State of West Bengal and Another v. M/S. Chiranjilal (mineral) Industries of Bagandih and Another

JUDGMENT SANJIV KHANNA, J. This appeal, by way of special leave, takes exception to the judgment of the division bench of the High Court of Calcutta, whereby the intra-court appeal preferred by the State of West Bengal and Others in F.M.A. No. 1458 STATE OF WEST BENGAL v. M/S. CHIRANJILAL (MINERAL) INDUSTRIES OF BAGANDIH of 2017 with CAN No. 6596 of 2017 has been dismissed with the direction to the Appellant No. 2 – Joint Secretary, Department of Industries, Commerce and Enterprises, West Bengal or any authorised offi cer to execute a mining lease in favour of the Respondent No. 2 – Dinesh Agarwal, sole proprietor of Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih. 2. The facts are rather chequered, albeit are required to be noticed in detail. On 07.08.1985, West Bengal Mineral Development and Trading Corporation Limited1 had fi led an application for grant of long term mining lease for Dolomite, Limestone and Quartzite at the p lots in Mouza - Khariduara, Kumari and Boch. An application was also fi led by WBMDTCL for grant of long term mining lease for Iron Ore, Manganese and Fireclay at the plots in Mouza - Khariduara, Kumari, Boch and Kangametya. Grant Order dated 07.04.1986 was issued in favour of WBMDTCL by the Assistant Secretary, Commerce and Industries Department, Mines Branch, West Bengal. 2.1 On 06.03.1998, Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih. had fi led an application before the Mining Offi cer- in-charge, Purulia Zone, Directorate of Mines and Minerals, West Bengal, for the grant of a mining lease for the purpose of extracti ng Dolomite at Mouza - Khariduara, Kumari and Boch, in 76 acres of land. 2.2 The Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih fi led Writ Petition No. 7808 (W) of 2001 before the High Court of Calcutta, seeking disposal of their application for grant of mining lease. The High Court vide order dated 13.06.2001, directed the State authorities to dispose of the application of Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih at an early date and in accordance with law. 2.3. The Joint Secretary, Commerce and Industries Department, West Bengal, vide order dated 13.03.2003, rejected the application of Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih, on the ground of non-availability of land in view of the previous application of WBMDTCL. By another order dated 26.03.2003, the Joint Secretary, Commerce and Industries Department, West Bengal reiterated that the mining application 1 For Short,’ WBMDTCL’. 283 of Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industri es of Bagandih overlaps with the area applied for in the previous application by WBMDTCL. The application of the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiran jilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih was accordingly rejected. 2.4 Aggrieved, the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Minera l) Industries of Bagandih had fi led Writ Petition No. 7505 (W) of 2003 in the High Court of Calcutta challenging the orders passed by the Joint Secretary, Commerce and Industries Department, West Bengal, dated 13.03.2003 and 26.03.2003. During the pendency of the said Writ Petition, the Joint Secretary, Commerce and Industries Department, West Bengal, reviewed the aforesaid orders and passed a fresh order dated 13.10.2006 for apportionment of land between WBMDTCL and the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih. This order states that two hearin gs were held on 24.05.2006 and 19.06.2006 to review the matter, and thereupon at the hearing dated 19.06.2006, in the presence of the representatives of WBMDTCL and the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih, it was agreed that Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih will be granted the whole of the mining area of 76 acres, and the lease for the rest of the area will be granted in favour of WBMDTCL. No other reason has been stated and indicated in the said order. Thus, the orders dated 13.03.2003 and 26.03.2003 rejecting the application of the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih were recalled. Consequently, the Letter of Intent dated 26.10.2006 was issued in favour of the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industr ies of Bagandih for an area of 76 acres of land subject to fulfi lling/submission of various documents, including approval of the Mining Plan duly approved by the Chief Mining Offi cer, Asansol and Clearance Certifi cate from the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. 2.5 However, the order dated 13.10.2006 was cancelled or revoked vide order dated 03.12.2010 by the Joint Secretary, Commerce and Industries Department, Mines Branch, West Bengal, inter alia, recording that this order was passed without ascertaining the exact position of the land and in ignorance of the fact that the rejection orders dated 13 .03.2003 and 26.03.2003 had already been challenged before the High Court in Writ Petition No. 7505 (W) of 2003. The authorities had not ascertained the status STATE OF WEST BENGAL v. M/S. CHIRANJILAL (MINERAL) INDUSTRIES OF BAGANDIH [SANJIV KHANNA, J.] of the case. The order of cancellation or revocation dated 03.12.2010 was not challenged by the respondents. 2.6. This order dated 03.12.2010 was also not brought to the notice of the High Court, when the Writ Petition No. 7505 (W) of 2003 was disposed of ex-parte vide order dated 25.03.2014 by relying upon the supplementary affi davit fi led by the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih, which had referred to the recalled order dated 13.10.2006. This order of the High Court states that a decision as to whether a lease or licence to be granted in favour of the Responde nt No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih shall be taken within a period of eight weeks and Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih would be accordingly informed. It was made clear that the decision as to the grant will be on the basis of the law and the rules applicable at the time of consideration. 2.7. By the order dated 09.07.2014 passed by the Joint Secretary, Commerce and Industries Department, West Bengal, th e application fi led by the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Indus tries of Bagandih was rejected inter alia relying upon the earlier application fi led by WBMDTCL. Signifi cantly, this order mentions that the two rejection orders dated 13.03.2003 and 26.03.2003 were recalled by the Joint Secretary vide his order dated 13.10.2006. This order also refers to the factum that the Grant Order dated 07.04.1986 to WBMDTCL for Iron Ore, Manganese and Fireclay in the plots in question had been revoked and the ap plication for Long-Term Mining Lease fi led by WBMDTCL for Dolomite and Limestone was rejected by a common order dated 24.09.2009. Th e order dated 24.09.2009 has not been placed on record, though it is necessary to ascertain and know the reasons for cancellation and rejection in favour of WBMDTCL. WBMDTCL had applied earlier in point of time, and is a gover nment of West Bengal undertaking. The order dated 09.07.2014 does indicate that the cancellation and rejection against WBMDTCL had something to d o with the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih, and possibly the order dated 13.10.2006 in favour of the Respondent No . 