Tahsildar Singh and Another v. the State of Uttar Pradesh

S. P. Sinha, G. G .. Mathur and G. N. Dikshit, for·the respondent. 195\:.l. May 5. The judgment of B. P. Sinha, J. L. Kapur, A. K. Sarkar and K. Subba Rao, JJ. was delivered by K. Subba Rao, J. and the judgment of Jafer Imam and M. Hidayatullah, JJ., was deli­ vered by M. Hidayatullah, J. SuBB.A RAO, J.-This appeal by special leave raises Subba Rao J. the question of construction of s. 162, Code of Criminal Procedure. On June 16, 1954, one Ram Sanehi Mallah of Nayapura gave a dinner at his home and a large number of his friends attended it. After the dinner, at about 9 p. m., a music performance was given in front of the house of Ram Sanehi's neighbour, Ram Sarup. About 35 or 40 guests assembled in front of Ram Sarup's platform to hear the music. The prose- cution case is that a large number of persons armed with fire-arms suddenly appeared near a well situated on the southern side of the house of Ram Sarup and r939 Tahsildar S'ingh & Another v. 1'he State of Uttar Pradesh Subbr' Rao f. opened fire which resulted in the death of Natthi, Bharat Singh and Saktu, and injuries to six persons, namely, Hazari, Bankey, Khem Singh, Bal Kishan, Mizaji Lal and Nathu. The topography of the locality where the incident took place is given in the two site-plans, Ex. P-57 and Ex. P-128. It appears from the plans that the house of Ram Sarnp faces west, and directly in front of the main door of his house is a platform ; to the south­ west of the platform, about 25 paces away, is a well with a platform of 3 feet in height and about 13 feet in width around it; and to the west of the platform in front of Ram Sarnp's house the audience were seated. The prosecution version of the sequence of events that took place on that fatal night is as follows: After the dinner, there was a music performance in front of the platform of Ram Sarup's house and a number of persons assembled there to hear the music. Saktu phyed on the Majeera while Nathu was singing. It was a full-moon night and there were also a gas lamp n,nd several lanterns. Bankey and Asa Ram placed their guns on n, cot close to the platform and Bharat Singh was sitting on that cot. "While Bankey was among the audience, Asa, Ram was still taking his dinner inside the house. At about 9 p. m., the accused n,long with 15 or 20 persons arrived from an eastern lane, stood behind the well, shouted that no one should run away and advanced northward from the well firing shots. Natthi and Saktu were hit and both of them died on the spot. Bharat Singh, who was also hit, ran northward and was pursued by some of the culprits and was shot dead in front of Bankey's house shown in the plan. Bankey, who was also shot at n,nd injured, took up Asa Ram's gun and went up to the roof of Ram Sarup's house wherefrom he fired shots at the dacoits, who were retreating. Asa Ram, who was luckily inside the house taking his dinner, ran np to the roof of Ram Sarup's house and saw the occurrence from over the parapet. The culprits turned over the dead-bodies of Saktu, N atthi and Bharat Singh and, on seeing Bharat Singh's face, they exclaim­ ed that Asa Ram was killed. Thereafter, they (2) S.C.R. .SUPREME COURT REPORTS 879 proceeded northward, passed through the corner of I959 Ram Sarup's house and disappeared in the direction of Tahsil-;;;; Singh the Chambal. They also carried away Bankey's gun & Another which was on the cot. v. The motive for the offence is stated thus : The cul- The State of prits were mem hers of a notorious gang called the Utta. Pradesh Man Singh's gang, who, it is alleged, were responsible Subba Rao J. for many murders and dacoities in and about the afore- said locality. That gang was in league with another gang known as Charna's gang operating in the same region. Asa Ram and Bankey had acted as informers against Charna's gang, and this information led to the killing of Charna. · Man Singh's gang wanted to take vengeance on the said two persons; and, having got the information that the said two persons would be at the music party on that fateful night, they organized the raid with a view to do away with Asa Ram and Bankey. Out of the nine accused committed to the Sessions, the learned Sessions Judge acquitted seven, convicted Tahsildar Singh and Shyama Mallah under 14 charges and awarded them various sentences, including the sentence of death. Before the learned Sessions Judge, Tahsildar Singh took a palpably false plea that he was not Tahsildar Singh but was Bhanwar Singli, and much of the time of the learned Sessions Judge was taken to examine the case of the prosecution that the accused was really Tahsildar Singh, son of Man Singh. The other accused, Shyama Mallah, though made a statement before the Sub-Divisional Magistrate admitting some facts, which were only exculpatory in nature, denied the commission of the offence before the committing Magistrate and before the learned Sessions Judge. As many as eight eye­ witnesses described the events in detail and clearly stated that both the accused took part in the incident. When one of the witnesses, Bankey (P. W. 30), was in the witness- box, the learned Counsel for. the accused put to him the following two questions in cross-exa- mination: · 1. "Did you state to the investigating officer that the gang rolled the dead bodies of Natthi, Saktu and 880 SUPREME t:OURT REPORTS [1959] Supp. '959 Bharat Singh, and scrutinized them and did you tell Tahsilda, Singh him that the face of Asa Ram resembled that of the & Another deceased Bharat Singh ?" v. 2. "Did you state to the investigating officer The Stafo of about the presence of the gas lantern?" Uttar I'radesh In regard to the first question, the learned Sessions Subba Rao J. Judge made the following note: " The cross-examining Counsel was asked to show the'law which entitles him to put this qustion. He is unable to show any Jaw. I, therefore, do not permit the question to be put unless I am satisfied." In respect of the second question, the following note is niade: "He is also unable to show any law entitling him to put this question. I will permit him to put it if he satisfies me about it." It appears from the deposition that no other question on the basis of the statement made before the police was put to this witness. After his evidence was closed, the learned Judge delivered a considered order giving his reasons for disallowing the said two questions. The relevant part of the order reads: "Therefore if there is no contradiction between his evidence in Court and his recorded statement in the diary, the latter cannot be used at all. If a wit­ ness deposes in Court that a certain fact existed but had stated under section 161 Cr. P. C. t\,ither that that fact had not existed or that the reverse and irreconci­ lable fact had existed, it is a case of conflict between the deposition in the Court and the statement under section 161 Cr. P. 0. and the latter can be used to con­ tradict the former. But if he had not stated under section 16I anything about the fact, there is no conflict and the statement cannot be used to contradict him. In some cases an omission in the statement under section 161 may amount to contradiction of the depo­ sition in Court; they are the cases where what is actu­ ally stated is irreconcilable with what is omitted and impliedly negatives its existence." It is enough to notice at this stage that the learned Sessions Judge did not by the said order rule that no ( (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 881 omission in the statement made under s. 161 of the Code of Criminal Procedure can be put to a witness, but stated that only an omission which is irreconcil­ able with what is stated in evidence can be put to a wit;ness. The said two omissions were not put to any of the other witnesses except to one to whom only one of the said omissions was put. No other omissions were put in the cross-examination either to P. W. 30 or to any other witness. The learned Sessions Judge on a consideration of the voluminous evidence in the case held that the guilt was brought home to the said two accused and convicted them as aforesaid. Tahsil­ dar Singh and Shyama Mallah preferred two separate appeals to the High Court against their convictions and sentences. The two appeals were heard along with the reference made by the learned Sessions Judge under s. 374 of the Code of Crimina.I Procedure for the confirmation of the sentence of death awarded to the appellants. The learned Judges of the High Court, after reviewing the entire evidence over again, accepted the findings of the learned Sessions Judge and con­ firmed the convictions and se •. "Jences passed on the appellants. Before the High Court a petition was filed by the appellants alleging that the learned Sessions Judge did not allow the Counsel for defence to put omissions amounting to material contradictions to the eye-witnesses and therefore the said eye-witnesses should be summoned so that the said questions might be put to them. That petition was filed on May 1, 1957, and on July 30, 1957, after the argument in the appeals was closed, the petition was dismissed. Presumably, no attempt was made to press this appli­ cation either before the appeals were taken up for argument or during the course of the argument; but the question raised in the petition was considered by the learned Judges of the High Court in their judg­ ment. The judgment discloses that the learned Counsel appearing for the appellants argued before the High Court that the learned Sessions Judge wrongly disallowed the aforesaid two questions, and the learned Judges, conceding that those two ques­ tions should have been allowed, held that the accused III z959 Tahsildar Singh O> Another v. The State of Uttar Pradesh Subba Rao ]. '959 Tahsildar Singh 0- Another v. The Sl·de of Uttar PradBsh Su!Jba Rao ]: 882 SUPHEME COURT REPORTS (1959] Supp. were not prejudiced by the said fact. They justified their conclusion by the following reasons: " We did so because among other reasons we decided to ignore these two circumstances and to base our findings on matters of greater certainty, namely, the fact of the miscreants firing while advancing, passing in front of Rn,m Swarup's platform and taking away Bankey's gun from the cot, movements which brought them close to the eye-witnesses and thereby gave the witnesses an unmistakable opportunity of seeing their faces in the light of the lanterns and tho full moon. These factors made recognition by witnes­ ses indepen~ent of any gas lantern or any scrutiny of the dead bodies, so that these matters ceased to be of any ren,l consequence and therefore made the summon­ ing of the eye-witnesses before us quite unnecessary". In the result, they dismissed the appeals. The present n,ppeal is by special leave filed against the judgment of the High Court. Learned Counsel for the appellants raised before us the following points : (1) (a). Section 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure by its own operation attracts the provisions of s. 145 of the Evidence Act and under the latter section the whole vista of cross-examination on the basis of the previous statement in writing made by the witnesses before the police is open to the :wcused; to illustrate the contention: a witness can be asked whether he made a particular statement before the police officers; if he says "yes", the said assertion ~an be contradicated by putting to him an earlier statement which does not contain such a statement. (1) (b). The word "contradiction" is of such wide connotation that it takes in all material omissions and a Court can decide whether there is one such omission as to amount to contradiction only after the question is putJ answered and the relevant statement or part of it is marked, and, therefore, no attempt should be made to evolve a workable principle, but the question must be left at large to be decided by the Judge con­ cerned on the facts of each case. (2) The High Court erred in holding that only two questions were intended to be put in cross-examination to the prosecution (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COUHT HEPORTS 883 witnesses whereas the Advocate for the accused in­ tended to put to the witnesses many other omissions to establish that tll.ere was development in the prose­ cution case from time to time but refrained from doing so in obedience to the considered order made by the learned Sessions Judge. (3) Even if only two questions were illegally disalloweJ, as it was not possi­ ble to predicate the possible effect of t.he cross-exami­ nation of the witnesses on the basis of their answers to the said questions on their reliability, 'it should be held that the accused had no opportunity to have an effective cross-examination of the witnesses and there­ fore they had no fair trial. (4) The learned Judges committed an illegality in testing the credibility of the witnesses other than the witness who gave the first information report by the contents of the said report. The arguments of the learned Counsel for the rt>R­ pondent in respect of each of the said contentions will be considered in their appropriate places. w·e shall proceed to consider the contentions of the learned Counsel fOl' the appellants in the order in which they were addressed: Re. (1) (a): Diverse and conflicting views werfl expressed by Courts on the interpretation of s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. A hi::;toric retrospect of the sectfon will be useful to al:Jpreciate its content. The earliest Code is that of 1872 and tho latest amend­ ment is that of 1955. Formerly Criminal Procedure Code for Courts in the Presidency towns and those in the mofussil were not the same. Criminal Procedure Co<le, 1882 (10 of 1882), consolidated the earlier Acts and prescribed a uniform law to all Courts in India. It was superseded by Act 5 of 1898 and substantittl changps were made by Act 18 of 1923. Since then the Code stands amended from time to t,ime by many other Acts. The latest amendments were made by Act 26 of 1955 which received the a,;;sent of the President on August 10, 1955, and by notification issued by tbe Central Government its provisions came into force on and from January 1, 1956. We are not concerned in this case with the Amending Act of 1955, but only with the Act as it stood before the amendment of 1955. I959 TahsilJar Singh & Auotlier v. The State of Ultar Pradesh Subba Rao ]. r959 In Act 10 of 1872 the section corresponding to the Tahsit;;; Singh presents. 