence to manufacture denatured spirit at its distillery / warehouse. The petitioner also has a licence under Form-28(A) to manufactur e spirit in distillery not used in the manufacture of potable liquor for which it also pays a licence fees. It is the contention of the petitioner that it is paying establishment charges on the posting of exci se official at its premises. Therefore, the respondent State have THE STATE OF JHARKHAND & ORS. v. M/S AJANTA BOTTLERS & BLENDERS PVT. LTD. [A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.] not been able to justify the impugned levy on rectified spir it on the basis of services provided in lieu thereof. B esides this, the petitioner has been paying licence fee for i ssuance of licence under different forms in the nature of a regulatory fee. The impugned levy therefore, is not justifiable on this account as well . 17. In these circumstances, levy of import fee on rectified spiri t which is impermissible for the State Legislature, also has the effect of impeding the inter-State trade and commerce as guara nteed under Article 301 of the Constitution of India. At the same time, it is within the exclusive legislative competence of Parliament to levy any duty or tax on rectified spirit i.e. industrial alcohol. Such action therefore, is in teeth of the Article 301 of the Constitution of India. 18. In view of the aforesaid reasons and discussions and in view of the settled law laid down by the judgments of the Hon’ble Supreme Court referred to herein above, the notification dated 10th November 2012 issued by the Board of Revenue, Jharkhand in exercise of powers conferred under section 90 of the Jharkhand Excise Act, 1915, cannot be sustained in law and it is accordingly quashed. Consequentially, the demand raised vide notice dated 24th November 2012 (Annexure-4) for deposit of import fees on rectified spirit, is also quashed. Petitioner shall be entitled to refund of any such import fees deposited under the impugned notification. Writ petition is accordingly allowed.” (emphasis supplied) The correctness of the view so taken by the High Court is the subject matter of challenge in this appeal, at the instance of the State. In defending the notification before the High Court, the appellant-State had asserted that the rule inserted by the subject notification being Rule 106 (Tha), is an impost and is merely described as an import fee. Because, it is reckoned on the basis of quantity of pure alcohol content of rectified spirit (which is known as “London Proof Liter”), imported for the purposes of manufacture of potable Foreign Liquor after the process of compounding, blending and reduction of strength of spirit from over proof strength to under proof strength is complete. Further, the unit for charging import fee is London Proof Liter (for short, “ LPL ”) because, it does not 1083 change even after the spirit has undergone through t he process of compounding, blending & reduction of strength. Indisputably, nothing can be nor will be charged in advance, so long as the imported rectified spirit is non-potable and till it is in the form of raw material. In other words, nothing is charged on industrial alcohol. Thus, it is neither a violation of provisions of the Constitution nor is it an arbitrary use of power under Section 90(7) by the Board of Revenue who was competent to issue the same towards levy of any kind of fee on potable liquor. In substance, the stand of the appellant-State is that the stated import fee is not on rectified spirit in its raw form as such, but on pure alcoholic li ter “LPL” in the form of potable liquor. Further, it is a regulatory fee only for supervision and control of production of potable liquor to protect public health and morality. It was further asserted that no right inheres in any person for doing business in intoxicants. That right exclusively belongs to the State. Resultantly, it is open to the State to part with t hose rights for a consideration on conditions as may be deemed appropriate. There is no need for the State to establish commensurate services rendered by it to apply the doctrine of quid pro quo, in respect of impost of any kind of fee on potable liquors. 4.The High Court, however, was not impressed by the stand taken by the State and proceeded to answer the matters in issue against the State for reasons afore-quoted, in the extracted portion of the impugned judgment. 5. The appellant-State has approached this Court to assail t he view so taken by the High Court. More or less, the State has reiterated its stand as was taken before the High Court. In that, the c harge in terms of the impugned Rule 106(Tha) to the licensees was neither in the nature of a tax nor excise duty. The impost is a normal inc idence of a trading or business transaction in respect of the rights exclusively inhering in the State - with regard to production and manufacture of intoxicating liquor covered by Entry 8 of list II of the Seventh Schedu le of the Constitution of India. The levy is, essentially, to regulate and ensure that the imported rectified spirit is not diverted and misused as a substitute for potable alcohol. It is open to the State to deal in int oxicants its manufacture, possession, sale, transport, import, export, consumption on premises of hotel and restaurants etc. Further, the State has exclusive rights and privileges of manufacturing and selling liquor. It is urged that the approach of the High Court is completely wrong and aga inst the settled legal position. THE STATE OF JHARKHAND & ORS. v. M/S AJANTA BOTTLERS & BLENDERS PVT. LTD. [A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.] 