Builders Associations of India v. Union of India and Ors.

Though we are dismissing this writ petition preferred under Article 32 of the Constitution of India at the stage of admission itself, we deem it appropriate to record our reasons therefor in view of the contentions urged C by Shri N.A. Palkhivala, learned senior advocate for the petitioner. In Commissio11er of Income Tax v. NC. Budharaja & Co., 204 l.T.R. 412, a Bench of this Court comprising one of us (B.P. Jeevan Reddy, J.) and N. Venkatachala, J. held inter a/ia that the words "construction, manufacture or production of any article or thing not being an article .or D thing specified in the list in the Eleventh Schedule" occurring in sub-clause (iii) of clause (b) of sub-section (2) of Section 32-A of the Income-Tax Act, 1961 do not take in construction of a darn, a building, a brid_ge, a road and the like. The reason given was that a darn, a building, a bridge or road cannot be brought within the purview of the words "article or thing". After referring to the legislative history of the said clause it was held that the E words "any article or thing" refer to only 11).0vables and that the use of the word "construction" in the said clause is referable to construction of ships. It was held that the words "construction, manufacture or production of any article or thing" cannot be extended to construction of immovabie proper- ties like the construction of a dam, building, bridge, a road and the like. It F was observed that doing so would do violence to the plain meaning of the words "article or thing" occurring in the said sub-clause. In this writ petition, Sri Palkhivala contends that inasmuch as three important circumstances were not brought to the notice of this Court by G the counsel appearing for the assessees in Budharaja & Co. and were, therefore, not considered by this Court, the decision in so far as it relates to Section 32- A(2)(b)(iii) requires reconsideration and must be referred to a larger Bench. Had the said three circumstances been brought to the notice of this Court, says Sri Palkhivala, the decision would certainly have been different. The three circumstances mentioned by the learned counsel H 380 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1994] SUPP. 2 S.C.R. A are the following : (A) That the word "construction" occurring in the said sub-clause should· be read independent of and not in association with the words following, viz., "manufacture or production of any article or thing". Learned counsel says that if so read disjunctively, the word "construction" takes B within its sweep all types of construction including the construction of dams, buildings, bridges, roads and the iike. Learned counsel brought to our notice. the opinion of the Law Ministry tendered on February 16, 1984 to the Ministry of Fmance and the reply of the Minister of State for Finance to an unstarred question in Parliament (given sometime in 1987- C 88). The opinion of the Law Ministry, as set out in the writ petition, reads as follows: "With regard to the above question, it may be stated that S.32A (2) b (iii) refers to any other industrial undertaking for the purpose of business of construction, manufacture or production (of an article) or thing specified in the list in the XI schedule. The · expression "construction" occurring in this provision would indicate that it stands independently and does not qualify articles or things. It is intended to cover any new machinery or plant entitled to any other industrial undertaking for the purpose of business or con­ struction relating to the industrial undertaking concern". The reply of the Minister of State for Finance to an unstarred question No. 5495 dated 11.12.1987 reads thus : "(a) Investment allowance u/s 32A of the Income Tax Act is allowable in respect of new plant and machinery which is installed and used for the purposes of business of construction, manufacture or production of any article or thing. (b) There has been a difference of opinion regarding the inter­ pretation of this provision as to whether plant and machinery used for the purpose of business of construction is also entitled to this allowance. As a result of the same, the investment allowance is being allowed under the jurisdiction of some other CIT's whereas it is not being allowed in the jurisdiction of some other CIT's. (c) Some of the benches of !TAT .have held that plant and BUILDERS ASSNS. OF INDIA v. U.O.l. 381 machinery used for the business of construction is entitled to this A allowance. ( d). The Law Ministry, whose opinion was sought by the govern­ ment on this issue, is also of the view that plant and machinery used for the business of construction is entitled to this allowance." Indeed Sri Palkhivala contended that having accepted the opinion of the Law Ministry, it was not open to the Government of India to have filed or