Maharashtra State Financial Corporation Exemployees Association & Ors. v. State of Maharashtra & Ors.

S. RA VINDRA BHAT, J. 1. Special leave to appeal granted. With the consent of learne d counsel for the parties, the appeal was heard finally. 2. What is involved in this case, is the fixation of date for the implementation of the Fifth Pay Commission recommendations, when applied to the respondent Corporation. That framing a policy concerning fixation of pay for the salaries of its employees, the extent of its revision, and even the date of its implementation, are matters of undoubted exclusive executive decision making powers. However, the manner of its implementation, the timing of applicability of a scheme, and its impact, especially where it results in exclusion of a certain sec tion of public employees from the benefit, are subject matters of scrutiny by the court, especially, when the complaint is of discrimination and violation of Article 14 of the Constitution. This is one such case. 3. The appellant association (consisting of employees who had superannuated, opted for VRS, resigned, or legal heir s of expired employees of the respondent corporation) challenge a judgment1 of the Bombay High Court (Nagpur bench). In that proceeding, the appellants had complained of discrimination against the decision dated 29.03.2010, of the Industry, Energy and Labour Department, Gove rnment of Maharashtra (hereafter “the State”). That decision denied the benefit of revision of pay scales, as recommended by the Fifth Pay Commission, to the employees of the Maharashtra State Financial Corporation (hereafter “MSFC”) who had retired or died during t he period of 01.01.2006 to 29.03.2010. That decision of the State made the revision of pay scale as a result of the Report of the Fifth Pay Co mmission applicable to 115 employees of MSFC who were working as on 29.03.2010. The revision, however, was given effect from 01.01.2006. 4. The appellants had urged before the High Court, that denying them the benefit of pay scales was discriminatory and arbitrary, because they were in continuous service, and had even received the be nefit of interim revision, pending finalization of pay scales pursuant to the Pay Commission Report. It was urged that those in employment on and after 29.03.2010, and those who continued in service after 01.01.2006 but retired before 29.03.2010, belonged to the same category. The only 1 dated 19.06.2018 in W.P. No. 1420/2013 MAHARASHTRA STATE FINANCIAL CORP. EX- EMPLOYEES ASSOC. v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA difference between those who were in service after the latter date, was that they had longer period of service. However, the crucial dat e for grant of pay revision, was the date from which it was given effect to, i.e., 01.01.2006. As all the appellants were in service as on that date, the denial of pay revision, which was concededly for the period th ey had worked, amounted to not only hostile discrimination, but also withholding of pay revision benefits, legitimately and rightfully theirs. 5. By the impugned order, the High Court accepted the submissions of MSFC and the State, that financial considerations were of importance in regard to grant or denial of monetary benefits. The MSFC had als o urged before the High Court, that the benefit was granted t o those employees on the rolls of the corporation, as of 29.03.2010, in order to motivate and incentivise them for better performance. 6. After quoting the counter affidavit filed by the State Government, which approved such revision, the High Court accept ed MSFC’s argument: ““…It was also considered that there were only 115 employees working in the Respondent No.2 Corporation and the said strength of said employees will further reduce in near future . An expenditure of Rs.16.00 lakhs per month was bein g incurred on the salary payable to the employees. It was als o noted that the Respondent No.2 stopped sanctioning and disbursing loan from the year 2005 and presently on ly the work of recovery of loans already given is being done. It was also considered that the strength of the employees existing i s necessary for carrying out the work of loan recover y. Considering the target of loan recovery fixed for t he years 2009-10, it was felt necessary to motivate the existing st aff to give benefit of pay revision to employees to work h ard for achieving the recovery target. Considering the fina ncial implications, keeping in view the number of employees it was decided to implement 5th pay to the employees of Respondent No.2. Accordingly, considering its income and consi dering all relevant factors; it was decided that the pay revision based on 5th Pay Commission recommendations should be giv en only to the existing employees and that the revised pay sc ales should be made applicable from 01.01.2006. After considering the above fact, the Finance Department of the answering Respondent took decision to approve the rev ision 1177 of pay scale and communicated decision to respondent No.2 vide Government GR No.SFC-2009 (422/Industries-7) d ated 29/03/2010, as per the recommendations made by the Finance Department. Accordingly, Government Resolution date d 20.03.2010 was issued. 16. It is specifically denied that the Government R esolution dated 29.03.2010 is discriminatory in nature and vi olets the fundamental rights of the member of the Petitioner Union. It is submitted that the answering Respondent has already taken policy decision on 16.02.2010 not to extend any bud getary support to any public sector Corporation in the State for the purposes of granting pay revision to its employees. Considering the fact the Respondent No.2 is not a p rofit making Corporation, the question of pay revision wa s considered keeping in view the financial implications and t he capacity of Respondent No.2 which played development ro le to bear the additional financial burden on account of such pay revision. At the same time it was noted that it was also necessary to give existing employees pay revision to mo tivate them to work hard for recovering the loans already disbursed. The pay revision was made effective from 01.01.2006 again keeping in view the financial implications. It is submitt ed that the decision taken by the answering Respondent is bas ed on objective and rational considerations.” 