162 wa;s s. 119, which read: c;. Anoth" "An officer m charge of a Pol1ce-station, or other v. Police officer making an investigation, may examine The State of orally any person supposed to be acquainted with the Uttar Pradesh facts and circumstances of the case, and may reduce into writing any statement made by the person so Subba Rao J. examined. Such person shall be bound to answer all ques­ tions relating to such case, put him by such officer, other than questions criminating himself. No statement so reduced into writing shall be signed by the person making it, nor shall it be treat.ed as part of the record or used as evidence." This section enables a police officer to elicit informa­ tion from persons supposed to be acquainted with facts, and permits him to reduce into writing the answers given by such persons, but excludes the said statement from being treated as part of the record or used as evidence. Act 10 of 1882 divided the afore­ said s. 119 into two sections and numbered them as ss. 161 and 162, which read: S. 161 : "Any Police-officer making an investiga­ tion under this chapter may examine orally any person supposed to be acquainted with the facts and circumstances of the case, and may reduce into writ­ ing any statement made by the person so examined. Such person shall be bound to answer truly all questions relating to such case put to him by such officer, other than questions the answers to which would have a tendency to expose him to a criminal charge or to a penalty or forfeiture." S. 162: "No statement, other than a dying declaration, made by any person to a Police-officer in the course of an investigation under this chapter shall, if reduced to writing, be signed by the person making it, or be used as evidence against the accused. Nothing in this section shall be deemed to affect the provisions of section 27 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872." The first two paragraphs of s. 119 of Act 10 of 1872 with slight modifications not relevant for the present (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 885 purpose constituted the corresponding paragraphs of 1 959 s. 161 of Act 10 of 1882; and the third paragraph of . - .. 9 f h c • A . h h · Tahsildar ·'ingh s. 11 o t e iormer ct, wit some c anges, was &> Another made s. 162 of the latter Act. There was not much v. difference between the third paragraph of s. 119 of The State of the Act of 1872 and s. 162 of the Act of 1882, except Uttar Pradesh that in the latter Act, it was made clear that the pro- hibition did not apply to a dying declaration or affect Subba Rao f. the provisions of s. 27 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. The Code of 1898 did not make any change in s. 161, nor did it introduce any substantial change in the body of s. 162 except taking away the exception in rE>gard to the dying declaration from it and putting it in the second clause of that section. Buts. 162 was amended by Act 5 of 1898 and the amended section read: "(l) No statement made by any person to a police-officer in the course of an investigation under this Chapter shall, if taken down in writing, be signed by the person making it, nor shall such writing be used as evidence: Provided that, when any witness is called for the prosecution whose statement has been taken down in writing as aforesaid, the Court shall, on the request of the accused, refer to such writing, and may then, if the Court thinks it expedient in the interests of justice, direct that the accused be furnished with a copy thereof; and such statement may be used to impeach the credit of such witness in manner provid­ ed by the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. (2) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to apply to any statement falling within the provisions of section 32, clause (1), of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872." For the first time the proviso to s. 162 introduced new elements, namely: (i) The right of the accused to request the Court to refer to the statement of a witness reduced to writing; (ii) a duty cast on the Court to refer to such writing; (iii) discretion conferred on the Court in the interests of justice to direct that the accused be furniahed with a copy of the statement; and (iv) demarcating the field within which such r959 Tah$ildar Singh & Another v. The Stale of Utfar Pradesh Subba Rao J. statements can be used, namely, to impeach the credit of the witness in the manner provided by the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. From the standpoint of the accused, this was an improvement on the correspond­ ing sections of the earlier Codes, for whereas the earlier Codes enacted a complete bar against the use of Ruch statements in evidence, this Code enabled the accused, subject to the limitations mentioned therein, to make use of then to impeach the credit of a witness in the manner provided by the Indian Evidence Act. On the basis of the terms of s. 162 of Act 5 of 1896, two rival contentions were ra.ised before the Courts. It was argued for the prosecution that on the strength of s. 157 of the Evidence Act, the right of.the prosecu­ tion to prove any oral statement to contradict the testimony of any wit.ness under that section was not taken away by s. 162 of tho Code of Criminal Proce­ dure which only provided that the writing shall not be used as evidence. On the other hand, it was contended on behalf of the accused that when the statement of a witness was admittedly reduced into writing, it would be unreasonable to allow any oral evidence of the statement to be given when the writ­ ing containing the statement could not be proved. The judgment of Hosain, J., in the case of Rustam v. King-Emperor (1) and the decisions in Fanindra Nath Baneijee v. Emperor('), King-Emperor v. Nilakanta (3) and ilfuthukumaraswami Pillai v. King-Emperor(') represent one side of the question, and the judgment of Knox, J., in Rustam v. King-Emperor (1) and the observations of Beaman, J·., in Emperor v. Narayan(') represent the other side. A division Bench of the Bombay High Court in Emperor v. Hanmaraddi Bin Ramaraddi ('), after notieing the aforesaid decisions on the question, ruled that the police officer could be allowed to depose to what the witness had stated to him in the investigation for the purpose of corroborat,. ing what the witness had said at the trial. In that context, Shah, J., observed at p. 66: (I) (<gm) 7 A L.J. 468. (3) (1912) 35 Mad. 247. (5) (1907) 32 Bont. 111 (2) (1908) 36 Cal. 281 (4) (r9r2) 35 Mad. 397. (6) (1915) 39 Born. 58. (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 887 " The point is not free from difficulty which is sufficiently reflected in the diversity of judicial opinions, bearing on the question." Presumably, in view of the aforesaid conflict, to make the legislative intention clear the section was amended by Act 18 of 1923. Section 162 as amended by the aforesaid Act reads : "(1) No statement made by any person to a police-officer in the course of an investigation under this Chapter shall, if reduced into writing, be signed by the person making it; nor shall any such state­ ment or any record thereof, whether in a police-diary or otherwise, or any part of such statement or record, be used fo.r any purpose (save as hereinafter provided) at any inquiry or trial in respect of any offence under investigation at the time when such statement was made: Provided that, when any witness is called for the prosecution in such inquiry or trial whose statement has been reduced into writing as aforesaid, the Court shall, on the request of the accused, refer to such writing and direct that the accused be furnished with a copy thereof, in order that any part of such state­ ment, if duly proved, may be used to contradict such witness in the manner provided by section 145 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. When any part of such statement is so used, any part thereof may also be used in the re-examination of such witness, but for the purpose only of explaining any matter referred to in his cross-examination : Provided, further that, if the Court is of opinion that any part of any such statement is not relevant to the subject-matter of the inquiry or trial or that its disclosure to the accused is not essential in the in­ terests of justice and is inexpedient in the public interests, it shall record such opinion (but not the reasons therefor) and shall exclude such part from the copy of the statement furnished to the accused." Sub-section (1) of the substituted section attempted to steer clear of the aforesaid conflicts and avoid other difficulties by the following ways: (a) Prohibited the use of the statei:nent, both oral and that reduced into 1959 Tahsildar Singh & Another v. The State of Uttar Pradesh Subba Rao]. I959 Tahsildar Singh & Another v. The State of Uttar Pradesh Subba Rao J. writing, from being used for any purpose at any in­ quiry or trial in respect of any offence under investi­ gation; (b) while the earlier section enabled the accus­ ed to make use of it to impeach the credit of a witness in the manner provided by the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, the new section enabled him onlv to use it to contradict the witness in the manner· provided by s. 145 of the said Act; (c) the said statement could also be used for the purpose of only explaining any matter referred to in his cross-examination; and (d) while under the old section a discretion was vested in the Court in the matter of furnishing the accused with a copy oflan earlier statement of a prosecution witness, under the amended section, subject to the second pro­ viso, a duty was cast upon the Court, if a request was made to it by the acG_Used, to direct that the accused be furnised with a copy thereof. The effect of the amendment was that the loopholes which enabled the use of the statement made before the police in a trial were plugged and the only exception made was to enable the accused to use the statement of a witness reduced into writing for a limited purpose, namely, in the manner provided by s. 145 of the Indian Evi­ dence Act, 1872, and the prosecution only for explain­ ing the matter referred to in his cross examination. The scope of the limited use also was clarified. Under the old section the statement was permitted to be used to impeach the credit of a witness in the manner provided by the Indian Evidence Act; under the said Act, the credit of a witness could be impeached either under s. 145 or under s. 155(3). While the former section enables a witness to be cross-examined as to a previous statement made by him in writing without such writing being shown to him, the latter section permits the discrediting of the witness by proof of his previous statement by independent evidence. If a statement in writing could be used to discredit a wit­ ness in the manner provided by those two sections, the purpose of the Legislature would be defeated. Pre­ sumably in realisation of this unexpected consequence, the Legislature in the amendment made it clear that the said statement can only be used to contradict a (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 889 witness in the manner provided by s. 145 of the Evi­ dence Act. By Act 2 of 1945, the following sub-sec­ tion (3) was added to s. 161: "The police-officer may reduce into writing any statement made to him in the course of an examina­ tion under this section, and if he