6. Per contra, the respondents have supported the conclusions reached by the High Court and would contend that a close reading of Rule 106(Tha) clearly indicates that it purports to levy “import fee” on imported rectified spirit, used for production of Indian Made F oreign Liquor (for short, “ IMFL ”) manufactured in the respondent factory under a valid licence for import and also to manufacture of the product (IMFL). It is urged that the provision regarding collection of the fee after the rectified spirit has been used to first produce ENA and then potable liquor, would not alter the character of the levy being impost on the imported rectified spirit. The State is not competent to legislate on imported industrial liquor or levy any charge or tax thereon as such. The postponement of realization of charges predicated in the impugned rule would not alter the efficacy of the rule, providing for levy of import fee on rectified spirit. Relying on the decisions of this Court it was urged that rectified spirit is highly intoxicating and cannot be cons umed by humans. It is industrial alcohol on which the State is not competent to legislate or levy taxes in the garb of duty or fee. The imported rectified spirit, in that form, would not attract excise duty. That can primarily be imposed on the happening of production or manufacture of goods produced or manufactured within the State. It is then urged tha t the respondent is engaged in production of “IMFL” for which it has obtained all essential licences prescribed by the Board of Revenue on payment of licensing fees for grant of such licenses such as “ Form 19” for compounding and blending of foreign liquor, Form19-B for manufacture of foreign liquor/beer as also for the sale of foreign liquor/beer through licensee distributors as also to import or transport the same, Form 20 for bottling of potable foreign liquor, Form 25 for manufacture den atured spirit at its distillery/ warehouse, Form 28(A) for manufacture of spirit in distillery not used in the manufacture of potable liquor. In that view of the matter, it is not open to the State to levy impugned charg es in the garb of import duty, or excise duty, as the case may be, on the imported rectified spirit, for production of “IMFL”. The respondent prays that the appeal be dismissed being devoid of merits and the decision of the High Court be affirmed. 7. We have heard learned counsel for the parties. Additionall y, they have filed written submissions. 8. The seminal issue to be answered in this appeal is about the purport of the notification dated 6 th November, 2010 as published on 10 th 1085 November, 2012 and whether it is in the nature of legislation by the State on the subject of industrial alcohol. Alcohol can generally be classified into the following categories: “I. Isopropyl alcohol (or IPA or isopropanol ) is a compound with the chemical formula CH 3CHOHCH 3. It is a colourless, flammable chemical compound with a strong odour. As an isopropyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, it is the simplest example of a secondary alcohol, where the alcohol carbon atom is attached to two other carbon atoms. If consumed, Isopropanol is converted into acetone in the liver, which makes it extremely toxic. Often used for disinfecting skin an antiseptic. II. Methyl Alcohol (or Methanol ): Chemical Formula – CH 3OH: Not for human consumption. If consumed, can cause blindness and death. Methanol acquired the name wood alcohol because it was once produced chiefly by the destructive distillation of wood. Today, methanol is mainly produced industrially by hydrogenation of carbon monoxide. III. Ethyl alcohol, (also known as Ethanol and abbreviated as EtOH), is a colourless, volatile, and flammable liquid that is soluable in water. Its chemical formula is C 2H6O, or can be written as C 2H5OH or CH 3CH 2OH . It has one methyl (- CH 3) group, one methylene ( -CH 2 -) group, and one hydroxyl ( -OH -) group.” The first two categories are poisonous, toxic and fatal for human consumption, rendering its use only for industrial purposes. It is stated that Isopropanol and methanol, because of their inheren t chemical properties, cannot be purified and used for the production of ‘intoxicating liquor’ or ‘potable liquor’ by adopting ‘physical means’ like decantation, filtration, redistillation, fractional distillation etc. The third category namely, Ethyl Alcohol or Ethanol (in India is usually produced from mo lasses derived from sugarcane) in its concentrated form and it is also known as “Rectified Spirit” and its strength measured in LPL signifies the strength of alcohol by volume, 13 parts of which weigh exactly equal to 12 parts of water at 51 degrees Fahrenheit. THE STATE OF JHARKHAND & ORS. v. M/S AJANTA BOTTLERS & BLENDERS PVT. LTD. [A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.] 