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih. This is refl ected from the reason given in the order dated 09.07.2014, which states that since the recall order dated 13.10.2006 was cancelled or revoked vide order dated 285 03.12.2010, the rejection orders dated 13.03.2003 and 26.03.2003 were still valid and the application for mining lease dated 07.08.1985 for Dolomite and Limestone by WBMDTCL still subsists. Thereupon, refe rence in the order dated 09.07.2014 is made to sub-section (2) to Section 112 of the Mines 2 11. Preferential right of certain persons . - (1) Where a reconnaissance permit or prospecting licence has been granted in respect of any land, the permit holder or the licensee shall have a preferential right for obtaining a prospecting licence or mining lease, as the case may be, in respect of that land over any other person: Provided that the State Government is satisfi ed that the permit holder or the licensee, as the case may be, - (a) has undertaken reconnaissance operations or prospecting operations, as the case may be, to establish mineral resources in such land; (b) has not committed any breach of the terms and conditions of the reconnaissance permit or the prospecting licence; (c) has not become ineligible under the provision of this Act; and (d) has not failed to apply for grant of prospecting licence or mining lease, as the case may be, within three months after the expiry of reconnaissance permit or prospecting licence, as the case may be, or within such further period as may be extended by the said Government. (2) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (1),wh ere the State Government has not notifi ed in the Offi cial Gazette the area for grant of reconnaissance permit or prospecting licence or mining lease, as the case may be, and tw o or more persons have applied for a reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence or a mining lease in respect of any land in such area, the applicant whose application was received earlier, shall have a preferential right to be considered for grant of reconnaissance permit, p rospecting licence or mining lease, as the case may be, over the applicant whose application was received later: Provided that where an area is available for grant of reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence or mining lease, as the case may be, and th e State Government has invited applications by notifi cation in the Offi cial Gazette for grant of such permit, licence or lease, all the applications received during the per iod specifi ed in such notifi cation and the applications which had been received prior to the publication of such notifi cation in respect of the lands within such area and had not been disp osed of , shall be deemed to have been received on the same day for the purposes of assigning priority under this subsection. Provided further that where any such applications a re received on the same day, the State Government, after taking into consideration the mat ters specifi ed in sub-section (3), may grant the reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence or mining lease, as the case may be, to such one of the applicants as it may deem fi t. (3) The matters referred to in sub-section (2) are the following:- (a) any special knowledge of, or experience in, rec onnaissance operations, prospecting operations or mining operations, as the case may be, possessed by the applicant; (b) the fi nancial resources of the applicant; (c) the nature and quality of the technical staff employed or to be employed by the applicant; (d) the investment which the applicant proposes to make in the mines and in the industry based on the minerals; (e) such other matters as may be prescribed. STATE OF WEST BENGAL v. M/S. CHIRANJILAL (MINERAL) INDUSTRIES OF BAGANDIH [SANJIV KHANNA, J.] and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 19573, which states that in cases where the State Government has not notifi ed in the Offi cial Gazette an area for grant of reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence for mining lease, and two or more persons had applied for the permit, licence or mining lease, the person whose application received earlier in point of time shall have preferential right for grant of permit, licence or lease over the person whose application was received later. The order states that WBMDTCL is very much interested in mining Dolomite and Limestone in the area and has confi rmed the said fact in writing vide letter dated 05.06.2014. 2.8. The Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih challenged the order dated 09.07.2014 passed by the Joint Secretary, Commerce and Industries Department, West Bengal in Writ Petition No. 21358 (W) of 2014 before the High Court of Calcutta. This petition was disposed of vide order dated 10.09.2014 observing that the Joint Secretary, who had passed the order dated 09.07.2014 had fail ed to exercise jurisdiction vested in him as the applications fi led by WBMDTCL had been rejected vide common order dated 24.09.2009 and were therefore not pending. Direction was issued by the High Court to grant a long t erm lease in respect of 76 acres of land to the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih by observing that the res pondent had a Rayati status and that the remaining land can be given to WBMDTCL. It may be relevant to note here that this order records that the fi les relating to the (4) Subject to the provisions of sub-section(1), where the State Government notifi es in the Offi cial Gazette an area for grant of reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence or mining lease, as the case may be, all the applications received during the period as specifi ed in such notifi cation, which shall not be less than thirty d ays, shall be considered simultaneously as if all such applications have been received on t he same day and the State Government, after taking into consideration the matters specifi ed in sub-section(3), may grant the reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence or mining lease, as the case may be, to such one of the applicants as it may deem fi t. (5) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), but subject to the provisions of sub-section (1), the State Government may, for any special reasons to be recorded, grant a reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence or a m ining lease, as the case may be, to an applicant whose application was received later i n preference to an applicant whose application was received earlier: Provided that in respect of minerals specifi ed in the First Schedule, prior approval of the Central Government shall be obtained before passing any order under this sub-section. 3 For short, ‘MMDR Act, 1957’ 287 application of WBMDTCL were untraceable. WBMDTCL was not made a party to the said writ petition. Notably, the application fi led by WBMDTCL, being earlier in point of time in terms of the applicable rules was to be given preference, whereas the application fi led by the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih was rejected vide orders dated 13.03.2003 and 26.03.2003. However, the rejection orders were recalled vide order dated 13.10.2006 and the Letter of Intent dated 26.10.2006 was issued in favour of the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih. Subsequently, the Grant Order dated 13.10.2006 in favour of the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih was cancelled and recalled vide order dated 13.12.2010. This order dated 13.12.2010 was never challenged and has attained fi nality. It is during the period between the order dated 13.10.2006 and the order dated 13.12.2010 that the request/application of WBMDTCL was rejected and the mining lease cancelled vide order dated 24.09.2009. 