7. In the decisions relied upon by Shri Puranik, th e learned Counsel for the respondent - Corporation in the mat ter of revision of pay scale, the Apex Court has clearly l aid down that financial implication is the relevant criteria for fixing the cut-off date. The other decisions relied upon b y Shri Dhole, the learned Counsel for the petitioners are on the question of payment of pension and other benefits. 8. Keeping in view the justification furnished by the resp ondent nos.1 and 2, we do not find that fixation of cut off date of 29/ 3/2010 in the present case is arbitrary or irration al. We, therefore, do not find any substance in the petition.” The appellants’ contentions 7. Mr. Jay Salva, learned counsel for the appellants argued tha t the last pay revision was made applicable to MSFC’s employees from MAHARASHTRA STATE FINANCIAL CORP. EX- EMPLOYEES ASSOC. v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.] 01.01.1986, which expired on 31.12.1989, and MSFC considered pay revision to be made effective from 01.01.1990. Its proposal for pay revision was submitted to the State Government by the Board of Directors of MSFC. The revision of pay and emoluments was approved by MSFC’s Board of Directors, and it was forwarded to the State of Mahar ashtra for final approval in the year 1996. Pending approval of the said revision, further five revisions were kept due. Instead of consi dering those revisions, the MSFC’s Board of Directors arbitrarily implem ented the pay commission’s recommendations w.e.f. 01.01.1996. The benefits of revised pay were passed on to the existing 115 employees wo rking at the relevant time only, and deprived 900 ex-employees of similar benefits, though the revision was applicable to them for the period of their service time span, respectively. 8. It was submitted that the cut-off date, for granting benefits of the pay revision, is arbitrary, because several employe es had retired, after long years of loyal service. They would be deprived of the benefit of any pay revision, merely because the MSFC chose to implement the decision on a particular date, after their retirement. 9. It was also urged that the State and the MSFC ca nnot discriminate between persons who worked during the same period, and discharged their duties in accordance to its mandate, merely becau se some of them had retired. Thus, the fixation of date, in this case, is arbitrary as it deprives the benefit of pay revision - which is otherwise made applicable to all employees who worked during a particular period - to those who ceased to be in employment, despite working in the said period. It was submitted that those who worked for the period 2000- 2005 are in the same class of employees, who worked after the so called cut-off date, i.e., 01.01.2006. 10. It was submitted that all those in employment, including those who were finally deprived of the pay revision on account of retirement, were granted three interim reliefs by the MSFC from September, 1993 onwards (on 03.03.1994, 29.04.1996, and 07.09.1996) towards the recommendations of the Fifth Pay Commission, in line with directions of the Maharashtra government. 11. It was further argued that no recoveries were made (unde r the impugned GR dated 29.03.2010) of the amount paid towards interim relief and ad hoc amount paid to existing employees from September, 1179 1993 to July, 2001 which shows that the Fifth Pay C ommission’s recommendations were implemented from 01.01.1996. 12. Mr. Salva further submitted that the total liability of the MSFC is not more than ` 32 crores, in respect of past employees, including those who had retired, sought VRS, or had died before the pay revision was made effective. The figure of existing employees, as on the date of the issuance of the order was 114; 130 had retired and 631 had sought voluntary retirement. However, all of them had benefited and se cured interim relief to the extent of 30%, through the orders of the MSFC itself. In these circumstances, singling out existing empl oyees from a homogenous larger group, amounted to hostile discrimination against those left out. 13. It was submitted that those who had sought voluntary retirement cannot be left out, on the ground that they had secured benefits and not completed their tenure. In this regard, Mr. Salva placed reliance on the following condition (Clause 5) of the VRS scheme2: “The officers/employees whose request for voluntary retirement is accepted by the Corporation will be entitled for payment of arrears on account of revision of pay-scale s and allowances as also for the difference of voluntary retir ement benefits accruing to them on account of revision of pay-scal es, if and as may be made effective retrospectively to the employees of the Corporation by the Board and approved by Govt. of Maharashtra and IDBI.” 14. Reliance was placed on the decisions of this court in Col B.J. Akkara (Retd) v. Govt of India 3 , D.S. Nakara v. Union of India 4 to urge that the employer cannot discriminate and divide a homoge nous class of employees, and deprive one section of them by the art ificial device of a cut-off date. Contentions of MSFC 15. Mr. Sachin Patil, learned counsel appearing for the respondents – the State government, and MSFC, urged that the impugned judgment does not call for interference. It was submitted th at MSFC is an autonomous corporation established under the State Financial Corporation 2 Introduced by the MSFC’s Office Order No. 14 dated 29.0 3.1996 3 [2006] 7 Suppl. SCR 58; (2006) 11 SCC 709 4 [1983] 2 SCR 165; (1983) 1 SCC 305 MAHARASHTRA STATE FINANCIAL CORP. EX- EMPLOYEES ASSOC. v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.] Act. It is not bound to follow the terms and conditions applicable to Maharashtra Government employees. In fact, it has to independe ntly generate its income from its own resources to meet any additional burden or expenditure due to increased pay or increase in wages for its employees. It was submitted that under Section 39 of the State Financial Corporations Act, 1951 it has to seek guidance and directives of the State Government in policy matters. 16. It was submitted that the MSFC was not bound by the decision of the State to implement the decisions of the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Pay Commissions for its employees. In fact, the State nev er directed the Corporation to implement such Pay Commission recommendations. I t only approved a proposal to extend the benefit of Fifth Pay Commission recommendations to the Corporation’s employees in terms of its letter dated 23.09.2010. Before that, the State refused to grant approval to the resolution passed by the Board of Directors on 24.07.1996. 