does so, he shall make a separate record of the statement of each such person whose statement he records." This sub-section restored the practice obtaining before the year 1923 with a view to discourage the practice adopted by some of the police officers of taking a condensed version. of the statements of all the witnes­ ses or a precis of what each witness said. It is not necessary to notice in detail the changes made in s. 162 by Act 26 of 1955, except to point out that under the amendment the prosecution is also allowed to use the statement to contradict a witness with the permission of the Court and that in view of the shortened committal procedure prescribed, copies of the statements of the prosecution witnesses made before the police during investigation are made avail­ able by the police to the accused before the commence­ ment of the inquiry or trial. The consideration of the provisions of the latest amending Act need not detain us, for the present case falls to be decided under the Act as it stood before that amendment. It is, therefore, seen that the object of the legisla­ ture throughout has been to exclude the statement of a witness made before the police during the investiga­ tion from being made use of at the trial for any pur­ pose, and the amendments made from time to time were only intended to make clear the said object and to dispel the cloud cast on such intention. The Act of 1898 for the first time introduced an exception en­ abling the said statement reduced to writing to be used for impeaching the credit of the witness in the manner provided by the Evidence Act. As the phras­ eology of the exception lent scope to defeat the pur­ pose of the legislature, by the Amendment Act of 1923, the section was redrafted defining the limits of the exception with precision so as to confine it only 112 I959 Tahsildar Singh & Another v. The State of Uttar Pradesh Subba Rao]. I959 Tahsildar Singh 0- Another v. The State of Uttar Pradesh Subba Jlao J, 890 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1959) Supp. to contradict the witness in the manner provided under s. 145 of the Evidence Act. If one could guess the intention of the legislature in framing the section in the manner it did in 1923, it .would be apparent that it was to protect the accused against the user of the statements of witnesses. made before the police during investigation at the trial presumably on the assumption that the said statements were not made under circumstances inspiring confidence. Both tht> section· and the proviso intended to serve primarily the same purpose, i.e., the interest of the accused. Braund, J., in Emperor v. Ajtab Mohd. Khan(') gave the purpose of s. 162 thus at p. 299: " As it seems to us it is to protect accused persons from being prejudiced by statements made to police officers who by reason of the fact that an investiga­ tion is known to be on foot at the time the statement is made, may be in a position to influence the maker of it and, on the other hand, to protect accused per­ sons from the prejudice at the hands of persons who in the knowledge that an investigation has already started, are prepared to tell untruths. " A division Bench of the Nagpur High Court in Bali­ ram Tikaram Marathe v. Emperor (2) expressed a simi­ lar idea in rega.rd to the object underlying the section, at p. 5, thus : " The object of the section is to protect the accus­ ed both against over.zealous police officers and un­ truthful witnesses. " The Judicial Committee in Pakala Narayana Swami v. The King-Emperor(') found another object underlying the section when they said at p. 78 : "If one had to guess at the intention of the Legislature in framing a section in the words used, one would suppose that they had in mind to encour­ age the free disclosure of information or to protect the person making the statement from a supposed unreli­ ability of police testimony as to alleged statements or both." Section 162 with its proviso, if construed in the (1) A.LR. 1940 All. 291. (2) A.LR. 1945 Nag. I. (3) (1939) L.R. 66 !. A. 66. ' (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT ltEPOH,TS 891 manner which we will indicate at the later stage of the judgment, clearly achieves the said objects. The learned Counsel's first argument is based upon the words "in the manner provided by s. 145 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872" found in s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Section 145 of the Evid­ ence Act, it is said, empowers the accused to put all relevant questions to a witness before his attention is . called to those parts of the writing with a view to contradict him. In support of this contention reli­ ance is placed upon the judgment of this Court in Bhagwan Singh v. The State of Punjab (1). Bose, J., describes the procedure to be followed to contradict a witness under s. 145 of the Evidence Act thus at p. 819: " H,esort to section 145 would only be necessary if the witness denies that he made the former state­ ment. In that event, it would be necessary to prove that he did, and if the former statement was reduced to writing, then section ~45 requires that his attention must be drawn to those parts which are to be used for contradiction. But that position does not arise when the witness admits the former statement. In such a case all that is necessary is to look to the former state­ ment of which no further proof is neces;;ary because of the admission that it was made." It is unnecessary to refer to other cases wherein a simi­ lar procedure is suggested for putting questions under s. 145 of the Indian Evidence Act, for the said deci­ sion of this Court and similar decisions were not con­ sidering the procedure in a case where the statement in writing was intended to be used for contradiction under s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Sec­ tion 145 of the Evidence Act is in two parts: the first part enables the accused to cross-examine a witness as to previous statement made by him in writing or reduced to writing to without such writing being shown to him; the second part deals with a situation where the cross.examination assumes the shape of contradiction : in other words, both parts deal with cross-examination; the first part with cross.examina­ tion other than by way of ·contradiction, and the (1) [1952] S.C.R. 812. r959 Tahsildar Singh & Another v. The Stale of Ullar Pradesh Subba Rao ]. r959 Tah5ildar Singlt &. AnotheT v. The State of UttaT Pradesh Subba Rao ]. second with cross-examination by way of contradic­ tion only. The procedure prescribed is that, if it is intended to contradict a witness by the writing, his attention must, before the writing can be proved, be called to those parts of it which are to be used for the purpose of contradicting him. The proviso to s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure only enables the accused to make use of such statement to contradict a witness in the manner provided by s. 145 of the Evidence Act. It would be doing violence to the language of the proviso if the said statement be allow­ ed to be used for the purpose of cross-examining a witness within the meaning of the first part of s. 145 of the Evidence Act. Nor are we impressed by the argument that it would not be possible to invoke the second part of s. 145 of the Evidence Act without put­ ting relevant questions under the first part thereof. The difficulty is more imaginary than real. The second part of s. 145 of the Evidence Act clearly indi­ cates the simple procedure to be followed. To illus­ trate: A says in the witness-box that B stabbed C ; before the police he had. stated that D stabbed C. His attention can be drawn to that part of the state­ ment made before the police which contradicts his statement in the witness-box. If he admits his previ- · ous statement, no further proof is necessary; if he does not admit, the practice generally followed is to admit it subject to proof by the police officer. On the other hand, the procedure suggested by the learned Counsel may be illustrated thus: If the witness is asked "did you say before the police-officer that you saw a gas light?" and he answers "yes", then the statement which does not contain such recital is put to him as contradiction. This procedure involves two fallacies: one is it enables the accused to elicit by a process of cross-examination what the witness stated before the police-officer. If a police-officer did not make a record of a witness's statement, his entire statement could not be used for any purpose, whereas if a police-officer recorded a few sentences, by this process of cross-examination, the witness's oral state­ ment could be brought on record. This procedure, (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 893 therefore, contravenes the express provision of s. 162 of the Code. The second fallacy is that by the illus­ tration given by the learned Counsel for the appel­ lants there is no self-contradiction of the primary statement made in the witness-box, for the witness -has yet not made on the stand any assertion at all which can serve as the basis. The contradiction, under the section, should be between what a witness asserted in the witness-box and what he stated before the police-officer, and not between what he said he had stated before the police-officer and what he actually made before him. In such a case the question could not be put at all: only questions to contradict can be put and the question here posed does not contradict; it leads to an answer which is contradicted by the police statement. This argument of the learned Counsel based upon s. 145 of the Evidence Act is, therefore, not of any relevance in considering the ex­ press provisions of s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. This leads us to the main question in the case, i.e., the interpretation of s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The cardinal rule of construction of the provisions of a section with a proviso is succinctly stated in Maxwell's Interpretation of Statutes, 10th Edn., at p. 162 thus : - "The proper course is to apply the broad general rule of construction, which is that a section or enact­ ment must be construed as a whole, each portion throwing light if need be on the rest. The true principle undoubtedly is, that the sound interpretation and meaning of the statute, on a view of the enacting clause, saving clause, and proviso, taken and construed together is to prevail." Unless the words are clear, the Court should not so construe the proviso as to attribute an intention to the legislature to give with one hand and take away with another. To put it in other words, a sincere attempt should be made to reconcile the enacting clause and the proviso and to avoid repugnancy between the two. As the words in the section declare the intention of the legislature, we shall now proceed to construe t·he r959 Trihsildur Singh b Another V, The Stale of Ultar Pradesh Subba Rao ]. 1959 1 ahsildur Singh & Another v. [he State of Uttar Pradesh Subba Rao ]. section giving the words used therein their natural and ordinary sense. The object. of the main section as the history of its legislation shows and the decided cases indicate is to impose a general bar against the use of statement made before the police and the enacting clause in clear terms says that no statement made by any person to a police officer or any record thereof, or any part of such statement or record, be used for any purpose. The words are clear and unambiguous. The proviso engrafts an exception on the general prohibi­ tion and that is, the said statement in writing may be used to contradict a witness in the manner provided by s. 145 of the Evidence Act. We have already noticed from the history of the sectiori that the enact­ ing clause was mainly intended to protect the interests of accused. At the stage of investigation, statements of witnesses are taken in a haphazard manner. The police-officer in the course of his investigation finds himself more often in the midst of an excited crowd and babel of voices raised all round. In such an atmosphere, unlike that in a Court of Law, he is expected to hear the statements of witnesses and record separately the statement of each one of them. Generally he records only a summa.ry of the statements which appear to him to be relevant. These statements are, therefore, only a summary of what a witness says and very often perfunctory. Indeed, in view of the aforesaid facts, there is a statutory prohibition against police officers taking the signature of the person mak­ ing the statement, indicating thereby that the state­ ment is not intended to be binding on the witness or an assurance by him that it is a correct statement. At the same time, it being the earliest record of the statement of a witness soon after the incident, any contradiction found therein would be of immense help to an accused to discredit the testimony of a witness making the statement. The