2.9. On 10.02.2015, vide notifi cation No. S.O. 423 (E), Dolomite was notifi ed as a minor mineral, and accordingly henceforth, fell under the legislative and administrative jurisdiction of the State Government. 2.10. A Grant Order dated 16.07.2015 was issued by the Deputy Secretary, Commerce and Industries Department, West Bengal for Dolomite mining in favour of Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih in respect of 76 acres of land, subject to certa in conditions, including the requirement to submit consent letters of owners of the land in question (Raiyats) before the execution of the lease deed, or a condition to this eff ect would be incorporated in the draft lease. Another stipulation mentioned therein is the need for permission under Section 14-Y4 of the West 4 14-Y. Limitation on future acquisition of land by a raiyat.—If at any time, after the commencement of the provisions of this Chapter, the total area of land owned by a raiyat exceeds the ceiling area applicable to him under S ection 14-M, on account of transfer, inheritance or otherwise, the area of lan d which is in excess of the ceiling area shall vest in the State and all the provisions of t his Chapter relating to ceiling area shall apply to such land: Provided that a person intending to establish a tea garden, mill, factory or workshop, livestock breeding farm, poultry farm, or dairy, or township in accordance with the provisions of the West Bengal Town and Country (Planning and Development) Act, 1979, may, with the previous permission, in writing, of the State Government and on such terms STATE OF WEST BENGAL v. M/S. CHIRANJILAL (MINERAL) INDUSTRIES OF BAGANDIH [SANJIV KHANNA, J.] Bengal Land Reforms Act, 19555 for holding the required land and furnishing of Conversion Certifi cate for plots of land from the appropriate authority in terms of Section 4-C6 of the WBLR Act, 1955. It is also stipulated that the Grant Order and the subsequent execution of the lease deed are subject to the No Objection Certifi cate to be obtained from the Central Government since Dolomite was a major mineral at the time of the order dated 10.09.2014 passed by the High Court. 2.11. Aggrieved by the conditions and the requirements stipulated in the Grant Order dated 16.07.2015, the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih fi led two Contempt Pet itions in W.P. and conditions and in such manner as the State Government may by rules prescribe, acquire and hold land in excess of the ceiling area applicable to him under Section 14-M: Provided further that if such person, having been permitted by the State Government, does not utilise within two years of the date of such permission such land for the purpose for which he has been so permitted by the State Government to acquire and hold it, then, all the provisions of this Chapter relating to ceiling area shall apply to the area of land which is held in excess of the ceiling area applicable to him under Section 14-M. Explanation.—For the purpose of this section, “person” include s an individual, a fi rm, a company, an institution, or an associatio n or body of individuals, whether incorporated or not. 5 For short, ‘WBLR Act, 1955’.’ 6 4-C. Permission for change of area, character or use of land.—(1) A raiyat holding any land may apply to the Collector for change of a rea or character of such land or for conversion of the same for any purpose other than the purpose for which it was settled or was being previously used or for alteration in the mode of use of such land. (2) On receipt of such application, the Collector m ay, after making such inquiry as may be prescribed and after giving the applicant or the persons interested in such land or aff ected in any way an opportunity of being heard, by order in writing either reject the application or direct such change, conversion or al teration, as the case may be, on such terms and conditions as may be prescribed. (3) Every order under sub-section (2) directing change, conversion or alteration shall specify the date from which such change, conversion or alteration shall take eff ect. (4) A copy of the order passed by the Collector dir ecting change, conversion or alteration, if any, under sub-section (2), or in an appeal therefrom shall he forwarded to the Revenue Offi cer referred to in Section 50 or Section 51, as the case may be, and such Revenue Offi cer shall incorporate in the record-of-rights changes eff ected by such order and revise the record-of-rights in accordance with such order. (5) If the Collector is satisfi ed that any land is being convened for any purpose other than the purpose for which it was settled or was being previously held, or attempts are being made to eff ect alteration in the mode of use of such land or change of the area or character of such land, he may, by order, restrain the raiyat from such Act. 289 21358 (W) of 2014. These contempt petitions were disposed of, inter alia, observing that the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih was required to fulfi l the conditions, including furnishing of the Conversion Certifi cate under Section 4-C of the WBLR Act, 1955 and No Objection Certifi cate from the Government of India. The court, therefore, found that there was no wilful, or contumacious violation of the order dated 10.09.2014. However, liberty was granted to the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih to question the Grant Order dated 16.07.2015. 2.12. The Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih thereupon preferred Writ Petition No. 20309 (W) of 2016 before the High Court of Calcutta. However, WBMDTCL was not a party to this writ petition. In the meanwhile, a clarifi cation was sought by the Deputy Secretary, Commerce and Industries Department, West Bengal and vide clarifi cation dated 26.08.2016 issued by the Government of India, Ministry of Mines, it was clarifi ed that even prior to 10.02.2015, Dolomite was a Non-Scheduled major mineral, for which prior approval of the Central Government was not required under sub-section (1) to Section 5 of th e MMDR Act, 1957. 2.13.This Writ Petition No. 20309 (W) of 2016 vide judgment and order dated 12.04.2017 has been allowed inter alia observing that Dolomite had become a minor mineral with eff ect from 10.02.2015 and hence prior approval of the Central Government is not required under Section 5(1) of the MMDR Act, 1957. On the question of requirements under Section 14-Y and 4-C of the WBLR Act, 1955, it is observed that the land in question is recorded as ‘Dungri’ as per information provided by the Deputy District Land and Land Reforms Offi cer, Purulia vide Memo No. V/RTI/775/15 dated 06.03.2017 and that the land classifi ed as ‘Dungri’ is only used for the purpose of mining lease and thus, there is no need for a con version certifi cate under Section 4-C of the WBLR, Act, 1955. The clarifi cation dated 07.04.2016 was issued by the Additional District Magistrate an d District Land and Land Reforms Offi cer, Purulia, stating that the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih had pr ocured a No Objection Certifi cate in respect of the major portion of Raiyati land from diff erent owners and that the State Government itself was the owner of STATE OF WEST BENGAL v. M/S. CHIRANJILAL (MINERAL) INDUSTRIES OF BAGANDIH [SANJIV KHANNA, J.] 20.87 acres of land, thus Section 14-Y of the WBLR Act, 1955 would not be applicable as the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih has not acquired land in excess ceiling limit prescribed under Section 14-M of the WBLR Act, 1955. 