17. It was further argued that the employees of the Corporati on cannot claim, as a matter of right, any benefit of pay revision w ithout MSFC’s ability to bear the burden of such pay increase. Learned counsel highlighted that the Corporation was running in losses as a result of which there was no justification for granting the benefits in the terms claimed by the appellants. 18. It was submitted that the fixation of cut-off date is a policy matter, especially in respect of revision of salaries, allowances, and the other benefits to employees of a State Corporation. These dep end on various considerations, including financial constraints and the number of employees involved. It was urged that the paying capacity of an employer is an important and valid consideration of such an exercise. Granti ng any benefit to employees normally involves fixing of cut-off da te. If these factors are kept in mind, devising a limited retrospective limit for the employees who are on the rolls of the Corporation lessens the impact of the financial burden. Thus, the fixation of cut- off date in the present case was not arbitrary. 19. It was urged that the claim of those who retired from the MFSC prematurely by opting for VRS was to benefit both the p arties, i.e., the Corporation and the retiring employee. The Corporation benefitted by decreasing its liability towards salary dues; on the other ha nd, the employee concerned was not bound by any scheme but exercised an 1181 independent and voluntary option to seek severance from the employment. For these reasons, such employees were entitled to benefits over and above what they would have earned if they had continued in service by way of ex-gratia payment, in respect of a package which is generally called a golden handshake. The payment of such amounts along with other terminal dues led to cessation of employment; consequently, the claim of such employees who have already secur ed benefits by way of ex-gratia payouts towards pay revision was not justified. It was submitted that the appellant associati on’s grievance espouses the cause of 835 ex-employees, a large number of whom are those who opted for voluntary retirement. There can be no complaint of discrimination on their part. It was submitted that apart from fi nancial constraints, the other independent justification for limiting pay benefits to those 115 existing employees is sound, i.e., to motivate them to recover maximum amounts from the Non-Performing Assets (NPA) accounts. This rationale is relevant since the MSFC has incurred losses ove r the years. 20. Mr. Patil, learned counsel relied upon some decisions of the Court, A.K. Bindal & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors. 5; State of Punjab & Ors. v. Amar Nath Goyal & Ors. 6 and State of Rajasthan & Anr. v. Amritlal Gandhi & Ors. 7, to urge that the financial implications upon the employer is a relevant factor which the Court must wei gh while adjudging whether implementation of any policy is arbitrary. Analysis and conclusions 21. A close analysis of the facts would show that the question of pay revision of employees of MSFC has been engaging attention for a considerable period of time. Apparently, the recommendations of the Fifth Pay Commission had been made and were implemented by the State Government with effect from 01.01.1996. However, the MSFC, did not, finalise whether to adopt those scales for its employees and sent the proposal to the State Government (as provided under S. 39 of the State Financial Corporations Act). In the meanwhile, interim relief of pay revision was granted to all existing employees. Some of these orders granting interim relief towards pay revisions have been placed on the record. They are orders/decisions dated 03.03.1994 (Office Order 5 [2003] 3 SCR 928; (2003) 5 SCC 563 6 [2005] 2 Suppl. SCR 549; (2005) 6 SCC 754 7 (1997) 2 SCC 342 MAHARASHTRA STATE FINANCIAL CORP. EX- EMPLOYEES ASSOC. v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.] No.191); 03.03.1994 (Office Order No. 19); 11.10.1995 (Office Order No.73); and 07.09.1996 (Office Order No.66), which are part of the appeal records. Those employees who were on the rol ls of MSFC between 01.01.1996 and 29.03.2010 concededly enjoyed the benefits of these interim payments. On 29.03.2010, MSFC decided to implement the pay revision recommendations of the Fifth Pay Commission. 22. The decision to make the pay revision effective in respect of the employees who were existing employees and limit the arrears payable from 01.01.2006, is based upon the State of Maharashtra letter da ted 29.03.20108. That decision was placed on the record during the hearing and reads as follows: “Government of Maharashtra Government Decision No. SFC 2009/(422) Ind-7 Industries, Energy & Labour Department, Mantralaya, Mumbai-400032 Dated 29 th March, 2010 Introduction: The proposal for implementation of 5 th Pay Commission to the employees of Maharashtra State Financial Corpor ation was under consideration of the Government. The Government has taken following decision in this regard. Government Decision: The Government has given its consent vide this Orde r for implementation of revised Pay Scales as per 5 th Commission subject to the following terms to the employees/off icers of Maharashtra State Financial Corporation as shown in Column No.5 of the enclosed Annexure ‘A’. 1. The revised pay as per 5 th Pay Commission will be made applicable w.e.f. 01.01.2006 to Officers/Employees on the rolls of the Corporation as mentioned in Column No.3 of the Annexure ‘A’ of the Corporation. 2. No arrears on account of revised pay scales will be made applicable prior to 01.01.2006. 8 Decision no. SFC 2009/ (422)/Ind-7. 1183 3. Maharashtra State Financial Corporation will have to bear liabilities (Salary and Arrears) on account of above revision in pay scales from its own income. The Government will not make any financial provision fo r the same. 4. As per revised pay scales, other eligible allowances will be payable to the employees as per rules. 5. The Corporation should obtain an undertaking in respect of revised pay scales from Employees’ Union. 