9. Be that as it may, rectified spirit after it undergoe s certain ‘physical changes’ by adopting ‘physical means’ like re-di stillation, rectification (repeated or fractional distillation) to remove impurities, it becomes purer and is known as Extra Neutral Alcohol (ENA). Thereafter, by addition and mixing of colouring and flavouring agents (compounding), as well as after dilution with water, ENA is left for ma turation, to be bottled and used as ‘intoxicating liquor’ or ‘potable liquor’ known as Indian Made Foreign Liquor (IMFL). Whereas the country liquor, also known as ‘Desi Sharab’ is prepared from rectified spi rit or low grade ENA having alcohol content below 40% (as decided by different State Governments) which may be coloured (by caramel) and may be spiced too. Notably, the chemical composition of Ethyl alcohol or Ethanol (C2H6O or C 2H5OH or CH 3CH 2OH ) remains the same in the entire process, though addition of colouring and flavouring agents makes it a mild concoction/mixture/solution (in chemical parlance a solu tion of alcohol is known as ‘tincture’) which renders it more palatable to human consumption. 10. We have adverted to the above-mentioned process, noted in the written submissions filed by the appellant, so as to give proper interpretation to the impugned notification and the subject r ules, in particular Rule 106(Tha). English version of the said rule noted in the notification (as translated by the official transla tor of this Court reproduced in paragraph 2 above), in our opinion, makes it amply clear that the levy or impost fructifies only upon completion of distillation process (in two stages- first from rectified spirit to ENA and then from ENA to IMFL) and in particular converting into a final product “IMFL” . The collection of impost is, however, deferred until the bottling of that product. In other words, the levy is not at the stage of import of rec tified spirit within the State; nor at the stage of initial distillatio n thereof to Extra Neutral Alcohol (ENA) and not until the product IMFL is read y for bottling as such. Thus, the levy under the impugned rule ripens or fructifies only after the original raw material (imported rectifi ed spirit) has undergone distillation process at two different stages and transmute and mutate into an intoxicant or potable alcohol palata ble to human consumption, but its (impost) collection is effected just before bottling it in that form (potable liquor). Indeed, the levy predicated in this rule is on the total quantity of imported rectified spirit utilised for mutating it in the 1087 form of IMFL, a new produce. The last part of the rule stipulates the quantum of charges to be levied on such utilized imported rectified spirit for production of the foreign liquor. For that limited purpose, the quantity of imported rectified spirit utilized in the production of potable liquor, is reckoned. 11.Reading the impugned provision as a whole and line by line or word by word in this perspective, it must follow that the substance of the provision is to levy charges on the product IMFL pr oduced or manufactured by use of imported rectified spirit. In that sense, the levy is not on the input (imported rectified spirit) of the final product as such but is on the manufactured or produced product being potable alc ohol palatable to human consumption. For the purposes of computing the levy, the yardstick of Rs.6 per LPL on the total quantity of imported rectified spirit utilized for production of IMFL is reckone d. Thus, the impost is not on the imported rectified spirit as such but onl y on the produced foreign liquor before it is bottled for sale in the wholesale or retail market, as the case may be. If so understood, the whole edifice of the argument of respondents regarding the interpretation of the impugned rule must collapse. For, the challenge to the impugned rule is on the assumption that it permits the competent authority to levy charges on the imported rectified spirit and not fit for human consumption but which has the potency of being used for producing intoxicants or potable liquor though exclusively meant for industrial purposes. Once that assumption is discounted or disregarded, nothing more survives for consideration. We say so because, it is well established that the Stat e may pass any legislation in the nature of prohibition of potable liquor referable to Entry 6 and 8 of List II and may also laydown regulations to ensure that non- potable alcohol is not diverted and misused as a substitute for potable alcohol. Had it been the case of levy on non-potable alcohol (imported rectified spirit) per se , only then the question about the competency of the State Legislature or the justness of the levy on the doctrine of quid pro quo may become relevant. However, if it is a case of legislation in respect of potable alcohol, as has been noted by us hither to, the State would be competent to legislate in that regard and levy charges – be it for regulating the same or impost for parting with its rights regarding manufacture, storage, export, sale and possession thereof. THE STATE OF JHARKHAND & ORS. v. M/S AJANTA BOTTLERS & BLENDERS PVT. LTD. [A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.] 