section was, therefore, conceived in an attempt to find a happy via media, namely, while it enacts an absolute bar against the statement made before a police-officer being used for any purpose what.soever, it enables the accused. to rely . (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 895 upon it for a limited purpose of contradicting a witness in the manner provided by s. 145 of the Evidence Act by drawing his attention to parts of the statement intended for contradiction. It cannot be used for cor­ roboration of a prosecution or a defence witness or even a Court witness. Nor can it be used for con­ tradicting a defence or a Court witness. Shortly stat­ ed, there is a general bar against its use subject to a limited exception in the interest of the accused, and the exception cannot obviously be used to cross the bar. If the provisions of the section are construed in the aforesaid background, much of the difficulty raised disappears. Looking at the express words used in the section, two sets of words stand out prominently. which afford the key to the intention of the legislature. They are: "statement in writing", and " to contradict". " Statement " in its dictionary meaning is the act of stating or reciting. Prima facie a statement cannot take in an omission. A statement cannot include that which is not stated. But very often to make a state- . ment sensible or self-consistent, it becomes necessary to imply words which are not actually in the state­ ment. Though something is not expressly stated, it is necessarily implied from what is directly or expressly stated. To illustrate:' A ' made a statement previously that he saw ' B ' stabbing 'C ' to death; but before the Court he deposed that he saw 'B' and' D' stabbing ' C' to death: the Court can imply the word "only" after 'B ' in the statement before the police. Some­ times a positive statement may have a negative aspect and a negative one a positive aspect. Take an extreme example: if a witness states that a man is dark, it also means that he is not fair. Though the statement made describes positively the colour of a skin, it is implicit in that statement itselfthat it is not of any other colour. Further, there are occasions when we come across two statements made by the same person at different times and both of them cannot stand or co-exist. There is an inherent repugnancy between the two and, therefore, if one is true, the other must be false. On one occasion a person says I959 Tahsildar Singh & Another v. The State of Uttar Pradesh Subba Rao]. I959 Tahsildar Singh & Another v. The State of Utlar Ptadesh Subba Rao J. 896 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1959] Supp. that when he entered the room, he saw' A' shooting 'B ' dead with a g1rn ; on another occasion the same person says that when he entered the room he saw 'C' stabbing ' B ' dead ; both the statements obviously cannot stand together, for, if the first statement is true, the second is false and vice versa. The doctrine of recital by necessary implication, the concept of the negative or the positive aspect of the same recital, and the principle of inherent' repugnancy, may in one sense rest on omissions, but, by construction, the said omissions must be deemed to be part·of the statement in writing. Sueh omissions are not really omissions strictly so called and the statement must be deemed to contain them by implication. A statement, therefore, in our view, not only includes what is expressly stated therein, but also what is necessarily implied therefrom. "Contradict" according to the Oxford Dictionary means to affirm to the contrary. Section 145 of the Evidence Act indicates the manner in which contra­ diction is brought out. The cross-examining Counsel shall put the part or parts of the statement which affirms the contrary to what is stated in evidence. This indicates that there is something in writing which can be set against another statement made in evidence. If the statement before the police-officer-in the sense we have indicated-and the statement in the evidence before the Court are so inconsistent or irreconcilable with each other that both of them cannot co-exist, it may be said that one contradicts the other. It is broadly contended that a statement includes all omissions which are material and are such as a witness is expected to say in the normal course. This contention ignores the intention of the legislature ex­ pressed in s. 162 of the Code and the nature of the non-evidenti.ary value of such a statement, except for the limited purpose of contradiction. Unrecorded statement is completely excluded. But recorded one is used for a specified purpose. The record of a state­ ment, however perfunctory, is assumed to give a suffi­ cient guarantee to the. correctness of the statement made, but if words not recorded are brought in by some fiction, the object of the section would be (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPOHTS 897 defeated. By that process,if a part of a statement is recorded, what was not stated could go in on the sly in the name of contradiction, whereas if the entire statement was not recorded, it would be excluded. By doing so, we would be circumventing the section by ignoring the only safeguard imposed by the legisla­ ture, viz., that the statement should have been recorded. We have already pointed out that under the amend­ ing Act of 1955, the prosecution is also allowed to use the statement to contradict a witness with the permis­ sion of the Court. If construction of the section as suggested by the learned Counsel for the appellants be accepted, the prosecution would be able to bring out in the cross-examination facts stated by a witness before a police-officer but not recorded and facts omitted to be stated by him before the said officer. This result is not decisive on the question of construc­ tion, but indicates the unexpected repercussions of the argument advanced to the prejudice of the accused. As s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure enables the prosecution in the re-examination to rely upon any part of the statement used by the defence to contradict a witness, it is contended that the construction of the section accepted by us would lead to an anomaly, namely, that the accused cannot ask the witness a single question, which does not amount to contradic­ tion whereas the prosecution, taking advantage of a single contradiction relied upon by the accused, can re-examine the witness in regard to any matter refer-· red to in his cross-examination, whether it amounts to a contradiction or not. I do bot think there is any anomaly in the situation. Section 145 of the Evidence Act deals with cross-examination in respect of a pre­ vious statement made by the witness. One of the modes of cross-examination is by contradicting the witness by referring him to those parts of the writing which are inconsistent with his present evidence. Sec­ tion 162, while confining the right to the accused to cross-examine the witness in the said manner, enables the prosecution to re-examine the witness to explain II3 I959 Tahsildar Singh <5· Another v. The State of Uttar Pradesh Subba Rao ]. I959 Tahsildar Singh & Another v. The State of Uttar Pradesh Subba Rao ], 8!!8 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] Supp. the matters referred to in the cross-examination. This enables the prosecution to explain the alleged contra­ diction by pointing out that if a part of the statement used to contradict be read in the context of any other part, it would give a different meaning; and if so read, it would explain away the alleged contradiction. We think that the word " cross-examination " in the last line of the first proviso to s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure cannot be understood to mean the entire gamut of cross-examination without reference to the limited scope of the proviso, but should be con­ fined only to the cross-examination by contradiction allowed by the said proviso. The conflict of judicial opinion on this question is reflected in the decisions of different High Courts in th.is country. One of the views is tersely put by Burn J. in In re Ponnusami Ohetty (1) at p. 476: "Whether it is considered as a question of logic or language, " omission " and "contradiction" can never be identical. If a proposition is stated, any contradictory proposition must be a statement of some kind, whether positive or negative. To" contradict" means to " speak against " or in one word to " gain­ say". It is absurd to say that you can contradict by keeping silence. Silence may be full of significance, but it is not "diction", and therefore it cannot be " contradiction". Considering the provisions of s. 145 of the Evidence Act, the learned Judge observed thus at p. 4 77 : " It would be in my opinion sheer misuse of words to say that you are contradicting a witness by the writing, when what you really want to do is to contra­ dict him by pointing out omissions from the writing. I find myself in complete agreement with the learned Sessions Judge of Ferozepore who observed that "a witness cannot be confronted with the unwritten record of an un-made statement"." The learned Judge gives an illustration of a case of apparent omission which really is a contradiction, i. e., a case where a witness stated under s. 162 of the Code that he saw three persons beating a man and later {t) {1933) I.L,R. 56 Mad. 475. (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 899 stated in Court that four persons were beating the z959 same man. This illustration indicates the trend of - the Judge's mind that he was prepared to treat an Ta~it~ar thsingh omission of that kind as part of the statement by :. 0 er necessary implication. A Division Bench of the The State of Madras High Court followed this judgment in In re Uttar Pradesh Guruva Vannan (1). In that judgment, Mockett, J., made the following observation at p. 901 : Subba Rao f. " I respectfully agree with the judgment of Burn, J., in Ponnuswamy Ohetty v. Emperor (2) in which the learned Judge held that a statement under sec­ tion 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure cannot be filed in order to show that a witness is making state­ ments in the witness box which he did not make to the police and that bare omission cannot be a contradiction. The iearned judge points out that, whilst a bare omis­ sion can never be a contradiction, a so-called omission in a statement may sometimes amount to a contradic­ tion, for example, when to the police three persons are stated to have been the criminals and later at the trial four are mentioned." The Allahabad High Court in Ram Bali v. State (3) expressed the principle with its underlying reasons thus at p. 294: "Witness after witness was cross-examined about certain statements made by him in the deposition but not to be found in his statement under s. 162, Criminal P. C. A statement recorded by the police under s. 162 can be used for one purpose and one purpose only and that of contradicting the witness. Therefore if there is no contradiction between his evidence in Court and his recorded statement in the diary, the latter cannot be used at all. If a witness deposes in Court that a certain fact existed but had stated under s. 162 either that that fact had not existed or that the reverse and irreconcilable fact had existed it is a case of conflict between the depos'ition in the Court and the statement under s. 162 and the latter can be used to contradict the former. But if he had not stated under s. 162 anything about the fact there is no conflict and the (r) I.L.R. (1944) Mad. 897. (2) (1933) I L.R. 56 Mad. 475. (3) A.LR. 1952 All. 280. i959 Tahsildar Singh & Another v. The Stale of Uttar Pradesh Subba Rao ]. statement cannot be used to contradict him. In some cases an omission in the statement under s. 162 may amount to contradiction of the deposition in Court; they a·re the cases where what is actually stated is irreconcilable with what is omitted and impliedly negatives its existence." At a later stage of the judgment, the learned Judges laid down the following two tests to ascertain whether a particular omission amounts to contradiction: (i} an omission is not a contradiction unless what is actually stated contradicts what is omitted to be said; and (ii) the test to find out whether an omission is contra­ diction or not is to see whether one can point to any sentence or assertion which is irreconcilable with the deposition in the Court. The said observations are in accord with that of the Madras High Court in In re Guruva Vannan ('). The Patna High Court in Badri Chaudhry v. King-Emperor (2 ) expressed a similar view. At p. 22, Macpherson, J., analysing s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, after its amendment in 1923, observed : " The first proviso to section 162 ( 1) makes an exception in favour of the accused but it is an exception most jealously circumscribed under the proviso itself . . "Any part