2. This Government decision is issued in terms of F inance Department’s informal reference no.23/2010/PU dated 05.02.2010. In the name and Order of the Governor of Maharashtra .” 23. By Office Order dated 09.04.2010, the MSFC decided to implement the decision of the Government of Maharashtra and grant the benefits of the Fifth Pay Commission to employees of the Corporation who were on its rolls on that date. That order 9 itself contains a reason why the cut-off date was resorted to as is evident from it s express terms, i.e., that the State Government approved that cut-off date , “in order to motivate the present staff to recover maxi mum amount in NPA Accounts”. Relevant para reads as follows: “MAHARASHTRA STATE FINANCIAL CORPORATION HEAD OFFICE, MUMBAI MSFC/HO/P&AD/PR/2010-11/28 9 th April, 2010 OFFICE ORDER NO.1 Re: Implementation of Fifth Pay Commission to the Employees of the Corporation 1. The Govt. of Maharashtra in order to motivate the present staff to recover maximum amount in NPA Accounts, vid e its GR No.SFC-2009/(422)/Industries-7 dated 29.03.2010 has decided to implement Fifth Pay Commission to the employees of the Corporation who are on the roll of the Corporation as on date of the issue of the Government GR subject t o terms and conditions as mentioned in the said GR. xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx” 9 Office Order No.1 dated 09.04.2010 MAHARASHTRA STATE FINANCIAL CORP. EX- EMPLOYEES ASSOC. v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.] 24. The benefit of pay revision was made applicable to the employees of the Corporation; the terms and conditions of fixation and the grant of benefits to the extent they are relevant, are extracted below: “TERMS AND CONDITIONS: (i) The revised pay scale will be made applicable to the employees who are presently on the roll of MSFC as mentioned in the Annexure ‘A’ attached to the Govt. GR dated 29.03.2010. (ii) The revised pay will be fixed w.e.f. 01.01.1996 a s per the formula of Fifth Pay Commission. (iii) The employees of the Corporation will not be he ld eligible for arrears from 01.01.1996 to 31.12.2005. xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx (x) Interim Reliefs (IR) paid from 01.01.2006 to 31.03.2010 will be recovered from arrears to be paid to the employees. However, interim reliefs paid from 18.09.96 to 31.12.2005 will not be recovered. (xi) Salary as per revised Pay Scale will be paid fr om 01.04.2010 and arrears for the period from 01.01.2006 to 31.03.2010 will be paid in two instalments on or before 31st May, 2010.” The fixation of pay as per revised pay-scales condition, in the said order, reads as follows: “6. Fixation of pay as per revised pay scale: The revised pay of the employees of the Corporation will be fixed with effect from 01.01.1996 as per th e formula of the Fifth Pay Commission as mentioned below: Fixation Formula: 1. Old Basic Pay as on 01.01.1996 2. Add: applicable DA as on 01.01.1996 3. Add: Amount of 1 st Interim Relief i.e. Rs.100/- only. 4. Add: Amount of 2 nd Interim Relief i.e. 10% of old Basic Pay (subject to minimum Rs.100/-). 1185 5. Add: 40% of old Basic Pay as on 01.01.1996 as loading. =Total (1 to 5)” 25. The appellants have placed on record and relied upon the minutes of MSFC’s Board Meeting dated 06.07.2017, which in Item No.9 had discussed the question of pay revision. The note place d in Item no.2 of the said note reads as follows: “2. The Corporation has granted interim relief from Sept. 1993 towards proposed revision in Pay Sale on line of the Govt. of Maharashtra as under: Date Amount (Rs.) 16.09.1993 100/- p.m. 01.06.1995 10% of basic pay p.m. 01.04.1996 10% of basic pay p.m. Besides aforesaid interim relief, the Corporation also gave lumpsum adhoc amount towards Revision of Pay Scale f rom September, 1996 to July, 2001 as under: Category Amount (Rs.) Class “A” employees 34,375/- Class “B” employees 28,480/- Class “C” employees 22,585/- The note also set out the number of employees concerned, as follows: “There were 950 employees on the roll of the Corporation as on 01.01.1996. The Corporation has worked out arrea rs amount based on average basis of the amount of the arrears paid to existing employees. The total net liability work s out to Rs.39.08 crore after deducting amount of interim re lief and ad-hoc payment, the details of which are as under: (Rs. in crore) Sr.No. Particulars No. of employees Estimated arrears amount on average basis Amount of interim relief and Ad-hoc amount paid Net Arrears amount. 1. Employees 114 7.49 1.07 6.42 MAHARASHTRA STATE FINANCIAL CORP. EX- EMPLOYEES ASSOC. v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.] existing as on date of GR dtd. 29.03.2010 2. Retired employees 130 6.96 1.02 5.94 3. VRS employees 631 29.02 4.65 24.37 4. Expired employees 21 0.66 0.11 0.55 5. Resigned employees 48 1.96 0.29 1.67 6. Employees dismissed 4 0.12 0.01 0.11 7. Employees terminated 2 0.02 0.00 0.02 Total 950 46.23 7.15 39.08 26. It is noticeable from the facts that two justifications were provided by the MSFC to deny the benefit of pay revisions, in terms of the Fifth Pay Commission recommendations. One, that it is “in order to motivate the present staff to recover maximum amoun t in NPA Accounts…” and two, that the fixation of cut-off date falls within the state’s policy making domain, involving among others - an i mportant consideration, which is the state’s financial concerns, which the court should not interfere in. 27. That on whether, and what should be the extent of pay revision, are undoubtedly matters falling within the domain of executive poli cy making. At the same time, a larger public interest is involved, impelling revision of pay of public officials and employees. Sound public policy considerations appear to have weighed with the Unio n and state governments, and other public employers, which have carried o ut pay revision exercises, periodically (usually once a decade, for the past 50 years or so). The rationale for such periodic pay revisions is to ensure that the salaries and emoluments that public employees e njoy, should keep pace with the increased cost of living and the general inflationary trends, and ensure it does not adversely impact employees. Pay revisions also subserve other objectives, such as enthusing a renewed se nse of commitment and loyalty towards public employment. Another important public interest consideration, is that such revisions are m eant to deter public servants from the lure of gratification; of supple menting their income by accepting money or other inducements for discharging their functions. 