persisted with the appeals in this Court which resulted in the decision in Budharaja and Co. Learned counsel submitted that in ali fairness, the Government of India ought to have instructed its counsel not to press the said appeals. (B) The circular issued by the Central Board of Direct Taxes in the year 1986 [published in 161 I.T.R. (Statutes) 24 to 26) with r~ference to Section 32-AB which was introduced with effect from April 1, 1987 but which contains identical words. The circular states that the Government of D India has introduced a new scheme of Investment Deposit Account with effect from the Year 1986-87 with a view to neutralise the bias in favour of borrowing and needless capacity creation. It then proceeds to state : p "The new scheme differs from the existing provisions of investment E allowance as under :- (a) The existing provisions of the investment allowance apply to only those assessees- (i) who purchase a ship or aircraft, which is first put to use in the F business of the assessee; or (ii) who install new machinery or plant in an industrial undertaking for the purposes only of business of construction, manufacture or production of any article or thing not specified in the Eleventh G Schedule to the Income-tax Act. In the case of small scale industrial undertaking, this benefit is not denied even if such an undertaking produces a non- priority item listed in the Eleventh Schedule, like alcoholic spirits, tobacco preparations, cosmetics, etc. H 382 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1994] SUPP. 2 S.C.R. The new scheme is applicable to all existing types of assessees as also to the professionals and the leasing companies which have not leased out machinery to those industrial undertakings other than - a small scale industrial undertaking, engaged in the manufacture or production of articles or things listed in.the Eleventh Schedule to the Income-tax Act. In other words, the deduction is admissible to all the assessees who carry on "eligible business or profession", which as per section 32AB(2) means business or profession other than the business of construction, manufacture or production of any article or thing specified in the list in the Eleventh Schedule (in case it is not a small scale industrial undertaking) and the business of leasing or hiring of machinery or plant to an industrial undertaking other than a small scale industrial undertaking engaged in the business of low priority items as specified in the list in the Eleventh Schedule. If may be clarified that the business of construction is an eligible business for the purposes of this provision. 11 ( C) The fact that this court had in Commissioner of Income Tax v. Bhageeratha Engineering Limited, (1993) l.T.R. 12, taken a view contrary to the one taken in Bud}Jaraja and Co. with respect to Section 32A(ii)(b )(iii). The judgment in Bhagreeratha Engineering Ltd. reads as follows : "Heard learned counsel on both sides. The question of law formu­ lated for the opinion of the High Court on a reference under section 256 of the Income-tax Act, 1961, pertains to the entitlement of the assessee to the investment allowance under section 32A of F the Act. The High Court held (see (1992] 193 !TR 674, 680) : "The Tribunal further found that since the machinery was used in an industrial undertaking in the business of construction, manufac­ ture or production or articles or things, the assessee is entitled to investment allowance under section 32A of the Act. The finding that the assessee is engaged mainly in the manufacture or process­ ing of goods and is an industrial undertaking is not in challenge before us. Admittedly, the assessee is a construction company and for the purpose of the manufacturing activities performed by it, it . used the machinery in its business of construction ........... It is not open · to the Revenue to contend in these references that the ' I BUILDERS ASSNS. OF INDIA v. U.0.1. 383 assessee-company is not an industrial undertaking, since the find- A ing of fact in that regard entered by the Tribunal, has not been e:<pressly challenged. by an appropriate question raised in the reference.: The contention of the asses see (sic) in relation to the construction B activity carried on by him cannot be said to be an industrial undertaking, becomes irrelevant. With this finding, the special leave petition is dismissed." We are of the considered opinion that none of the contentions urged . C by Shri Palkhivala calls for reconsideration of this Court's judgment in Budharaja and Co. We proceed to give our reasons with respect to each of the three grounds/contentions urged by the learned counsel. Re: contention (A) : Jn our opinion, the word "construction" occurring in the said sub: clause cannot be read independently, torn from its context. In so far as it is relevant, the provision reads thus : "The ship or aircraft or