2.14. This judgment was challenged by the State of West Bengal in an intra-court appeal being F.M.A. No. 1458 of 2017 with CAN No. 6596 of 2017 which has been dismissed vide the impugned judgment dated 04.10.2018. Agreeing with the fi ndings recorded by the Sing le Judge, the division bench has held that the provisions of the West Bengal Minor Minerals Concession Rules, 20167 will not be applicable as the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih h ad made the application in March 1998, and more so as the Joint Secretary, Government of West Bengal had passed the order dated 13.10.2006 to grant mining lease. The High Court’s direction given in Writ Petition No. 21358 (W) of 2014 vide judgment dated 10.09.2014 are prior to the enforcement of the Concession Rules, 2016. 3. We have heard the learned Senior Advocate appearing for the State of West Bengal and the Respondent No. 2 – Dinesh Agarwal, who has appeared in-person. They have also submitted their written submissions. 4. We begin our discussion by first referring to Rul e 61 of the Concession Rules, 2016, which reads as under: “61.Decleration of ineligibility of the pending minor mineral applications for mining lease including the applica tions of reclassifi ed major minerals.- All applications for mining lease of minor minerals including the reclassifi ed minor minerals vide SO No- 423 (E) dated 12th February,2015 received prior to the giving-eff ect to this rules irrespective of its duration of pendency shall become ineligible. Provided that if the applicant has been issued a Grant Order or Letter of Intent (LoI) or any other Government Order requiring the alteration of applicant’s position then his mining lease applicatio n may be considered after due compliance of the all the necessary conditions” 7 For short, ‘Concession Rules, 2016’. 291 5. An almost corresponding amendment was made to the MMDR Act, 1957 by incorporating Section 10-A vide Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 20158, which reads as under: 10-A. Rights of existing concession holders and applicants.— (1) All applications received prior to the date of commencement of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015, shall become ineligible. (2) Without prejudice to sub-section (1), the following shall remain eligible on and from the date of commencement of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015— (a) applications received under Section 11-A of this Act; (b) where before the commencement of the Mines and Mi nerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015 a reconnaissance permit or prospecting licence has been granted in respect of any land for any mineral, the permit holder or the licensee shall have a right for obtaining a prospecting licence followed by a mining lease, or a mining lease, as the case may be, in respect of that minera l in that land, if the State Government is satisfi ed that the permit holder or the licensee, as the case may be,— (i) has undertaken reconnaissance operations or prospecting operations, as the case may be, to establish the existence of mineral contents in such land in accordance with such parameters as may be prescribed by the Central Government; (ii) has not committed any breach of the terms and conditions of the reconnaissance permit or the prospecting licence; (iii) has not become ineligible under the provisions of this Act; and (iv) has not failed to apply for grant of prospecting licence or mining lease, as the case may be, within a period of three months af ter the expiry of reconnaissance permit or prospecting licence, as t he case may be, or within such further period not exceeding six months as may be extended by the State Government; 8 For short, ‘Amendment Act, 2015’. STATE OF WEST BENGAL v. M/S. CHIRANJILAL (MINERAL) INDUSTRIES OF BAGANDIH [SANJIV KHANNA, J.] (c) where the Central Government has communicated p revious approval as required under sub-section (1) of Section 5 for gran t of a mining lease, or if a letter of intent (by whatever name called) has been issued by the State Government to grant a mining lease, before the commencement of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015, the mining lease shall be granted subject to fulfi lment of the conditions of the previous approval or of the letter of intent within a period of two years from th e date of commencement of the said Act: Provided that in respect of any mineral specifi ed in the First Schedule, no prospecting licence or mining lease shall be granted under clause (b) of this sub-section except with the previous approval of the Central Government. 6. Rule 61 of the Concession Rules, 2016 states that all applications for mining lease of minor minerals including reclassifi ed minor minerals vide S.O. No. 423 (E) dated 12.02.2015 received prior to giving eff ect to the Concession Rules, 2016 9, irrespective of its duration of pendency shall become ineligible. In other words, these applications a re not to be considered. The proviso makes an exception and states that if an applicant, who had made an application prior to 29.07.2016, had been issued a Grant Order or a Letter of Intent, or any other order requiring alt eration of the applicant’s position, his application for mining lease may be considered after due compliance of all necessary conditions. The question is whether the respondents’ case is covered by the exception in terms of the proviso to Rule 61 of the Concession Rules,2016. We have already referred to the reasoning given by the division bench of the High Court dealing with the Concession Rules, 2016, and would like to quote the fi ndings which hold that the proviso would not be applicable to the facts of the present case. These observations read: “25. ….Neither such recent policy nor can the provisions of the West Bengal Minor Minerals Concession Rules, 2016 can apply to the application of the writ petitioners made in March, 1998 and more so as the order of the Joint Secretary to grant lease is dated 13th October, 9 The Concession Rules, 2016 came into eff ect on 2 9.07.2016 293 2006 and that of this Court directing grant of long term lease is dated 10th September, 2014 are prior to such policy and prior to the said Rules came into operation. It further appears that necessary mining plan taking into account the environmental aspect has been submitted by the writ petitioners and the appellant/State has raised no grievance in respect thereof.” 