1187 28. Article 43 of the Constitution10 obliges the state to ensure that all workers, industrial or otherwise, are provided with a living wage and assured of a decent standard of living. In this context, the need for providing a mechanism to neutralize price increase, through dea rness allowance has been emphasized, in past decisions of t his court. In Hindustan Lever Ltd. v. B.N. Dongre 11, the court explained that if pay packets are “frozen”, the purchasing power of the wage would shri nk, and there would be a fall in real wages, which needs to be neutralized. The court also noted neutralization of wages, through dearness allowance is on a “sliding scale” with those at the lowest wage bracket, getting full neutralization and those in the highest rungs being given the least of such allowance: “Workers are therefore concerned with the purchasing power of the pay- packet they receive for their toil. If the r ise in the pay-packet does not keep pace with the rise in pric es of essentials the purchasing power of the pay- packet falls reducing the real wages leaving the workers and their famili es worse off. Therefore, if on account of inflation pr ices rise while the pay- packet remains frozen, real wages wi ll fall sharply. This is what happens in periods of inflation. In orde r to prevent such a fall in real wages different meth ods are adopted to provide for the rise in prices. In the cost-of- living sliding scale systems the basic wages are automatic ally adjusted to price changes shown by the cost-of-livi ng index. In this way the purchasing power of workers’ wages is maintained to the extent possible and necessary. Ho wever, leap-frogging must be avoided. This Court in Clerks & Depot Cashiers of Calcutta Tramways Co. Ltd. v. Calcutta Tramways Co. Ltd. [AIR 1957 SC 78], held that while awarding dearness allowance cent per cent neutralisation of the price of cost of living should be avoided to check inflationary trends. That is why in Hindustan Times Ltd. v. Workmen [AIR 1963 SC 1332] Das Gupta, J. observed that the whole purpose of gra nting 10 “Article 43. Living wage, etc, for workers The State shall endeavour to secure, by suitable legislation or economic organisation or in an y other way, to all workers, agricultural, industrial or otherwise, work, a living wage, conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life and full enjoyment of leisure and social and cultural opportunities and, in particular, the State shall endeavour to promote cottage industries on an individual or co-operative basis in rural areas.” 11 [1994] 2 Suppl. SCR 217; (1994) 6 SCC 157 MAHARASHTRA STATE FINANCIAL CORP. EX- EMPLOYEES ASSOC. v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.] dearness allowance to workmen being to neutralise the portion of the increase in the cost of living, it should ordinarily be on a sliding scale and provide for an increase when the cost-o f- living increases and a decrease when it falls. The same principle was reiterated in Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works Ltd. v. Workmen [AIR 1969 SC 3 60] and Shri Chalthan Vibhag Khand Udyog Sahakari Mandl i Ltd. v. G.S. Barot, Member, Industrial Court, Gujarat [(1979) 4 SCC 622] and it was emphasised that normally full neutralisation is not given except to the lowest cl ass of employees and that too on a sliding scale.” 29. Therefore, the state and public employers have an obligation to address – as a measure of public interest, the ill-effects of rise in the cost of living, on account of price rise, which results in fall in real wages. This obligation should be discharged on a periodic basis. Yet, there cannot be any straitjacket formula as to when such pay revisions are to be made and to what extent revisions should take place. As a general practice, the Union and state governments have been undertaking such exercises each decade. 30. Returning to the facts of this case, it is evident that the respondents have confined the grant of revised pay scales to employees existing as on 29.03.2010. Whilst the fixation of cut-off date for the grant of benefits cannot be questioned, what is within the domain of the court, is to examine the impact of such fixation and whether it results in discrimination. In the present case, the Pay Commis sion’s recommendations for pay revision were with effect from 01.01.1996. However, the State and MSFC decided not to implement it from that date, but with effect from 01.01.2006, i.e., a decade later, because the benefit given to employees (or arrears) on the rolls of MSF C as on 29.03.2010 were confined or limited to arrears payable from 1 January 2006. At the same time, fitment and fixation of salary was with effect from 1 January 1996, in terms of Para 6 of the MSFC’s circular dated 09.04.2010, which stipulated that revised salary “will be fixed with effect from 01.01.1996 as per the formul a of the Fifth Pay Commission as mentioned below”. The formula was: “Old Basic Pay as on 01.01.1996 Add: applicable DA as on 01.01 .1996 Add: Amount of 1 st Interim Relief, i.e., Rs.100/- only. Add: Amount of 2 nd Interim Relief, i.e., 10% of old Basic Pay (subject to minimum Rs.100/ -). Add: 40% of old Basic Pay as on 01.01.1996 as loading =Total (1 to 5)”. This fitment formula clearly envisioned the fixation in the 1189 new scales, even if notionally, from 01.01.1996. Arrears were made payable, based on that fitment and fixation, with effect from 01.01.2006. 31. Another significant fact is that interim relief had been directed and was made payable, to all employees, between 01.01 .1996 and 29.03.2010. The order issued on 09.04.2010 stated that “interim reliefs paid from 18.09.1996 to 31.12.2005 will not be reco vered”. This demonstrates that those who retired between these dates, and those who continued in service, form part of the same class. Further, there is also no distinction between those in service as on 01.01.2006 but retired before 29.03.2010 and those who continued thereafter. 