machinery or plant referred to in sub- section E {1) shall be the following, narnely: ...... , .. (b) any new machinery or plant installed after the 31st day of March, 1976, ....... (iii) in any other industrial undertaking for the purposes of business of construction, manufacture or production of any article or thing, not being an article or thing specified in the list in the Eleventh Schedule." This Court explained in its judgment in Budharaja and Co. the reason for which the word "construction" was used in the corresponding sub'clause prior to April 1, 1978, viz., sub-clause (ii) of clause (b) of sub-section {2), which referred to articles and things in the Ninth Schedule and the legis­ lative change brought about by Finance (No.2) Act of 1977 with effect from G April 1, 1978. It is pointed out therein that the former sub- clause (ii) which applied only to the articles and things in the !Xth Schedule - all of which were movables including ships - now became sub-clause (iii) which applies to all articles and things other than those mentioned in tlie Eleventh Schedule. The following discussion in the said judgment brings out the ratio; H ''Though at first sight, the use of the words "construction" and "thing" appear to lend some substance to the contention of learned counsel for the assessee, a deeper scrutiny - and in particular, the legislative history of the relevant provisions - militates against the acceptance of his submission. Sub-clauses (ii) and (iii) of clause (b) of sub section (2) of Section 32A were substituted by the Finance (No. 2) Act of 1977, with effect from April 1, 1978. Prior to the said amendment, the sub-clauses read as follows : "(ii) for the purposes of business of construction, manufacture or production of any one or more of the articles or things specified in the list in the Ninth Schedule; or (iii) in a small-scale industrial undertaking for the purposes of business of manufactm e or production of any other articles or things." The unamended sub-clause (ii), which <:Orresponds to present sub-clause (iii), was thus confined to the "articles and things" in the Ninth Schedule. The Ninth, Schedule, since omitted, contained as many as 33 items. Item 15 therein related to "ships". All the items referred only to movables; none of them refers to an inunov­ able object like a building, factory or bridge. Since the appropriate · word in the case of ships is 11 construction" - in common parlance one speaks of construction of ships and not manufacture of ships - the Legislature used the expression "construction" in unamended sub- clause (ii). The said sub-clause also referred to "articles or things", which is the heading of the Ninth Schedule. After amend­ ment, sub-clause (ii), which became sub-clause (iii), underwent a certain change. Not only were the words "in any other industrial undertaking" added at the beginning of the sub-clause, the ap­ plicability of the sub-clause was extended to all articles and things except those articles and things mentioned in the Eleventh Schedule. The heading of lhe Eleventh Schedue is again "list of articles or things", but the list does not include "ships". In other words, sub-clause (iii), after amendment, continues to apply to ships. Ships are among the articles or things to which the present sub-clause (iii) applies. And that is precisely the reason the word "construction" is retained in amended sub-clause (iii) - the sub­ clause corresponding to unamended sub-clasue (ii). So far as the use of the word "thing" is concerned, it has no special significance BUILDERS AS SNS. OF INDIA v. U.0.1. 385 inasmuch as both the Ninth Schedule and the Eleventh Schedule A contain a list of articles or things. Both the Ninth Schedule, to which alone the unamehded sub-clause (ii) applied, as well as the Eleventh Schedule, the articles and things wherein are excluded from the purview of amended sub-clause (iii), refer only to movable objects - called articles or things. In this background, it is not possible or permissible to read the word permissible to read the word 11 construction 11 as referring to construction of dams, bridges, buildings, roads or canals. The association of words in former sub-clause (ii) and the present sub-clause (iii) is also not without significance. The words are: ' 1 construction, manufacture or produc- tion of any one or more of the articles and things .............. " and "construction, manufacture or production of any· articles and things ..... ", respectively. It is equally evident that in these sub­ clauses as well as in the Ninth Schedule and the Eleventh Schedule, the words "articles" and "things" are used interchangeably. In the scheme and context of the provision, it would not be right to isolate the word "thing", ascertain its meaning with reference to law D lexicons and attach to it a meaning which it was never intended to bear. A