7. The policy referred to in the aforesaid paragraph is in terms of the letter dated 02.02.2018 issued by the Principal Secretary, State of West Bengal, wherein it is specifi ed that obtaining a Conversion Certifi cate is a mandatory condition for the purpose of a mining lease. Reference in the impugned judgment to the order dated 13.10.2006, or for that matter, the Letter of Intent dated 26.10.2006 is inconsequential as the said orders were recalled and revoked on 03.12.2010. The orders did not survive and continue to operate thereafter. Writ Petition No. 7505 (W) of 2003 was disposed of ex-parte, without noticing that the order dated 13.10.2006 had been recalled or cancelled, albeit the judgment had directed that the application for grant of lease would be considered in accordance with law and the rules applicable at the time of consideration. The order dated 03.12.2010 was never challenged by the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih and has attained fi nality. At best, the case of the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih is that the a pplication dated 06.03.1998 should be considered in accordance with law. 8. The Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih has relied upon judgment of this Court in Bhushan Power and Steel Limited v. S.L. Seal, Additional Secretary (Steel and Mines), State of Odisha and Others10. In the said case, the predecessor-in-interest of the petitioner therein had made an application for grant of lease before the State of Odisha for mining of Iron Ore in an area measuring 1250 ac res. The application was in view of the proposal to set up a steel plant in the district of Sambalpur, Odisha. The rejection for the grant of the mining lease to M/s. Bhushan Power and Steel Limited was challenged in a Writ Petition in the High Court, which was dismissed, but the appeal preferred before this Court was allowed vide judgment dated 14.03.2012 in Bhushan Power and Steel 10 (2017) 2 SCC 125. STATE OF WEST BENGAL v. M/S. CHIRANJILAL (MINERAL) INDUSTRIES OF BAGANDIH [SANJIV KHANNA, J.] Limited and Others v. State of Orissa and Another11, setting aside the order of the State Government dated 09.02.2016, with the following directions: “41. In the light of the above, the High Court erred in holding that it could not interfere with the decision of the State Government calling upon the appellants to sign a fresh MoU with the Government, during subsistence of the earlier MoU. Since the State Government has already made allotments in favour of others in relaxation of the Mineral Concession Rules, 1960, under Rule 59(2) thereof, no cogent ground had been made out on behalf of the State to deny the said pri vilege to the appellants as well. Accordingly, we allow the appeal and set aside the judgment and order of the High Court of Orissa and also the decision of the State Government dated 9-2-2006, rejecting the appellants’ claim for grant of mining lease. 42. During the course of hearing, we have been informed that Thakurani Block A has large reserves of iron ore, in which the appella nts can also be accommodated. We, accordingly, direct the State of Orissa to take appropriate steps to act in terms of the MoU dated 15-5-2002, as also its earlier commitments to recommend the case of the appellants to the Central Government for grant of adequate iron ore reserves to meet the requirements of the appellants in their steel plant at Lapanga.” 9. The State of Odisha thereafter fi led an application for review of the judgment in Bhushan Power and Steel Limited and Others v. State of Orissa and Another12 (supra) which was rejected vide order dated 11.09.2012. 10. Alleging non-compliance and in-action of the judgment dated 14.03.2012, a contempt petition was fi led by M/s Bhushan Power and Steel Limited. The contempt petition was contested by the State of O disha on several grounds, including that the judgment dated 14.03.2012 is incapable of enforcement, for which reliance was placed on a subsequent judgment of this Court in Sandur Manganese and Iron Ores Ltd. v. State of Karnataka13. This stand did not fi nd favour with this Court and the offi cers of the State Government were found to be in contempt of the judgment dated 14.03.2012 11 (2012) 4 SCC 246. 12 (2012) 4 SCC 246. 13 (2010) 13 SCC 1. 295 vide judgment dated 22.04.2014 in Bhushan Power and Steel Limited v. Rajesh V erma14. Under these circumstances, the judgment dated 22.04.2014 had given one more opportunity to the State Government to send requisite recommendation to the Central Government inter alia observing that this Court cannot lose sight of the fact that there is a judgment inter se the parties, which has become fi nal. Accordingly, the contention that the judgment of this Court in Sandur Manganese and Iron Ores Limited (supra) will not undo the directions given in the judgment dated 14.03.2012 was rejected. The relevant observations in the judgment dated 22.04.2014 read as under: “21. We cannot lose sight of the fact that there is a judgment , inter partes, which has become fi nal. Even when the civil appeal was being heard, certain other parties claiming their interest in these very lands had moved intervention applications which were dismissed. At t hat time also it was mentioned that there are 195 applicants. How ever, notwithstanding the same, this Court issued fi rm directions to t he State Government to recommend the case of the petitioners for mining lease in both the areas. In view of such categorical and unambiguous directions given in the judgment which has attained fi nality, merely because another judgment has been delivered by this Court in Sandur Manganese case , cannot be a ground to undo the directions contained in the judgment dated 14-3-2012. Insofar as law laid down in Sandur Manganese is concerned, that may be applied and followed by the State Government in respect of other applications which are still pending. However, that cannot be pressed into service qua the petitioner whose rights have been crystallised by the judgment rendered in its favour. It cannot be reopened, that too at the stage of implementation of the said judgment. 22. …. Once we hold that the respondents are bound to implement the direction contained in the judgment dated 14-3-2012, insofar as the State Government is concerned, it is obliged to comply therewith and such matters, along with other relevant considerations, can be left to the wisdom of the Central Government while taking a decision on the recommendation of the State Government. 14 (2014) 5 SCC 551. STATE OF WEST BENGAL v. M/S. CHIRANJILAL (MINERAL) INDUSTRIES OF BAGANDIH [SANJIV KHANNA, J.] xx xx xx 24. …. However, we are giving one fi nal opportunity to them to purge the contempt by transmitting requisite recommendations to the Central Government. It would be for the Central Government to consider the said recommendations on its own merits and in accordance with law. In case the recommendation is sent within one month from the d ate of copy of receipt of this order, we propose not to take any further action and the respondents/contemnors shall stand discharged from this contempt petition. However, in case the respondents do not purge in the manner mentioned above, it would be open to the petit ioners to point out the same to this Court by moving appropriate application and in that event the contemnors shall be proceeded against.” (emphasis supplied) 11. Consequent to the directions dated 22.04.2014, the State Government had sent the requisite recommendation to the Central Government for grant of mining lease of the area in question. The Central Government, however, took the stand that having regard to the amendments in the MMDR Act, 1957, vide the Amendment Act, 2015 introducing Section 10-A, the request made by M/s Bhushan Power and Steel Limited stands inva lidated. In view of the aforesaid stand, the Central Government had written letters to the State Government, with a copy sent to M/s Bhushan Power an d Steel Limited. In the letter dated 13.05.2015, the Central Government had stated that the proposal for according the prior approval for gran t of mineral concession was ineligible in terms of sub-section (1) to Se ction 10-A of the MMDR Act, 1957 and, therefore, should be treated as closed. However, the State Government might ascertain whether the proposal was safe from ineligibility under Section 10-A of the MMDR Act, 1957 and thereupo n the State Government could take action accordingly. Similar view was also expressed by the Central Government in the letter dated 29.05.2015 therein. Consequent to these communications, the State government vide letter dated 09.07.2015 had informed M/s Bhushan Power and Steel Limited that their applications for grant of mining lease had become ineligible as per sub- section (1) to Section 10-A of the MMDR Act, 1957. 