of such statement" which has been reduc­ ed to writing may in certain limited circumstances be used to contradict the witness who made it. The limita­ tions are strict: (1) Only the statement of a prosecu­ tion witness can be .used; and (2) only if it has been reduced to writing ; (3) only a part of the statement recorded can be used ; ( 4) such part must be duly prov­ ed; (5) it must be a contradiction of the evidence of the witness in Court; (6) it must be used as provided in s. 145, Evidence Act, that is, it can only be used after the attention of the witness has been drawn to it or to those parts of it which it is intended to use for the purpose of contradiction, and there are others. Such a statement which does not contradict the testi­ mony of the witness cannot be proved in any circum­ stances and it is not permissible to use the recorded statement as a whole to show that the witness did not say something to the investigating officei;." (1) I.L.i:. (1944) Mad. 897. (2) A.I.R. 1926 Pat. 20. (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 901 In Sakhawat v. Crown (1) much to the same effect was stated at p. 284: " The section (s. 162) provides that such state­ ments can be used only for the purpose of contradic­ tion. Contradiction means the setting up of one state­ ment against another and not the setting up of a statement against nothing ;'.Lt all. An illustration would make the point clear. If a witness in Court says 'I saw A running away ' he may be contradict­ ed under section 162 by his statement to the police 'I did not see A running away'. But by proving an omission what the learned Counsel contradicts is not the statement 'I saw A running away' but the state­ ment 'I stated to the police that I saw A running away '. As section 162 does not allow the witness to depose 'I stated to the police that I saw A running away' it follows that there can be no basis for elicit­ ing the omission. Our argument is further fortified by the use of the words "any part of such statement ............... may be used to contradict." It is not said that whole statement may be used. But in order to prove an omission the whole statement has to be so used, as has been done in the present case." The contrary view is expressed in the following pro­ position: " An omission may amount to contradiction if the matter omitted was one which the witness would have been expected to mention and the Sub-Inspector to make note of in the ordina,ry course. Every detail is expected to be noted." This proposition, if we may say so, couched in wide phraseology enables the trial Judge to put into the mouth of a witness things which he did not state at an earlier stage and did not intend to say, on purely hypothetical considerations. The same idea in a slightly different language was expressed by Bhargava and Sahai, JJ., in Rudder v. The State (2) at p. 240: "There are, however, certain omissions which amount to contradictions and have been treated as such by this Court as well as other Courts in thi:; country. Those are omissions relatil)g to facts which (r) I.L.R. (1937) Nag. 277. (2) A.LR. r957 All. 239. 1959 Tahsildar Si11gh b Another v. The State of Uttar Pradesh Subba Rao ]. 1959 Tahsildar Singh & Another v. The State of Uttar Pradesh Subba Rao j. are expected to be included in the statement before the police by a person who is giving a narrative of what he saw, on the ground that they relate to important features of the incident about which the deposition is made." A similar view was expressed in Mohinder Singh v. Emperor (1 ), Yusuf Mia v. Emperor('), and State of M. P. v. Banshilal Behari ('). Reliance is placed by the learned Counsel for the appellants on a statement of law found in "Wigmore on Evidence", Vol. III, 3rd Edn., at p. 725. In dis­ cussing under the head "what amounts to a Self-con­ tradiction '', the learned author tersely describes a self-contradiction in the following terms: " ............ it is not a mere difference of statement that suffices ; nor yet is an absolute oppositeness essential; it is an inconsistency that is required." The learned author further states, at p. 733 : "A failure to assert a fact, when it would have been natural to assert it, amounts in effect to an as­ sertion of the non-existence of the fact." The said statement is no doubt instructive, but it can­ not be pressed into service to interpret the provisions of s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. In Ame­ rica, there is no provision similar to s. 162 of the Code. It is not, therefore, permissible, or e\'en possible, to interpret the provisions of a particular Act, having regard to stray observations in a text-book made in a different context. It is not necessary to multiply cases. The two con­ flicting views may be briefly stated thus: (i) omissions, unless by necessary implication be deemed to be part of the statement, cannot be used to contradict the statement made in the witness-box; and (ii) they must be in regard to important features of the incident which are expected to be included in the statement made before the police. The first proposition not only carries out the intention of the legislature but is also in accord with the plain meaning of the words used in the section. The second proposition not only stretches (1) A.J.R. 1932 I.ah. 103. (2) A.J.R. 1938 Pat. 579. (3) A.J.R. i956 M.P. 13. (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 903 the meaning of the word "statement" to a breaking point, but also introduces an uncertain element, namely, ascertainment of what a particular witness would have stated in the circumstances Qf a particu­ lar case and what the police officer should have re­ corded. When the section sa.ys that the statement is to be used to contradict the subsequent version in the witness-box, the proposition brings in, by construction, what he would have stated to the police within the meaning of the word "statement". Such a construc­ tion is not permissible. From the foregoing discussion the following proposi­ tions emerge: (1) A statement in writing made by a witness before a police officer in the course of investi­ gation can be used only td contradict his statement in the witness-box and for no other purpose; (2) state­ ments not reduced to writing by the police officer can­ not be used for contradiction; (3) though a particular statement is not expressly recorded, a statement that can be deemed to be part of that expressly recorded can be used for contradiction, not because it is an omis­ sion strictly so-called but because it is deemed to form part of the recorded statement; (4) such a fiction is permissible by construction only in the following three cases: (i) when a recital is necessarily implied from the recital or recitals found in the statement; illustra­ tion: in the recorded statement before the police the witness states that he saw A stabbing B at a particu­ lar point of time, but in the witness-box he says that he saw A and C stabbing Bat the same point of time; in the statement before the police the word "only " can be implied, i.e., the witne::;s saw A only stabbing B; (ii) a negative aspect of a positive recital in a statement ; illustration : in the recorded statement before the police the witness says that a dark man stabbed B, but in the witness-box he says that a fair man stabbed B; the earlier sta,tement must be deemed to contain the recital not only that the culprit was a dark complexioned man but also that be was not of fair complexion; and (iii) when the statement before the police and that before the Court cannot stand to­ gether; illustration: the witness says in the recorded I959 Tahsildar Singh & Another v. The State of Uttar Pradesh Subba Rao ]. I959 Tahsildar Singh & Another v. The State of Uttar Pradesh Subba Rao]. statement before the police that A after stabbing B ran away by a northern lane, but in the Court he says that immediatly after stabbing he ran away towards the southern lane; as he could not have run away immediately after the stabbing, i.e., at the same point of time, towards the northern lane as well as towards the southern lane, if one statement is true, the other must necessarily be false. The aforesaid examples are not intended to be exhaustive but only illustrative. The same instance may fall under one or more heads. It is for the trial Judge to decide in each case, after comparing the part 'or parts of the statement recorded by the police with that made in the witness-box, to give a ruling, having regard to the aforesaid principles, whether the recital intended to be used for contradiction satis­ fies the requirements of law. The next point is what are the omissions in the statement before the police which the learned Sessions Judge did not allow the accused to put to the witnesses for contradicting their present version. The learned Counsel for the appellants contends that the accused intended to put to the witnesses the following omis­ sions, but they did not do so as the learned Sessions Judge disallowed the two questions put to P. W. 30 and made a considered order giving his reasons for doing so, and that the learned Counsel thought it pro­ per not to put the same questions or other questions in regard to omissions to P. W. 30 or to the other witnesses that followed him. The said omissions are: (1) The warning by the members of the gang on their arrival to the audience at the music party not to stir from their places; (2) the presence of a gas lantern; (3) the chase of Bharat Singh by the assailants; (4) the scrutiny of the dead bodies by the gang; and · (5) the return of the gang in front of the house of Ban­ key. The learned Counsel for the respondent contests this fact and argues that only two omissions, namely, the presence of a gas-lantern and the scrutiny of the dead bodies by the gang, were put in the cross-exami­ nation of P. W. 30 and no other omissions were put to him or any other witness, and that indeed the order (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 905 r959 of the learned Sessions Judge did not preclude him from putting all the omissions to the witnesses and taking the decision of the Judge on the question of Tahsildar Singh & Another their admissibility. He further contends that even v. before the learned Judges of the High Court the The State of Advocate for the appellants only made a grievance of Uttar Pradesh his not having been allowed to put the aforesaid two omissions and did not argue that he intended to rely Subba Rao J. upon other omissions but did not do so as he thought that the learned Sessions Judge would disallow them pursuant to his previous order. Before the High Court ah application was filed for summoning eight eye- witnesses on the ground that the learned Sessions Judge did not allow the Counsel for defence to put the omissions amounting to material contradiction to them, but no mention was made in that application of the number of omissions which the accused intend- ed to put to the eye-witnesses if they were summoned. That application was filed on May 1, 1957, but no attempt was made to get a decision on that applica- tion before the arguments were heard. Presumably, the Court as well as the parties thought that the application could more conveniently be disposed of after hearing the arguments. On July 30, 1957, i. c., after the appellants were fully heard, that application was dismissed and the detailed reasons for dismissing it were given in the judgment, which was delivered on September 11, 1957. The judgment of the learned Judges of the High Court clearly indicates that what was argued before them was that two omissions sought , to be put to P. W. 30 were disallowed and therefore the accused did not put the said omissions to the other witnesses. It was not contended on behalf of the accused that other omissions were intended to be used for contradiction, but were not put to the wit- nesses as the Advocate thought that in view of the order of the learned Sessions Judge they would not be allowed automatically. The learned Judges held that the said two omissions amounted to material contra- diction and that the learned Sessions Judge was wrong in disallowing them, bnt they ignored those r959 Tahsildar Singh & Another v. The State of Uttar Pradesh Sitbba Rao J. two circumstances and based their findings on matters of greater certainty. If really the Judges had made a mistake in appreciating the arguments of the learned Counsel for the appellants in the context of omissions,' one would expect the accused to mention the said fact prominently in their application for spe­ cial leave. Even if they omitted to mention that fact in the application for special leave, they could have filed an affidavit sworn to by the Advocate, who appeared for them before the learned Judges of the High Court, mentioning the fact that in spite of the argument specifically directed to the other omissions the learned Judges by mistake or over-sight failed to notice that argument. The learned Counsel