32. This court held in State of J & K v. Triloki Nath Khosa12 that “Discrimination is the essence of classification an d does violence to the constitutional guarantee of equality only if it rests on an unreasonable basis”. The question is whether the classification, excluding employees who retired before 29.03.2010 and confining pay revision benefits (albeit with effect from 01.01.20 06) result in discrimination. 33. In Maharashtra Forest Guards & Foresters Union v. State of Maharashtra13 there was no quota reserved for the graduate Forest Guard for promotion to the post of Forester. Seventy-five per cent of the posts were to be filled through the regular promotion channel based on seniority and twenty-five per cent “ by selection of suitable persons from amongst the persons holding the post of Forest Guard, on the basis of common merit list prepared by the Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (Administration Subordinate Cadre), Maharashtra State, Nagpur, on the basis of result o f the “Limited Departmental Competitive Examination …”. A further condition for those attempting the limited departmental exam was imposed, i.e., that only graduates could apply and appear; that condition was challenged. This court held that the condition was impermissible, as it amounted to creating a class within a class: “The challenge is on the further rigour put on the eligibil ity to appear in LDCE. The whole purpose of LDCE is to encourage and facilitate the Forest Guards to get acceler ated promotion on the basis of merit. Since seniority is the crite rion for promotion to three-fourth of the posts, one- fourth is gi ven a chance to compete in a competitive examination. It is also 12 [1974] 1 SCR 771; (1974) 1 SCC 19 13 [2017] 14 SCR 446; (2018) 1 SCC 149 MAHARASHTRA STATE FINANCIAL CORP. EX- EMPLOYEES ASSOC. v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.] to be noted that there is no quota prescribed on the basis o f higher educational qualification. The situation wou ld have been different if, in the first place, there had be en a classification wherein 75% of the posts have to be fille d based on seniority and 25% reserved for graduates and aga in subject to inter se merit in the competitive examination. That is not the situation in the present case. The LDCE is meant for selection for promotion from the entire lot of Forest Guards irrespective of seniority but subject to minimum five ye ars of service. In that situation, introducing an additional restriction of graduation for participation in LDCE without there b eing any quota reserved for graduates will be discriminatory and violative of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution of India since it creates a class within a class. The merit of the 25% cannot be prejudged by a sub-classification. It vio lates the equality and equal opportunity guarantees. The Fore st Guards, irrespective of educational qualifications, having formed one class for the purpose of participation in LDCE, a further classification between graduates and non-gra duates for participating in LDCE is unreasonable. It is a case of equals being treated unequally.” 34. In U.P. Raghavendra Acharya & Ors. v. State of Karnataka & Ors., 14 a notification dated 22.07.1999, issued by the Stat e of Karnataka, denied revised scales of pay to those teachers who had retired during the period from 01.01.1996 to 31.03.1998. The High Court held that the impugned notifications were arbitrary as th ese resulted in discrimination between the teachers working in the government colleges and the teachers working in the Non-Government Colleges, which would mean treating the equals unequally. It was further opined that, in any event, the teachers of the Government Aided Colleges as also the teachers of the Regional Engineering Colleges formed a class by themselves and no discrimination could have been made betwee n the employees who retired prior to 31.03.1998 and those retiring subsequent thereto. This court held that the discrimination, brought about on the basis of date of retirement, was invidious: “The State while implementing the new scheme for paym ent of grant of pensionary benefits to its employees, m ay deny the same to a class of retired employees who were gove rned 14 [2006] 2 Suppl. SCR 582; (2006) 9 SCC 630 1191 by a different set of rules. The extension of the b enefits can also be denied to a class of employees if the same is permissible in law. The case of the appellants, however, stands absol utely on a different footing. They had been enjoying the benefit of the revised scales of pay. Recommendations have been made by the Central Government as also the University Gr ant Commission to the State of Karnataka to extend the bene fits of the Pay Revision Committee in their favour. The pay in their case had been revised in 1986 whereas the pay of the employees of the State of Karnataka was revised in 1993. The benefits of the recommendations of the Pay Revi sion Committee w.e.f. 1.1.1996, thus could not have been denied to the appellants. The stand of the State of Karnataka that the pensio nary benefits had been conferred on the appellants w.e.f. 1.4.1998 on the premise that the benefit of the revision of scales of pay to its own employees had been conferred from 1.1.19 98, in our opinion, is wholly misconceived. Firstly, becau se the employees of the State of Karnataka and the appella nts, in the matter of grant of benefit of revised scales of pay, do not stand on the same footing as revised scales of pay had b een made applicable to their cases from a different date. Secondly , the appellants had been given the benefit of the revised scal es of pay w.e.f. 1.1.1996. It is now well settled that a notificati on can be issued by the State accepting the recommendations of the Pay Revision Committee with retrospective effect a s it was beneficent to the employees. Once such a retrospective eff ect is given to the recommendations of the Pay Revision Committee, the concerned employees despite their re aching the age of superannuation in between the said dates and/or the date of issuance of the notification would be de emed to be getting the said scales of pay as on 1.1.1996. By reason of such notification as the appellants had been derive d of a vested right, they could not have been deprived the refrom and that too by reason of executive instructions. The contention of the State that the matter relating to t he grant of pensionary benefits vis-à-vis the revision in the scales of pay stands on different footing, thus, must be re jected.” MAHARASHTRA STATE FINANCIAL CORP. EX- EMPLOYEES ASSOC. v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.] 