297 12. This Court in M/s Bhushan Steel and Power Limited 15 (supra), specifi cally examined the contention whether in the facts of the said case, clause (c) to sub-section (2) to Section 10-A of the MMDR Act, 1957 could be invoked in view of the contention raised by M/s Bhushan Ste el and Power Limited that the Letter of Intent was issued by the State Government for grant of mining lease and, therefore, their application stands protected. The submission was that the recommendation dated 24.05.2014, given by the State Government should be treated as a Letter of Intent by “whatever name called”, as it signifi es the intention to grant mining lease insofar as the State Government is concerned. It was also argued that under the new regime contained under Section 10-A of the MMDR Act, 1957, approval of the Central Government was not even required and the State Government could have proceeded further and granted the lease. 13. The aforesaid arguments did not fi nd favour of this Court in the case of M/s Bhushan Steel and Power Limited (supra) in spite of the earlier judgment of this Court dated 14.03.2012 and the order passed in the contempt petition dated 22.04.2014 with the observations therein that there was failure of the State Government to comply with the direc tions. This Court rejected the submissions in M/s Bhushan Steel and Power Limited (supra) and held as under: “17. Undoubtedly, as per sub-section (1) of Section 10-A, all applications received prior to coming into force of the Amendm ent Act, 2015, become ineligible. Reason for interpreting such a provision is not far to seek. Before the passing of the Amendment Act, 2015, it was the Central Government which had the ultimate control over the grant of licences insofar as mining of major minerals is conc erned. As per the procedure then existing, the State Governme nt could recommend the application submitted by any applicant for gr ant of mining lease to the Central Government and the Central Government was given the power to grant or refuse to grant the approval. Thus, “previous approval” from the Central Government was essential for grant of lease, without which the State Government could not e nter 15 (2012) 4 SCC 246. STATE OF WEST BENGAL v. M/S. CHIRANJILAL (MINERAL) INDUSTRIES OF BAGANDIH [SANJIV KHANNA, J.] into any such lease agreement with the applicant. Shortcomings o f this procedure were noticed by this Court in its judgment rendered in Centre for Public Interest Litigation v. Union of India [(2012) 3 SCC 1] (for short “CPIL case”) and also in Natural Resources Allocation, In re, Special Reference No. 1 of 2012 [Natural Resources Allocation, In re, Special Reference No. 1 of 2012, (2012) 10 SCC 1] . In these judgments, this Court expressed that allocation of natural resourc es should normally be by auction. Judgment in CPIL case had a direct relevance to the grant of mineral concessions as the Government found that it was resulting in multipurpose litigation which was be coming counterproductive. Mining Ordinance, 2015 was passed on 12-1- 2015 which was ultimately replaced when Parliament enacted th e Amendment Act, 2015. 18. The exhaustive Statement of Objects and Reasons reveals t hat the extensive amendment in the Act were eff ected after extensive consultations and intensive scrutiny by the Standing Committee on Coal and Steel, who gave their Report in May 2013. As is evident from the Statement that diffi culties were experienced because the existing Act does not permit the auctioning of mineral concessions. It wa s observed that with auctioning of mineral concessions, transparency in allocation will improve; the Government will get an increased share of the value of mineral resources; and that it will alleviate the procedural delay, which in turn would check slowdown which adversely aff ected the growth of mining sector. 19. The Amendment Act, 2015, as is evident from the objects, aims at: ( i) eliminating discretion; ( ii) improving transparency in the allocation of mineral resources; ( iii) simplifying procedures; ( iv) eliminating delay on administration, so as to enable expeditious and optimum development of the mineral resources of the country; (v) obtaining for the Government an enhanced share of the value of the mineral resources; and (vi) attracting private investment and the latest technology. 20. The Amendment Act, 2015 ushered in the amendment of Sections 3, 4, 4-A, 5, 6, 13, 15, 21 and First Schedule; substitution of new sections for Sections 8, 11 and 13; and, insertion of new Sections 8-A, 9-B, 299 9-C, 10-A, 10-C, 11-B, 11-C, 12-A, 15-A, 17-A, 20-A, 30-B, 30-C and Fourth Schedule. 21. These amendments brought in vogue: ( i) auction to be the sole method of allotment; (ii) extension of tenure of existing lease from the date of their last renewal to 31-3-2030 (in the case of captive mines) and till 31-3-2020 (for the merchant miners) or till the compl etion of renewal already granted, if any, or a period of 50 years from the date of grant of such lease; ( iii) establishment of District Mineral Foundation for safeguarding interest of persons aff ected by mining related activities; (iv) setting up of a National Mineral Exploration Trust created out of contributions from the mining lease-holders, in or der to have a dedicated fund for encouraging exploration and investment; (v) removal of the provisions requiring “ previous approval” from the Central Government for grant of mineral concessions in case of important minerals like iron ore, bauxite, manganese, etc. thereby making the process simpler and quicker; (vi) introduction of stringent penal provisions to check illegal mining prescribing higher penalties up to Rs 5 lakhs per hectare and imprisonment up to 5 years; and (vii) further empowering the State Government to set up Special Courts for trial of off ences under the Act.” 14. Thus, the object and purpose of the Amendment Act, 2015 is to ensure that allocation of mineral resources is done through auctioning. This is the reason why sub-section (1) to Section 10-A of the MMDR Act, 1957 mandates that all applications received prior to 12.01.2015 shall b ecome ineligible. The exceptions or the saving clause applies to thr ee kinds of situations specifi ed in sub-section (2) to Section 10-A of the MMDR Act. 1957. The fi rst category is where an application has been received under Section 11-A of the MMDR Act,1957. The second catego ry is where a reconnaissance permit or a prospecting licence has b een granted the permit holder or the licensee has the right to obtain a pros pecting licence followed by a mining lease and the State Government is satisfi ed that the permit holder or the licensee has complied with the requirements specifi ed in sub-clauses (i) to (iv) of clause (b) of sub-section (2) to Section 10-A of the MMDR Act, 1957. The reason for protecting this class of c ases is on account of the fact that they had altered their position by spending money STATE OF WEST BENGAL v. M/S. CHIRANJILAL (MINERAL) INDUSTRIES OF BAGANDIH [SANJIV KHANNA, J.] on reconnaissance operations or prospecting operations. Accordingly, the principle of legitimate expectation is applied. The third category is where the Central Government had already communicated their previous approval or the State Government had issue Letter of Intent for grant of mining lease before coming into force of the Amendment Act 2015. The raison dêtre, it is observed therein, is that certain rights had accrued to these applicants inasmuch as all necessary procedures and formalities had be en complied with and only formal lease remains to be executed. 