statute cannot always be construed with the dictionary in one hand and the statute in the other. Regard must also be had to the scheme, context and-as in this case - to the legislative history of the provision. We are, therefore, of the opinion that sub-clause (iii) of clause (b) of sub-section (2) of section 32A does not comprehend within its ambit construction of a dam, a bridge, a building, a road, a canal and other similar constructions." We are not pursuaded to take a different view than the one taken in the said decision. We are of the considered view that the word "construe- F tion" occurring in the said sub-clause cannot be dissociated from the following words "manufacture or production of any article or thing not being an article or thing specified in the list in the Eleventh Schedule". The context and the structure of the sub-clause does not permit such dissocia- tion of the word "construction" from the following words. If that were the G intention of the Parliament, it would have employed appropriate words to dissociate the word "construction" from the following words. There are none. The absence of any such words clearly and conclusively militates against the contention of Shri Palkhivala. As explained in the said judg­ ment, the word "construction" was retained in the new sub-clause (iii) because the ships continue to be within the purview of present sub-clause H 386 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1994] SUPP. 2 S.C.R. A (iii) as they were within the purview of fo~mer sub-clause (ii). It is not necessary to repea~ the reasoning in Budharaja & Co. over again. There is another indication in Section 32A which tends to support our opinion, viz., sub-section (2A) of Section 32A. It was inserted by Finance (No.2) Act, 1977 by way of an amendment. The object of this amendment was stated in the Notes on Clauses of Finance (No. 2) Bill, 1977 as follows :- "New sub-section (2A) seeks to provide that the deduction in · respect of investment allowance shall not be denied in respect of machinery or plant installed and used mainly for the purposes of business of construction, manufacture or production of any article or thing merely on the ground that such machinery or plant is used in part for the purposes of business of construction, manufacture or production of any article or thing specified in the list in the Eleventh Schedule." Sub-section (2A) of Section 32A makes it clear that if any machinery or plant is used mainly for the purpose of business of construction, mannfacture or production of any article or thing which does not fall within the prohibited list in the Eleventh Schedule, it will qualify for deduction E under Section 32A. The deduction will not be denied only because such . machinery or plant is also used for the purpose of business of construction, manufacture or production of any article or thing included in the prohibited list. Sub-section (2A) of Section 32A is clarificatory in nature. It clarifies that machinery or plant mainly used inter alia, for construction of articles or things which are not included in the prohibited lis~ will qualify F for deduction under Section 32A, notwithstanding the fact that such machinery or plant is also used for construction of articles or things contained in the prohibited list. If the word 'construction' is not to be associated with the phrase 'any G article or thing', then it was not necessary to use the phrase 'construction, manufacture or production of any article or thing' in the clarificatory sub-section (2A). It will then have to be held that the word 'construction' in sub-section (2A) is redundant and a mere surplusage. S_o far as opinion of the Law Ministry and the reply of thl' Minister H of State for Finance in the Parliament is concerned, we are of the opinion BUILDERS ASSNS. OF INDIA v. U.0.1. 387 they are not of much relevance on the construction of the said sub-clause A by this Court. The opinion of the Law Ministry may be in favour of the assessee or may be against the assessee. Similarly the answer given by the Minister may be in favour of the assessee or against him. They are mere opinions and cannot be treated as binding upon the Courts. It is not even suggested that the said opinion was communicated to the assessing B authorfries. So for as the contention of Sri Palkhivala that in view of the said answer given by the Minister of State for Finance in the Parliament, the Government of India ought to have instructed its counsel not to file the said appeals or that it ought to have instructed its counsel not to press the said appeals is concerned, we are of the opinion it is not a matter which concerns the Court nor does it reflect upon the correctness of the inter­ pretation placed by this Court upon the said sub-clause. What transpired or what did not transpire between the government and its counsel is a matter between