35. In All Manipur Pensioners Association by its Secretary v. State of Manipur & Ors. 15 the classification by which the formula of pension, whereby those retiring prior to 01.01.1996 were given a lower rate of revised pension, as compared to those retiring later (who were given a higher rate of revision), was held to be discriminatory: “The facts leading to the present appeal in a nutshell are as under : that the State of Manipur adopted the Centra l Civil Services (Pension) Rules, 1972, as amended from time to time . As per Rule 49 of the Central Civil Services Rules, 1 972, a case of a government employee retired in accordance with the provisions of the Rules after completing qualifying s ervice of not less than 30 years, the amount of pension sh all be calculated at 50% of the average emoluments subject to a maximum of Rs 4500 per month. It appears that consideri ng the increase in the cost of living, the Government of Mani pur decided to increase the quantum of pension as well as the pay of the employees. That the Government of Manipur issued an office memorandum dated 21-4-1999 revising the quantum of pension. However, provided that those Manipur Government employees who retired on or after 1-1-1996 shall be entitled to the revised pension at a higher percentage and those who retired before 1-1-1996 shall be entitled at a lower percentage. ********* ********** ********** Even otherwise on merits also, we are of the firm opinion that there is no valid justification to create two classes viz. one who retired pre-1996 and another who retired post-1996, for the purpose of grant of revised pension. In our view, such a classification has no nexus with the object and purpose of grant of benefit of revised pension. All the pensio ners form one class who are entitled to pension as per the pension rules. Article 14 of the Constitution of India ensures to all equali ty before law and equal protection of laws. At this juncture it is also necessary to examine the concept of valid classific ation. A valid classification is truly a valid discrimination. It is tr ue that Article 16 of the Constitution of India permit s a valid classification. However, a valid classification must be based on a just objective. The result to be achieved by t he just objective presupposes the choice of some for differ ential consideration/treatment over others. A classification to be valid 15 [2019] 9 SCR 905; (2020) 14 SCC 625 1193 must necessarily satisfy two tests. Firstly, the dis tinguishing rationale has to be based on a just objective and s econdly, the choice of differentiating one set of persons from ano ther, must have a reasonable nexus to the objective sough t to be achieved. The test for a valid classification may be summarised as a distinction based on a classification founded on an intelligible differentia, which has a rational relationship with the object sought to be achieved. Therefore, whenever a cut- off date (as in the present controversy) is fixed to categ orise one set of pensioners for favourable consideration over others, the twin test for valid classification or v alid discrimination therefore must necessarily be satisfie d. In the present case, the classification in question has no reasonable nexus to the objective sought to be achieved while revising the pension. As observed hereinabove, the object and purpose for revising the pension is due to the increase in the cost of living. All the pensioners form a single cl ass and therefore such a classification for the purpose of grant of revised pension is unreasonable, arbitrary, discriminatory and violative of Article 14 of the Constitution of India. The State cannot arbitrarily pick and choose from amongst sim ilarly situated persons, a cut-off date for extension of b enefits especially pensionary benefits. There has to be a classificat ion founded on some rational principle when similarly s ituated class is differentiated for grant of any benefit. As observed hereinabove, and even it is not in dispute that as such a decision has been taken by the State Gove rnment to revise the pension keeping in mind the increase in the cost of living. Increase in the cost of living would aff ect all the pensioners irrespective of whether they have retired pre-19 96 or post-1996. As observed hereinabove, all the pens ioners belong to one class. Therefore, by such a classific ation/cut- off date the equals are treated as unequals and therefore such a classification which has no nexus with the object and purpose of revision of pension is unreasonable, discriminatory and arbitrary and therefore the said classification was rightly set aside by the learned Singl e Judge of the High Court. At this stage, it is required to be obser ved that whenever a new benefit is granted and/or new scheme is introduced, it might be possible for the State to provide a cut- off date taking into consideration its financial resources. But MAHARASHTRA STATE FINANCIAL CORP. EX- EMPLOYEES ASSOC. v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.] the same shall not be applicable with respect to one and singl e class of persons, the benefit to be given to the on e class of persons, who are already otherwise getting the benefi ts and the question is with respect to revision. In view of the above and for the reasons stated above, we are of the opinion that the controversy/issue in th e present appeal is squarely covered by the decision of this Court in D.S. Nakara [D.S. Nakara v. Union of India, (1983) 1 SCC 305. The decision of this Court in D.S. Nakara shal l be applicable with full force to the facts of the case on hand. The Division Bench of the High Court has clearly er red in not following the decision of this Court in D.S. Nak ara and has clearly erred in reversing the judgment and order of the learned Single Judge. The impugned judgment and ord er passed by the Division Bench is not sustainable and the same deserves to be quashed and set aside and is accordi ngly quashed and set aside. The judgment and order passe d by the learned Single Judge is hereby restored and it is held th at all the pensioners, irrespective of their date of retire ment viz. pre-1996 retirees shall be entitled to revision in pensio n on a par with those pensioners who retired post-1996. The arrears be paid to the respective pensioners within a period of three months from today.” 