12. We may usefully advert to the Constitution Bench decision (Five Judges) in Har Shankar and Ors. Vs. The Dy. Excise and Taxation Commissioner and Ors. 1, paragraph Nos.53 to 59, which read thus: “53. In our opinion, the true position governing deali ngs in intoxicants is as stated and reflected in the Constitution Be nch decisions of this Court in Balsara case 2, Cooverjee case 3, Kidwai case 4, Nagendra Nath case 5, Amar Chakraborty case 6 and the R.M.D.C. case 7, as interpreted in Harinarayan Jaiswal case 8 and Nashirwar case 9. There is no fundamental right to do trade or business in intoxicants. The State, under its regulatory powers, has the right to prohibit absolutely every form of activity in relation to intoxicants — its manufacture, storage, export, import, sale and possession. In all their manifestations, these rights are vested in the Stat e and indeed without such vesting there can be no effecti ve regulation of various forms of activities in relati on to intoxicants. In American Jurisprudence , Vol. 30 it is stated that while engaging in liquor traffic is not inherently unl awful, nevertheless it is a privilege and not a right, subject to governmental control (p. 538). This power of control is an incident of the society’s right to self-protection and it rests upon the right of the State to care for the health, morals and welfare of the people. Liquor traffic is a source of pauperism and crime (pp. 539, 540, 541). 54. It was unnecessary in Krishna Kumar Narula case 10 to examine the question from this broader point of view, as the only contention bearing on the constitutional validity of the provision impugned therein was not permitted to be raised as it was not argued in the High Court. The discussion of the question whether 1 (1975) 1 SCC 737 2 1951 SCR 682 : AIR 1957 SC 414 3 1954 SCR 873 : AIR 1954 SC 318 4 1957 SCR 295 : AIR 1957 SC 414 5 1958 SCR 1240 : AIR 1958 SC 398 6 (1973) 1 SCR 533 : (1972) 2 SCC 442 7 1957 SCR 874 : AIR 1957 SC 699 8 (1972) 3 SCR 784 : (1972) 2 SCC 36 9 (1975) 1 SCC 29 10 (1967) 3 SCR 50 : AIR 1967 SC 1368 1089 a citizen has a fundamental right to do trade or business in liquor proceeded in that case, avowedly, from a desire to c lear the confusion arising from the “different views” expressed by t he two Judges of the High Court. This may explain why the Court restricted its final conclusion to holding that dealing in liquor is business and the citizen has a right to do business in that commodity. The Court did not say, though such an implication may arise from its conclusion, that the citizen has a fundamental right to do trade or business in liquor. If we may repeat, Subba Rao, C.J. said: “We, therefore, hold that dealing in liquor is business and a citizen has a right to do business in that commodity; but the State can make a law imposing reasonable restrictions on the said right, in public interests.” It is significant that the judgment in Krishna Kumar Narula case does not negate the right of the State to prohibit absolutely all forms of activities in relation to intoxicant s. The wider right to prohibit absolutely would includ e the narrower right to permit dealings in intoxicants on such terms of general application as the State deems expedient . 55. Since rights in regard to intoxicants belong to the State , it is open to the Government to part with those rights for a consideration. By Article 298 of the Constitution, the executive power of the State extends to the carrying on of any trade or business and to the making of contracts fo r any purpose . As observed in Harinarayan Jaiswal case , (SCC p. 44, para 13) “if the Government is the exclusive owner of those privileges, reliance on Article 19(1)( g) or Article 14 becomes irrelevant. Citizens cannot have any fundamental right to trade or carry on business in the properties or rights belonging t o the Government, nor can there be any infringement of Article 14, if the Government tries to get the best available price fo r its valuable rights.” Section 27 of the Act recognises the right of the Government to grant a lease of its right to manufacture, supply or sell intoxicants. Section 34 of the Act read with Section 59( d) empowers the Financial Commissioner to direct that a licence, permit or pass be THE STATE OF JHARKHAND & ORS. v. M/S AJANTA BOTTLERS & BLENDERS PVT. LTD. [A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.] granted under the Act on payment of such fees and subject to such restrictions and on such conditions as he may prescribe. In such a scheme, it is not of the essence whether the amount charged to the licensees is pre-determined as in the appeals of Northern India Caterers and of Green Hotel or whether it is left to be determined by bids offered in auctions held for granting those rights to licensees. The power of the Government to charge a price for parting with its rights and not the mode of fixing that price is what constitutes the essence of the m atter. Nor indeed does the label affixed to the price determ ine either the true nature of the charge levied by the Government or its right to levy the same . 