who argued before us did not argue before the High Court, and, therefore, obviously be is not in a position to assert that the Judges committed a mistake in omit­ ting to consider the argument ad l'anced before them. But be made strenuous attempts before us to persuade us to hold that there must have been a mistake. He would say that the learned Counsel had in fact relied upon all the aforesaid omissions in support of his con­ tention that there was development of the case of the prosecution from time to time and therefore he must have also relied upon the said omissions in the context of the statements made under s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure; on the other hand, the fact tlrnt the learned Judges considered all the alleged omissions in connection with the said contention and only con­ sidered two omissions in regard to the contention based on s. 162 of the Code is indicative of the fact that. the Je11rned Counsel, for reasons best known to him, did n6t tbink fit to rely upon all the alleged omissions. The deposition of P.W. 30 11lso shows that only two omissions in the statement before the police, viz., the existence of a gas-lantern and the scrutiny of the dead bodies by the gang, were put to him in cross-examination and the learned Sessions Judge dis­ allowed those questions on the ground that the le11rned Counsel was not able to show any law entitling him to put the snid questi ous. Though the witness was exa­ mined at some Ieng th, no other alleged omissions in (2) s.c.n. SUPREME COUHT B.EPOH,TS 007 the statement before the police were sought to be put, z959 to him. It would be seen from the short ord6r made T , .1d-s· h b l S . J. d h . h f a,ist ar tng y the earned ~ ess10ns u ge at t c time eac one o e,, Anutl.er the two questions were put, that the learned Sessions v. Judge did not give a general ruling that no omissions · The State of in a statement before the police could be put to a wit- vu,,. Pradesh ness. The rulings were given, having regard to the Subba Rao ]. nature of the omissions relied upon. But after the entire evidence of P. W. 30 was closed, the learned Sessions Judge gave a considered order. Even in that order, he did not rule out all omissions as inadmissible, but clearly expressed the view that if what was stated in the witness-box was irreconcilable with what was omitted to be stated in the statement, it could go in as material contradiction. Even after this order, it was open to the appellants to bring out all such omis- sions, but no attempt was made by them to do so. These circumstances also support the impression of the learned Judges of the High Court that what was argued before them was only in respect of the two specified omissions put to P. W. 30 in his cross-exami- nation. We, therefore, hold that only two omissions relating to the existence of the gas-lantern and the scrutiny of the faces of the deceased by the appellants were put to P. W. 30 and were intended to be put to the other witnesses, but were not so done on the basis of the ruling given by the Court. Would those two omissions satisfy the test laid down by us? The witness stated in the Court that there was a gas-lamp and that some of the miscreants scrutinised the faces of the dead bodies. In their state­ ments before the police they did not mention the said two facts and some of the witneBses stated that there were lanterns. Taking the gas-lamp first: the scene of occurrence was not a small room but one spread­ over from the well to Bankey's house. From that omission in the statement it cannot necessarily be implied that there was no gas-lamp in any part of the locality wherein the incident took place ; nor can it be said that, as the witnesses stated that there were lan­ terns, they must be deemed to have stated that there was no gas-lamp, for the word "lantern " is 1'959 1'ahsildar Singh & Another v. The State of Utear Pradesh Subba Rao ]. 908 SUPREME COUHT REPORTS [1959] Supp. comprehensive enough to take in a gas-lantern. It is also not possible to state that the statements made before the police and those made before the Court cannot co-exist, for there is no repugnancy between the two, as even on the assumption that lantern ex­ cludes a gas-lantern, both can exist in the scene of occurrence. The same can be said also about the scrutiny of the faces of the dead bodies. In the state­ ments before the police, the movements of the appel­ lants were given. It was stated that they shot at the people and decamped with the gun of Bharat Singh. The present evidence that in the course of their pur­ suit, they looked at the faces of two of the dead bodies does not in any way contradict the previous versions, for the said incident would fit in with the facts con­ tained in the earlier statements. The appellants could have shot at the audience, pursued them, taken the gun of Bharat Singh and on their way scrutinised the dead bodies. The alleged omission does not satisfy any of the principles stated by us. In this view, it is unnecessary to express our opinion on the question whether, if the said two omissions amounted to contradiction within the meaning of s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the appel­ lants were in any way prejudiced in the matter of their trial. The last contention of the learned Counsel for the appellants is that the learned Judges of the High Court acted illegally in testing the veracity of the witnesses with reference to the contents of the first information report. A perusal of the judgment of the High Court shows that the Advocate for the appellants contended before them, inter alia, that the witnesses should not be believed as their present version was inconsistent with the first information report. The learned Judges assumed that the said process was permissible and even on that assumption they rejected the plea of the learned Counsel for the appellants that there was improvement in the prosecution case. The learned Judges were really meeting the argument of the learn­ ed Counsel for the appellants. It is idle to suggest that they erred in law in relying upon the first infor- (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 909 mation report to discredit the witnesses for the simple reason that they accepted the !'lvidence in spite of some omissions in the first information report. In the result, we confirm the judgment of the High Court and dismiss the appeal. HrnAYATULLAH, J.-The judgment which I am delivering has been prepared by my learned brother, Imam, J. and myself. We agree that the appeal be dismissed but would express in our own words the grounds upon which it should be dismissed. The main contention advanced on behalf of the appellants was as follows: There was no fair trial of the appellants as they had been deprived of the right of cross-examination of the prosecution witnesses with reference to their statements made to the police during the police investigation. The trial Judge had dis­ allowed two questions in this respect, and the lawyer for the appellants regarded the decision of the learned Judge as one which prevented him from putting fur­ ther questions with respect to other matters concern­ ing the police statements of the witnesses. The order of the learned Judge had to be respected. The order of the learned Judge was illegal, as on a proper inte1'­ pretation of the provisions of s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the appellants were entitled not only to put the two questions which were ruled out, but also questions with respect to other matters aris­ ing out of the police statements of the witnesses. The purpose of cross-examination is to test the reliability of the witnesses both as to what they had to say about the occurrence itself and concerning their identification of those who had participated in it. There were several matters with respect to which, if questions had been allowed to be put, an effective cross-examination might have resulted and ena,bled the appellants to persuade the trial Judge to hold that the witnesses were entirely unreliable. In a case of this kind in which the appellants were involved, there were only two principal questions which were of vital import­ ance: (1) how far the witnes,;;es had improved their 1959 Tahsi/dar Singh b Another v. The State of Uttar Pradesh Hidayatullah ]. Tahsildat' Sin/;h & Another v. The State of Uttar Pt'adesh Hidayatullah ]. 910 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959) Supp. story in their evidence in Court from what they harl sa.id to the police concerning the occurrence, and (2) the existence of opportunity and sufficient light to enable proper identification. It may be assumed, although it has been a matter of controversy, that the order of the trial Judge dis­ allowing the two quest.ions which were put was under­ stood by the lawyer for the defence to mean that all similar questions in the nature of omissions in the police statements with respect to matters stated in Court would be disallowed and therefore no attempt was made to put further questions to the witnesses in this respect. Unfortunately, the lawyer for the defence had not in this particular case laid any adequate foundation upon which the two questions, which were ruled out, could have been properly put. From that point of view, the order of the trial Judge in disallowing those questions was not improper. It could not, therefore, be sairl that tho trial Judge had done anything which could be rightly characterised as infringement of the provisions of s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure or of the Indian Evidence Act, or even of the rules of natural justice. J ohari Chowkidar had reported the occurrence to the police station, which was a brief statement. Certain matters were, however, definitely mentioned­ the names of the persons recognised in the occurrence, the number of persons killed and injured, the taking away of a gun which was with Bharat Singh, Bankey Kumhar firing his gun at the culprits in such a m:i,nner tbat some of them must have been injured, and the existence of light from the moon and lantern. The principal comment had been that in this report there was no mention of the culprits having advanced from the well towards the open place where villagers had gathered to hear the music. On the contrary, the first information report indicated that the firing was done from the parapet of the well. It is clear, however, from Johari's statement that the culprits had taken away the gun which was with Bharat Singh. This could only have been done if the culprits had (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 911 advanced from the well to the place where the villa­ gers bad assembled. It was then commented that in the first information report the culprits were said to have come from the southern lane, while in Court the evidence was that they had come to the w-ell from the eastern lane. The discrepancy is a minor one. Johari must have been concerned with reporting the first firing from the well, and he might have mistaken the actual direction from which the culprits bad approached the well. Johari's statement made no mention of the culprits uttering any warning that no one was to run away as they advanced from the well, whereas in Court the wit­ nesses spoke to that effect. This was a detail which Johari might not have considered to be of sufficient importance, as he was anxious to make a bare state­ ment in order to get the police to proceed to the place of occurrence as quickly as possible. J ohari's state­ ment also makes no mention of the culprits examining the bodies of the dead and examining their faces and exclaiming that Asa Ram, one of the men whom they wished to kill, had been killed. Here again, this was a matter of detail which Johari might not have con­ sidered necessary to mention. The first information report made no mention of the existence of gas light. It did, however, mention the existence of light of lantern and existence of moonlight. The existence of light from lantern and the full moon obviously was sufficient to recognise known persons. It is in evidence that the appellants were known for several -years to the witnesses who had identified them as participants in the occurrence. It could not be said with absolute certainty that the mention of the existence of light of lantern excluded the existence of gas light. The state­ ment of J ohari gives clear indication that the culprits did not remain all the time at the well, because they must have advanced to take away the gun which was with Bharat Singh. The culprits must have stayed at the place of occurrence for some time to enable Bankey Kumhar to fire his gun at them and to convey to ,Joh1iri's mind the certainty that some of the culprits must have been injured. Reference is made only to 1959 Tahsildar Singh &- Another v. The State of Uttar Pradesh Hidayatullah } . I959 Tahsildar Singh &- Another v. The State of Uttar P1ade~h llidayatulluh J, 912 SUPR~~ME