36. In the present case, too, there is no denial that the employees who retired prior to 29.03.2010 discharged the same duties as in the case of those who did thereafter. The quality and content of responsibilities assigned to them were the same. The respondents’ decision not to grant arrears prior to 01.01.2006 cannot be found fault with; however, not to grant any revision to those who were not in service when the order implementing the pay revision was issued and confining it to those, in employment is clearly discriminatory. The rationale that granting such pay revision only to existing employees would be to enthuse them to recover NPA amounts payable to MSFC has no rational nexus with the object sought to be achieved by the pay revision, which is to benefit employees and protect them from the rise in the cost of living. 37. In the present case, therefore, applying the ratio in the above decisions, it is clear that there is no distinction between those who retired (or died in service) before 29.03.2010 and those who continued in service - and were given the pay revision. Those who worked during the period 01.01.2006 to 29.03.2010 and those who continued thereafter, fell in the same class, and a further distinction could not be made. The fact that 1195 the MSFC did not recover any interim relief, or ad-hoc amount disbursed between 18.09.1996 to 31.12.2005 (towards recommendations of the 5th Pay Commission), also reaffirms that these ex- employees belonged to the same class as those that received the benefit of the pay revisions. The exclusion of the retired employees, who retired between 01.01.2006 and 29.03.2010 on achieving their date of superannuation, is violative of Article 14 of the Constitution of India. 38. However, in the opinion of this court, employees who secured VRS benefits and left the service of MSFC voluntarily during this period, stand on a different footing. They cannot claim parity with those who worked continuously, discharged their functions, an d thereafter superannuated. VRS employees chose to opt and leave the servi ce of the corporation; they found the VRS offer beneficial to them. Apa rt from the normal terminal benefits they were entitled to, the addition al amount each of them was given - was an ex- gratia amount, equal to a month’s salary for each completed year of service. Other retired employees were never given such amounts. This has been emphasized in A.K. Bindal v. Union of India (supra): “The Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS) which is sometimes called Voluntary Separation Scheme (VSS) is introdu ced by companies and industrial establishments in order to reduce the surplus staff and to bring in financial efficiency. The office memorandum dated 5-5-2000 issued by the Government of India provided that for sick and unviable units, th e VRS package of the Department of Heavy Industry will be ado pted. Under this Scheme an employee is entitled to an ex gratia payment equivalent to 45 days’ emoluments (pay + DA ) for each completed year of service or the monthly emoluments at the time of retirement multiplied by the balance mo nths of service left before the normal date of retirement, whichever is less. This is in addition to terminal benefits. The Government was conscious about the fact that the pay scales of some of the PSUs had not been revised with effect from 1-1-1992 and therefore it has provided adequate compensation in that regard in the second VRS which was announced for all Central public sector undertakings on 6-11-2001. Clause (a) of the Scheme reads as under: (a) Ex gratia payment in respect of employees on pay s cales at 1-1-1987 and 1-1-1992 levels, computed on their ex isting pay scales in accordance with the extant Scheme, sh all be increased by 100% and 50% respectively. MAHARASHTRA STATE FINANCIAL CORP. EX- EMPLOYEES ASSOC. v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.] This shows that a considerable amount is to be paid to an employee ex gratia besides the terminal benefits in case he opts for voluntary retirement under the Scheme and his optio n is accepted. The amount is paid not for doing any w ork or rendering any service. It is paid in lieu of the employee himself leaving the services of the company or the industri al establishment and foregoing all his claims or right s in the same. It is a package deal of give and take. That is why i n the business world it is known as “golden handshake”. The main purpose of paying this amount is to bring about a c omplete cessation of the jural relationship between the employe r and the employee. After the amount is paid and the employee ceases to be under the employment of the company or the undertaking, he leaves with all his rights and ther e is no question of his again agitating for any kind of his past righ ts with his erstwhile employer including making any claim with regard to enhancement of pay scale for an earlier per iod. If the employee is still permitted to raise a grievance r egarding enhancement of pay scale from a retrospective date, even af ter he has opted for Voluntary Retirement Scheme and ha s accepted the amount paid to him, the whole purpose of introducing the Scheme would be totally frustrated.” 39. For the above reasons, it is held that VRS employees cannot claim parity with others who retired upon achieving the age of superannuation. Likewise, those who ceased to be in employmen t, for the reason of termination, or their dismissal, etc., would not be entitled to the benefit of pay revision. 40. In view of the above findings, the impugned judgment and order is hereby set aside. The appeal is accordingly allowed, to the extent that those who retired from the services of MSFC between 01.01.2006 to 29.03.2010, and the legal heirs/representatives of those who died during that period, shall be entitled to arrears based on pay revision, accepted by the Corporation. The Corporation is directed to pay interest @ 8% p.a. on these arrears from 01.04.2010 till the date of this judgment. These amounts shall be calculated and disbursed to those individuals wi thin eight weeks from today. The appeal is partly allowed, in the above terms. There shall be no order on costs. Nidhi Jain Appeal partly allowed.