56. The distinction which the Constitution makes for legislative purposes between a “tax” and a “fee” and the characterist ics of these two as also of “excise duty” are well-known. “A tax i s a compulsory exaction of money by public authority for publ ic purposes enforceable by law and is not a payment for servi ces rendered”. A fee is a charge for special services r endered to individuals by some governmental agency and such a charge has an element in it of a quid pro quo. Excise duty is primarily a duty on the production or manufacture of goods produced or manufactured within the country. The amounts charged to the licensees in the instant case are, evidently, neith er in the nature of a tax nor of excise duty. But then, the “l icence fee” which the State Government charged to the license es through the medium of auctions or the “fixed fee” which it charged to the vendors of foreign liquor holding licen ces in Forms L-3, L-4 and L-5 need bear no quid pro quo to the services rendered to the licensees. The word “fee” is not used in the Act or the Rules in the technical sense of the expression. By “licence fee” or “fixed fee” is meant the price or consideration which the Government charges to the licensees for parting with its privileges and gra nting them to the licensees. As the State can carry on a trade or business, such a charge is the normal incident of a trading or business transaction . 57. While on this question, we may with advantage cite a passage from American Jurisprudence (Vol. 30, pp. 642, 645) which is 1091 based on the decisions in Gundling v. Chicago 11 , Phillips v. Mobile 12 and Richard v. Mobile 13 , It says: “the familiar principle that the imposition of licence f ees on useful and honourable occupations must not exceed the cost of issuing the licence, plus the expense of inspecting and regulating the business licensed ... is not necessarily applicable to a liquor license. The liquor traffic is not something which is licensed for the purpose of promoting it. Indeed , licence fees may be exacted in amounts intended to discourage participation in the business. The courts have quite generally refused to hold that the licence fe e imposed, merely because it is large, is a tax, where the object is to control, regulate, and restrict, and n ot to encourage the liquor traffic, the revenue being the result of the system and not the motive for its adoption . . . . The higher the fee imposed for a licence, it is sometime s said, the better the regulation, as the effect of a high fee is to keep out the business those who are undesirab le, and to keep within reasonable limits the number of those who may engage in it .” 58. In the view we have taken, the argument that the Government cannot by contract do what it cannot do under a statute must fail. No statute forbids the Government from trading in its own rights or privileges and the statute under consideration, far from doing so, expressly empowers it by Sections 27 and 34 to grant leases of its rights and to issue the requisite licences, permits or passes on payment of such fees as may be prescribed by the Fina ncial Commissioner. 59. The argument that in Cooverjee case the impugned power having been exercised in respect of a centrally administered area, the power was not fettered by legislative lists loses its relevance in the view we are taking. It is true that in that cas e it was permissible to the Court to find, as in fact it did, that the fee imposed on the licensees was “more in the nature of a tax than a lic ence fee”. As the authority which levied the fee had the power to exact 11 44 L Ed 728 12 52 L Ed 578 13 52 L Ed 581 THE STATE OF JHARKHAND & ORS. v. M/S AJANTA BOTTLERS & BLENDERS PVT. LTD. [A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.] a tax, the levy could be upheld as a tax even if it could not be justified as a “fee”, in the constitutional sense of that t erm. But the “licence fee” or “fixed fee” in the instant cas e does not have to conform to the requirement that it must bear a reasonable relationship with the services rendered t o the licensees. The amount charged to the licensees is n ot a fee properly so-called nor indeed a tax but is in the natu re of the price of a privilege, which the purchaser has to p ay in any trading or business transactions .” (emphasis supplied) 13.Indeed, if the State legislation was to provide for levy on the imported rectified spirit per se the same would be without