COURT REPORTS [1959] Supp. some of the details and not to all the discrepancies pointed out in order to determine whether the alleged improvement in the story of the witnesses in Court from what they are alleged to have stated to the police was with reference to vital matters, which went to the root of the prosecution case. It is apparent from what has been stated above that even if the defence had been allowed to put questions concerning these alleged omissions in the statements of the witnesses to the police, it could not have made their evidence in Court unreliable with respect to any material particular concerning the occurrence or the identification of the accused. From the above, it seems to us that there is no merit in the appeal. As, however, considerable argu­ ment has been made concerning the right of cross. examination and as to how the provisions of s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure should be construed, it becomes necessary to consider the submissions of the learned counsel for the appellants. The provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1861 and 1872 have been referred to by our learned brother, Subba Rao, J. Section 162 of the Code of 1872 made it clear that except for a dying declaration and matters coming within the provisions of s. 27 of the Indian Evidence Act of 1872, no statement of any person made to a police officer in the course of in­ vestigation, if reduced into writing, could be used as evidence against the accused. There was no restric­ tion as to the extent of the right of an accused to cross-examine a prosecution witness concerning his statement to the police. Section 162 of the Code of 1898 prohibited the use of a statement reduced into writing, as evidence except any statement. falling within the provisions of s. 32 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. The proviso to this section, however, expressly stated that in spite of the prohibition in the main provision, the accused conld use such a state­ ment to impeach the credit of the witnesses in the manner provided in the Indian Evidence Act of 1872. It will be seen therefore that until 1898 there was no restriction imposed upon the accused as to the extent (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 913 of his right of cross-examination. As s. 162 of the Code of 1898 entirely prohibited the use of the state­ ment reduced into writing as evidence, the proviso to it safeguarded the right of the accused to impeach the credit of such witness in the manner provided in the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. Under the Indian Evi­ dence Act, a witness's credit can be impeached under ss. 145 and 155 of that Act. The manner in which the provisions of these sections could be utilised to impeach the credit of a witness covers a wide field. If, however, it was intended to contradict a witness con­ cerning his previous statement reduced into writing, then the provisions of s. 145 require that those parts of the writing by which it was sought to contradict the witness must be shown to him. There can be no doubt that the provisions of the Code from 1861 to 1898 in no way curbed the right of cross-examination on behalf of the accused. The provisions were intended to protect the accused in that no statement of a witness to the police reduced into writing could be used as evidence against him, but the right to cross-examine the witness to the fullest extent in accordance with the provisions of the Indian Evidence Act in order to show that he was unreliable, remained unaffected. The real question for consideration is whether the amendment of the Code in 1923 brought about such a radical change in the provisions of s. 162 of the Code as to suggest that the Legislature had taken a retro­ gade step, and had intended to deprive the accused of the right of cross-examination of prosecution witnesses concerning their police statements except in one restricted particular, namely, to make use of the state­ ments reduced into writing to contradict the witnesses in the manner provided by s. 145 of the Indian Evidence Act. The provisions of s. 162 of the Code of 1898 were amended in 1923 in the hope that the amendment would resolve the various doubts which had sprung up as the result of divergent judicial opinions as to the meaning of these provisions. The provisions of s. 162 of the Code of 1898 harJ. been variously construed, 115 r959 Tahsildar Singh 6" Another v. The State of Uttar Pradesh Ilidayatullah ]. 914 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959) Supp. r959 and the amendment in 1923 has not improved matters. The amended section still remains difficult to con­Tahsildar Singh o;. Another strue. We shall endeavour now to construe it. v. Under s. 161 of the Code, the police officer may The State of examine orally any person supposed to be acquainted Utta• P•adesh with the facts and circumstances of the case. He may also reduce into writing any statement made to him Hidayatultah ]. in the course of such examination, and if he does so, he must make a separate record of the statement of each such person. The legislature has, however, put restrictions upon the use of such statements at the inquiry or trial of the offence. The first restriction is that no statement made by any person to a police officer, if reduced into writing, be signed by the person making it. The in­ tention behind the provision is easy to understand. The legislature probably thought that the making of statements by witnesses might be thwarted, if the witnesses were led to believe that because they had signed the statements they were bound by them, and that whether the statements were true or not, they must continue to stand by them. The legislature next provides that a statement, however recorded, or any part of it shall not be used for any purpose (save as provided in the section) at the inquiry or trial in res­ pect of any offence under investigation at the time such statement is made. The object here is not easily discernible, but perhaps is to discourage over-zealous police officers who might otherwise exert themselves to improve the statements made before them. The Privy Council considered the intention to be: " If one had to guess at the intention of the legis­ lature in framing a section in the words used, one would suppose that they had in mind to encourage the free disclosure of the information or to protect the person making the statement from a supposed unreli­ ability of police testimony as to alleged statements or both." It is possible that the legislature had also in mind that the use of statements made under the influence of · the investigating agency might, unless restricted to a use for the benefit of the accused, result in considerable (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT H,EPOH,TS 915 prejudice to him. But whatever the intention which led to the imposition of the restrictions, it is manifest that the statements, however recorded, cannot be used except to the extent allowed by the section. The prohibition contained in the words "any purpose" is otherwise absolute. Then follow two provisos. The first gives the right to the accused to make use of the statements for con­ tradicting a witness for the prosecution in the manner provided by s. 145 of the Indian Evidence Act. It also gives a right to the prosecution to use the statement for purposes of re-examination of the same witness but only to explain any matter referred to in the cross-examination of the witness. The first proviso, when analysed, gives the follow­ ing ingredients : (i) A prosecution witness is called for the pro­ secution; (ii) whose statement has previously been reduced to writing; (iii) The accused makes a request ; (iv) The accused is furnished with a copy of the previous statement ; (v) In order that any part of such statement, if duly proved, may be used to contradict such witness in the manner provided by s. 145 of the Indian Evidence Act. . lf the accused exercises the right in (v) above in any instance, then the prosecution has the right to use the statement in the re-examination of the witness but only to explain any matters referred to by him in· cross-examination. Section 145 of the Indian Evidence Act reads: " Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing : A witness may be cross-examined as to pre­ vious statements made by him in writing or reduced into writing, and relevant to matters in question, without such writing being shown to him, or being proved ; but, if it is intended to contradict him by the writing, his attention must, before the writing can be proved, be called to those parts of it which are to be used for the purpose of contradicting him." r959 Tahsildar Singh & Another v. The State of Uttar Pradesh IIidayatullah ]. '959 Tal1sildar Singh & Another v. The State of Uttar Pradesh Hidayatullah j. 9Hi SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] Supp. The section analysed, gives the following result: (1) vVitnesses can be cross-examined as to pre­ vious statements in writing or reduced into writing; (2) These writings need not be shown to tho wit­ nesses or proved beforehand ; (3) But if the intention is to contradict them by the writings, (a) their attention must be drawn to those parts which are to be used for contradiction ; (b) This should be done before proving the writ­ ings. Our learned brother, Subba Rao, J., restricts the use by the accused of the previous statements to the mechanism of contradiction as detailed in (3) above, but says that the accused has no right to proceed under (ll and (2). He deduces this from the words of s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, where it is provided: "in order that any part of such statement, if duly proved, may be used to contradict such witness in the manner provided by section 145 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872." The fact that the accused can use the previous state­ ment for the purpose of contradicting, shows that the previous statement cannot be used for corroborating the witness. Also there must be some basis for con­ tradicting. This may arise, because of there being a contrary statement, irreconcilable statement or even material omissions. The accused can establish a contradiction by cross-examining the witness but only so as to bring out a contradiction and no more. We regret we cannot agree (and we say this with pro­ found respect) that the accused is not entitled to cross­ cxamine but only to contradict. In our opinion, the reference to s. 145 of the Indian Evidence Act brings in the whole of the manner and machin,ery of s. 145 and not merely the second part. In this process, of course, the accused cannot go beyond s. 162 or ignore what the section prohibits but cross-examination to establish a contradiction between one statement and another is certainly permissible. This question loses much of its importance when (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 917 there are patent contradictions and they can be put to the witness without any cross-examination as in the two statements: (a) I saw A hit B. (b) I did not see A hit 13. But there are complex situations where the contradic­ tion is most vital and relevant but is not so patent. There are cases of omissions on a relevant and mate­ rial point. Let us illustrate our meaning by giving two imaginary statements: (a) When I arrived at the scene I saw that X was running away, chased by A and B who caught him. (b) 'Vhen I arrived at the scene I saw X take out a dagger from his pocket, stab D in his chest and then take to his heels. He was chased by A and B who caught him. There is an omission of two facts in the first state­ ment, viz., (a) X took out a dagger from his pocket, and (b) he stabbed Din the chest. These two state­ ments or their omission involve a contradiction as to the stage of the occurrence, when the observation of the witness began. What s. 145 of the Indian Evidence Act provides is that a witness may be contradicted by a statement reduced into writing and that is also the use to which the earlier statement can be put under s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. vVhen some omissions occur, there is contradiction in one sense but not necessarily on a relevant matter. The statements of witnesses may and do comprise numerous facts and circumstances, and it happens that when they are asked to narrate their version over again, they omit some and add others. What use can be made of such omissions or additions is for the accused to decide, but · it cannot be doubted that some of the omissions or additions may have a vital bearing upon the truth of the story given. We do not think that by enacting s. 162 in the words used, the legislature intended a prohibition of cross-examination to establish which of the two versions is an authentic one of the events as seen by the witness. The use of the words " re­ examination " and "cross-examination " in the same I959 Tahsildar Singh & Another v. The State of Uitar Pradesh Hidayatul/ah ]. I959 Tahsildar Si11gli & Another v. The State of UttaY Pradesh llidayatullah ]. 