15. Delving on the question of whether the letter for approval da ted 22.05.2014 granted by the State Government can be treated as a Letter of Intent predicated on the words by whatever name, which expression, it was submitted, should be given a broad interpretation in view of the words ‘by whatever name called’ was examined in-depth and in detail. Reference was made to the legal dictionary for the meaning of the term ‘Letter of Intent’ as a preliminary understanding between the parties who inte nd to make a contract or join together for further action. Reference was a lso made to decisions of this Court in Rishi Kiran Logistics Private Limited v. Board of Trustees of Kandla Port Trust and Others16 and Rajasthan Cooperative Dairy Federation Limited v. Maha Laxmi Mingrate Marketing Service Private Limited and Others17 However, the said contention was rejected inter alia holding as under: “26. Applying the aforesaid meaning, can it be said that Letter dated 24-5-2014 of the State Government would constitute a letter of intent? We are afraid, answer has to be in the negative. Reason is simple. As mentioned above, in order to enable the State Government to enter into any lease agreement/contract with the prospecting licensee, “previous approval” of the Central Government was essential. Unless such approval came, the State Government could not communicate to the prospecting licensee/lessee its intention to enter into any contract as the prerequisite prior approval would be lacking. Therefore, no promise could be held by the State Government to any applicant showing its intention to enter into a contract in the future. Position would have 16 (2015) 13 SCC 233. 17 (1996) 10 SCC 405. 301 been diff erent had Letter dated 24-5-2014 been issued after receiving previous approval of the Central Government. However, that is not so. This letter to the Central Government was only recommendatory i n nature and ultimate decision rested with the Central Government. It is a diff erent thing if the Central Government refuses to give its approval on any extraneous reasons or mala fi des or does not take into consideration relevant factors/material while rejecting the application, which may form a diff erent cause of action and may become a reason to challenge the action of the Central Government rejecting the application on the grounds that are available in law to seek judicial review of such an action. However, we are not dealing with that situation in the instant case. Our discussion is confi ned to the plea raised befor e us viz. whether Letter dated 24-5-2014 can be termed as “letter of in tent”. For the reasons stated above, we are of the view that it was not a letter of intent. The application of the petitioner, therefore, would not be covered by clause (c) of Section 10-A of the Act. 27. We are conscious of the fact that the petitioner herein had originally succeeded in the appeal inasmuch as judgment dated 14-3-2012 was rendered giving direction to the State Government to recommend the case of the petitioner, in terms of the MoU entered into between the parties, to the Central Government. This was not done and t he decision was reiterated in orders dated 22-4-2014 passed in Bhushan Power and Steel Ltd. v. Rajesh Verma [. It is possible that had the State Government acted promptly and sent the recommendat ions earlier, the Central Government might have accorded its approva l. However, whether it could have done so or not would be in the realm of conjectures. Insofar as the Central Government is c oncerned, no direction was ever given by this Court. On the contrary, it was categorically observed in the order dated 22-4-2014 in Bhushan Power and Steel Ltd. v. Rajesh Verma that it would be for the Central Government to consider the recommendations of the State Government on its own merits and in accordance with law. If that has not been done by the Central Government, it cannot be the subject-matter of present contempt petition.” 16. The aforesaid judgment is relevant for our purpose, though in the present case, post notifi cation No. S.O. 423(E) dated 10.02.2015, Dolomite STATE OF WEST BENGAL v. M/S. CHIRANJILAL (MINERAL) INDUSTRIES OF BAGANDIH [SANJIV KHANNA, J.] was notifi ed as a minor mineral and hence, the approval of the Central Government was not required for the reason that the Grant O rder dated 16.07.2015 was hedged with pre-conditions, including the requirement to submit consent letters of the owners of the land in questi on (Raiyats) before the execution of the lease deed, or there was to be a stipulation that a condition to this eff ect would be incorporated in the draft lease. Therefore, in our opinion, the Grant Order dated 16.07.2015 is provisional, and is subject to fulfi lment of the conditions therein. This is clear from the terms of the Grant Order dated 16.07.2015, which are reproduced below: “ xx xx xx (a) You have to furnish a Draft Mining Lease Deed in the model form K us prescribed in the Mineral Concession Rules, 1960, as amended upto date (1 rule 31 of MC Rules, 1960), (b) The Draft Mining Lease Deed should be prepared in durable papers neatly and suffi cient space should be kept in between two lines in order to permit, if necessary, correction therein, (c) The Deed of Lease, after execution, shall be register ed by you at your own cost and no mining operation should be started before registration of the Deed, (d) You shall have to furnish the approved Mining Plan, if not submitted rules 22(4) and 22A of MC Rules, 1960, (e) You shall have to furnish the Environment Clearance (EC), if not submitted from the M1EF Environment of Protection Act, 1986, (f) You shall have to furnish Consent to Establish and Consent to Operate from the WBPCB before execution of Deed of Lease [Section 25 and 26 of Water Act ,1974 and Section 21 of Air Act, 1981], (g) You shall have to raise annually a minimum quantity of minerals as stipulated in the approved Mine Plan [rules 22A and 45(ia) of MC Rules, 1960], (h) You shall have to deposit Rs. 10,000/ (Rupees ten thousand) only as Security for due observance of the terms and conditions of the lease, 303 under appropriate Head of Account which shall be refundable to you after expiry of the period of Lease, unless the whole or a part of it is withheld or forfeited by the Government for any default on you part including default in payment of amount due to the Government [rule 32 of MC Rules, 1960], (i) You shall have to submit consent letter(s) of the owner (s) of the land under consideration before execution of the Lease Deed (Consent of the Raiyats) or a condition to that eff ect should be incorporated in the Draft Deed (rule 22(3)(i)(1t)), (j) You shall have to furnish the N.O.C., of the Forest Authority in proper format in case the applied area falls in the forest area as notifi ed by the Appropriate Authority, alongwith the Draft Lease Dee d or a condition to that eff ect should be incorporated in the Draft Deed [Section 2 of Forest Conservation Act, 1980], (k) For actual operation of quarrying or digging, ten (10) yards clear margin shall be kept from the outer boundary of the adjacent 1 pl ot or plots and maintain throughout the operation and you shall have to give a written undertaking to that eff ect or corporate a condition in the Draft Lease Deed, (l) You shall have to incorporate all the conditions as mentioned in the M.C. Rules, 1960 in the Draft Lease Deed, (m) You shall have to furnish up to date Royalty