jurisdiction, as consistently held, including by the Constitution Bench in Deccan Sugar & Abkari Co. Ltd. Vs. Commissioner of Excise, A.P. 14 , paragraph No.2 of this decision, which reads thus: “2. It is settled by the decision of this Court in Synthetics and Chemicals Ltd. v. State of U.P. that the State Legislature has no jurisdiction to levy any excise duty on rectified spirit. The State can levy excise duty only on potable liquor fit for human consumption and as rectified spirit does not fall under that category the State Legislature cannot impose any excise duty. The decision in Synthetics and Chemicals Ltd. v. State of U.P. has been followed in State of U.P. v. Modi Distillery 15 where certain wastage of ethyl alcohol was sought to be taxed. This Cour t following the decision in Synthetics and Chemicals Ltd. came to the conclusion that this cannot be done.” 14.The next question is whether the levy is in the nature of tax or excise duty. If it is a case of excise duty on potable liquor produced by use of imported rectified spirit, the State has jurisdiction to legislate in respect of duty on the production or manufacture of such goods produced or manufactured within the State. In the present case, we find merits in the submissions of the appellant State that the impost i s neither in the nature of a tax nor excise duty but it is towards the charges by whatever name, for regulating the production of potable liquor to preserve public health and morality including for parting with its rights o r privileges 14 (2004) 1 SCC 243 15 (1995) 5 SCC 753 1093 regarding manufacture, supply or sale of potable liquor or intoxicating liquor and to regulate the use of imported rectified spirit for production and sale of potable liquor. In such a case, the State need b ear no quid pro quo to the services rendered to the licencee for production of foreign liquor (IMFA). 15.The fact that the manufacturer-respondent has already obtained requisite licences for import of rectified spirit and production of foreign liquor (IMFA) on payment of fixed rates does not mean that the St ate has surrendered all facets of its rights in respect of every form of activity in relation to potable liquor – its manufacture, storage, export, import, sale and possession. The amended provision is an enabling provision authorising the State to levy charges or impost for ceding its one or more of the activity in respect of foreign liquor (IMFL) produce d by use of imported rectified spirit. Such impost can be in addition to the general power of the State to issue licence on payment of fees for production and sale of potable liquor. As observed in Har Shankar (supra), in paragraph No.56, the State need bear no quid pro quo to the services rendered to the licensees of producer of foreign liquor. 16.The respondent, however, placed heavy reliance on the decision in State of U.P. & Ors. Vs. Vam Organic Chemicals Ltd. and Ors. 16 , to contend that the State is obliged to justify the impost base d on quid pro quo. We are afraid, this decision is of no avail to the respondent. In that case, the Court was dealing with challenge to Rule 3(a) therein on the ground that the State Legislature did not have legislative competence to legislate on “denatured spirit” which is unfit for human consumption. In that context, this Court relied on the decision in Synthetics and Chemicals Ltd. and Ors. Vs. State of U.P. and Ors. 17 and answered the issue. If the case under consideration was to be regarding legislation on imported rectified spirit as such, this decision would have come handy. However, having opined that the purport of the impugned Rule 106(Tha), is to permit impost on the final processed product being foreign liquor “IMFL”, before bottling as fit for human consumption, the State has jurisdiction to legislate on that subject and need bear no quid pro quo to the services rendered to the licencee of manufacturer of foreign liquor (IMFL). 16 (2004) 1 SCC 225 17 (1990) 1 SCC 109 THE STATE OF JHARKHAND & ORS. v. M/S AJANTA BOTTLERS & BLENDERS PVT. LTD. [A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.] 17. In view of the above, we do not intend to dilate on other arguments and reported decisions pressed into service by the respective parties. Suffice it to observe that the challenge to the amended Rule 106 (Tha), in our opinion, is unfounded and is based on erroneous assumption that it purports to authorise the State to levy charges on the imported rectified spirit as such. However, upon proper interpretation of the said rule we hold that it purports to empower the State to levy charges on the final processed product being foreign liquor (IMFL) manufactur ed by use of imported rectified spirit. This appeal, therefore, ought to succeed. 18. Accordingly, we allow this appeal and quash and set aside the impugned judgment and order of the High Court dated 25 th July, 2013 passed in WP(T) No.7499 of 2012. The said writ peti tion stands dismissed. All pending interim applications are disposed of. No order as to costs. Ankit Gyan Appeal allowed.