918 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959) Supp. proviso shows that cross-examination is contemplated or in other words, that the manner of contradiction under s. 145 of the Indian Evidence Act comprises both cross-examination and contradiction. Indeed, the second part is only the final stage of the contra­ diction, which includes the earlier stages. Re-examina­ tion is only permissible where there is cross-examina­ tion. It must not be overlooked that the cross-examina­ tion must be directed to bringing out a contradiction between the statements and must not subserve n,ny other purpose. If the cross-examination does anything else, it will be barred under s. 162, which permits the use of the earlier statement for contradicting a witness and nothing else. Taking the example given above, we do not see why cross-examination may not be like this: Q. I put it to you that when you arrived on the scene X was already running away and you did not actually see him stab D as you have deposed to-day ? A. No. I saw both the events. Q. If that is so, why is your statement to the police silent as to stabbing ? A. I stated both the facts to the police. The witness can then be contradicted with his previous statement. We need hardly point out that in the illustration given by us, the evidence of the witness in Court is direct evidence as opposed to testimony to a fact suggesting guilt. The statement before the police can only be called circumstantial evidence of compli­ city and not direct evidence in the strict sense. Of course, if the questions framed were : Q. What did you state to the police ? or (:;J_ Did you state to the police that D stabbed X? They may be ruled out as infringing s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, because they do not set up a contradiction but attempt to get a fresh version from the witnesses with a view to contradicting him. How the cross-examinn,tion can be made must obvi­ ously vary from case to case, counsel to counsel and statement to statement. No single rule can be laid down and the propriety of the question in the light of (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 919 the two sections can be found only when the facts and questions are before the Court. But we are of opinion that relevant and matflrial omissions amount to vital contradictions, which can be established by cross­ examination and confronting the witness with his previous statement. The word " contradict " has various meanings, and in the Oxford English Dictionary it is stated as " To be contrary to in effect, character, etc. ; to be directly opposed to ; to go counter to, go against " as also " to affirm the contrary of; to declare untrue or errone­ ous; to deny categorically " and the word "contradic­ tion " to mean " A state or condition of opposition in things compared; variance; inconsistency, contra­ riety ". In Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, "con­ tradict " is said to mean " To speak against ; to oppose in speech ; to forbid ; to oppose; to affirm the contrary of; to declare untrue or erroneous; to deny; to be contrary to; to go counter to and go against" and " contradiction " to mean " A state of opposition in things compared; variance; inconsistency". The meaning given to the words "contradict" and " con­ tradiction" in these Dictionaries must at least include the case of an omission in a previous statement which by implication amounts to contradiction and there­ fore such an omission is a matter which is covered by the first proviso to s. 162 and questions in cross­ examination can be put with respect to it in order to contradict the witness. It is difficult to say as an inflexible rule that any other kind of omission cannot be put to a witness in order to contradict him, when the proper foundation had been laid for putting such questions. The words "to contradict him" appearing in s. 145 of the Evidence Act must carry the same meaning as the words "to contradict such witness" in s. 162 of the Code. In a civil suit, where the provi­ sions of s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure have no application, would it be correct to say that only questions concerning omissions of the kind suggested by our learned brother could be put and none other ? We cannot see why a question of the nature of cross­ examination regarding an omission with respect to a I959 Tahsildar Singh & Another v. The State of Uttar Pradesh llidayatu/lah ]. I959 Tahsildar Singh & Another v. The State of Uttar Pradesh H idayatullah j. matter which the witness omitted to make in his pre­ vious statement and which, if made, would have been recorded, cannot be put. The facts and circumstances of each case will determine whether any other kind of omission than that referred to by our learned brother could be put to a witness in order to contradict him. It would be for the Judge to decide in each case whether in the circumstances before him the question could be put. The purpose of cross-examination is to test the veracity of the statement made by a witness in his examination-in-chief as also to impeach his credit. Not only is it the right of the accused to shake the credit of a witness, but it is also the duty of the Court trying an accused to satisfy itself that the wit­ nesses are reliable. It would be dangerous to lay down any hard and fast rule. We pause to look at the matter from another angle. We shall assume that the interpretation which the State claims should be put upon s. 162(1) is correct and compare the respective rights of the accused and the prosecution. According to this interpretation, the accused has no right of cross-examination in res­ pect of the contradiction. This means that no ques­ tion can be put about the previous statement but only the part in which there is a contradiction can be brought to the witness's notice and his explanation, if any, obtained. In other words, there is only "con­ tradiction" and no more. But when the accused has used the statement to contradict the witness-it may be only on one point-what are the rights of the pro­ secution? The prosecution can use any part of the statement in the re-examination not only to explain the ' contradiction ' but also to explain any matter referred to in the cross-examination of the witness. If 'contradiction' does not include the right of cross-examination, the right of the prosecution must necessarily extend to re-examination in respect of any other matter needing explanation in the cross-examina­ tion at large. Thus, the accused cannot ask a single question of the nature of cross-examination but because he sets up a 'contradiction' in the narrow sense, the prosecution can range all over the previous (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 921 statement and afford the witness a chance of explain­ ing any matter in his cross-examination by re-examin­ ing him which right includes the possibility of asking leading questions with the permission of the Court. Thus, the accused makes a ' contradiction' at his own peril. By making a single 'contradiction', the accused places the entire statement in the hands of the prosecution to explain away everything with its assistance. One wonders if the legislature intended such a result, for it is too great a price for the accused to pay for too small a right. Fortunately, that is not the meaning of s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Proce­ dure, and it is not necessary to read the word " cross­ examination " in the proviso in a sense other than what it has. The right of both the accused and the prosecution is limited to contradictions. It involves cross­ examination by the accused as to that contradiction within s. 145 of the Indian Evidence Act and re­ examination in relation to the matters 'referred to in the cross-examination of the witness'. The prosecu­ tion cannot range at will to explain away every dis­ crepancy but only such as the accused under his right has brought to light. In our opinion, reading the section in this way gives effect to every part and does not lead to the startling and, if we may say so, the absurd results which we have endeavoured to set out above. The question may be asked, how is there to he a cross-examination about a previous statement? It is difficult to illustrate one's meaning by entering into such an exposition. Any one interested to see the technique is invited to read Mrs. May brick's trial in the Notable English Trials (1912) at pages 77-79, the trial of William Palmer, pages 35,36, 50-51. EXiamples will be found in every leading trial. The question is, did the legislature intend giving this right ? In our opinion, the legislature did and for the very obvious reason that it gave the prosecution also a chance to re-examine the witness, to explain ' any matter refer­ red to in the cross-examination of the witness.' II6 I959 Tahsilda• Singh & Another v. The State of Uttar Pradesh Hidayat,.llah ]. I959 TaJ,siTdar Singh & Another v. The Stale nf Uttar J),adi:sh liidr1y11/ullali ]. \V c respectfully do not agree that the section should Im construed in the way our learned brother has con­ Ht!'ll('d it. Though we agree as to the result., our opinion cannot be left unexpressed. If the section is corrntrued too narrowly, the right it confers will cease to be of any real protection to the accused, and the danger of its becoming an impediment to effective cross-examination on behalf of the accused is appar­ ent. This brings us to the consideration of the questions, which were asked and disallowed. These were pnt during the cross-examination of Bankey, P. W. 30. They are: Q Did you state to the investigating officer that the gang rolled the dead bodies of Nathi, Sakt,u aml Bhar:it Singh and scrutinized them, and did you tell him that the face of Asa Ram resembled that of the deceast'd Bharat Singh? Q. Did you state to the investigating officer about the presence of the gas lantern? These questions 1Yere defective, to start with. They did not set up a contradiction but attempted to obtain from the witness a version of what he stated to the police, which is then contradicted. What is needed is to take the strttement of the police a.s it is, and oetablish a contradiction between that statement and the evidence in Court. To do otherwise is to trans­ gress tho bounds set by s. 162 which, by its absolute prohibition, limits even cross-examination to contra­ dictions and no more. The cross.examinatiou cannot oven indirectly subserve any other purpose. In the questions with which we illustrated our meaning, the witness was not asked what he stated to the police, but was told what he had stated to the police and asked to explain the omission. It is to be borne in minrl that the statement made to _the police is 'duly proved' either earlier or even later to establish wha.t the witness had then stated. In our opinion, the two questions were defective for the reasons given here, and were properly ruled out, even though all the reasons given by the Court may . not sta.nd scrutiny. The matter was not followed up (2) S.C.R. SUPHEME COURT RE.POH,TS 923 with proper questions, and it seems th<tt similar ques­ tions on these aud other points were not put to the witness out of deference (as it is now suggested) to the ruling of the Court. The accused c<rn only blame themselves, if they did not. The learned Judges of the High Court r1 !led out from their consideration that these two cirnumstances made it possible for the witnesses to recognise the accused, but held that there was ample opportunity even other­ wise for the witnesses to do so. The High Court was justified in so doing, and there being ample evidence on which they could come to the conclusion that the witnesses had, in fact, recognised the accused, it must inevitably be regarded as one of fact in regard to which this Court does not interfere. Since 110 other point was argued, the appeal must fail, and we agree that it be dismissed. Appeal dismis8ed. THE TH,U~TEES OJ!' THE CIIARlTY HUND, ESPLANADE l~OAD, .FORT, BOMBAY v. THE COMMU3SIONEL~ OF INCO:'vlE-TAX, BOMBAY (S. g, DAS, C. J., N. H. BHAGWA'l'l aml M. HrnAYA'I'ULLAH, JJ.) Incumc-tax--Public charitable trust--Exemption- -Test-Indian Income-tax Act, r922 (XI of r922), s. 4(3)(i). The appellants were the trnstees of a charity fund known as "The Charity Fund founded by Sir Sassoon David, Baronet of Bombay". Clause 13 of the deed of trust, after declaring that the trnstees should apply the net income for all or any of the following purposes, namely, (a) the relief antl benefit of the poor ;111d indigent members of Jewish or any other community of Bombay or other parts of lndia or of the world either by making payments to them in cash or providing them with food and 1959 Tahsild'" Singh 0 .d not her v. He Stal~ of Utt:lr J>1 adesh Hid ,y,tullah ] . I959 May 5.