them. We have no say in the matter. We are, therefore, ol the opinion that even if the facts and cir­ cumstances mentioned under contention (A) urged by Shri Palkhivala had been brought to the notice of this Court, it could not have le.d to a different result.' We are also of the opinion that this contention does not call for reconsideration of the decision in Budharaja & Co. Re:(B): We are equally of the opinion that circular of the C.B.D.T. issued in the year 1986 explaining the provisions in Section 32AB does not in any manner help the assessee. A careful reading of the last paragraph in the F extract quoted hereinbefore shows that the new scheme contained in Section 32AB is "admissible to all the assessees who carry on "eligible business or profession" which as per Section 32-AB(2) means business or profession other than the business of construction manufacture or produc- tion of any article or thing specified in the list in the Eleventh Schedule (in G case it is not a small-scale industrial undertaking) and the business of leasing or hiring of machinery or plant to an industrial undertaking other than a small-scale industrial undertaking engaged in the business of low priority items as specified in the list in the Eleventh Schedule'. Having so said, the circular stated: "it may be clarified that the business of construc- tion is eligible business for the purposes of this provision." It is this H 388 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1994) SUPP. 2 S.C.R. A sentence, the last sentence in the paragraph, which is strongly relied upon and emphasised by Sri Palkhivala as supporting his contention. For a proper appreciation of the said circular, it is necessary to notice the scheme of Investment Deposit Account introduced by Section 32-AB with effect from April 1, 1987. If the assessee deposits any amount in his account B maintained by him with the Development Bank within the period specified therein or utilise any amount during the previous year for the purchase of articles mentioned therein, he becomes entitled to a deduction specified in the Section. Sub- section (4) states that no deduction under sub-section (1) of the said section shall be allowed in respect of any amount utilised for the purchase of - "( e) any new machinery or plant to be installed in an C industrial ·undertaking, other than a small-scale industrial undertaking, as defined in section 80HHA, for the purposes of business of construction, manufacture or production of any article or thing specified in the list in the Eleventh Schedule". The Circular was evidently referring to this provision in the pragraph referred to above. We may also say that the D sentence emphasised by Shri Palkhivala merely says that "business of construction is an eligible business" for the purposes of Section 32AB. It does not clearly say that construction of all types is included. In the circumstances we are of the opinion that the said circular issued with reference to a different provision and explaining a different sheme al- together can have no significant relevance as an instruction or direction under Section 119 vis-a-vis Section 32A. The relevance, if any, is only inferential " and, therefore, remote. It is significant that the said circular also deals with Section 32A but no such statement is contained therein. We are, therefore, of the opinion that Even if the said circular had been brought to the notice of this Court, it could not have made any difference. Re: (C): We have set out the judgment of this Court in Bhageeratha E11gineer­ ing Ltd. in full hereinbefore. This Court dismissed the Revenue's appeal in view of the finding reeorded by the Tribunal (which finding was accepted G by the High Court) that "the assessee is engaged mainly in the manufacture or processing of goods and is an 'industrial undertaking"'. The Tribunal had also found that the assessee had used the machinery in the business of construction, and the said finding was not challenged before the High Court. In the above circumstances, the High Court opined that it was not H open to the Revenue to contend before it that the assessee-company was BUILDERS ASSNS. OFINDIA v. U.0.1. 389 not an 'industrial company'. The extract from the High Court's judgment A quoted in this Court's order clearly shows that the contention of the Revenue was that the assessee was not an 'industrial company' and that the interpretation of the words "construction, manufacture or production of any article or thing not being an article or thing specified in the list in the Eleventh Schedule" was not really in issue therein. It therefore, cannot be said that this Court has taken. a different view on the interpretation of the said words in Bhageeratha Engineering Ltd. Indeed, Sri Palkhivala did not seriously press this point. For the above reasons, the writ petition is dismissed. A.G. Petition dismissed.