Clearance, Income Tac Clearance and VAT Clearance certifi cates before execution of the Deed, (n) You shall have to submit, along with the Draft De ed, a Geo- Reference Map duly vetted by the DL&LRO and DMM, West Bengal, if not submitted, (o) You shall have obtained the permission under Section 14 Y of WBLR Act, 1955 for holding the required land, (p) You have to furnish the Conversion Certifi cate for plots of land from the Appropriate Authority (Section 4C of WBLR Act, 1955), (q) You have to furnish the current Land Availability Report (LAR) from the Appropriate Authority. STATE OF WEST BENGAL v. M/S. CHIRANJILAL (MINERAL) INDUSTRIES OF BAGANDIH [SANJIV KHANNA, J.] (r) In the event of non-execution of the deed within the stipulate d period on compliance with the above mentioned conditions the order sanctioning the lease shall be liable to be revoked, (s) You shall have to comply with all the statutory requirements before presenting the Deed of Lease of execution to this Department, (t) This Grant Order and subsequent execution of Lease Deed are subject to the No Objection Certifi cate (NOC) to be obtained by this Department form the Govt. of India since the applicant prayed for mining lease on the ground that the Letter of Intent (Lol) was issued for the mineral Dolomite which was a major mineral at th e time of order dated 10.09.2014 of the Hon’ble High Court. xx xx xx” 17. Raiyat land is to be used for cultivation, etc., and not for mining. Once the mining activity is undertaken, the Raiyats will not be able to use the land. In terms of sub-section (10) to Section 2 of the WBLR Act, 1955, a Raiyat means a person or an institution holding land for any purpose whatsoever. However, the rights of Raiyat in respect of the land in terms of sub-section (2A) to Section 4 of the WBLR Act, 1955 does not permit any other person to quarry sand from his holding, dig or use, or permit any person to dig or use, earth or clay of his holding for the manufacture of bricks or tiles except with previous permission in writing of the State Government. In case of breach of the condition, the prescribed authority may, after giving notice and opportunity to a Raiyat to show cause, can levy a monetary penalty. Further, on an order being passed, the land shall vest in the State free from all encumbrances. Section 4-B of the WBLR Act, 1955 stipulates that every Raiyat holding any land shall maintain and preserve such land in a manner that the area is not diminished or its character is not changed or the land is not converted for any purpose other than the purpose for which it was settled or previously held except with the previous permission of the Collector in writing. Equally signifi cant for our purpose is Section 3A of the WBLR Act, 1955, which states that the rights and interests of all non- agricultural tenants and under-tenants shall vest in the State free from all encumbrances and provisions of Section 5 and 5A of the West Bengal Estates Acquisition Act, 1953 shall apply. An exception is carved out by sub-section 305 (2) to Section 3A of the WBLR Act, 1955, where a non-agricultural tenant or under-tenant is holding khas possession of any land, in which case he is entitled to retain the land as Raiyat. There are also provisions relating to the transferability of land by the Raiyat. If cultivation was not being undertaken at the land in question, the classifi cation requires a change. 18. The controversy relating to Section 4-C of the WBLR Act, 1955, cannot simply be decided on the basis of Memo No. V/RTI/775/15 date d 06.03.2017 issued by the Deputy District Land and Land Reforms Offi cer, Purulia, that as per the revenue records the land was recorded as ‘Dungri’. The reason is that Raiyat land is not for mining. Thus, a contradiction arises, as the grant of Raiyat land and the classifi cation of the same land as ‘Dungri’ is contradictory. 19. Further, whether the consent letter of the owners of the la nd in question (Raiyats) obtained by the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih still hold good, would be relevant as there could be a change of hands on account of transfer, inheritance, etc. Connected with this are the legal issues. First, whether the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih had altered its position post the issue of the Grant Order dated 16.07.2015, but before enforcement of the Concession Rules, 2016, to get the benefi t of Rule 61 of the Concessions Rules, 2016? It is necessary to ascertain the facts and the n alone one can adjudicate and decide the question whether the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih is entitled to the benefi t of the proviso to Rule 61 of the Concession Rules, 2016. This has not been verifi ed and ascertained. An issue would arise on whether the application fi led by the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih way back in 1998 would still hold good as at the time, when the application was fi led, approval of the Central Government was required. Another diffi culty is that WBMDTCL has not been impleaded as a party, though it was always contesting the claim made by the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih. On the question of cancellation or rejection of the application made by WBMDTCL, we have made observations supra. However, we need not examine these i ssues in light of the order and directions we are issuing. Further, we feel that the remand order should not be passed at this distinct point of time. STATE OF WEST BENGAL v. M/S. CHIRANJILAL (MINERAL) INDUSTRIES OF BAGANDIH [SANJIV KHANNA, J.] 20. Having said so, it is the stand of the appellants – State of West Bengal, that they are owners of 20.87 acres of the land in question and to this extent, they have no diffi culty in executing the mining lease. This being the stated stand, which has also been affi rmed before us, there should be no diffi culty in granting of mining lease for the said area to the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih. 21. During the course of arguments before us, reference was made by the appellants to the provisions of the WBLR Act, 1955 and the judgment of this Court in Thressiamma Jacob and Others v. Geologist, Department of Mining and Geology and Others 18. We have not examined the said aspects which are left open and not adjudicated upon. However, we deem it appropriate to observe that the judgment of this Court in Thressiamma Jacob and Others (supra) is prior to the enforcement of the Amendment Act, 2015 and the Concession Rules, 2016. The amendments made by the Amendment Act, 2015 were not subject matter of decision in the said case and would have to be considered by the courts and the authorities as a judgment’s binding ratio depends upon the legal provisions considered, interpreted and applied in a given judgment. When the law changes b y an amendment in the legislation, the amended legal provisions have to be considered, interpreted and applied. Accordingly, and for the reasons stated, we partly allow the p resent appeal and set aside the impugned judgment with a di rection that the government of West Bengal will execute a mining lease for 20.87 acres of land in favour of the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih. The Writ Petition No. 20309 (W) of 2016 will be treat ed as allowed to the extent as indicated above. The claim of the Respondent No. 1 - M/s. Chiranjilal (Mineral) Industries of Bagandih towards the balance area for the grant of mining lease will be treated as rejected and dismissed. In the facts of the present case, there will be no order as to costs.